wgyn mc`k ciqgd :'!d`wldl epic ?

za'

sq ` c ec

za e l d c le py ci q g z `k d l r o en i n d nl y l y e ze c r . `

xra ac 'x cibnd xvga exewia lr (1800-1753) oenin dnly ly znqxetnd ezecr
mcwen jk lk alya azkpy el dnec xe`iz epicia oi` .dpina zcgein `id 'uixfnn
ly miyiyd zepy idlya 'uixfna oenin xwia d`xpd lkk 1.zeciqgd zginv ini ly
2
.dxyr ray e` dxyr yy oak ieyp xirv ezeida ,g"id d`nd
`l zxeeir d`pya mb mewn lkn j` ,zeciqgl dxzi dad`a mpn` ceyg epi` oenin
zrwea exe`izn ,seqelite likynl dide zeciqgd on afk`zdy it lr s` .rebp did
zepin` z` dax dcina zeqqan zeielz izla zeiecr 3.mipey`x miciqg mze`l dkxrd

,hi wxt ,(oenin iig :oldl) b"iyz aia` lz ,jexa l"i zipnxbn mbxz ,oenin dnly iig xtq 1
.149-132 'nr
`"vxz-u"xz aia` lz ,zeciqgd zeclez) 1772Îl 1770 oia df didy xriy aepaec oerny 2
`vnp cibnd .rexi`d z` micwdl yiy il d`xp j` ,(83 'nr ,[zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec :oldl]
zexifba ...xecd iwicv ly mzcinr' ,xey yia` mdxa` e`x) 1765 zpyn zegtl 'uixfna
ik qxb aew`nn cec cibnd mbe ,(5 dxrd eqw 'nr ,[`"pyz] el l`xyie oxd` zia ,'...`hpeb
milyexi ,a ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie ikcxn) 1766 zpya wx mqxtzdl lgd cibnd ly eny
izextqd epeafrn' ,oihypiaex mdxa` e`xe ;235 'nr ,[micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie :oldl] l"yz
mipnfd xcq .(234-233 'nr ,[l"yz-h"kyz] g-f dpyd xtq :oli`Îxa ,'ee`w`nn cec 'x ly
`vnpe ccp `ed oky ,mez cr xxazp `l ,eini zixg`a cgeina ,cibnd ly eixebn zenewna
d`xpk did myy ,(Miedzyrzecz
î Korzecki) lecbÎ'uixfn :oileea zepey zexiira oibexiql
myl xary xiaqe ,1772 uiwa ze`ceea xb myy ,(Równo) dpaex ;eyxcn ziae ixwird ezia
wxei eip ,...owfd x"enc` w"k z`n ycew zexb` ,[xicdn] oiel xraec mely) okl mcew cer
mewn mb mye ,(1772) b"lwz elqka h"ia xhtp myy ,(Annopol) iletep` ;(dkw 'nr ,f"nyz
zpya 'uixfna dvxty dtbn lya cibnd myl xar zxge`n ziciqg zxeqn it lr .ezxeaw
oke ,zeciqgl ezeaxwzd mcew .(bt-at 'nr ,c"qyz oilwexa ,a ,cenri miwicv zia) a"lwz
;Korzec) uxFw¤ ,dpaex zelidwa mb cibnd xxebzd ,g"id d`nd ly miyiyde miyingd zepya
oiyhehe (d"kwz dwxeh ,dweqt dkld ,dpaexn yxid iav oa qexceh ly extql eznkqd
a'vicxa ,y`xn `xew ...yexit mr ziy`xa xtq lr dax yxcn ,odkd l`eny oxd` ;Tuczynâ )
.cibnk ezeknq dyext dzid mlekae ,dl`l dl` mikenq elld zenewnd lk .(dncwd ,`"rwz
,[xicdn] oihypiaex mdxa`) epa i`eyip xetiqa ahid ztwzyn dpaexle 'uixfnl dletkd ezwif
.(144-143 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,h"yrad igay
ylg ,miizye mixyr oak ,minil xirv yi`' xikd ik ,oenin xtiq miileyd zexrdn zg`a 3

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 sq` ce c

enya `iady zexezd yely .zeciqgl ezerceezd xe`iza oicd `ede 4,llka eizepexkif
dcerqd xe`iz 5;miielz izla miiciqg zexewna mb opeylk hrnk zehhevn cibnd ly
zpen`e ,ycewd gexa wacidl eywaa hwp cibndy zeilxh`zd zeegnd ,ziyilyd
,cigie cigi lk ly zeihxtd eipfe`l miribne miwlgzn wicvd ly eixacy miciqgd
ly mhr ixt ,mixg` zexewna mb mixkfp dl` lk - ywiay dn z` mda `vend
ixacl dax zepin` eqgii zeciqgd ixwegy `et` `lt oi` 6.miciqg lye micbpzn
7
.ezecrn mipey miwlgl ewwfpe oenin

df mc` ly ed`xna .zeciqgl sihnk oilet zpicna xfgn did `ed .mipt xeege xya lc ,eteba
cg`l `ay oeeik .zevixra mc` ipaa hley did eci lry ,zexn lihne mei` dn xac did
oiwzne ,eipira xyi `ly xac lk lhan dide dldwd ly dxecql cin l`ey did ,zenewnd
eqipy eid .(146 'nr ,oenin iig) 'odiwecwc lkl oze` miniiwn eid zeixady ,zeycg zepwz
mircei ep` zelidw zepwza ezeaxrzd lry ,oilx`wn oxd` 'x mr df inipep` xirv zedfl
l`xyi ;145-144 'nr ,e"hyz milyexi ,zexecd dptna ,xepic oeivÎoa e`x .mixg` zexewnn
oilet oia ,xbpih` l`eny ;338 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,dtexi` gxfna zecdie micedi ,oixtliid
.203-202 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,diqexl
.ak-bi 'nr ,(d"pyz) ci crlb ,'zepnidn zpiga :oenin dnly ly zepexkfd xtq' ,xlh mc` 4
dxez lr' ,l"pd ;97 'nr ,(f"yz) ai oeiv ,'yhixfrnn cibnd ly cg` yexc lr' ,qiie sqei 5
Joseph Weiss, Studies in ;108-107 'nr ,(e"hyz) k my ,'yhixfnn cibndl zg` ziciqg
cibnd zexez' ,sq` cec ;Eastern European Jewish Mysticism, Oxford 1985, pp. 70–72
.101-99 'nr ,(e"qyz) `r oeiv ,'oenin dnly zepexkifa 'uixfnn xraÎac 'x
,iwqplie) xecn`n lwiig miig 'x ly exvga ziyilyd dcerqd ly oierd xe`izl lynl eeyd 6
'x cibnd cinlz ly ,mixken zegtd ,eixe`izl licadle ;(166-165 'nr ,a ,micbpzne miciqg
,miyp` ipeeb daxd etq`pe ,d"dllf cibnd ziaa oiaeqn epiid zg` mrte' :xinehi'fn slee a`f
zg` ,miyp izy el eidy in" mxn`na ...[dxez ixac] z"c xacl eit gzte ,mixrp mr mipwf
jk ,"o`kne okn gxw `vnpe ,mipal zhwln dclie ,mixegy zhwln dpwfd ,dpwf zg`e dcli
d`xi ixeacl fnex dxegy y`e .dpal y` iab lr dxegy y` dpzp[y] ...dxez ixaca oiprd
ipiipra mcigtdl mikixve 'd ceqa oiicr ecnr `l xy` mixrpl rbe pd mixqEn¨ ixacn dnecke
`wiic rbe pd dxezd zeceqe mifnxe dad` ipiprl fnex dpal y`e ;`yia drevxn ze`xi
axd ipt yexcl oi`ay oeike .zFlMUna
¨ § ª `xead zbyd mrh aeh mpiadl ,milikyn miyi`l
,zead` ipiprn oikyen el`e ...ze`xi oiprn axd z` oil`eye oikyen el` ,mc` ipa ipeb daxd
dagx eytpe llekd mkg `edy in ok m` `l` .oiprk aiydl dt el oi`e ,o`kne o`kn gxw `vnp
[cg`e c g`] `" e` lkl mieyd mixea c `ivn dl leki [e] ,zrcd zehytzd el yie ,eilr
izrny cg` mrte' :oke .(a"r fvw ,mixac ,g"pwz uxew ,xi`nd xe`) 'ezpeaze ekxr itl
epi`y zeida ,dxez xnel ji` xzeid ote` mkz` cenl` ip` ,yexita d"dllf cibnd epl xn`y
.envra xacnd `ed `le ea xacn xeaicd mlery ji` zrney ofe` m` ik ,melk envr z` yibxn
xacl eit gztyk ,xf `le ipir e`x minrt dnke .wiqti envr ixac renyl ligzny skize
minrtle .epexb jezn zxacn dpikye ,llk mlerd dfa epi` el`k lk oirl d`xp did dxez ixac
.(`"r at ,ev ,my) 'dn onf dd[e]ye wqet did daiz rvn`ae oipr rvn`a elit`
mibixg dk' eixe`iz oky ,llk oenin lr jenql oi` ik dwqty ,xleyhl` xen `id otec z`vei 7
ceqd) 'uixfnn cibnd cnr dy`xay xvg ly dneiwl di`x lk oi` dzhiyl .'otec i`veie

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 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

oia dlzp `ed ,zeciqga q`n recn extq i`xewl xiaqdl oenin ywia xy`k ,dpde
:epeyl jke .cibnd xvga el cr¥ didy dyrna xzid

jxce ipivd dbdpn llba daexn dcina ipira z`fd zkd lk dzid drx df caln
epqpkzp zg` mrt .df bdpnl zg` dnbec o`k `iadl ipixde .drextd dzevilr
edel`y mixg`de ,zvwna xg`¥ driqd ipan cg` 8.iaxd ly eziaa dltzl
erny j` .xg`¥ jk meyne ,za dlild dcli ezy`y ,dpr yi`d .xac ly ezaql
dze` .lecb yrxe oe`ya .'aeh lfn' zkxa ekxal eligzd ,mixacd z` elld
exifgd mde ,zelew ilewa miyrex md dn iptn ,l`ye excgn iaxd `vi dry
qrka iaxd `xw - !za' .mlerl za d`iad ezy`y 9,.t z` mikxan ep` :el
mzpekza wdaen oniq edixd ipyd oinl fead ybx) '!d` wl dl e p ic - ,lecb
.(zeaxz ixqegn miyp` x`y lk lye elld miyp`d ly
dne eryt dn ,oiadl leki `l `ed .df oic xfb cbpk dgn aelrd .t eze`
ewifgd dxeagd ipa .melk lired `ly `l` .mlerl za d`iad ezy`y ,ez`hg
(envr oaxwd on ueg) lkd .dqb jxca edewlde oztnd iab lr edeaikyd ,ea
,dltzd zry dribdy ,iaxd mxikfd xg` ;zrcd zegica icil jk ici lr e`a
.'!dgnya midl` z` ecar ,mig` ,dzre' :dl` mixaca
,iaxd z`n dkxa izgwl okae .df mewna izaiyi jix`dl izvtg `l aey
10
.izia l` dxfga izrqpe mlerl mafrl dhlgd jezn dxeagd ipan izcxtp

oinl fead ybx' lr eixac oebk ,oenin ly zxge`nd ziyi`d ezepyxtn mlrzp m` mb
dcefit` ly xe`iz epicia xzeeii oiicr ,(dxrdk ipnxbd xewna mi`aend) 'ipyd
`weec xaecny fnx oi` ;dlitzl cibnd ly eziaa dqpkzd 11miciqgd zxeag :dpeyn

'x ecinlz xvg oial cibnd xvg oia d`eeyd .(38-37 'nr ,a"qyz dtig ,zeciqgd ly igiynd
‘The Early Hasidic “Court”’, Eli e`x .qwh` l`epnr dpexg`l jxr xecn`n lwiig miig
Lederhendler and Jack Wertheimer (eds.), Text and Context: Essays in Modern
Jewish History and Historiography in Honor of Ismar Schorsch, New York 2005,
pp. 157–186
'mei lka ephtynk ,zixgyd zl itzl wicvd ziaa eptq`p zg` mrt' :mbxz aeiah g"i 8
`l` ily od xn`na mewn lka zeybcdd .(107-106 'nr ,h"pxz dyxe ,oenin dnly zeclez)
.zxg` oiev m`
,ihxt myl fnxnd ,df xeviw gzt ,`q 'nr ,b"vxz iixeblia ,drc xec ,x`dlnw dix` l`izewi 9
!'ipelt'k
Salomon Maimon’s Lebensgeschichte, Berlin :ipnxbd xewna .146-145 'nr ,oenin iig 10
1792, pp. 234–235
mig` enk mibyena yeniy ici lr oenin lv` ybcen ziciqgd dxeagd ly yeaibd ceqi 11
.(Gesellschaft) dxeagd ipa e` ,(Brüder)

