THE SATURDAY EVENING POST

June 3.

This is Germany Today

7

KKUIVAIV
11

yAY by day, hit hy bit, my fellow internees and

I at Baden-Baden pieced together the image
of America in the German mind, and it was
rather tike looking at one's self in a distortion mirror
at Coney Island. An article in a paper here; a conversation with a masseur or a doctor there; a radio broadcast from Deutschland sender or Radio-Stuttgart or
Radio-Calais; a handsome piece of shck-paper propaganda with curiously captioned photographs from
Doctor Goehbels' Propaganda Ministrythese were
the things that showed us bow skillfully the Nazi
regime has indoctrinated the German people. They
think our liberty a joke. Tbey want no part of our
^republican ideas. Everything we are, everything we
stand for, has been misrepresented to them witb such
a plausible twist that while it is recognizably American
in fact, it is also completely false in its conclusions.
My opportunities for news were exactly those of a
German citizen. I could talk witb a small circle of

H.

Low effective is Goebbels'

internal propaganda against
America? Here are the facts
some that will shock you^-'gathered on tbe scene by a man just
returned from Germany.
Seats in t h e front row for a wounded
Nazi officer and his nurse attendant,
Gestapo guards, servants and professional men. I listened to the German radio. I was free to subscribe to
newspapers published in Germany and Germanoccupied countries, free to compare nots and hold
discussions with my fellow internees. Many of these
were newspapermen and professional diplomats, key
observers of public opinion.
As an advertising and publishing man myself, accustomed to dealing with the Propaganda Staffel in
Paris during the first six months of the German occu-

Dietributing food to hombed-out Berliners, who console themselves with the helief
t h a t the food situation is far worse in Allied-occupied eountries t h a n in Germany.

pation, I was not unfamiliar with tbe work of Promi

the Propaganda Ministryand in Baden-Badea>lWt
myself to study the course of German interior propaganda. I left Germany, feeling tbat Goebhels isddii^
one of the most efficient jobs on the Nazi side, it&t
distortion of the image of America.
Although the Germana now prefer us Americans to
the Russians, there is Uttle foundation for the ddiuion
that we are still, as in 1918, the' heroes of all Europe's
daydreams. Instead of giving so much time .to deciding what we think about Europe, it is more practi.
cal to find out what Europe thinks ahout America.
German papers, and especially the illustrated nuga'
zines, give much space to the discussion of American
internal affairs. The troubled waters of the New Deal
are one of their favorite fishing grounds. Old tales are
rehashed regularly about the careers of Hugh Johnson,
Rex Tugwell, Tommy Corcoran, Mme. Perkins,
Judge Rosenman and the whole long list of White
House ititimates. Aa fresher material, the recent wartime feuds of Washington are gloated over-nthe
troubles between Mr. Jesse Jones and Vice-Preaident
Wallace, between Mr. Sumner Welles and Mr. Hull,
between Mr. Hull and Mr. Elmer Davis, hetteen
Mr. Ickes and everybody else. All sorts of disagineeable
interpretations were given to tbese incidents. AU led,
however, to the main themethat this is the sort of
thing that goes on in a democracy. Their accouots
were well documented, picked up from the radio commentators and froiU newspapers that reach Lisboa^
The stories about inside Washington are harml,
doing nothing but giving the Germans the pleasantfeeling that they are informed of what goes on in other
countries. More dangerous is what I might call the
"black propaganda" against America, in the form of
vicious books of photographs. These play up anything
that is in bad taste or scabrous in our vast land, and
sell very inexpensively.
I bought one book, where a handsome series of
OWI posters. The Highest Standard of Living in the
World and The American Way, were reproduced
opposite to authentic photos showing bums loitering
under the Chicago elevated, destitut old men at soup
kitchens in New York, the misery of the Okies, the
cabins of Kentucky mountaineers, tbe living quarters
of share-cropper Negroes. In Germany, where lowcost housing is a fetish and where the psychopathic
bum is kept in a concentration camp out of the public's
sight, these photos give a sad impression of America.
Another book shows American o&enses against good
taste. "Anaerica wants to bring religion to Europe,"
the legend read, "but look at this," Forty pages
followed, showing our trick weddings in lion cages, on
ice cakes, on water skis; Father Divine and Mrs.
McFherson in their more dramatic moments;, and
eccentric funerals that give one a creepy feeling when
reported in an American paper, and are downright
appalling when used in Germany as instances of the
American spirit.
Still another book reprints some of our criticismB of
Nazi youth training, followed by thirty or forty pbotoB
of American boys and girls of fifteen or sixteen, listening to jive, jitter bugging, wearing zoot suii^ standing
in courts for crimes ranging from drunkenness to
sadistic murder. The worst of all these hooka was devoted to Negro lynchings, with pictures that I do not
believe could ever he published in America. On the
title page was a very fine translation of the poem.
Strange Fruit.
This "black propaganda" is had for America, because it is never offset hy anything that shows the

