Lab Review

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To prove the Law of Conservation of Matter

for dissolving is valid.
To prove the Law of Conservation of Matter
is valid for chemical reactions.
To prove that atoms rearrange during a
chemical reaction.
To prove that only one reactant can be
leftover.
To investigate and observe different
evidences for chemical reactions.

A system is a group of objects that influence

each other. Think of the solar system. The
planets are a system since they influence
each other.

When the parts of the system DIRECTLY

influence each other you have a SUBSYSTEM.

An example of a subsystem in our solar

system would be the earth and the moon.
Our moon directly influences the earth and
vice versa.
In the case of a chemical system, you mix
compounds together to create a chemical
system. The individual atoms that directly
react with each other would be the
subsystem.

You studied the lead nitrate/potassium

iodide system. A system is defined as a

group of chemicals that influence each

other. Here the two compounds in the

reactants interact to form new products.

Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI + K(NO3)2
This entire equation is a system.

(Because of a future lab, this is not

balanced correctly and the compounds
formed are not correct).

A subsystem is a group of atoms that directly

influence each other.
Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI + K(NO3)2
In the equation above, the subsystems are
Pb + I PbI
and
K + (NO3)2 K(NO3)2
since each atom directly combines with each other.

We were able to predict the subsystems in the

double replacement reaction because you
knew that in a compound, the first atom in a
compound is always positive. The second
atom is always negative. Like charges repel
and unlike attract. If you have polyatomic

groups, they have an overall charge based

upon where they are in the compound.

Example:
This type of reaction is referred to as a double
replacement reaction because two
compounds react with each other to form two
new compounds.
Na2SO4 +CaCl2 CaSO4 + 2NaCl
You are not expected to know how to balance the equations at this
point in time.

Notice that the polyatomic group SO4traveled

as a group and maintained a negative charge.
Later, you will be given a list of the
polyatomic groups to know. Quite a few of
them have atoms bonded to oxygen.

This states that matter is neither created nor

destroyed. The first part of the lab intended
to show that this principle is true for
dissolving. When a solute is added to a
solvent, the mass of the solution is equal to
the mass of the solute plus the solvent.

Although you used a digital scale, I am

showing you how this concept was proved
using a triple beam balance since you would
not be able to read the digital scale readout.
Note that the before and after dissolving
masses are the same.

Since there is no change in mass

then there is no change in
matter (atoms).

Atoms are not created or

destroyed during dissolving.

The combined mass of the reactants

should equal the combined mass of
the products. The mass of the
reactants is 155 grams. After mixing
the solutions, the mass of the new
yellow solid and the liquid is 155
grams.

The same is true when a

chemical reaction occurs.

The mass of the reactants

is equal to the mass of
the products. No change
in mass means that there
is no change in the
number of atoms.

When the solutions were mixed

an unexpected yellow solid
appeared. This was an example
of a chemical reaction.
In order for a reaction to
occur, atoms must rearrange.

When the reactants were mixed a clear liquid and a

yellow solid resulted. You filtered the yellow solid
and then saved the colorless liquid. The yellow
solid was heated.

Yellow Solid + heat purple gas, silvery metal

This result is important for many reasons.

1.

Lead and iodine atoms had to

rearrange to make the yellow
solid. They were not together in
the compounds in the reactants.
Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI + K(NO3)2

Neither of these atoms were together in the

reactants. The lead was originally with the
lead nitrate and the iodine was with the
potassium iodide.
By splitting the solution X and adding
different reactants, you showed that you
could have either one or the other reactant
left over, but not both.

2.

When the yellow solid was heated it formed

two different elements that were silver and
black. If it were a mixture, it would keep
the silver/black colors. Remember,

mixtures keep their properties and this new

solid has totally different properties.

3. The new solid is insoluble (will

not dissolve) in water. It has

properties that are totally

different than the solids that
were in the reactants. It is also
a different color. The original
solids were white. The new
solid is YELLOW.

Since the law of conservation of

matter states that mass is
neither created nor destroyed,
and the heating of the yellow
solid revealed both Iodine and
Lead, then the leftover

products must still be

dissolved in the water.

Unless you were lucky with mixing

your reactants and had perfect
amounts of the reactants, you
probably had some leftover lead
nitrate or potassium iodide. If
this is the case, you could have
only one reactant left over at one
time. Why?

The reason you can have only

one reactant left over at any
time is that nature is
consistent. If both of the
reactants are leftover at the
same time, then they would
continue to react and form
the yellow solid (precipitate).

To prove this concept you did the following:

You separated solution X into two separate
beakers. You then added one of the
reactants to each of the beakers. Depending
on the result, you were able to tell what the
leftover reactant was.

Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI + K(NO3)2

To test for a suspected reactant, add the other reactant.
So to test for KI, add Pb(NO3)2. If it is present, then it
will turn yellow.

TESTING FOR LEFTOVER

Pb(NO3)2

Beaker A + KI a) NR, no Pb(NO3)2

or
sample 1
b) Reacts, has Pb(NO3)2

Beaker B + Pb(NO3)2 a) NR, no KI or

sample 2
b) Reacts, contains KI
In doing this, you should have found only one of
the reactants to be left over in the products.

When you tested for leftover reactants you split

your filtrate and added the reactants to each
of the containers.

Only one reacted. You can have only one

reactant left over at a time. If both reactants
remained they would combine to make yellow
solid.

Proof that atoms were not destroyed with

either dissolving or a chemical reaction
occurred when there was no change in mass
during dissolving or when a chemical
reaction occurred.
Proof that atoms rearrange during a chemical
reaction resulted from your heating the
yellow solid to obtain lead metal and iodine.

In order for a chemical reaction to occur the

atoms of the reactants must be able to
separate from their compounds and
rearrange to form products. This is not a
random process. Usually, in nature,
opposites attract. In writing a compound
remember that the first atom is positive (by
convention) and the second atom is negative.

When two compounds are added together,

the positive atom from the first compound
will attract to the negative atom of the
second compound. The result is a
rearrangement of atoms and new matter.
This new matter will have new properties.

A +B - + C +D - A + D - + C + B -

A chemical change has occurred if

you note one or more of the
following:
Unexpected color change.
New matter (solid, liquid, gas). New
matter will have new properties.
Change in temperature.

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