Introduction To Operating System

OPERATING SYSTEM
TOPIC 1 : INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING

SYSTEM
POLISAS/JKE/EC503/Chapter1
System Computer Components

A computer system can be divided roughly into four
components :
The hardware
The operating system
The application programs
The users
User
1
User
2
User
3
Compiler assembler
text editor
User
n
database sys
System and Application programs

Operating System
Hardware
Figure 1 : Abstract view of the components of a computer system
The hardware CPU, memory, I/O devices

(provide the basic computing resources for the
system)
The operating system controls and
coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various application programs for the various users.

The application programs word processors,
spreadsheets, compilers and web browsers (defines
the ways in which these resources are used to solve

users computing problem.
The users human, computer, other machines.
Operating System
Definition
It
is the main programming to control

the computer. It provide user interface
to translate the task of user,
scheduling the tasks, organize the
storage and conduct the
communication with software.
The functions of operating system

1. Make sure all the user tasks can be done
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
properly.
Translate users command.
Conduct the errors if occurred.
Conduct input/output.
Conduct interruption.
Organize the storage.
History Of OS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
FIRST
GENERATION
1945-1955
(vacuum tubes
&
Plug boards)
SECOND
GENERATION
1955-1965
(Transistors
&
Batch system)
THIRD
GENERATION
1965-1980
(ICs
&
Multiprogramming)
FOURTH
GENERATION
1980-present
(Personal Computer)
History of Operating Systems

First generation 1945 - 1955
Technology: vacuum tubes & plugboards
Programming: setting some switches
Programming language: machine language
OS: none

Second generation 1955 1965
Technology: Transistors
Programming: Punched cards
Programming languages: FORTRAN & Assembly
Tasks: Scientific
Computer: Mainframes
OS: Batch system
The creation of
the UNIVAC
(UNIVersal
Automatic
Computer), the
first electronic
computer built
for commercial
use.
10
Early batch system
bring cards to 1401

read cards to tape
put tape on 7094 which does computing
put tape on 1401 which prints output
11

Third generation 1965 1980
Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs)
Programming: Punched cards
Programming languages: FORTRAN &
Assembly
Tasks: Scientific & commercial
Computers: IBM 360,
OS: Multiprogramming/timesharing
12

Fourth generation 1980-Present
Technology: VLSI (Very large Scale Ingration)
Programming: High level
Programming languages: C/C++, Java

Computer: PC
OS: Windows, MacOS, Linux
13
Types Of OS
Batch Operating system
A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled
together with the instructions necessary to allow
them to be processed without intervention.
Data or programs are collected grouped and
processed at a later date.
Example of use :
Payroll, stock control and billing systems.

14
Batch operating system

Contains work for the system to perform without
interacting with users.
Jobs are grouped in batches by loading them one-byone onto tape or disk.
Enable the computer to move automatically from one
job to another, without the operator (user) having to
intervene.
The computer would then process the jobs one at a time
without further human intervention.
Batch processing is still used nowadays e.g. printing
thousands of mailing labels.
Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
Figure 2
- The monitor is system software that is responsible for

interpreting and carrying out the instructions in the batch jobs.
- When the monitor starts a job, the entire computer is dedicated to the
job, which then controls the computer until it finishes.
16
Various Types of OS
Advantages
Can automate various
aspects of job-to-job
transition
Reduce the amount of wasted time between
jobs
Improve resource utilization
Types Of OS
Multiprogramming Operating System
Ability to run many programs apparently at the

same time.
Example of Use : Mainframe systems. Each job is
allocated a small amount of processing time (time
slice) in turn.
18
Various Types of OS
Multiprogramming Operating System
where more than one program can be execute at one time.
Is a feature of an OS which allows running multiple
programs simultaneously on one CPU.
Example:
You maybe typing in word, listening to music while in