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 sq` ce c

ly mei mzq ly zixgy zlitza ,d`xpk ,`l` ,ziyily dcerqa `l i`ceeae ,zaya
drxky ezy` lya akrzdy xazqne ,xgi`y mdn cg`l mib`ec dxeagd ipa .leg
ziciqg dgtyn lr zpiiprn zecr epiptl ixde ,'uixfna dcli dyi`dy wtq oi` .zcll
`zd z` zgpefe dnewnn zwzpznd mixirv zxeag wx `et` ef oi` .dxiira zxxebznd
mpn` ,zegtyn ilra mb dkeza yiy dlidw `l` ,wicvd xvg zaehl izgtynd
oaa xaecn m` zrcl oi` .mly izgtyn `zk micwtzne xvgl jenq mixbd ,mixirv
oenin enk ,cibnd zeawra 'uixfnl ribdy ciqga `ny e` ,cibnd l` gtzqpy mewnd
.('mipey zelilbn o`kl e`ay ,micakp miyp` oend my iz`vne') x`izy mixg`e envr
lfn" zkxa ekxal eligzd' :dgny `id zad zcled zxeyal ziphpetqd daebzd
oinl fead ybx' xaca envr ixac z` oenin xzq o`k xake - 'lecb yrxe oe`ya "aeh
zcleda mbt lk miciqgd e`x `l dligzkln ik xexa oky ,miciqgd z` oiit`nd 'ipyd
mr `zeeva lltzd `l cibndy al miyl yie - excgn cibnd `vi yrxd lya 12.zad
qrka' deeiv daiqd el drcepyke - 13ei`v`v lv` mb yxzydy bdpn ,miciqgd lk
oiad `ly ,okqnd ciqga ellrzde d`xedl eziiv miciqgd .a`d z` zewldl 'lecb
.lltzdle cenrl iaxd mdl `xw dqbd zrcd zegicae dltydd qwh xg`l .`hg dna
oind ipa l` dlwp qgi .` :df ibxhÎinew oeifiga oenin `et` dlz mirx mixac ipy
ly dxiee` l` gex zeqbe zevilr zxiee`n xidnd xarna ipnxev cebip .a ;ipyd
.'dgnya 'd z` ecar' ly ,dyecw
oenin ly ezecr z` ep` milawn m` ,`qib cgn ?ezecrl qgiizdl yi `et` cvik
mi`yx ep` m`d ,deknzie dewfgiy mihrn `l mipniq ep`vn s`e ,dpin`k dllka
efk dniyxn zency zrcd lr dlri mpne`d ,`qib jci`ne ?dkezn miwlg wx xexal
`id zn` m`d ?oenin dl qgiiy jxcke weya miwixd cg`k bdpz 'uixfnn cibnd ly
el dyxtzpy zn` zecr - mipxkf ly mkxck - `l` ef oi` `nye ,dica e` ezecr
?zexge`nd eizenbn it lr cirnl
did xy`k ,g"id d`nd ly mipenyd zepy idlya eizepexkif z` azk oenin ,ok`

on ,cirn zepa ly ozexbazde ozecli lr mixetiq xcrd' ik orhy ,l`bp dilcb ixacl cebipa 12
dzcil .ziciqgd dxaga ekf dl dlcd dkxrdd lre zepal eqgiiy dkenpd zeaiygd lr ,mzqd
dzid `l zepa ly ozcil ...xkf oa zcill dneca cgeina gnyn rxe`nl daygp `l za ly
,ziciqgd zxetiqa miyp) 'ziciqgd dgtyna lecb myex dxi`yd `l `linne ...miqkha deeln
zgnyn daygp oa zcled zeizxeqn zexaga llk jxcay oekp mpn` .(21 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi
l`bpy s` .zicedid dxaga zxg` dveaw lkn miciqgd mipey eid `l jka j` ,za zcledn xzei
.eixac rwxa cner za el dclepy ciqgd z`kd lr xetiqdy ipnec ,oenin ixac z` xikfd `l
'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi 'x :zeklnd jxc ,sq` cec 13
.373-372

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 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

l` oeeky ,extqa 14.zitexi`Îgxfnde ziciqgd dieedd on ,ziytpe ziqit ,wgexn xak

dxiird on zlzetnd ekxc z` xiaqdl mb ywia ,mixkpe micedi ,zipnxbd i`xew ldw
z` obx` mb ef dnbn it lr ik ze`xdl ozipe ,zipxcend dlkydd l` zizxeqnd
15
.extqa dxf oze`y zeiecre zecaer ly ozepyxt
did jka yg oky in 16.ezepnidn zl`yl mzrc epzp `l df xetiq ehhivy mixweg
ilan dagxda oenin ixacn hhivy ,x`dlnw dix` l`izewi icxgd xteqd `weec
:zwdaen zihbelet` gexa azk jke .enya exikfdl

`l zad ia` qpwpy qpwd ik ,g"z ly oileg zgiy oiad `l [oenin] df ipelt
ixac miiwl xdfp `l xy` llba wx ,za dzcla ezy` d`hgy `hg llba did
`l mbe 17.el xzena envr z` ycwle xkf ciledle ...zedydl (`"l dcp) l"fg
ly dgnyl zelled ly dgnyd z` jetdl ,zeciqgd ly dgka opeazdl xcg
dkld dtlg zelledde ,'dgnya 'd z` ecar' cine skiz dci lr miiwle devn
mihewil 'qa d`x) miny z`xia dcrxa dlibe dxedh dgny dx`ype ,dppi`e dl
18
.(df llke d"c b"kc l"f xra 'x iaxdn mixwi

zetqep ze`nbec lr jnzqda .eipir e`xy dn z` oiad `l oenin ik `et` orh x`dlnw
dfy ,dpey zepyxt ea dtv oeniny rexi`l rivdl j` ,df xaqd un`l ywan ip`
z`f mre ;dica eppi`e ygxzd ok` rexi`de ,`id zn` zecr oenin ly ezecr :dxwir
ciqgd z`kd .zexge`nd eizenbn it lr el yxtzde ixewnd exywdn `ved d`xy dn
wgyn oirn `l` ,('xEAEf' xge`nd il`xyid bplqa e` ,Hazing) dltyd qwh dzid `l
byen ly zilwicx dqitza exewny ,wgynd .zevilre dgny ly mEfi xevii ezilkzy
zizc dxtq¥ l` fekix xqeg ly avnn miciqgd zxardl irvn`k qtzp ,dgnyd
ite` did maexl j` ,'xbean' ilxh`z ite` did dl` miwgyn zvwnl .zihhqw`
raxa zeciqgd ly dzeidn zxazqn ef drtez .miilezid mireyry ly 'izecli'
.mixerp ipa ly `ed day ihppinecd izxagd aikxndy drepz g"id d`nd ly oexg`d

ik ,zeciqgd lr wxtd seqa zkxtend ezxrd cirz zitexi`Îgxfnd dieeddn ewegix zcin lr 14
.(149 'nr ,oenin iig) 'mye dt mixfetnd ,miccea micixy `l` ef zkn exiizyp `l eiykr'
Ritchie Robertson, ‘From the Ghetto to Modern Culture: The Autobiographies of 15
Salomon Maimon and Jacob Fromer’, Polin 7 (1992), pp. 12–30
rexi` l`k ef dcefit`l qgiizd iwqplie ikcxn mb .85 'nr ,zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec ,lynl 16
.473 'nr ,(1993) 112 ,l dne`d ,'oilet zeciqg zextqa dy`d ly dcnrn' exn`na e`x ;izn`
zepzee`zl iehiak ,miicenlz zexewn dnk it lr ,zytzp za zcledy jkl fnx x`dlnw 17
zrxfn dy` ;dawp zclei - dligz rixfn yi`' :yexita xn`p oky ,xabd ly zxaben zipin
.(`"r q zekxa ilaa) '"xkf dclie rixfz ik dy`" xn`py ,xkf zclei - dligz
.diptdd lr oiiycpen ryedi axl izcez .aq-q 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) drc xec 18

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 sq` ce c

'd ny xe q ` ze a vr d i k' .a
mi ci q g e m i cb pz n i p ir a z ek t dz dd bd p ne zi ci q g d dg ny d

mi x ev zeax ge mi vi x r x i nf .1

daygnd ly ceqid ipa`n od ,leyknk zeavrd ,dketide ,'d zcearl jxck dgnyd
`l zeciqgd ik egiked mixwegy s`e .di`x dl `iadl mikixv oi`y zn`e ziciqgd
zizc drepz ly ieedd zpigan ik xexay ixd 19,zipeirx dpigan dne`n jka dycig
dxizgd zaeg .dlrna oey`x cklne obx`n oexwir df did icegii izxag oweic zlra
;miiciqgd zexewnd ibeq lka xtqn oi` minrt zx`ezn zeavrn zerpnidde dgnyl
icbpzn ici lr dztvpy itk ef dgny ly miipbrle miizxewia mixe`iz mb epicia j`
gep ziqenletd hand zcewpny ,xnel jixv oi` .oenin ly epnf ipa cgeina ,zeciqgd
,mieqn begl e` zlcaen dveawl `le ,miciqgd llkl mibixg miyrn qgiil did
ycegn oeir z`f epxkfa mb j` .iciqgd llkd lr gxkda micirn mpi` mdiyrny
ly mipey miiphpetq miielib oia dwifd z` yignn miiciqgde miiqenletd zexewna
yxtzdl lekiy dn oial (dfa `veike cewix ,xnf) zeiciqg zexeag axwa ebdpy dgny
ly dxeva mze` mipbx`ny inipt oeibide zipeirx dwnpd mdl yiy miqwhk
.'miwgyn'
zpya qtcpy ,'mixev zeaxge mivixr xinf' ,oey`xd zecbpzdd qxhpewa xak
zbydl jxck dgnyd z` miqtezy ,miciqgd z` dplieen inipep` azek dpbn ,1772
:dbbya exarpy zexar lr dhxge avr ly gex jld lk mi`kcn jk lyae micegii
lhan zeavrd mixne` ik ,dg ny e w e g y a c i nz wx ,llk avrzdl melye qge'
20
.'zeavr icil `eai `ly icka xary dxar dfi` lr xrhvdl melye qge ,cegid

:38 'nra eixac e`xe) 43-30 'nr ,(`"iyz) fh oeiv ,'zeciqga dgnyd lr' ,hgey l`ixfr 19
h"yrad' ,qwh` l`epnr ;('zn` ly zecr `id ...oenin dnly ly ezecry `et` xazqn'
dgnyd lr' ,yinlg dyn ;444 'nr ,(e"pyz) `q oeiv ,''d zceara dxeya lrae owihqink
zl`y .238-223 'nr ,q"yz aia` lz ,miigd zernyn ,(jxer) xyk `q` ,'zizcd
oa lld miig ly ezxewiaa dpecp ziciqgÎmexhd zifpky`d zicedid dxaga 'zeryrzyd'd
oevle daeyn iyrnl diihpd ik qxb oeyyÎoa .xayne zxeqn ,u"k awri ly extq lr oeyy
dpkqde gekd zpad ,daiqn jezn cekild ,dgnyde ybxd' :minkg icinlz ibegl mb dxcg
,dcin dze`a mlek `l ik m` ,miievn eid mlek ,dil` qgia mihalde dy`l dad`d ,oiiay
dixehqida ze`ivne mibyen' ,oeyyÎoa lld miig) '17-16 ze`na zifpky`d zicedid dxaga
.(312-310 'nr ,[j"yz] hk uiaxz ,'miipiad ini idlya zicedid
'mqxetne cakp cg` yi`'k `l` ddefn epi` azekd .41-38 'nr ,` ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie 20
.dplieen

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 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

zxkdl igxkd i`pz od dhxgde zeavrd ik ,qxeb cbpznd miciqgd zrcl cebipa
leflfl mb minxeb ezwgcd e` avrd iekic `linne ,daeyza ezxfgle e`hga `hegd
21
.dxard zxnega
micnrn ly mzexveeidl mb d`xpk d`iad dgny ly cinzn gex jldl dxizgd
x`ezy xzeia hlead wgynd .zvler dxiee` zxivi mzilkzy miizek`ln miilezid
ipvil wgynk di`ex ipira dyxtzdy ,y`xd lr zektdzdd `ed micbpznd zexewna
on .miciqgd ly ipgexd mnler z` mipiit`ny ,zexwtdle zrc zelwl iehiake
:xexiaa dler xacd 'mivixr xinf'a eqpeky mipeyd zexewnd

dnd zeketdz xec ik ,miwixd cg`k mzltza mifget zeidl mdipa oicnele
md il bx e dh nl md i y` x ,mixkpe mixf zktdnk 'd zixa oex` iptl miktdne
22
.zelled zgnye lezide wegya mined cinze ...dl rn l

ziaa 'd zcear zxbqnay ogletle dlitzl yexita `et` xywp zektdzdd bdpn
mdizeltza mcnra hxtae' :wqixal dplieen glypy azkna mb jke ,zqpkd
mi pe i lr ,miyecwa mipte`d d`xnk mdiyrne ...zepey zelew mi`xn ...zetiiefnd
mpi`y ,mixg` mixywda mb zebven zeiektdzdd j` 23.'dl rn l m i pe zg z e d hn l
dplieea zeciqgd zehytzd dx`ez day zxbi`a ,lynl ,jk .dlitzl llk mixeyw
lr zeiecr eabp dlidwd iqpxte `"xbd ly dywd mzaebz zeawra ik ,azekd oreh
24
.'dlrnl mipezgze dhnl mipeilr :zehy dyrn' mdae ,miciqg ly 'mixrekn' miyrn

