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1 Function of Food
Why do we need food?
Need to know
Chemical elements
Six common elements in food
Five elements in dissolved salts
Three trace elements
Ca
Nitrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Chlorine
Cl
Phosphorus
Copper
Cu
Potassium
Hydrogen
Sodium
Na
Iron
Fe
Sulphur
Magnesium
Mg
Zinc
Zn
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Need to know
Define Biomolecular Structures
State that simple biomolecular units are
composed of a combination of elements in
different ratios e.g. carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y
Need to know
State that simple bio molecular units are composed of a
combination of elements in different ratios e.g.
carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y
Name the element components, bio molecular
components and sources of: carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins.
State that carbohydrates are composed of indivisible
units and give examples of these e.g.
Monosaccharides glucose;
Disaccharides maltose; &
Polysaccharides starch/cellulose.
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Types of Food
The elements combine in different ratios to form
different food components (biomolecular
units)
Food is made up of six different components
Water
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Learning check
What are the six different food components?
Water
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
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A common carbohydrate
General formula = Cx(H2O)y
When x = y = 6
We get the formula C6H12O6
What is the name of this monosaccharide
carbohydrate?
Glucose
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Learning check
Name the three elements that make up
carbohydrates
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?
Cx(H2O)y
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Usually in the ratio of 1C:2H:1O
or Cx(H20)x
They have twice as many hydrogen molecules as
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oxygen molecules
3 Types of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
These are
single sugar molecules
simple sugars
soluble in water
sweet to taste
smallest carbohydrate unit
Examples:
Found in:
C
C
glucose, fructose
fruit
C
C
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Learning check
What are the elements that make up all
carbohydrates?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
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Disaccharides
These are
two monosaccharide sugar units joined together
known as double sugar molecules
soluble in water
sweet to taste
Examples:
Found in:
Polysaccharides
These are
Many monosaccharide sugar molecules joined
together
Not soluble in water
Do not taste sweet
Example: starch, cellulose
Found in: bread, pasta, cereals
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Learning check
Name the three types of carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Learning check
Give examples and sources of:
Examples
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Sources
fruit
Fructose
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Sucrose
Table sugar
Lactose
Milk
Starch
Bread, Pasta,
Cellulose
Cereals
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Lipids
Lipids are a diverse group of substances
which include
fats (solid at room temp.)
oils (liquid at room temp.)
steroids which include cholesterol and
some of the sex hormones
waxes which cover insect bodies and plant
leaves.
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Structure of Lipids
They are made up of the elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
But not have the same ratios as carbohydrates.
They are made up of two main types of molecules
Fatty acids and
Glycerol
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Types of Lipid
Two of the main types of lipids are
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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Triglyceride
This is the smallest lipid
It is made up of
3 fatty acid molecules
and
1 glycerol molecule
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Phospholipids
If one fatty acid of a lipid molecule is replaced
by a phosphate group then a phospholipid is
formed
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Sources of Lipids
Fat in and on meat
Butter (80% fat)
Cooking oils
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Learning check
The two main types of molecules that make up
lipids are:
Fatty acids and
Glycerol
The two main types of lipids are:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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Proteins
Proteins contain the elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Some may also contain sulphur, phosphorous
or iron
Proteins are found in lean meat, fish, pulses,
soya and eggs
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Structure of Proteins
Proteins are made up of long chains of
amino acids
There are 20 common and several rare amino
acids found in proteins
More amino acids are found in cells and tissues
but are not in proteins
Amino acids are joined together by
peptide bonds
This results in the formation of polypeptide
chains
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Amino Acids
All amino acids contain four distinct chemical
groups connected to a central carbon atom:
a single hydrogen atom
an amino group
a carboxyl group
a side chain
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Learning check
Proteins contain the elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sometimes they contain
sulphur, phosphorous or iron
Proteins are made up of long chains of
amino acids
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Vitamins
Need to know
What is a vitamin?
Name one water soluble vitamin.
Name one water in-soluble vitamin (fatsoluble)
List the sources of these vitamins
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Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of
metabolism
Needed in small amounts, cannot be
produced in the body
Must be supplied continuously and in
sufficient quantities
Differ from each other chemically
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Vitamins
MUST know 1 water soluble & 1 fat soluble
vitamin
We need Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K in our
diets to keep us healthy
Vitamins can be water soluble or fat soluble
Sources of Vitamins
Vitamin
Source
Anabolic Reactions
This is where energy is used to make large
molecules (e.g. C6H12O6) from smaller ones
(e.g. CO2 and H2O) using enzymes
e.g. Photosynthesis glucose molecules are
formed from carbon dioxide and water using
enzymes and the energy from the sun.