background IE is downloading some file & antivirus
program is scanning.
Actual program dont run simultaneously, but OS
divides time for each program according to priorities.
Types of OS : Multiprogramming
As machines with more and more memory became
available, it was possible to extend the idea of
multiprogramming (or multiprocessing) as used in batch
systems.
This create a systems that would load several jobs into
memory at once and cycle through them in some order,
working on each one for a specified period of time.
The basic physical layout of a multiprogramming system is
as shown:
20
At this point the monitor is growing to the point

where it begins to resemble a modern operating
system.
It is responsible for:
1) Starting user jobs
2)Spooling operations
3)IO for user jobs
4) Switching between user jobs
5) Ensuring proper protection while doing the above
21
Types of Multiprogramming Operating System:
1) Multitasking Operating System
A type of multiprogramming operating system which can perform several
process simultaneously.
The earliest multitasking OS available to home users was the AmigaOS.
All current major operating system support this feature.
2) Multi-user Operating System
A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same
computer at the same time and/or different times.
Linux, Unix,Windows OS are some example of multiuser operating
system.
22
3) Multiprocessing Operating System
An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than

one computer.
4) Real Time Operating System
Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as

controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display systems.
Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
23
Types Of OS
Distributed Operating System
Processing is carried out independently in more

than one location, but with shared and controlled
access to some common facilities.
Example of use : Databases e.g. libraries.
24
Distributed(cont)
Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines, such as highspeed
buses or telephone lines.
Advantages of distributed systems.
Resources Sharing
Computation speed up load sharing
Reliability
Communications
25
Distributed(cont)
Requires networking infrastructure.
Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
May be either client-server or peer-to- peer systems.
26
Product Of OS
Product
Version
Windows
Window 3.x (1990), Window NT 3.1 (1993), window 95

(1995),
Windows NT workstation 4.0 (1996), Window Server 2000,
Window Millennium Edition (2000), Window XP(2001),
Window Vista(2006),Windows 7 (2009)
Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Mac
Mac OS X : Available only for computers manufactured by

Apple
Sun
Solaris (1992)
27
OS Products : Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems

and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.
Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named
Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces
(GUIs).
Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal
computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been
introduced previously.
As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the
market share of the client operating systems for usage on the
Internet.
The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7.
28
OS Products : Mac OS
Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of graphical user

interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc.
(formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their Macintosh line of
computer systems.
The Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing
the graphical user interface.
The original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac
OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first
introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually
referred to simply as the System software.
Mac OS X is the latest version which has superseded the
"Classic" Mac OS.
29
OS Products : Linux
Linux is an alternative operating system for personal computers

and servers.
It competes mainly against Microsoft's Windows.
It is based on the Unix operating system and was originally

created by Linus Torvalds.
Mascot/trademark: penguin
Linux is a free Open Source Operating System, based on Unix.
It is available from many vendors with optional paid for support .
30
Minimum Requirements
The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition
are:
Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz
is recommended)
At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is
recommended)
At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive
Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible
pointing device
Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or
higher resolution
Sound card
Speakers or headphones
31
Network Operating System (NOS)

Short for Network operating system, NOS is the
software that allows multiple computers to

communicate, share files and hardware devices with
one another. Some examples of network operating
systems include Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows
NT, Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft Windows XP,
Sun Solaris, Linux, etc...
32
Network Operating Systems

Examples of network
NetWare
operating systems
Designed for
client/server
networks
Windows
Server 2003
UNIX / Linux
Upgrade to Windows
2000 Server
Multi-purpose
operating system
Solaris
Version of UNIX
developed by Sun
Microsystems
Specifically for
e-commerce
applications
33
Open Source Vs. Closed Source Software

CSS
OSS
Developed by Companies and

developers work for economic
purposes.
Developed By Volunteers work for

peer recognition. People know
that recognition as a good
developer have great advantage
Users may suggest requirements

but they may or may not be
implemented
User suggests additional

features that often get
implemented.
Release is not too often. There

may be only yearly releases.
Software is released on a
daily or weekly basis
34
CSS
OSS
Market believes commercial CSS

is highly secure because it is
developed by a group of
professionals confined to one
geographical area under a strict
time schedule. But quite often this
is not the case, hiding information
does not make it secure, it only
hides its weaknesses
OSSD is not market driven; it is

quality driven. Community reaction
to bug reports is much faster
compared to CSSD which makes it
easier to fix bugs and make the
component highly secure
Security cannot be enhanced by

modifying the source code
The ability to modify the source

code could be a great advantage
if you want to deploy a highly
secure system
35
Components of operating system