good side of our life, its

(Continued on Page 38i

THE SATURDAY EVENING POST

38

over to the management of goveminents eating to note tbat this waB preciaely the
propaganda angle that Promi took within
in exile and groups of refugees.
Tbis brings us to the German accounts the next few days, as eoon as it had re{Continuedrom Page 22)
of the auccesiS or noiisuccess of Allied covered its breatb and set ahout to calm
wbolesomeness or generosity. Tbe Ger- occupations in Nortb Africa and Italy, tbe feara of the German people.
The truth of the matter is certainly
man never reads an American book, ex- not on the political but on the economic
cept such as John Steinbeck's Grapes plane. It is only natural that AMG and that tbe Badoglio armistice took German
of Wrath, widely reprinted to abow the UNRAA_sbould have been attacked ofiicialdom completely by surprise. Heads
seamy side of our country. In recent violently, the first as the organ of British bave doubtless fallen as a result. On
years, the German has met very few hanks, the second as the tool of world June twenty-fifth, for instance, a whole
Americans. Doctor Goebbels is playing Jewry headed by ex-Governor Lehman, month before Mussolini's fall, several
for big stakes. The Europeans' postwar to rule tbe economic life of the globe at German papers printed an article indigattitude not only toward America itself the war's end. Goebbels spent mucb nantly denying "the rumors then circubut toward all lilDeralism and deniocracy apace proving that AMG and UNRAA lating in neutral capitals" that Crown
had done little to hring plenty or even Prince Humbert or his emissaries had enis in his game.
During our entire internment in Ger- comfort to the Mediterranean popula- tered into contact with Allied atateamen
many, the German press gave much tions. He claimed that our occupations at Gibraltar. This is proof positive that
space to the real or pretended dissensions are, to put it mildly, disorganized; that news of the early Italian efforts to conamong tbe Allies. In the first nine months the food situation in Algiers is woraB tact the AUies had, in fact, reached the
of the war. Doctor Goebbels bad a heady tban before we landed; tbat Paris is now German intelligence service. But somesuccess, wben be practio'ally drove a better fed than the North African cities. how the wily Italiana were able to clear
truck between tbe two Allies, France and
As for Italy, photos published in Amer- themselves, and the Germans published
England. When the blitzkrieg of 1940 ican magazines, abo wing starving women the reassuring article of June twentycame along, tbere was great mutual sus- and children among the ruins of tbeir fiftb. Later, witb Badoglio in command,
picion. Much of the poor niorale in the villages, are now copied in German the negotiations continued. The German
French army during tbe invasion had to magazines as proof positive of the terrors public ^ a s told that, had it not been for
the indiscretion of the French radio stado with this fact. Now be tries to drive a of American occupation.
tion in Algiers whicb announced the '
wedge of doubt and mistrust between
All tbeae troubles, drawn together and armistice prematurely on September
America and England, between botb of exaggerated, make up tbe "wby be libereighth, tbe wool might have heen kept
us and Russia.
ated? " motif. Especially designed to over German eyes for just the few more
Half of Lord Haw-Haw's speeches in divide opinion in the occupied countries, precious days required to advance the
Englisb over tbe Berlin radio are devoted it is also used in Germany, Tbe argument Allies' military plans, with landings not
to embroiling Anglo-American friendship, is simple: if, in tbe wake of the "liher- only as far down aa Salemo but throughprincipally on the theme tbat America is
out the length of tbe peninsula.
grabbing the British Empiregreat har

bors for a few old destroyers, American
History records how quickly the Gerair bases in Cyprus, American soldiers
man armies reacted under von Kesaeldevastating tbe English countryside, and
ring's command. Troops poured tbrough
Time Flies
so on. To bear this renegade posing as tbe
the Brenner Pass by rail and by road.
By
PEGGY
DAVIDSON
defender of the British Empire would be
The losses inflicted on our Salerno landfunny if he were not listened to by so
ing force and tbe very modest progJust yesterday, in boyish glee,
many people in England, and if bis slow
ress made hy the armies advancing
he'd rush
poison were not so well distilled that it is
from the tip of tbe boot eventually
dangerous.
consoled tbe German people on the ItalTo watch and name the cars
ian situation. Americans bad "the lai^that sputtered hy.
Every step on the road that led to
est rear and tbe smallest front in miliIran was followed with passionate interI could not tell a Franldin
tary history," the Beobachter observed.
est by the German press, whicb profrom a Brush,
Even before our departure from Badenclaimed Marshal Stalin iiie victor in
How he would scoif at my
Baden, the German press had assumed every round of the transactions, intrigues
uncertain
eye!
an air of contempt for American military
and conclusions of Moscow, Cairo and
Today,
lvith
youthful
prowess. Tbe word "failure" that AmerTeheran.
confidence,
his
son
ican papers dared to use only in the laet
News from Algiers is headlined, not
week of Marcb was used in German paExpertly glanes upward,
only in France, wbere the people take a
pera in tbe second week of February,
then he wails,
natural interest in tbeir former empire,
"No, that's a Mustangthat's
For the first two or tbree months after
but also through the purely German
tbe Italian armistice, reference was ofm
press. At first there was tbe rivalry bea fifty-one,
made
to tbe military line Genoa-Rimini
tween General de Gaulle and General
A Lightning, granny,
as tbe one chosen for German resistance,
Giraud, in which England was reprealways has two tails!"
protecting the industries and grain fields
sented as favoring the one and America
of tbe Po. It ivas announced that Keathe otber. The gradual elimination of