This is anabolism. Energy is absorbed.
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An Anabolic Reaction
Energy being used to join two small molecules
to make a larger molecule
Small molecule
Small molecule
ENERGY
Larger molecule
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Catabolic Reactions
This is where energy is released when large
molecules (e.g. C6H12O6) are broken down to
form smaller ones (e.g. CO2 and H2O) using
enzymes
e.g. Respiration glucose molecules are broken
down by enzymes to form carbon dioxide and
water and energy is released.
This is catabolism. Energy is released.
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Learning check
Explain Anabolism
Energy absorbed. Small large molecules
Give an example of an anabolic reaction
Photosynthesis
Explain Catabolism
Energy released. Large small molecules
Give an example of a catabolic reaction
Respiration
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Learning check
Is anabolism the opposite of catabolism ?
No
Why?
Different chemical pathways involved in both.
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Chitin (polysaccharide)
found in fungal cell walls
and insect exoskeletons
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Learning check
What is the structural role of proteins?
Proteins are fibrous (threadlike) in nature.
They combine with phospholipids to from cell
membranes (lipoproteins)
Keratin is the structural protein in skin, hair
and nails
Myosin is the structural protein in muscle
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Need to know
Structural Role of Biomolecules
State carbohydrates role as cellulose in cell
walls
State proteins role as fibrous protein e.g.
keratin or as myosin
State the role of lipids as Phospholipids in cell
membranes
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Lipids
These are the primary sources of energy for
metabolism e.g.
glucose (carbohydrate) is an immediate
source of energy
lipids are a long-term energy storage
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Lipids
They are important in the following
processes:
Respiration energy is released when
glucose is broken down to form carbon
dioxide and water catabolism
Photosynthesis glucose molecules are
made from carbon dioxide and water using
the suns energy anabolism
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Learning check
1. Give examples of the primary sources of
energy for metabolism
Glucose & Lipids
2. Name two important metabolic pathways
and state whether they are anabolic or
catabolic
Photosynthesis anabolic
Respiration catabolic
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Learning check
What is the metabolic role of protein?
Enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes control the processes of photosynthesis
and respiration
Chlorophyll is a protein that traps the suns
energy during photosynthesis
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Vitamin C
Chemical name: ascorbic acid
Solubility:
water soluble
Function: for building connective tissue i.e.
tissue used for attaching organs together or
for protection, e.g. skin, blood vessels, bone,
tendons, cartilage, ligaments
Source: Citrus Fruits, Green vegetables
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Vitamin D
Chemical name: calciferol
Solubility:
fat soluble
Function: needed to absorb calcium from food.
Calcium needed for healthy teeth and bone
formation and their maintenance
Source: Dairy products, fish liver oils, egg yolk,
made by skin in sunlight
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Need to know
State that carbohydrates & lipids act as a
primary source of energy
State that proteins act as enzymes and are
made of amino acids
State that hormones (protein) act as
regulators of metabolic activity
State that vitamin C & D are used for tissue
growth, cell production and health
maintenance
Name disorders associated with deficiency
of a water soluble and a fat-soluble vitamin
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1.3.8 Minerals
Minerals
What are minerals?
They are salts formed from the earths rocks.
These mineral salts then dissolve in water and
are absorbed by plants.
Animals get their minerals by eating plants or
other animals that contain them.
NB Minerals are required by organisms in very
small amounts.
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Learning check
How do plants get their minerals?
_________________________________
Plantsuse:
absorb minerals through their roots
Plants
Calcium (Ca) to make ________
cell_________
walls
Magnesium (Mg) to make
the pigment
_________
chlorophyll
Nitrates
(N) to make ______
proteins
Phosphates (P) to make
_________
ATP, DNA
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Learning check
How do animals get their minerals?
In the food they eat
________________
Animals use:
bones and teeth
Calcium (Ca) to make ____________
Iron (Fe) to make the pigment __________
haemoglobin
Sodium (Na) for the regulation of the
osmotic
balance (___________)
water content of cells and
_____________
the blood.
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Minerals Summary
They are required to:
Form part of rigid body tissues
Calcium in bones and cell walls
Form certain pigments
Iron is needed to make haemoglobin the
red pigment of blood
Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
the green pigment in plants
Regulate body fluids
Sodium balances water content in cells
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Need to know
Minerals required in small amounts
Minerals used in three ways
Form part of rigid body structures
Form soft body tissues
Function in cellular and body fluids
State the requirements & use of any 2
minerals in plants.
State the requirements & use of any 2
minerals in animals.
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