.y"aixd z`eev z` (17 dxrd ,38 'nr ,my) iwqplie rivd zxbi`d azek ixacl ixyt` xewnk 21
;[1793] b"pwz deewle'fa dpey`xl qtcp xtqd) azekd ipta cnr `l df xeaigy wx `l j`
zepyl zncew dpi` `id mb j` ,dqtcd zpy da dxqgy deewle'fn zg` dxecdn dievn mpn`
.iznbne rhewn `ed `zknq`k iwqplie `iady hehivd s`y `l` ,(g"id d`nd ly miryzd
daxi `l dxiara lykp elit`e ,'zi `xead zcearl dlecb dripn `id zeavre' wx `iad `ed
xg`]e dxiard lr a vriy wx' :jiynn ixewnd hehivd eli`e ,'...dceard lheaiy zeavra
meya ezlqkl aeyi `ly ezrcae dxenb dhxga hxgzn `edy oeik 'zi `xeada genyl xefgi [jk
.(g 'nr ,1991 oilwexa ,hgy awri zxecdn ,y"aixd z`eev) 'mrt
drteza d`x ekxc it lry ,aepaec ly ezcnr z` oiivl oiiprd oinn .41-39 'nr ,my ,iwqplie 22
mi`kecn ly dcixn ,ziptbqd jepigd zhiy cbpk mixxgeyn micar ly zirah divw`ix' ef
zeclez) 'y`x zelwe zelled ly dxeva s` zizc zexxerzd eywiay ,"zeevne dxez ler" zgz
.(113 'nr ,zeciqgd
z` dptdy ,qaewii'b qi`el ly ezxrd z` xikfdl oiiprd oinn .60-59 'nr ,my ,iwqplie 23
axwa zebdep eidy zenec zewihwxt oial miciqgd zeiektdzd oiay oeincl ald zneyz
oi` (zeitgeist) 'onfd gex' ly libxd xaqdl hxt .ynn dtewz dze`a (Shakers) 'qxwiiy'd
Louis Jacobs, e`x .odipia xyw lk did `ly ,zerepzd izy oia d`eeyda dax zlrez
Hasidic Prayer, London 1972, p. 56
.65 'nr ,my ,iwqplie 24

127
 sq` ce c

`le dgnye deevn zecerql zeiektdzdd exywp divilbay aepyl zlidw zepwza mb
:dlitzl

,dldwd ipa lk onvrl oiyery zecerq ix`y mbe ,zaya zecerq yly oecpa
mi `y x m p i` mb e ...mdn mipy wx zkd iyp` on mdilr oinfdl dlilg
jx ck ,d l rn l m di l bx e d h nl md iy ` x , mb d pn k j td z dl
25
.zelegne micewixa mixeq` mbe ,mi ye r m ip v il dy

zepvil dyrn `id mizrle ,dnipt zqpkd ziaa `id zektdzdd mizrl ,xac ly ellk
.zkd ipan mpi`y miyp` ly mdipir cbp ianeta dyrpd mzq

17 7 2 zp ya ze i ecr zi i ab .2

ozepin` .(1772) dpy dze`a eabpy zeiecr hwla yi df bdep lr xzei zexexa zerici
zeny exkfp `le ,in iptae eabp okid oiev `l oaexa - zwelgna diepy dl` zeiecr ly
.daiaql xkend zektdzd bdpn zecrzn od ozeiznbn s` lry xexa j` - micrd
oeyl efe .df bdpn xytl mnvr miciqgd ixaqd oda ellkpy `ed dl` zeiecra cgeind
:zg`d zecrd

zxeza cirdl xykd cg` yi` epiptl `ae .epiid cg` oic ziak dyely ayena
'x ly epzg ,mely 'x cvik izi`x ip`' :oeyld dfa ,oep oa ryedi mxga ,zecr
zay zlaw mcew ely oiipna jtdzdl zay axra bdp 26,oae`x iaxa wifii`
mrt ok dyr dlitzd xg`l zayd mei xweaae .eraekae elirna yeal `edyk
l`ixfr iax z` deeil xilweny mixt` iax oa ail 'x[y] cird mb .'ztqep
27
.a"lwz oqip e"k ,'c mei .[ail 'x] jtdzd ecxtpy dryae ,x`iinw

:mewne onf zekinqa d`xpk dzabpy ,zxg` zecrae

izktdzd ip`' :oeyld dfa mxga cibde oiipnd ly `pkec yix epiptl `a aey
iax oa ail 'x z` d`xy ,cibde '?df oiipr edn' :eze` epl`ye .'minrt dnk

.68 'nr ,my 25

`xwp' :aew`nn cec 'x xtiq eilre ,xecn`n lwiig miig 'x wicvd ly eixfern cg` mr ddefn 26
eiyrn rexl eze` eyxbe ,qpae`x 'x wifii` 'x `xwp ,`plieen cg` hiig ozg `edy ,mely oi`
ziqnd `ed aexd lre ,y"ni `wiig rx ly ezxyn `ede ...rx ryx dhey `ed ik ,ezpen`e
mb e`xe ;162 'nr ,a ,my) 'maxa oin`dl miaxd z` gicne xirl xirn rqep xy` ,ely lecbd
.(169 'nra
.ily mebxzde ,yiciia dxqnp (oldl d`ad mbe) ef zecr .82 'nr ,` ,my 27

128
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

`pkecd yix z` epl`y .l`ixfr 'x z` deeily dry jtdzn [xilweny] mixt`
,oiipna miciqgd lkn izrny' :epl aiyde '?df lkl mrhd edn' :xkfpd
cg` cr `a aey .'jt dz dl e il r da e g m c `l z el cb d `a x y` k y
28
.'ia xd my l e ' d m yl ' :xn`e jxca jtdzd mixt` iax oa ail 'xy ,cibde

oae`x oa wifii` ozg mely 'x ly exekf` ?dl` zeiecr zeqgiizn ziciqg dveaw efi`l
lw ii g mi i g 'x ly eiciqgl ,efa ef zexeywy ,zeiecrd ly ozwif lr riavn
29
.iwqplie ikcxn 'ze`ceea' raw jke ,aepaec oerny xriy mpn` jke ;xe cn `n
'x ly eiciqgl `weec ,'wtq `ll' ,dxeywk ef dxeag ze`xl rivd oihypiaex mdxa`
xe`l ddenz drvd ef j` 30;wqpina f` xby ,(n"nx) wq a h ie e n l cp n mg pn
ik qxb xey yia` mdxa` iciqgd xwegd .zeiektdzdl n"nx ly ezecbpzd lr epizerici
ezrcly meyn z`f ,(w"`x) wq il`wn mdxa ` ' x ly eiciqg lr eabp zeiecrd
,oiiycpen ryedi ly ezrc z` `iap df jaq znlydle 31.llk jtdzdl ebdp `l xecn`a
32
.jxr lk odl oi`e ,ixehqid xewnk yeniyl `xwirn od zeleqt dl` zeiecr ik orhy
mzektdzd ,dlitzl dwifae ,zqpkd zia jeza jtdzd mely 'x cera ,jk e` jk
l`ixfr max z` ,bedpk ,eeily dry ,'jxca' dzid xlweny ail 'xe `pkec yixd ly
l` iaxd z` mieeln xy`k ,miaxd zeyxa zektdzd ly dnec xe`iz ,dpde .x`iinw
,'dxhqe`Îipx`yhn slee 'x zlecb' ziciqgÎihp`d dxihqa ep`vn ,xirl uegn
¤ © © miig likynd icia h"id d`nd ly mixyrd zpya yiciia dazkpy
:dbln

ixiq mr ,xirl uegn l` iepiletn axd z` dxhqe`Îipx`yh [iciqg] eeil mrt

jt dz d g e z td d cy a e .dxiyae dgnya ,migaeyn yac ina miyecb ugx

.83 'nr ,my 28

iazka miciqgd cbp zeiecr' ,iwqplie ikcxn ;444 ;2 dxrd 131 'nr ,zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec 29
.76 'nr ,` ,micbpzne miciqg ,l"pd ;404 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,xra wgvil laei xtq ,'micbpzn
'nr ,(b"kyz) al uiaxz ,'zeciqgd cbp zeiecr zeiab lr dcerzl zexrd' ,oihypiaex mdxa` 30
max l` reqpl evx miciqgd ik ,zxg` zecra oiiv zeiektdzdd lr cirnd :ewenipe .91
'x ly eiciqgl sxhvd xkfpd mely 'xy rivde oihypiaex ltltzd ef dprh qeqial .wqpinay
oi` ixd ?df lka jxev dn j` .n"nx ly ciqg did oiicr a"lwz zpyae ,xzei xge`n miig
,cibnd ly xg` lecb cinlz ,n"nx l` mb reqpl eywai ,cibnd cinlz ,miig 'x iciqgy dripn
ly ozepin`' ,oiiycpen ryedi e`x .qiqa dl oi` cg` iaxl zepn`p zaeg zqxebd dqitzd lke
.93 'nr ,(a"pyz) 63 dxczw ,'l`xyi ux`n miciqgd zexbi`
.57 dxrd oldl e`x 31
opi`e ,zixehqide zihtyn dpigan xaypd qxgk leyn el` zeiecr ziiab ly okxr lk' :epeylae 32
,mihxtdÎihxta mixwegd ly mdiwecwc .ezryl "dti" didy dzqde dlenrz xneg `l`
mxk) 'jegib mixxerne midenz ,el` zecerz aiaq mdigekieE zexizqd z` ayil mdizepeiqip
.(197 'nr ,[a"pyz] c c"ag

129
 sq` ce c

z` miyp`d exvr xak dzr .og ca d y rn k , dg ny je zn li ee l re e 'x

ekxc `id jky eayg xak mlek !mdipira dzr mi`ex md miyecig el` .mzniyp
33
.zten lra ly

mnvr miciqgd epzpy mipey mixaqd ipy oda epivny ,dl` zeiecra cgeind j`
zexiqn zpnqny deegn ;dee`bd ybx zxiay z` zpnqny deegn :zektdzdd bdpnl
,xaqd o`kn inq .iaxd lye d"awd ly mceake mny zennex dzilkze ,zhlgen
.zeavrd zxqd myl d`a zektdzdd :aew`nn cec iazka xzei xge`n `vnp ezenky
aepaec onl ,zektdzdd bdpna epcy mixweg j` ;miiciqgÎihp`d zexewnd o`k cr
onlf xe`ipy 'x xaigy azkn :el ozipy iciqgÎmiptd zeni`d lr mb eriavd ,jli`e
iciqg ly drextd mzebdpzd ik orh eae ,1805 zpya d`xpk ,(f"yx) ic`iln
:'uixfnn cibnd ,szeynd mxen ly dielbd egex zxenl dzid ,max z`xyda ,wqil`w

y"p`l ezbdpd rex lr zeyw [cibnd] ez` xac xy` erny ipf`e e`x ipire
uvelzdl mbe ,zepvile zelleda mzgiy dzid meid lk xy` ...`iqex zpicna
mb e .dlecb zelwe ler zwixta zepeifa ipin lka mzefale micneld lkn
34
(j if o ri il e w o i xe wy ) dl r nl l bx e dh nl y `x a ci nz j td z dl
wegy ipin x`ya mbe ,milxr ipira miny my llgzpe ,ze a e g x a e m i we ey a
`l ,a`lwya didy gekied xg` ,a"lwz sxegae .wq il `w z ea eg x a lezide
35
.dfa `veik lre df lr dprn `vn

ef dxihq lre dbln miig lr .(ily mebxzd) 222 'nr ,1937 dplie ,mi”zM ryicii¦ ,qlxrR sqei 33
¨ ¦ ,'eeikx`ÎlxrR
'nr ,(1938) 13 xrhrlaÎ`eeii © © © röp' ,u"M dgny e`x
mrc oe™ ol`ixrh`n
.565-561
lirl e`aedy zecrd zeiaba .f"yx ly ezxbi`a wx driten ,'jif orilew' ,ef zipeyl dxev 34
zexewna .('m`lew oitx`eeib xrai`' cala zg` mrte) '[jif] oitx`eeib xrai`' `ed gpend
.59 dxrd oldl e`xe .'qiwlrf`w' `ed geexd gpend xzei mixge`n
dxrd lirl) ycew zexb` ;(xvw gqep) 85 'nr ,a"qxz a'vicxa ,iax zia ,o`nliid xi`n miig 35
qezinn' ,qixb a`f mda oey`xe ,df azkn ly ezepnidn lr exrxry eid .`p oniq ,ekw 'nr ,(2
,a ,dizecleze dne` ,(jxer) xbpih` l`eny ,'wqil`wn mdxa` 'x ly ezencl mieew :qez`l
zeizextq zeipaz it lr azkpy meyn ea wtwtl rivd qixb .132-126 'nr ,c"nyz milyexi
`ide ,oxd dirx dkld eizeawra .eaixi ipt z` xigydl ywany in ynzyn oday ,zelaewn
m` mbe ,f"yx ly zixewnd ezxbi`a lzyed w"`x z` miy`ny rhwd ik ,dprhe zkl dwigxd
mdxa` 'x' dxn`n e`x .zeixehqid zecaer `le dytkd ixac `l` mpi` eipkzy ixd ihpze` `ed
:miax zelew ,(mikxer) oc sqeie xe`il` lgx ,'dwqtpy zecici :ic`ln onlf xe`ipy 'xe wqilwn
xleyhl` dizeawrae) 424-414 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,a ,xniidpte`Îu"y dwaxl oexkifd xtq
ly xg` 'ihpze`' gqepl di`x mey el dzeelp `ly ,df xerxr .(37 'nr ,[7 dxrd lirl]