What is a kernel?
The part of the operating system that resides in the
main memory at all times and performs the most

essential tasks, such as managing memory and
handling disk input and output.
In other words , kernel is a core feature of any
operating system, the kernel manages communication
between hardware and software.
Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory
management, process and task management,
and disk management.
Its like a human brain that control every movements of
human body POLISAS/JKE/EC503/Chapter1
36
37
What is Shell Program?

A shell is a command line interpreter that is
the interface between the user and the OS.

The name shell originates from shells being an
outer layer of interface between the user and the
internals of the operating system (the kernel).
The shell:
analyzes each command
determines what actions are to be performed
performs the actions
38
What is a shell?
INPUT
shell
OUTPUT
ERROR
39
Shell Program
Menu-Driven System
Fully GUI
No need to memorize
Also known as Windows
commands.
All available commands are
listed
Menus can be nested.
Low data requirements
Still used in many ATM
and Point-of-Sale systems
Interfaces
Mouse-driven and iconbased
Windows
Are allocated to the use of a
particular program or
process
Contain a title bar, menu
bar, and widgets
40
Some concept related to

Operating System
Multi-tasking
Same concept as multiprogramming

Allows 2 or more programs at the same time
Divide the programs into active and inactive. Active
application is called foreground application and inactive
application is background application
CPU does not run the programs simultaneously but manage
the resources i.e. memory based on active/inactive
applications
41
Terminology relation to OS
Cooperative Multi-tasking
Based on multi-tasking concept, whereby foreground

application controls CPU until program ends
But if program crashes/hang, OS needs to be rebooted
Preemptive Multi-tasking
Based on multi-tasking concept

But if program crashes/hang, OS is able to take over CPU so
other programs can be maintained
42
Terminology relation to OS
Multi programming and also called Multithreading
Executing many program concurrently

One program may execute more than one task
Example print and edit at the same time
Multiprocessing
Use of 2 or more processor at the same time

Programs run simultaneously
Each processor manage own resources
Hardware dependant esp. motherboard
43
Operating System Structure

Monolithic System
Layered System
Virtual Machines
Client-Server Model
44
Monolithic
The oldest architecture used for operating systems is
the Monolithic Kernel

All functions are linked together into one huge OS binary
A monolithic system is therefore characterized by
1 source code
1 program generated
but may contain concurrency
In a monolithic architecture all components are interwoven)

data is read into application memory
data is manipulated
reports may be output
data may be saved back to the same source or different
EXAMPLE : Mainframe computer success, Linux, Windows
While DOS and early Windows worked poorly with multiple user
45
46
Layered Structure
A technique used in designing computer software,
hardware, and communications.
In this case, system or network components are
isolated in layers
so that changes can be made in one layer without
affecting the others.

It is not always easy to have a truly layered
architecture since some functionalities are
naturally described as mutually dependent.
47
48
Virtual Machines
Virtual machine (VM) is a software
implementation of a machine (i.e. a computer)
that executes programs like a physical machine.
A system virtual machine provides a complete
system platform which supports the execution of a
complete operating system(OS).
49
Virtual Machines
A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its
logical conclusion. It treats hardware and the
operating system kernel as though they were all
hardware.
A virtual machine provides an interface identical to

the underlying bare hardware.
The operating system creates the illusion of
multiple processes, each executing on its own

processor with its own (virtual) memory.
50
Client-Server Model
The Client/Server Model is a form of distributed
computing where one program (the Client)

communicates with another program (the Server) for
the purpose of exchanging information.
51
Client/Server Model
The Client Server Model
Client
Server
Internet
52
Subsystem of OS
Major subsystem
of OS
Process
Management
File
Management
Memory
Management
53
Process Management
A process is a program in execution: (A program is passive, a
process active.) A process has resources (CPU time, files) and

attributes that must be managed.
Management of processes includes:
Process Scheduling (priority, time management, . . . )

