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Chapter 17: Determinants

a1 b1 c1
1. The Symbol = a 2 b2 c2 is called a determinant of order 3,and its value is the number.
a 3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c2 = a 1
a 3 b3 c3

b2
b3

c2
a
b1 2
c3
a3

c2
a
c1 2
c3
a3

b2
b3

= a1 (b2 c3 b3 c2) -b1 (a2c3 a3 c2) + c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2)

2. The value of a determinant does not change when rows and columns are interchanged.
3. If two adjacent rows or columns of a determinant are identical, the sign of the
determinant is changed, but its value remains unaltered.
4. If two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical, the value of the
determinant is zero.
5. If each element in any row, or in any column, is multiplied by the same number, say
K, the value of the determinant is K times the value of the given determinant.
6. If each element of a row, or column, consists of two terms, then the determinant can
be expressed as the sum of two other determinants.
7. In a determinant, the sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) with
the cofactors of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) is zero.
8. If the elements of a row ( or column ) of a determinant are added to K times the
corresponding elements of another row (or column ), the value of the determinant thus
obtained is equal to the value of the original determinant.
9. If a determinant involves a variable x, and on putting x = a in it, the value of the
determinant becomes zero, then (x a) is a factor of the determinant.

Cramers Rule:
a1x+b1y+c1z=d1 a2x+b2y+c2z=d2

a3x+b3y+c3z=d3

a1

b1

c1

d1

b1

c1

a1

d1

c1

a2

b2

c2

x d 2

b2

c2

y a 2

d2

c2

a3

b3

c3

d3

b3

c3

a3

d3

c3

a1

b1

d1

z a 2

b2

d2

a3

b3

d3

17.1