130
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

ly ezinre exen ,n"nx ly egex zxenl mb eid dl` mibdpn ik ,f"yx oiiv jynda
,did zektdzdd bdpn .'enely iyp` lre eizebdpd lre axd lr el dxg ahid' :w"`x
jxrpy gekieea oecpe ,miciqgl micbpzn oia jekigd icwenn cg` mb ,f"yx ixacl
ly drextd mzebdpzd z` xiaqdl w"`x ly ezleki xqeg .a"lwz sxega aelwya
xaecn ik raw eznga dfe ,`"xbl jk lr egeeic aelwy iyp` .mevr wfp dnxb eiciqg
`et` liynd `"xbd .'xert on `edy xn` dlrnl milbxa jetidd lre' :dxeng dxara
cer 36.cgeina iefa beqn dxf dcear bdpn `edy ,xert dyrnl zektdzdd bdpn z`
zeyxa xnelk ,'zeaegxae miweeya' zektdzda eny`ed wqil`w iciqgy al miyl yi
.miiebd ipirl ,miaxd
ozipy dgpdae ,dk cr e`aedy zexewna oeird zeawra zexxerzn zeiyew izy
ziciqg zebdpzdl zvxgpd ezecbpzd lry ,f"yx ixacl .` :mipin`k mdil` qgiizdl
37
,mixg` zexewnn mb mircei ep` 'd zcearl xxern irvn`k ('mivl dyrn') drext
w"`x `vn `l recn .zektdzdd bdpnl mled xaqd cibnl wtql w"`x lbeqn did `l
bdpn ,oldl gkeeipy itk .a ?lirl ep`vn xaky mixaqdd cg`a ynzydl oekpl
dxengd eztifp dlired `l `et` recn 38.xzei xge`n mb drxtd `ll jynp zektdzdd
?cibnd ly
ecbpzn w"`x z` x`zl f"yxl el did gep ik ,aiydl ozip dpey`xd dl`yd lr
oen`a qgiizdl oi`y ixd ef dgpd dpekp m` .ea eghedy zeny`d gkep mec ml`py ink
,diipyd dl`yl xy`ae .oiere iaihwiiaeq xe`izk dze`xl yie ,f"yx ly ezqxbl ax
ly mzebiizqd s` lr 39.zeciqgd ly ifekix izlad ite`l ztqep di`x epiptly dnec
zeiciqgd zexeagd ibidpn lk mnvr e`x `l zektdzdd ibdpnn eicinlzn dnke cibnd
.mkxcn zepyl miaiegne mzeknql mitetk zexg`d

miwicvd qepik) azknd ly epkez zvwn ,cere z`f .zexiaqd ogana izrcl cner epi` ,zxbi`d
wxei eip ,a ,(2 dxrd lirl) ycew zexb` e`x .f"yx ly xg` azknn wefig lawn (dpaexa
.k-hi 'nr ,b"pyz
.my i"yxe 3 dk xacna 36
.dt-ct mipniq ,ctw-tw 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) ycew zexb` 37
iciqgd ieedd on dnlrp' zektdzdd cibnd ly ezecbpzd lya ik ,oihypiaex ixacl cebipae 38
,[30 dxrd lirl] dcerzl zexrd) 'xecn` xvga xwira dze` mi`ven ep` cibnd zxiht ixg`e
.(83 'nr
,(jxer) sq` cec ,'dxenze ipan svx :1772 zpy ixg` ziciqgd drepzd' ,hxal`Îhxettx dcr 39
.235-228 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid mihaid :dcre wicv

131
 sq` ce c

ae w` nn cec ' x i azk .3

cec d`xpd lkk exaigy ,'miryet xay' iciqgÎihp`d qxhpewd `ed sqep xewn
eixe`iza xnzyp hwpy dnfebd oeyle azekd ly dielbd ezepier zexnl 40.aew`nn
iyrnd jezd z`' :aepaec oerny ly epeylae ,iciqgd meiÎmeid ieed lr jxr ax rcin
xvgd ly hxetnd xe`izd aeyg cgeina 41.'wexfp x`and ly dtilwd z`e lk`p
zexvgd lkl mbc aew`nn cec d`x dze`y ,dpcexb jltay (Indura) xecn`a
oxd` 'x icinlzn did (1787 xhtp) xecn`n lwiig miig 'x .zexg`d zeiciqgd
miazkay `l` .eiazka ahid zxkip cibnd ly ezrtyde ,'uixfnn cibnde oilx`wn
lr miriavn md ,daxc`e ,eicbpzn ea egihdy zeny`dd on dne`n oi` dl`
epnf oa ly elrete ezebd z` epiit`y zeihqil`ixhnÎzeihqipecd zenbnn ezebiizqd
zadlpe zihhqw` dlitzl dthd ixac mda miievn z`f mre 42.wqp'filn jlnil` 'x
43
.dgepipe znpten dlitzn zebiizqde
,ef xvga zqqezd dlitzd z` yibcdl daxde ,z`f ddif ok` 'miryet xay' lra
hhiv ,'llk dltzn zpdp `l jinin' .aeyg izlenrz ceqile dkiyn cwenl dzidy
ygla lltzn ziidy' ,('miziqn' eita mipeknd) xvgd iplnrezn cg` ixacn xagnd
wtec ,micngn eleke miwznn ekg ...epiax lv` ok oi`y dn .zekex` ilae dxnf ila
xecn` iciqg ly mzxizgl azekd brel mb jke 44.'mznerl sk l` sk dkne mici izya
:oevl iyrnl `l` 'd zcearl zlrezn dpi` ezrcly ,zcnzn dgnyl

z` xicddy ,iwqplie ikcxn .zrxkn dpi` eppiiprly ,azekd ly ezedf zl`ya zercd ewlgp 40
on wlg zegtl ik qxbe eilr wlg oihypiaex mdxa` eli`e ,aew`nn cec FxAig ik xaq ,hqwhd
cec 'xl miryet xay' ,oihypiaex mdxa` e`x .cec 'x ly epa ,l`wfgi icia xaeg qxhpewd
;249-240 'nr ,(j"yz) dl xtq zixw ,'oinifc`xn l`wfgi 'xl ze`pwd zxez z`f :ee`w`nn
b zyx` ,'cbpzn ly dixlwtq`a zeciqgd :ci azka "ux`d mr zxnf" qxhpewd' ,l"pd
ixac ,'"miryet xay" iciqgÎihp`d qxhpewd' ,iwqplie ikcxn ;230-193 'nr ,(`"kyz)
miciqg ,l"pd ;251-237 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,a ,zecdid ircnl iriaxd inlerd qxbpewd
`id s` dzlrd ,xecn` xvga hexita dpcy ,dict daiag .48-37 ,28-19 'nr ,a ,micbpzne
ilklkÎizcÎizxagd mbcd ly ezegztzdl' dxn`n e`x .cec 'xl xeaigd qegiia zewtq
.103 dxrd 372 'nr ,(39 dxrd lirl) dcre wicv ,'lbxl diilrde dxeagd ,oeictd :zeciqga
.367 'nr ,zeciqgd zeclez 41
lcpn ;107-101 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,epini cre dziy`xn zi`hild zeciqgd ,uiaepiax a`f 42
migwl :g"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna zeciqgd ly dipt znbn lr wa`nd' ,'f`wiit
.bkw-bt 'nr ,(a"qyz) gi crlb ,'xecn`n `wiig miig 'x iazkn miixehqidÎmiipeirx
.`v ,et 'nr ,my ,'f`wiit 43
.173 'nr ,a ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie 44

132
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

rci ornl ,epiax iptl dciw deegpe drxkpe degzyp e`ea :xn`e df l` df `xwe
cenrle `xead zcearl gk epl yi zrke ...mcewn epl didy zeavr epa oi`y
mcewn xy` ,mzegk jtdzn ,dninyd ribn ey`xe dvx` aven mleqk ,elkida
eawr cva df ly ey`x ,ote`d jeza ote`d dyrnk d`xp mznkge eicinlz aex
uega gxe` xaer lky cr ,einin dgny d`x `l ef dgny d`x `ly ine .df ly
lew `ld :xne`e dpgn lewk erix[d]a mrd lew z` rneye ezia ilzek lv`
mewna xcd axdy ,el mixne`y cr ?dyer ef dn dgnyle ,rney ikp` zepr
oeyy dpde ,dgp`e oebi qp elkidne eperna oi` dgp`e eiptl oeavr oi` dfd
45
.eiptl dgnye

axwa iaxd igily mivitny dlenrza aeyg ceqi `id xecn` xvga dgnyd ,cere z`f
zgnye ,my xikfdln qd mitebiqde ziprzd ik' :'mipy 'kl oiicr eribd `ly' xrep ipa
dl`d miryxd dpde' :xg` mewnae 46 .'dny xeq` zeavrd ik ,al aehe gny j` ziide
myl ik miciqgd z` miy`n `ed 47.'zeavrd mi`pey md ik xqen icibn lkl mi`pey
dnk erny dlila a`a dryza zg` mrt' :zexar xearl mipken md zeavrd lehia
ixiy mixxeyne dt leaip mixacn eide ...l"pd miryxdn zelelhe zekeg miyp`
eyry exn`e ,zxg` xirl egxae mze` qepwl evxe ,dlild lk m"ekr ixnife miabr
48
.'zeavr mdl didi `ly z`f
ly dii`x zecr ef .zay ly zixgy zlitza xecn`a ygxzd cgeina denz bdpn
cirnd .'xf `le e`x eipiry dn ok enk epl xtiqe cg` zay mlv` lltzdy cg` yi`'
gnyi' zlitzl xeaivd gily ribd xy`ke ,miig 'x ly yxcnd ziaa lltzd inipep`d
zxeag d`xe dvegd `vi `ed .zqpkd zia xvgn lecb yrx lew rztl rny 'dyn
,rwxwd lr akeyd mdixagn cg`a mgek lka mihaeg 49,mixirve mixbean ,miciqg
:milyten eiqpkne dnc`l eipt

xy` lad yie 50,cigia dakxn miyer mdn dzexag izi`x mlv` iz`ayke
© ,ux`d lr dyrp
epzpe ,dnegk eze` miaaqn mrde mipir ielbe ltep oedpn cgy

.172 'nr ,my 45

.173-172 'nr ,my 46
.177 'nr ,my 47
.174 'nr ,my 48
,mivwyl zfnxn mivxy dlind .'cgia micner mivxy ly dtewe miryx izi`x oke' epeylae 49
.mixrp xnelk
did ok m` `l` ,cigia dakxna ...oiyxec oi`' dpynd ixac lr cecig ;eilr miakex xnelk 50
.(` ,a dbibg) 'ezrcn oiane mkg

133
 sq` ce c

gyie xeg`l dide sxer epte rwxwa ely mipt lk ektdpe zktdnd l` eze`
ec i e il r hi cg ` lk e eicgi erxk eilr enw miax ik ,mc` letyie yi`
lk oke .zy iteyge eivlg xef` gztp hrnky cr ,di eh p ec i c er e ed k ie
dp ci xz m c nr a e ,mditpka mikkeq ,dlrnl mitpk iyxet eilr miavpd
,dptxz mici lky cr me pd o a i b a x y ` z t ez a en k ea m ik ne m di t k
51
.etk ribin et` zrifa rifny cr rbie siir mdn cg` lke

,'?jrx dkz dnl ryx' mihaegd cg` z` l`ye xacd xyt z` xxal yi`d dqipyk
:el xn`e ezephhg lr envr dkend yi`d ea sfp

miknl izzp ieeib ,ixeg` z` izi`xe ipt xizq` xizqd ikep`e ?yi`l jny in'
ryx zeidl epl dlilge ,leaq` ip`e `y` ip`e iziyr ip` .izebeqp `l xeg`e
eaiyde '?dltzd rvn`a dfk eyrz dnl seq seq' :mdl izxn`e .'epizepgna
devn ly dgny jezn milltzn mpi`y dltzd zrya mnvra eyibxdy ,il
lr epzp ,'dyn gnyi' u"ydn ernyy hxtae ,mlv` zxxerzn zeavr zvwe
52
.dgnye oeyy dpde dgp`e oebi qp© df ici lre ok eyre oiprd al

zexxerzd oial d`kdd oia xywd df xewn ly ixihqde iqenletd ite`d s` lr

xvep mdixacly ,zekn wgynl oevxn mitzey dkend od miknd od .xexa `ed dgnyl
oeekzd jkl ik xryl mb ozip .'devn ly dgny jezn milltzn mpi`' ik eygy xg`l
ik' :(15 i edinxi it lr) 'mirezrz dyrn' iehiaa jenqa ynzyd xy`k aew`nn cec
aexa mlv` bedpd mirezrz dyrne lad ly oipr caln ...mixenb miqxewit` dnd
53
.'mlv` `ed oky xakn reci xacde ,dltz rvn`a mb minrtle ,mizrd
xn mfwxqa x`iz day ,aew`nn cec 'x ly ez`eeva epivn ze`kdl ztqep zecr
:zilezid dlelidk zay i`vena zbbgpd ziciqgd 'ziyilyd dcerqd' z`

dnednd dax ,oelicbi zelew ilew ,ycew meid dpt ik axr zrl zexiye dgnya
mikix`ne ...xenge qeqk cwex dfe ,xnfn dfe xxeyn df ...mdicinlzae mda
y`x zelwa aixrn milltzne ...dlild zevgl aexw cr y`x zelwae zexinfa
gkn a ixr n zlitza df z` df mikny in m da y i ,mda dax dnedne

.163-162 'nr ,a ,micbpzne miciqg ,iwqplie 51

cnr cibnd zcewta ciqgd z`wld z` oenin ly exe`iz oial df xe`iz oia oeincd lr .my 52
.181-180 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) qwh` dpexg`le ,(370 'nr ,zeciqgd zeclez) aepaec dpey`xl
.162 'nr ,my ,iwqplie 53