Creation/termination
Block/Unblock (suspension/resumption )
Synchronization
Communication
Deadlock handling
Debugging
54
File Management
A file is a collection of related information defined by its
creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source

and object forms) and data.
The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with file management:
File creation and deletion.
Directory creation and deletion.
Support of primitives for manipulating files and
directories.
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
55
Memory Management
Allocation/de-allocation
for
processes,
files, I/O.
Maintenance of several processes at a time
Keep track of who's using what memory
Movement of process memory to/from
secondary storage
56
System Calls
System calls provide the interface between a running
program and the operating system

In other words, it is a mechanism use by an application
program to request service from operating system
These calls are generally available as assemblylanguage instructions.
Usually listed in the manuals used by assemblylanguage programmers.
57
Continue Chapter 1
System Calls
System calls provide the interface between a running
program and the operating system

In other words, it is a mechanism use by an application
program to request service from operating system
These calls are generally available as assemblylanguage instructions.
Usually listed in the manuals used by assemblylanguage programmers.
58
System Calls
Process Management
Signaling
Directory Management
Protection
Time Management
Multicore Management
Multithreading
59
a) Process management
load, execute, end, abort, create, terminate, wait ...
memory allocation and reallocation
b) Signaling
Use signals to keep track of events which must follow the same path of
execution as depicted in figure below regardless of their type being
synchronous or asynchronous.
c) File management
Common systems calls dealing with files and directories:
1) create file, delete file
2) open, close
3) read, write, reposition
4) get file attributes, set file attributes
d) Device Management
Similarity between files and I/O devices results in similar device system
calls (some OS even merges two into a combined file device structure):
1) request device, release device
2) read, write, reposition
3) get device attributes, set device attributes
4) logically attach or detach devices
60
e) Information Maintenance
System calls for transferring information between the user program and
OS:
1) get time or date, set time or date
2) get system data, set system data
3) get process, file, or device attributes
4) set process, file or device attributes
f) Communication
System calls for transferring information between the user program and
OS:
1) create, delete communication connection
2) send, receive message
3) transfer status information
4) attach or detach remote devices
THANK YOU!!!
61

Introduction To Operating System

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Introduction To Operating System

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

OPERATING SYSTEM

TOPIC 1 : INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING

System Computer Components

System and Application programs

Figure 1 : Abstract view of the components of a computer system

The hardware CPU, memory, I/O devices

various application programs for the various users.

the ways in which these resources are used to solve

is the main programming to control

The functions of operating system

History of Operating Systems

History of Operating Systems

History of Operating Systems

Early batch system

bring cards to 1401

History of Operating Systems

History of Operating Systems

Programming languages: C/C++, Java

Payroll, stock control and billing systems.

Batch operating system

Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

- The monitor is system software that is responsible for

Ability to run many programs apparently at the

You maybe typing in word, listening to music while in

Actual program dont run simultaneously, but OS

divides time for each program according to priorities.

At this point the monitor is growing to the point

2) Multi-user Operating System

An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than

4) Real Time Operating System

Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as

Processing is carried out independently in more

Window 3.x (1990), Window NT 3.1 (1993), window 95

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Mac OS X : Available only for computers manufactured by

OS Products : Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems

Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of graphical user

Linux is an alternative operating system for personal computers

It is based on the Unix operating system and was originally

Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz

Network Operating System (NOS)

software that allows multiple computers to

Network Operating Systems

Open Source Vs. Closed Source Software

Developed by Companies and

Developed By Volunteers work for

Users may suggest requirements

User suggests additional

Release is not too often. There

Market believes commercial CSS

OSSD is not market driven; it is

Security cannot be enhanced by

The ability to modify the source

Components of operating system

main memory at all times and performs the most

What is Shell Program?

the interface between the user and the OS.

Also known as Windows

Are allocated to the use of a

Some concept related to

Same concept as multiprogramming

Based on multi-tasking concept, whereby foreground