134
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

ef dn dgnyl zn`ae ,dlecb dg nya mixkxkne m ifftne , y`x zelw

54
?dyer

ly cigid zeyx jeza ze`kdde zevilrd ,zektdzdd iwgyn `et` efkex xecn` xvga
ixwird wenipd .miweeya e` zeaegxa ,miaxd zeyxa `le zqpkd ziaa e` wicvd xvg
zevilrk `le dlitzl dwifa bven `ed j` ,dgnyd zxabde zeavrd lehia mpn` `ed
ozip eay agxnk dqtzp 'ziniptd' dxifdy jk lr riavdl dieyr ef dpgad .mzq
.zixkpd daiaqd ipira 'd leligl yyg mxbiiy `la dgny i`iyl ribdl
micbpzn ly mhrn epil` eribdy ,dl` zeiecr ly otwez z` jixrdl yi cvik
iciqgd oe`hiaa mqxty xn`na xey yia` mdxa` rivd zixewn zeqgiizd ?mi`pw
lr' ,aew`nn cec 'x iazka ik dced ,oilx`w ciqg envra ,xey .'l`xyie oxd` zia'
oigadl dqip ef gexae ,'zeixehqid zecaere zn` ipirxb mda ep` mi`ven ,etleq mdy s`
xeniya drecid - oilx`w zeciqga ik oiiv `ed .zepyxt oial zecr oia eixe`iza
,zay i`vena laewn - 'lecbd' oxd` 'x jxc cibnd xvgn milylzynd miwizr mibdpn
od el` 55.'jif or™ihy' `xwpd epina cgein bdpn ,dlcad mxhae ziyily dcerq xg`l
dnypd ly dz`iviay xrvd lr jka zetgl ick ,zevilrl zenxebd zeiccd zetigc
:azk jke .dxzid

bdepl mipeekn aew`nn cibnd iazka mix`ezn mdy itk 'mixfend miyrn'd
cxyy ,`"rif yhixfrnn cibnd ziaa exewny bdpn ...'jif oitihy' `xwpd
bdpy itke ,ditpr izan cg` `ed xecn` xy` ,oilehqÎoilx`w iciqg lv`
ziyily dcerq ly oefnd zkxa xg`' ...uipf`wn dyn l`ingxi iax w"dxd
exiag lr cg` yi` segcl oebk wegyl xac dfi` zeyrl ycewa ekxc did
'exiag lr cg` yi` segcl' w"yvena oilx`w iciqg ly bdpnde 56...'dnecke
57
.dxizi dnypd weliqe dklnd zay z`v mr dgny zeaxdl ,d`xpk enrh

izi`x zn`ae') di`x zecr lr miqqean eixac ik oiiv aew`nn cec .250-249 'nr ,my 54
'nr ,my) uip'fewn l`xyi cibnd ly exvga mixen` mixacd ik xriy iwqplie ;('my izei da
miizkld mihaid :ziyily dcerq' ,xphxb awri e`x ziyilyd dcerqd lr .(74 dxrd 250
.24-5 'nr ,(o"yz) e `xciq ,'miixehqide
,iee`wx`d
© © xcpqMl`© e`x) zelled wgyn e` zeaaey dyrn rnyn yiciia (yixr™ihy e`) sihy 55
dpeekdy okzii j` ;(497 'nr ,1988 wxei eip ,jeaxrhxree xryi`rxardÎyilbprÎyicii¦
.(494 'nr ,my) oenda zewgcide zetigc ernyny ,(yiprqiehy ,yiprRehy e`) oRehyl
-1860) uipfewn dyn l`ingxi 'x lr .76 'nr ,h"txz oilael ,miwicv ly oxtq ,o`nib aec xfrl` 56
.bqz-`qz 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,miyi` ,zeciqgl dictelwivp` ,iqtl` wgvi e`x (1909
l`xyie oxd` zia ,'oilx`wa miciqgd zxeage `"rif lecbd oxd` iax oxn' ,xey yia` mdxa` 57
zay i`vena aixrn zryay oil`hq bdpn' :eeyde .46 dxrd gpw-fpw 'nr ,(c"pyz) `p

135
 sq` ce c

wx laewn did eixacly ,(jif oriilew) zektdzdd bdpn oia oigadl `et` rivd xey
bdpn oial ,yi d le hi a did enrhe ,(c"age wqil`w) dpald diqex iciqg axwa
did enrhe ,(oilx`we xecn`) diqlet iciqg axwa bdpy ,(jif or™ihy) zeaaezydd
,xey xeaq jk ,dzid `l zeiektdzdl 'uixfnn cibnd zecbpzd mb .dg ny d z x a b d
,zektdzdd mvrl `le ,'wqil`w zeaegxa' diqdxtae miaxd zeyxa oziiyrl `l`
.'d zcearl ziaeig jxck dqtzpy

zei ek t d zd l r zex ge` n ze i eci qg zei ecr . 4

hqed `l` ,zeciqgd inegzn zektdzdd bdpn mlrp `l leflfde zecbpzdd zexnl
,epinia zelretd zeadlp zeizc zeveaw ly mipvgend odibdpn md jkl zEcr .dileyl
jtdzdle cewxl mibdepy ,('wztd lra') xqce` aec l`xyi bltn alqxa iciqg oebk
uegan mitev ipira miqtzpd zevilre dgny jezn ,xeaiv zenewnae aegx zevega
.zehzydk
zeieciqga mb miiw zektdzdd bdep .ok zeyer zeiegc miiley zeveaw wx `l j`
oebk) zblten dgny ly e` zeadlzd ly zeiepncfda xwira ,(c"ag enk) zexg`
ze`na mb bdpnd ly eneiw jynd lr zeiecr hrn dpd .(dxez zgnya e` zepezg
dht`n lyd ryedi mdxa` wicvd i`v`vn cg` xtiq lynl jk .'kde h"id
:'l`xyi ade`' eiepika rcepy ,(1825-1748)

d`x df ixg` .`txzpe epilr `l ye`ia dlgp 'l`xyi ade`' axd ipiwf icec
zia' :el xn` '?dcez oaxw z`ad `l dnl' :el`y .melga adf ixehd [z`] ipiwf
`ae ...'my xtqz .hrn ycwn oilaela' :adf ixehd xn` .'axg ycwnd
zxc`d' mixne` xeaiva my dide ,yxcnd zial `a ycew zayae .oilaell
ze xw cf d d yr e , oe l g d j xc 'l `x y i a d e `' d ut w e .'dpen`de
58
.ax onf 'eke zxc`d zxin`a ,ze a d lz d a ( q i wl r f` w)

ixg`y bdpnd z` exiaqd miciqgd .xg` `edy dn e` zxc` ,z abn ipyl cg` mi wxef
w"deax ibdpn' ,xey ryedi wgvi) 'miiga epx`yp m` jka ep` miwcea dxizid dnypd dwlzqpy
zwixf bdpn .(gkw 'nr ,[c"qyz] aiw l`xyie oxd` zia ,'ycew zayl oilx`w oil`hqn
.dkepgd inia mb oilx`w iciqg axwa bdep zeabnd
dwihqin ,wxn iav e`xe .px oniq ,83 'nr ,`"rxz dyxe ,iaxd ze`ltp ,ocle mgpn dyn 58
.49 'nr ,c"qyz aia` lz ,alqxan ongp 'x zxivia oerbiye

136
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

dyw oe`kicn ulgpy ,oilaeln 'dfegd' icinlzn ,aeyg wicv lr xetiq epiptl ixd
ey`x ,zektdzd `l` dpi` ef zexwcfd .'zexwcfd' dyr zizc zelrzd ly dryae
59
.yiciia gpend on xexiaa yxtzny itk ,dlrnl eilbxe dhnl
'x mya fla ciqg lr ztqep zxeqn dxnzyd zeiektdzdl 'dfegd' ly eqgi lr
§
:oilaela yxcnd ziaa daizd iptl xary ,aFpdE`n yiaiit

eayge ,c"ndiad jeza 'qrwilif`w'¨ dyre cenrd iptln jld 'xe` xvei' lv`e
d"awdy xn` oilaeln iaxd mpn` ...dfa eilr citwi oilaeln iaxd ik miciqgd
orpree`c iif ief` iee ornry jif ol`f iif f` mdl d`xde mik`lndl `xw
,mce xya `edy ,yieeit 'x f` ,(milltzn md day jxca yiiazdl mdilry)
60
.(mdn xzei aeh lltzn yiaiit 'x oky) iif iee xrqra hpree`c
lr driavn `id j` ,wtqa zlhen dly zeihpze`d zciny zxge`n zxeqn ef mpn`
.zadlp dlitz ly miipeviw miielib itlk zeplaeqd zcin
`xity yinlw qenipelw 'x icia dazkp dpina zcgein zitxbeiaehe` zecr
§¤ ©
,oileta zeciqgd ly zeixewnd zeiciqgd zeiencd on ,(1943-1889) dp'vq`iRn
rwxd z` xiaqde ,jtdzdl bdpy envr lr cird qenipelw 'x .dyxe ehba gvxpy
:df dyrnl ipen`de iybxd
zektdzdd z` zeyrl izhlgdy drya izlrtzp jk lk df dnl ik
izenvr jk lk etgx df dnle ?dxezd xtq [zkepg] jepig zrya (wilryf`w)
?rfrcfp iteb lke ,jtdz`e cewx` ea xy` mewnd z` f`n izi`xyk
ezxeza eavnn xzei daxd ea zgwlzn l`xyi yi`d zweyz minrt daxd
eal .'c myl dpyr`e dtixge dlecb diyr dfi` il ozi in ,xne`e ,ezcearne
meiqdl invr oikdl izlgzdyke ...izcear lk dne izxez dn ,eaxwa ltep
dgny zry `ld ,invra y`k idze z`y xzia izweyz ia dgwlzp ,jepigde
iteba da zeyrl lke` dne ,iig lka `id zg` xyt` ,ef oirn d`xepe dyecw
,rayz `l cer iytp la` ,aeh .igk lka cewx`e dcrxa lib` .iwl`l lreta
dcigie dnnexn dyecw dryl dni`znd dtixgde dlecbd diyrd cer z`f oi`
mdipec` zgnya milhaznd miltyde mifapd mze`k jtdz` ,xne`e .efk

zecrd ziiab igqepn cg`a .574 'nr ,(55 dxrd lirl) iee`wx`d © © e`x .rwlf`w ¨ ,rwlrif`w¨ 59
.446 'nr ,zeciqgd zeclez ,aepaec e`x .'mrlew' mewna 'qrwlry`w' myxp ok` lirl epecipy
jetdl ...wicvd iaxd oevx zeyrl' :wia l`eny awri azky ziciqgÎihp`d dxihql mb eeyde
iel x"c ceakl oexkf xtq :iel zxkfn ,'lezid ipeifg' ,ocq ac) 'uegl wilif`w
¨ z`fd zrbeynd
.(101 'nr ,c"iyz aia` lz ,cpiext
.fkw 'nr ,g"qyz l`ei zixw ,a ,mazk itne mditn ,(xicdn) onwilb l`eny miig 60

137
 sq` ce c

dne ,da yi mrh dn jl z`fd dceard dn ,ia zepnl ohyd ia rbie .mceakl
.jiyeginle jze`ixal wifi xyt`e .`l e` jtdzz m` d"awdl dil ztki`
xrbi ,izb`y ial zndpn f` .lk ipira rbeynle dheyl dfa d`xz `l m`de
.dwegce dcigi ,dlecb dryd ,dzr zepeayg aeygl zr `l .ohyd ja 'c
,day oeike .dvex ip` ipewe ixev myl ytp zexiqn oirn diyr dzr zeyrl
xy` dtixgd diyrd z` `et` iz`vn ,ipwtqz ipeifaae ,ipcgtz ize`ixaa
.dl ycwzne hlgn ip` dzrne ,izytg
,ipta dxwizp ,il dycwzp ,izica ialn xy` ,ef ziheicdd diyr ,f` one
gafn oirk wx ,ipeinca xak izi`x dheyt zektdzd `l ...diptl izlhazpe
61
.ipirl widan did

¤§
,(1999-1906) obe zia-dplFhn iwqxah opgei 'x ,epxec oa x"enc` ly zeiektdzd lr
:dl`d mixacd exqnp

mizirl (lwi'few) zektdzd zeyrl ekxc did ...ezbdpda epina cgein xac
dyecway xac lk iptl ,dl il l k a re a w o t e` a o k bd p `e d .zepnefn
jxck ,cgeina dyw 'lhieew' z`ixw iptl ,a"eike dkepg xp zwlcd ,yeciw oebk
...'yid lehia'l sqep irvn`k ,eini lk c`n xcid ea oiipr - mipzg gnyl
z` rviay xg`l eitn ernyp zepey minrt .zexg` zeiepncfd cerae
ernyp minrt .oiiprd z` hrna xiaqdl ick mda yiy mixeaic zektdzdd
lr dycg dlawe xard lehia - 'zeycgzd' `id ozernyny milin eitn
lke' 'dpxn`z izenvr lk' milind z` dyrn xg`l rinyd minrt .cizrd
epwf z` e`vn mrty zg` zepncfda mb xtiqe ,a"eike 'degzyz jl dnew
jxryk .miilbxe miici heyit ly avna r"if [dplehn] cec iax w"dxd
mixg`l dxed oke 'yid lehia' fixkd dxez zgnya zetwdd jldna zektdzd
62
.ok xnel 'lwi'few' md s` eyriy

,a"kyz milyexi ,mikxa`d zxykd extql gtqp ,'fexfe ev qxhpew' ,`xity yinlw qenipelw 61
:dp'vq`itn iaxd lr .df xewnl ial zneyz dptdy ,wxn iav x"cl dcen ip` .20-19 'nr
d"yz-y"z zexfbae zenglnd izy oia zeipeirx zenbn :oilet zeciqg ,'f`wiit lcpn
,c"pyz aia` lz ,dreyil oaxeg oia ,ciay xfril` ;411-373 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,('d`eyd')
Nehemia Polen, The Holy Fire: The Teaching of Rabbi Kalonymus ;154-105 'nr
,qwe oex ;Kalman Shapira, the Rebbe of the Warsaw Ghetto, Northvale, N.J. 1999
zebd ,'dp'vq`itn `xity yinlw qenipelw 'x ly zikepigd ezpyna zeadlzdde zeybxzdd'
zeciqgd :d`eapl zeigiyn oia ,myl iav ;88-71 'nr ,(c"qyz-b"qyz) e-d icedid jepiga
.f"qyz ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec zcear ,`pvq`itn x"enc`d it lr
wxa ipa ,`pl`hn x"enc` oxn ...lr eazkpe exn`py mixn`n sqe` :xe` meia ux`l izkygde 62

138
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

:eilr xteq cere

lr e nv r lb l bn d id y cr dlke ozg zgnyl excbn z`vl ycewa ekxcn

zegkepae ozgd ly ezrc dgf zepezgd zg`a .mi xi rv d ly mb d pn k u x` d
cg` ...'rl`few ` hk`n iax xrpleh ep' :ieeivÎdywaa epiax l` dpt ax ldw
epiax z` `ipde ,diptd lr citwd dyrn zrya gkpy epiax ly ezia ipan
dpezgd mein mixetq miycg xg` ik xxazd minil .ozgd oevx z` `lnln
z`xwl cxgy jxa`d .axr zrya jxa`Îozg eze` ly ezlc lr epiax wtczp
xarl rqet epiax z` eze`xa mdcp xewiad zilkz idn zrcl ywiae gxe`d
swcfn `edyke xidn y`x leblb jxere ezrabn z` cixen oir sxdae oelqd
63
.'jzpezg inin cer z`f jl aiig ip` ixd' xihtn `ed

mi ic iq g d ` kd iw g y n l z ei ze x tq ze ie c r : '! xc d p w g y n d fi ` ' . b

ziaeigd daeyzd ?zektdzdd ibdpn oial oenin dnly d`xy zeknd oia xyw yi m`d
jxck dgnyd zxabd mzxhny ,'miwgyn' ly mibeq dl`e dl`y epzprha dxeyw
.yiciiae zixara dycgd zextqa zeiexfd zeiecr zvw xe`l wfgzz ef dprh .'d zcearl
ywan xy`k .d`kda dxeywd wgyn jxcl zecr epivn h"yrad igay xtqa xak
deevn `ed ,ea lflfl dhpy ,aehewn oeyxb mdxa` 'x eqib z` gwl cnll h"yrad
ez e` e k d :wegy jxca eiyp`l h"yrad xn` f`' :eixeg`a ezewldl eiyp`l
xywdd lr riavn 'wegy jxca' iehiad 64.'h" yr a d n wg y i ` l y [ xe g `a ]
.ieeivd ly ilezidd
xexa j` ,ihqin ltxra mpn` dtehr ,zecr dxzep alqxan ongp 'x ly ebegn mb
:alqxa iciqg axwa mb ebdp dl` oirn ze`kd iwgyny dkezn

zece` y"p` efi` mr [ongp 'x] l"f epax ltlt zg` mrt :dyrn did cere
,licei 'x xn`e !zn`d in mr licei 'x xn`i :[y"p`] exn`e ,`xnba yexit
m` :l"f epax xn`e .`xnbd ly hytd oipra mipekp [y"p` ly] mdixacy
.od :xn`e ?[heya d`wld] uiny jl epzi mipekpe miizn` ixacy jl d`x`

.458 'nr ,(q"yz) n dpya dpy ,'egxk lra x"enc`' ,siy le`y mb e`x .11-10 'nr ,q"yz
.diptdd lr aiby icbl dcen ip`
.57 'nr ,my ,xe` meia ux`l izkygde 63
.xtqd ly cid azk it lr `id 'xeg`a' ztqezd .98 'nr ,(2 dxrd seq lirl) h"yrad igay 64
'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,...cid azkn liniqwt ,h"yrad igay ,(xicdn) oiiycpen ryedi e`x
.87

139
 sq` ce c

ylg p uinyd zrya e .uiny licei 'xl epzpe .eixack hytdy l"f epax d`xde
eza dpde ,ezial rqp jk xg` .ui ny e l m i pz ep y df l r x dx d e , ez r c
xdxdn ziid `l m`y ,[ongp 'x] el xn`e ...l"f epaxl skz rqpe ,c`nl dylgp
cg` xa`y ok didi zxdxdy j` ,ixnbl d`ixa ziyrp dzid uinyd zrya
65
.d`ixad `ide ixnbl zn dci lry dphwd rav`y ded jke ;`ixaz `ide zeni

zpvwen zebdpzdl qgiizd envr oenin .opiwqr zeiektdzda e` ze`kda wx `l j`

,qenipd iweg z` erxt ,mixenb mipwipivk mibdpzn eid'y ,miciqg zvwn ly cgeina
mixe`iz 66.'dfa `veike mixg` ipta mdikxv miyer ,minexr zeaegxa mivvexzn eid
zetqep zeiecr epicia j` ,izax dfxtd mda yiy dnece mnldl mpn` dyw dl`
ly beqk dze`xl eid mileki miptan mippeazny ,drexte zihqikxp` zebdpzdl
:jkl zipeirxd dwnpdd z` mb `evnl ozip mixge`n miiciqg zexewna .reyry
zxag ikxc xwir' ik ,dgqiyt iciqg lr xqnp lynl jk .dee`bd ybx zripn
xy ` , a l a z e` b m e wn z z l ` ly ic k ,mzlefl ceakd qenip xcrdn ,`gqiyxt
67
.'ze rx d z ec n d i xt xe wn df
`vnp ,dibeqd oexztl aeyg gztn oenh ile` eay ,xzeia hxetnd xe`izd
diqexay wqahil uipn`w dxiira lcby ,(1922-1847) wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkifa
,oixaewn dyn 'x wicvd ly eiciqgn did eia` 68.zwdaen ziciqg dxiee`a dpald
inegz lka zericil rtey xewn md wihew zepexkif .mipelqn mdxa` 'x ly okn xg`le
elxeba aeyg ciwtz d`lin zeciqgdy oeeikne ,h"id d`na ayend megz icedi ly miigd
qgi jezn dilr wtxzdle da weqrl wihew daxd ,(ei`eyip xg`l da cxn `ed) iyi`d
zpya dyxeea qtcpy ,zepexkifd ly ipyd jxka .zxewiae dkxrd ly ihpleeian`
:ohw xrpk dl cr¥ didy uipn`wa miciqgd ly mzgny lr wihew xtiq ,1914

milelrzd enzyk .leab `le xeriy did `l miciqgd ly zeaaeyle zelledl

`a`n ywiae epzia l` ciqgd dlqei `a zg` mrt .miycg e`ivnd ,mipyid

zexecdna hnyed df xetiq .bk oniq ,gk 'nr ,o"xden iyp` ,f"nyz milyexi ,xe` iakek 65
.xtqd ly zepey`xd
.149 'nr ,oenin iig 66
ly mxe`izl eeyd .10 'nr ,g"txz 'fcel ,b ,ycew itxy giy ,wihiyxtn yicw miw urei 67
xi`n iav ;130-128 'nr ,f"kxz dqce` ,dpedk xzk ,mieaxcv xcpqkl` lv` dgqiyt iciqg
.309-308 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,oilet zeciqga zehiye miyi` :oilaell `gqiyt oia ,uiaepiax
.75 dxrd oldl mb e`xe
dn ,(xicdn) sq` cec :zepexkifd ly zixard dxecdnl `eana dagxda e`x extqe wihew lr 68
.g"pyz aia` lz ,` ,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkif ...izi`xy

140
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

xy`k .miciqgd lk eid xak laihya ...my dyexc ezegkep .laihyd l` `eal
rax` e` yely oa f` iziid .zewenq mdipte wegva mlek evxt ,dnipt epqpkp
dxxazd daiqd la` .wegvn mirwtzn md recn ,jk lk wigvn dn izpad `le
miqgeinde micakpd z` zewlna cakl ehilgd miciqgd :ce`n heyt .cin
ea didi `ly ,envrl dlEcb wifgdl mc`l el l`y © cinz exkfiy ick ,mday
,itec lk `la mibdep elld micakpd miciqgdy `id zn`d .dee`b ly oniq mey
wx i xd , ml y en c iq g l a y g p m c` y k la` ,dee`b ztih ilae xyeia
dk nl d` et x m i cw dl ie ` x ok lr .e f z r xb n o ia e e pi a r q tk
.dn ib t d ze ` l l kl `e a i `l ml e rl y i ck ,e z ew ld l e
,dhnl miptd ,ogleyd lr miakey :heyt zeidl jixv did d`wldd ote` mb
lr akey owf lra icedi ji` izi`x xy`k ...!mithege - znxen dhetwd
dgny iz`lnp ce`n mieqn mewna mgek lka ea mihaeg miciqgde ogleyd
.izbprzd '!xcdp wgyn dfi`' .dax
.cgi mb wp`pe wgv owefnd icedid
itlk eipt ,ogleyd lr akye jld `ed .okqnd `a` ly exez ribd f` la`
rxwp ialy izybxd .zewenq mipta mdici z` enixd miciqgd ipende ,dhn
izika .dhigyl ize` miliaen eli`k ynn ,mini` zegxva zekal izlgzde
dyw .okqnd ia` z` 'izlvd' jke ,ecxed mdici ,erzxp miciqgd .igek lka
.cli ly zeikead eipir len uiaxdl d`xpk
.gekd lkae ,obedk ebtq mixg`d lk .xty `a` ly ewlg wx...
xy`k zelwa xqnzdl axiq ,`ixa xegae lecb ovil didy ,xldExw ¤¤ aiil
,wa`zdl dpdp heyt `ed ,jk lk eze` ecigtd `l onvr zeknd .exez ribd
o`k ea miwifgn dpd .zepgleyd lre milqtqd lr utw `ed .mglidle segcl
`ed .dt lka wgev ,ogley lr e` wegx lqtq lr cner ,my `ed xake ,dwfega
miwfg miaxd eid xac ly eteqa j` ,mirfeine miyzen eid mlek .mze` rbiy
zexihq el sihgd eaala midel`y in lk eiykry oaen .cklp `ede xzei
.oexg`d did `ed .wgynd miizqd xldExw aiil mr .zenei`
geln bce dlecb dlg .sixg dwyn iweawa dnk ogleyd lr ecinrd dzr
e`vi diizyd ixg` .dgny aexa 'miigl' ezy mitiird miciqgde ,myÎi`n evv
yrxd one - zeadlp ,zewenq ,zerfein mipt ,cia ci ,szk l` szk - cewixa
.filr iciqg oebip xvep cewixd icrv ly lecbd
69
.miciqg egny jk

.54-52 'nr ,d"qyz aia` lz ,a ,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkif :cpe rp ,(xicdn) sq` cec 69

141
 sq` ce c

reci bdpnk zx`ezn ,h"id d`nd ly miyingd zepy ziy`xa dygxzdy ,ef dcefit`
zeknd qwh ly rlaend eciwtz .dee`bd zxiay :abyp iciqg oeirx `hand ,laewne
ly eigpena Communitas) 'mieey zlidw' ly ihxwenc oirn oexwir yigndl `ed
mciwtzy mipepbpn rcena zxvei efk `zeev zlidw 70.(xpxh xehwie beletexzp`d
mixiyr - l`d ipta dixag lk ly oeieeyd oexwr z` qqale zizc dikxxiid repnl
z` zlhan dppi` ziciqgd 'mieeyd zlidw' ik yibcdl yi .mizegtk mipqgi ,miiprk
ipa oeieeyl wx zqgiizn `l` ,eiciqg oial wicvd oia dpigany ziceqid dikxxiidd
zepexkifa x`ezy oeifiga mitzzynd ly xirvd mlib lya ik ,gipdl ozip .dxeagd
- (wihew ly epeyla 'liRy xryiciqg') ilezid 'wgyn'l ipivxd qwhd jtd wihew
.'micaekn'd eizexewn lya zeinihibln dpdpd daeyn dyrn
e` 'iaeig' owxetk ze`kdd bdpn zexnzydl cigid xewnd mpi` wihew zepexkif j`
,'miigd ikxca drezd' ly iyilyd wlga .dyecw iwit`l zenil` fewip ly jxck
,mezid sqei ,xetiqd xeaib lblbzn ,(1885-1842) oiwqplenq uxt ly rcepd exetiq
ly ziran oeifiga dteve ,dx n izernynd mya diexwd dxiira iciqg yxcn zial
miyp`l dlityne dbirln zeqgiizde ,wey ly xknnae gwina diefia ,dlitz xegi`
:yxcnd ziaa eayiy mipwf

oexg`d yicwl ipyd lltznd ribdae axrde dgpnd zltz elk micg` mirbxa
ei lb x , e de `y i e e de kt d ie ux`d lrn eze` ediabie miyp` ipy eybp
zzl xn` yi`d .dltza jix`d ik lr exqil exn`ie 71,z g z n e y` x e l rn n
et ly ie l q t q d lr e de g z n ie xqen sihna mci egly f` ,edeafrie xt[e]k
oiia eytp dct `ed mb j` ,mi lr p n ze wl n e ze ` ze k dl m di l rp n
72
.edeafrie miyepr
oiwqplenq ly ezecr z` jixrdl xyt`n epi` df xetiq ly oierde ixihqd eite` mpn`
miqpn ep`y zewlnd wgyn ly dwegx d`eaa dxnzyp o`k mby d`xp j` ,dpnidnk
.exfgyl

'nr ,(68 dxrd lirl) izi`xy dn lynl e`x .ziciqg dgny ixe`iza mitevx wihew zepexkif
.375-374 ,258 ,181-179
Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society, 70
ze`xl drivd dict .360-356 'nr ,(40 dxrd lirl) mbcd ,dict ;Ithaca 1974, pp. 231–271
dceqin mr mlrpy s`y ,zeciqga iaihnxet aly da ebdpy oeieeyd iqetcae ziciqgd 'dxeag'a
dxn`na mb e`x .(146 dxrd 384 'nr ,my) mrt icn uxtzne ay `ed ziciqgd xvgd ly
.101-100 'nr ,(d"qyz) 55 zrc ,'zeciqga izcd mlerde zihqind dieegd'
.iciqgd zektdzdd bdpnl ixihq cd ,wtq `ll ,o`k yi 71
.31 'nr ,1910 dyxe ,b ,miigd ikxca drezd ,oiwqplenq uxt 72

142
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

ehr ixt ,'ceexz lnl 'x' ixihqd xetiqa ep`vn df wgynl cgeina oiiprn cixy
ezenc zx`ezn xetiqa .(1928-1844) xhhycpxa cec ikcxn i`vilbd likynd ly
:miciqgd zegilya dlap iyrn dyerd xirv ozxab ,liqty ly

leere oee` xac lkl gily did ik ...fielwda mb liqty did zeprxetl oken
iayez exfb - .dwcvl mb mdl eaygie xzidk mdl dyrpe fielwda ea mibdepy
e` mwicvl gex zgp zeyrl ick ,`znc axd ipt z` yiial laihyÎmiciqgd
ornl oxhirae ztfa ,zqpkd ziaa eayen z` sphie jli in ,eckpl e` epal
`ly meyn ,miwynd qkn xkegn mznwp zgwl exnbe epnp ;liqty - ?enilkd
xkegd lr mixeqi`e zenxg jygna waci in ,fielwda bfnpd y"iid qn lr xzeei
ze`qk eayi ;liqty - ?ugxnd ziae zeiqpk iza igzta ely ze`wynd lre
`ly dawp ezy ` dcliy m eyn ,zewlnl hgey d oz g z` epce htynl
73
.liqty - ?mihty ea zeyrl cenrd lr edgzni in ,m ixag d oevxa

zervn`a fielwd iayei mikxery milelrze miwgyn ipin hxite jiyndy ,xhhycpxa
md elld mibdpnd lk ik ,itxbeiaehe` ite` zlra miiley zxrda oiiv s` ,lqty
,ipelt ly ez`wld xekf` `ed o`k cgeind ,mewn lkn 74.'izclen w"wa oiwize ibdpn'
lekiak eneiwl iz`vny cigid xewnd edf .'mixagd oevxa `ly dawp ezy` dcliy'
lirl epecpy oenin zepexkifn dxiyid dwipid j` ,zepa zcill qgia oevl bdpn ly
.ynn ly zecrk df xewn ze`xl zexyt` oi`e ,oirl dielb `id
zeiciqg zeveawa xnzyd dee`bd zxiayl jxck ogleyd iab lr dgiznd bdpn
iciqg ly 'xwtdd jxc' z` (1948-1901) ileky` a`f oxd` x`iz lynl jk .zexg`
:dgqiyt

lka mixbzne mivtewe micwex ,miaaezqn mikxa`d eid mi`laÎmirxw iyeal

eze` miqpewe ,ea m iv ia x ne o g l ey d i a b l r e z e` m ig z en ,ycg mc`
miayei eid cg`l cg` qcpew dyrn oiae ...mda rbty inl el ie`e ,y"ii ibela
minwe - 'mipewiz' miyere dxeza miwqere dwqtd ila zery zexyr dnk
75
.de e` b y yg n ,exag lre envr lr cg` lk mivvelzne

.234 'nr ,c"lyz milyexi ,clebpiit inrÎoa xicdd ,mixetiq ,xhhycpxa cec ikcxn 73
xxebzdl xar ,dxyr rax` liba ,ei`eyip xg`le ,(Brezesko) lbixaa clep xhhycpxa 74
.ziaxrnd divilba odizy ,(Tarnów) aepx`ha
yxetn iciqg xewn iz`vn `l .80 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,oileta zeciqgd ,ileky` a`f oxd` 75
micitwn j` wegya miaxn mpn`y ink dgqiyt iciqg xe`izl cebipa cner `ed ,daxc`e ,jkl
.129 'nr ,(67 dxrd lirl) dpedk xzk ,mieaxcv e`x .myeal lr

143
 sq` ce c

zexwtd zlelid (1921-1865) iwqa'vicxa sqei dkin xteqd x`iz 'dwqtdd' exetiqa
:liaepx'v zian miwicv ipy ly xewial m`ea mr oileea ziciqg dxiira zllegzny
dr ev xa mi zt e k ol ha d i cb z ` .wegv myl edrx zglva eci z` ozep yi` yi`'
zenil`'e ze`xt ivxt xac ly ezn`l j` 76.'...rext ,rext wegv ...be pr z m yl
zeveaw axwa mb mzenk `evnl ozipe ,`weec miciqgd z` epiit` `l df beqn 'dyecw
dxez zgny zebibg z` (1961-1887) wpexh diryi l`igi x`iz ,lynl ,jk .zexg`
- 'fcel xef`a dphw dlidw - (Osmolin) oilenqe`a miheyt micedi mixki` ly
:h"id d`nd rvn`a

mifee` xya mqxk mi`lnne dxkyl o`k mizey mewnd icedi eid dxez zgnya
`cb yia crep df ciwtzl .dxez zgny ly i`ab mixgea eid jk xg` .aexke
dtepz mitipn eid oilenqe` ixeaib .oilenqe` ly zixtkd dlidwa xzeia lecbd
.zi`xt zexidna dtvxl migipvne ,zqpkd zia zexewl cr ,okqnd 'i`ab'd z`
heyita dtvxd lr rexy x`ypy cr dlilg xfege migipvne mitipn eid jk
z` oitek eid df xg`l .el ewlgy ceakd lcebn dvgnl zn ,miilbxe miici
z` mi ly l yn xk z yp yk e ,dwyn ze`ln zeqek dnk dzyiy i`abd
,d py dp y d py p e x fe g d yr n d d id e . dk l dk ez e` mi w ln e e iq p kn
zewypn eide dniblle zelegnl zetxhvn od s` miyp .dx ez zg n y i cn
mipype mixfeg eid mzei`xta minec zefgn .dxezd ixtq z` dad` zewiaca
77
.a`a dryz inia mb

'd z c ea ra jx c ke dg ny l i e hi a k d` k d i wg yn :o e xz t z rv d . c

'ziperbydÎzipendd' onl ,mipeebn mirten dxikn zizcd dfhqw`d ly dibelepneptd

ziciqgd dlitzd 78.ueg itlk milbp mpi` hrnk dipniqy ,'znpten'l cre zpvgend
mieegy ,mipey mibeqn zeihhqw` zeieegl ,'geliy ok' oirn ,zepncfd wtq ila `id
dpc 'zeciqga izcd mlerde zihqind dieegd' dxn`na .jkl ddnk mytpy milltzn

mqxtzpy ,df xetiq lr .epw 'nr ,d"kyz aia` lz ,` ,(iwqa'vicxa) oeixbÎoa sqei dkin iazk 76
xe`iz ik draw oixaeb .85-79 'nr ,1975 ob znx ,milbrn ,oixaeb zixep e`x ,a"qxz zpya
dwaepxh dxiira xaecne ,ok xacd oi`e ;(80 'nr) 'ipeinc `l` ,ihqil`ix xe`iz eppi`' dxiird
zeixehqid zeizyz :zexwtde zeciqg' ,wxn iav e`x .xac lkl zil`xe zixehqid zxbqnae
.237-219 'nr ,(c"qyz) f oFtv ,'iwqa'vicxa i"nl "dwqtdd" xetiql zeitxbeiaehe`e
.25 'nr ,1962 diagxn ,xyiilt `xfr mbxz ,zepenze zepexkf :oilet ,wpexh i"i 77
dcez .91-81 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,zi`eapd drcezd :ziqlwd d`eapd ,xniidpte` oinipa 78
.ef dliren dxiwql ial zneyz dptdy ,izn`Îoa ia`l

144
 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

zei`xtd sebd zerepze zeipevigd zeegnd mler lr zeizextqd zeiecra dict daiag
:miciqg ly mzlitza

ze`ignae drepz ly seb ztya deelnd ihhqw` ilwifen rexi` `id dlitzd
zipnfÎea zxeywz ly beq `id zxabend dfhqw`d ike ,'yrx' zxivie miitk
eiyrn ,ipy cvne ,dlitza iexy mc`d ,cg` cvn .dxagd mre zedel`d mr
mizrl d`a df qetihn zihhqw`d dieegd .mitev ldw mitqe` mi`iltnd
.envr lltznd ly eteb z` wx `le dtevd ly eytp z` mb rfrfl zeaexw
79
.micrl dwewf enk `id

d`wld llk jxcay s` ik ,dxirde ab` jxca dict dxikfd oenin x`izy dcefit`d z`
80
.jkl dxeywk zi`xp dppi` oenin ly ezecr ,dxtkle sebiql zexeyw zekn e`
zelled zxiee` oiay sixgd xarnd lr eizepexkifa riavdl ywia oenin ,xekfk
zrcd oi` 81,df wenr ite` ew oekp l` ddif m` mb j` .dyecw ly dxiee`l zexwtde
,xtql rci envr oenin .mdizepa zcled lr zea` zekdl bdpn mrt i` didy dlrn
mzlitz zrya zeinybd zehytzd avna cinzdl eywiay miciqgd ik ,xg` mewna

ze ip kn z e le rt ipin lk ici lr df avna mnvr riwyde xefgl evn`zd

ea miiexy zeidle ,epnn me`ived mixg` mixedxdy drya ,(zegeeve mireprp)
mi zr l e wi q td j i ` ,d ` xn d d id jg eb n o k` e .dltzd onf lk jUg ila

.83 'nr ,(d"qyz) 55 zrc 79

,mieal` awri e`x dxtke sebiql jxck zewln lr .fnx ly jxca egqep dixac .77 'nr ,my 80
,1648-1348 ,oilete fpky` inkg ly daeyzd zehiya mipeir :mixeqi zlawe ald zaeyz
.('zewln' jxr ,gztnd it lr) b"pyz milyexi
bxeavpib xy` ciqgd xrpd sygp ,h"id d`nd ly miyiyd zepy idlya ,okn xg`l dpy d`n 81
,dxebicqn awri mdxa` wicvd ly exvga xwia `ed .dnec dieegl ('mrd cg`'k minil rcepy)
`ed ekld zekeq crend leg inin cg`a .zeciqgl izxewiad eqgi z` df rexi` avir eixacle
cnr ,i`vilb ,cg` owfe ,miyp` d`ln dzid `ide "dkeq"d l` ep`a' :'miclid zkeq' l` eia`e
(mqxetn xzeid epzge "iaxd" ly exeka epa) "j`lxrcpiw"d zrc z` gcan dide oglyd ci lr
,dxyr mizy oa xrp ,ip` mby cr miqb jk lk eid mixacd .dt leap mi`lnde miqbd eixetqa
eipir z` "j`lxrcpiw"d on cg` mvr me`zt .mal lka ewgv mitq`pd lke .lkd hrnk izpad
inil `ed mb `ay ,`xebicq iciqg oia mqxetn ofg) "dw'ryedi dti`" :`xwe dlecb zewaca
wicvde xnfl ligzd ofgd ."'ecqg xev devi' xnfi" :l"pd el xn` dw'ryedi z` e`vnyke .(bgd
cnry ,glnd ilk eicia qtzy cr dlcbe dkld ezewace xnfd l` rnye eipir z` xbq xirvd
xacd jynp jke ."dkeq"d lka xftzde jld glnde oglyd lr ea wetcl ligzde ,epnn wegx `l
y`x zelwn zine`zt d dxardd cegia ,z`fd `p ivqd .xnfd z` ofgd xnby cr
dlecb dvxt uxt dfd myexde ,c`n rx myex ilr dzy r , efk zewacl dt le ape
.(tz 'nr ,`"kyz milyexie aia` lz ,mrd cg` iazk lk ,'zepexkf iwxt') 'izeciqga

145
 sq` ce c

ze re p ze m ip e yn z e le w i pi n l k ic i l r mz l tz z ` z ea e xw
z` eniiqy xg`ly ,jk ick cr dfa mirbiizne migxeh eid ji`e ...ze ip g ca
82
.dxenb zetlrzd jezn ux`l eltp dltzd

oebk miripna llk jxca ewnep zeciqgd ziy`xa zektdzdd ibdpny cera ,dpde
yi cibnd ziaa d`wldd rexi` z` ,iaxl e` d"awl zexiqn ly deegn e` yid lehia
,dpey`xd dbxcnd on miihhqw` mixxernk eqtzpy ,zevilrd iwgyn mlerl xeywl
'd zceara dgnyd ef zilwicx dqitz it lr .mixirv mixab ly mnlera cgeinae
miwgyn zervn`a ele ,eil` xezgl yiy izc xbz` mb `l` ievx iytp avn wx dppi`
ly minz ielibn gztzdy izn` rexi`l cr did oeniny xiaq .minefi miilezid
zetigcd wgyn ly idylk div`ixe l` dxeagd ipan cg` ly ezgnya zetzzyd
.oilx`w iciqg axwa zay i`vena meid cr bdepd ,'jif or™ihy'
zeiektdzd oiay ziceqid zibelepneptd dpgadd dyhyeh jli`e h"id d`nd onl
x`izy d`wldd rexi` lynl jk .dfa df eaaxrzde ecklzd mipeyd mixaqdde ,zewlnl
,dee`bd zcin z` xeayl wqahil uipn`wa miciqgd ly mpevxa wnep wihew l`wfgi
.mipzg gnyl jxck ,x`yd oia ,exaqed obe ziaÎdplehn iaxd ly zeiektdzdd eli`e
dpzipy zernyna ,(Homo ludens 'wgWn © mc`' oirn `ed ciqgd mb ,ok ik dpd
`et` yi oenin ixac z` 83.(Johan Huizinga) dbpified o`dei ly iqlwd exeaiga el
,'wgyn' ly beqk qtzp eitzzyn ipiray rexi`l zxge`n ziyi` zepyxtk ze`xl
.zenil` s`e zeizecli ,zeixbleel iehiak qtzidl ieyr `ed uegan opeazn ipira j`
dtid zextqdn ,micbpznd iazkn epilrdy ze`wldde zeiektdzdd ixe`iz
lr od miiciqgd miwgynd ly mipey miqetc lr od miriavn zepexkifd zextqne
§ ¦
oecirl e` zenil` fewipl jxc ef ienqd caexa .mdly miienqde miielbd micEwtzd
ieaixl zpeekn zixwird mzilkz ielbd caexa ;migilvn miyp` itlk zeptwezd xvi
miizxagd zecnrnd jetid ,dee`bd zxiay enk zepexwr ly ilnq beviil e` dgny
zcear zxbqna 'mieey zlidw' zxivie dlidwd cekil ,(mikenp zdabde mideab zknpd)
.ziciqgd 'd

.140 'nr ,oenin iig 82

ongp 'x ixac mipiiprn .e"kyz milyexi ,xailden l`eny mbxz ,wgynd mc`d ,dbpified o`dei 83
zelra zeiektdzda mixeywd miabyp miilnq mipiipr dkepga oeaiaqd wgyna dlzy ,alqxan
xfegd lblb zpiga ,liciixc zpiga dfy ,dlrnl mipezgze dhnl mipeilr zpiga') inqew ite`
xn`n .fk 'nr ,n oniq ,g"lyz milyexi ,o"xd zegiy e`x ;('ef dpigal ef dpigan jtdzpy
wgynde wegvd lr' ,wxn iav :alqxan ongp 'x ly zizcd ezebda wgynd mewn lr aeyg
'nr ,(a"qyz) 41 zecdid ircn ,'alqxan ongp 'x ixetiqn xetiq zeawra :l`d zceara
.168-131

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mi il i ky n z ex ew n a m ic iq g i w g y n : ` g tq p

(l "ai x ) oef p i ee l x ra wgvi l ' mi ` t x wnr' jezn . 1

.micibnn[e] mipaxne ,xecd inkgn zepvil dnke dnk ogcad dyer [df ixg`] f"g`
84
,xiip ly ztpvn sepvi ey`x lre ,ea shrzne miyak ly xry zxc` jtdn f"g`e
dpdke dpdk cere ,gnex zipaz lr ,epinia dwifgne dkex` 85(rxiv`w) ztxbn gwele
leaipa oevl xacl daxde .diqpkd lke migxe`de axd z` gnyne .zehy ly mixac
rcei `le `aip `ede .zeceq dfd dt leaipa yi i`ceay mipin`n mrd lky cr ,dt
xne` oke .k"k eixac lr gny dfd wicvd axd did `l z`f `lel ik .`aip i`n envra
86
.mrd gnyie ,dfd xack `ln dta axd

oi i hy px e` dy nl ' d x eb i cq ycew zl i d wa zey cg x yan' je zn .2

gnyl c`n dtie xyk wegy `ivnd ,`xeb`c`qa xy` wicvdn lecbd ogcad ,oeyny
ipyl ,mec` cg`e wexi cg` ,migetz ipy ozi ik `ede .miaeh minie zezaya wicvd
miwxfp dl`d mipyd migetzde .mixdvd zcerq xg` ,wicvd ziaa xy` miciqg
m`e .d`ltp zexidna mdd miciqgd ipy ly exag cil cg` cin cg` rbxa mifg`pe
ipy ecbpk xy`l yper ozi ,ux`l mec`d egetz mec`d getzd lran leti dxwna
mirneyd lke ,urd ixt `xea zkxa mx lewa mdn cg` lr jxai mlawnde .migetz
wexid getzd lra cin xy` dxwn xwi m` oke .on` eixg` epri eizeaiaq micnerd
`ed mb xy` ,mec`d getzd lral migetz ipy eypr `ed mlyi ,ux`l egetz leti
aehde .dgnya dgpnd onf cr zeryd mixvwn dnd dfd wegyae .mdn cg` lr jxai
,ux`l migetzd elti dpeeka minrtle ze`iby daxda xy` `ed dfd wegydn `veid
d`nd enilyi dfae ,getzd lr jxal ewgyi xy` miyp`dn cg` migxken f"ir xy`
ewgyi minrtle .c`n dti bdpn `ede .jxand on xzei dperd lecbe .miaiegnd zekxa

gnwa l`ebn eipte' :sqep (18 'nr ,f"kxz dqce` ,mi`tx wnr mr miwicv ixac) oey`xd qetca 84
.'oingte
.xepza milgbd zkitdl zynynd dzgn `id rxryh`w ¨ 85
xi`n ozpeie sq` cec zkixra mi`tx wnr ly zxrende zizxewiad dxecdnd jezn d`aend 86
.(dpkda)

147
 sq` ce c

ipirae .wicvd al gny ornl miblten mixiyre micnel s` wicvd ziaa migetzd mr
87
.l"pd wegvd eze`xa wicvd ly inetn `keg wqt `l xy` izi`x

(` ) a` a d ry za mi ci qg i reyry . 3

xy` oeq`d lr eavrzi `l ik mixerpd ipa lr frl `ivedl azekdl `a oi`n eprci `l
jilydl ,dfd arzpd bdpnd .[ycwnd zia oaxeg] dpy mitl`k df mnr lr `a
mixerpd ipan `a `l ,uvelzdle [a`a dryza] a"za 'c ziaa edrx lr yi` mivewy
,m ic iq g dn e `v en i k ,slegd xecn dl`n `le ,milikynl miaygpd ,epxeca
be dp d l k l r e b rl xy ` m d ix g ` xr w v`¨ wd e m z ry a x r g q iy td c eg ia
eayi dl`d miciqgd ik ,epipira epi`x xy` z` xekfp cer .dz nc w mc w n l` xy i a
erb mrd lk xy` zra ,yhyen`fa lecbd c"ndia dvwa milqtqd lr zepiwd zra
bdpnd lawzp mdne .mcnir milezide mzxhwn ilkn oyr elrd dl`d miciqgde ikaa
daygn dfi` mdn cg`l yi m` c`n epgp` miwteqne ,micbpznd z`n mb dfd rextd
zz ilan ,mireyry ziaa enk 'c ziaa bdpzdl lbxdde zrc zelw `id wx ,dxf
88
.miyer md xy` dlapd lr mytpl oeayg

(a) a` a d ry za mi ci qg i reyry . 4

zrya ,[a`a 'ha] a"ha wegy zeaxdl zephwd mixra epvx`a xxey zgyne rx bdpn
,jkl zxyken dpi`y drya ,y`x zelwe dgnyl dlilr `evn ornle ,zepiwd zxin`

17 xyw ,'zrcep `l ziciqgÎihp` dxih`q :"`xeb`c`q w"wa zeycg xyan"' ,sq` cec 87
meid cr fp`v zeciqga miiwzny ,'yihÎlRr'd bdpnl ile` zfnxn ef dxihq .121 'nr ,(1995)
j` zeciqgl mecw bdpnd ly exewn mpn` .eiciqgl migetz wxef iaxd eae dxez zgny i`vena
xteq ,(1876-1799/1797) m`hyxald miig 'x lr xak .edevni` ,divilba cgeina ,miciqgd
wy e`iade ,eixg`ly dlild jezl meid zcerq jiyndl epiax bdpn did dxez zgnya' ik
cg` lk ik ,lecb wgec df lv` dide ,mitheg eid mlerde mlerd oia migetzd wxf epiaxe ,migetz
ikxc ,mieahniv l`tx) 'el` migetza milecb mizten mdl eid miyp` daxd ik ,sehgl dvx
oiipnk ,migetz 26 wxef iaxd ,laewnd it lr .(fi oniq ,22 'nr ,diipy dxitq ,b"txz aewxw ,miig
wgvi e`x ezvetze bdpnd iyxey lr .dlecb dreyi zghaen migetzd iqtezle ,died my
mlevn ceriz .w-dr 'nr ,(g"qyz) k h"yrad lkid ,'dxez zgnya migetz zwixf' ,xrlqrh
www.sanzusa.info/ details.php?nid=88 :bxeapfielwÎfp`vn iaxd xvga ,f"qyzn
,wtq ila ,`ed azekd .1026 'nr ,c"nxz lel`a '` ,uilnd ,'dfd ziad did mivixt zxrnd' 88
ly wegyd ibdpn qegii .oiletay 'uyenf cili ,(1893-1816) mieaxcv xcpqkl` oezird jxer
,xnif wgvi e`x .daxda mdl encw md oky ,jenql dn lr el oi` `weec miciqgl a`a dryz
.190-174 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,bdep ebdpnk mler

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 wgyn mc`k ciqgd

oipr dne ,dfd bdpnd `vi oi`n ...edrxa yi` mipa` mb minrtle mipelqe mivew ewxfi
yi` oi` - epzne` zeqixd lr epycw zia oaxeg lr ,ide dbde mipiw zxenz ,wegyd
ikxa lr dfd bdpnd clep ik epin`i miax - exewne exyt zrcl ,al lr my oi`e rcei
ez ci le ez x ed d f d bd p nd i k , mi x ne ` m ix g ` ...[iav izay] z"eivyd
`ed zeciqgd ixwrn cg` ik ori ,cl ep zi zn ` d ze c iq g d ik xa lr e , dy ec w a
mlera eiyrnn mrd z` rixtne ,midl`d zcear lhan avrd zeida 'zeavrd hern'
- odn epl mb rleai ot mipa` zklyd mewna epiy`x qipkdl epl `l ...zeliv`d
oia wx `l hytzp xy` ,l`xyia wegl dzid a"ha d`kdd ,didiy ji` didi mle`
,'jzwx oenxd gltk' aezkd xn` mdilr xy` ,dl` oia mb ik ,'d i`xie dxez ixney
mzepne` xy` dk`lna miyer oia ,'dipwxet gnvie' mlern exn` `l xy` dl` oia
89
.mdicia mdizea` bdpn xy` miaaey mixrp oiae ,mzxez

de e` bd zc i n z xi a y e w e g v ,d `k d l r : a g t q p

recik .iaxl rqp `l mxnr 'xe ,l"f mxnr 'x xag el did r"if o`xee`qn dyn iax
dxw mrt .r"if aeyhicx`an axdn mb cinlz dide ,mevr oe`b xrp`xee`qd did
`edy iyyd mei lr xne` dide ,mipnfd elv` jtdzp ik ,`xep xac mxnr 'x exagl
.xrp`xeee`qd ly eytpa xacd rbpe ,oey`x mei w"ayd mei lre [ycew zay] w"ay
.zeytp zepkq did ,dpen `edy meid df `ed meid ik mxnr 'xl dcen did `ly ine
lk el [!] ziiv mxnr 'x did ,dpen `edy enk minid zepnl mxnr 'xl dcen didy ine
.epnn ywiay dn
riyeie xefriy xrp`xee`qd el xivtd .xrp`xee`qdl aeyhicx`an axd ribd mrt
'xe ,aeyhicx`an axdl mxnr 'x z` `iad xrp`xee`qde .ezxvn l"pd exiag z`
,dpen `edy mei `ed meid ik dcen `ed m` aeyhicx`an axd z` dpey`xa l`y mxnr
dz` mpn` ,jl dcen ip` :aeyhicx`an axd dpr .xac mey renyl dvex epi` e`l m`
.jl dev`y dn [!] ziivi
zelwn mdicia egwi miyp`de ,xirdn miyp` `iadl aeyhicx`an axd deve
mxnr 'x z` eki miyp`de c"ndiaa dniad aiaqn aaezqi mxnr 'xe ,zeh`h`ne
.eze` efaie zelwnda

.2 'nr ,e"nxz a`a d"k ,dxitvd ,'[a`a dryz] a"z bdpn' ,[uiaepnip uxd ilztp] u"pd 89
zlibna d`ixwd xg`l ,a`a dryza eygxzdy mixeng zepeixa irexi`a jynda oc azekd
cer .diptdd lr aby xexcl izcez .(uilcy jlt) aewel fegnay ,[?wvew] 'w dxiira ,dki`
'nr ,c"qxz oeyga e"k ,uilnd ,'mei ly xiy' ,odkd oqip diryi :a`a 'ha miciqg ireyry lr
.181-180 'nr ,(68 dxrd lirl) izi`xy dn ,wihew ;(oivel iciqg lr) 2

149
 sq` ce c

dyrpe eze` ekde zg` mrt aaezqde aeyhicx`an axd zcewtl mxnr 'x ziiv ok`e
ligzde aeyhicx`an axdl mxnr 'x gxa ipyd mrt aaezqdl dvxyke ,wegvl
xayl eilre ,'eke ze`iba didy xazqne .'eke ...daeyz ` qiex` xin hib ,iax :wervl
90
.'eke dnly daeyza xfge .z`f

,...bieevpfex ield l`xyi l`igi iax ...xtiqy dn ...l`xyi xve` xtq ,mela odkd ikcxn 90
.diptdd lr xi`n ozpeil izcez .b ze` ,gix-fix 'nr ,e"pyz oilwexa ,i`zilz `xecdn

150