* * selring was in charge of armed oprations

Giraud waa attributed, in the last
in the Rome area, but tbat Rommel
analysis, to de Gaulle's excellent Russian
connections.
ator" come only famines, political would take command when the GenoaAfter the installation of the Com- chaos and Communism, are you not Rimini line was reached. Actually, Kesmunist, Andr Marty, in Algiers as a better off in the strong embrace of the selring has given such a good account of
himself and tbe battle line has lingered so
member of the consultative assembly, New Order?
Nortb Africa was spoken of as the most
In September and October of 1943, long south of Rome tbat German papers
westerly of tbe Bolshevik republics, and the great preoccnpation of Promi was to in more recent months have given up
the expulsion of various conservative explain away tbe Italian armistice. I re- speaking of the Genoa-Rimini line, and
and military influences from tbe Algiers member the night of September eighth, apeak of defending Central Italy.
committee was blamed on his influence.- wben tbe great news came over the radio.
In connection with the ItaOan armiCuriously enough, the German press Three members of our Gestapo guard stice, Promi gave us an interesting treat
also claimed that Tborez was also power- were gathered around the radio in tbe in tbe actual movies of Mussolini's rescue
ful in Algiers, although it seems tbat he salon, listening to tbe pleasant strains of from the summer hotel on the Gran
has never been there. They knew Thorez a Viennese operetta. I was waiting for Sasso wbere Badoglio had imprisoned
well. Tborez, tbe secretary of tbe Com- Lord Haw-Haw's broadcast. Tbe con- him. One of the propaganda-company
munist Party in France, fied to Germany cert came to a pause. A special news movie photographers had actually come
during the mobilization of 1939, and broadcast was announced, and the news down in a parachute with the other paratalked for Goebbels before going on to of Italy's defection was broken upon an chutists of the rescue party. He had his
miniature camera in bis band during the
Moscow. The other Communist villain unsuspecting German nation.
in Goebbels' Algerian drama is VisbThe three Gestapo men jumped up, dizzying descent just after dawn. On tbe
insky, the Soviet ambassador. Although cursing. The one we had nicknansed film one could see the amjin plateau, tbe
the Algiers witcb bunt haa resulted in Neck' was boiling red, tbrough and dark modernistic mass of the hotel, and
only a few executions so farincluding through tbe fold of Prussian fat that some of the parachutists landing sucthat of Pucbeuin Germany it was pic- draped over tbe hack of his collar. "The cessfully on tbe plateau wbile others were
tured as a reign of terror, and General Italians !" be yelled, " Tbe rotten swine !" carried to their death in the gorges tbat
Eisenhower is credited with having saved After a while, tbey calmed down a little. surround it. The film showed thesurvivora
the lives of a score of French generals by It was just what Germany suspected of advancing, crouching and crawling across
a last-minute order.
tbe Italian piga, they said, although ob- the areai macbine guns in band. On the
terrace, excited Italian guards were
In recent months, stress bun been put viously nothing could have heen a hotel
back and f ortb, afraid to open fire.
upon General de Gaulle's ao-caUed anti- greater surprise and shock to this little running
It seems tbat only a couple of dozen men
Ajnericanism. He is reported to bate us bit of Germany.
were guarding tbe supposedly inaccessible
for having supported General Giraud
Their uptake was rather quick, bowA thousand carabinieri were in
instead of himself in the early days. North ever. Things would go better now in hotel.
valley below, but Badoglio had reckAfrica is used by Promi as tbe terrible Italy, tbey said, with the Italians out the
A balf-dressed
example of the confusion that will over- of the way, Tbe Italians had got in their oned witJiout parachutes.
appeared at an upper
run all Europe wben America and Eng- way in THinia and Sicily; the situation Italian officer
(Continued on Page 40)
land have turned its various countries waB safer in German hands. I t was inter-

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TUE SATUBDAY EVENING POST

June 3,1944

(Continued Jronx Page 38)

ian coasts, for there were only fiftn
window, but a German Tinged it with Bub- German divisions in all Italy at the time
macbine gun fire; the officer threw up his including Corsica and Sardiia. Om
hands, his mouth open with surprise and Near East armies should have ewarnied
fear.
over the Aegeans, by-passing Crete
After a while, Mussolini came to an- through possession of the Dodecanese
other window. The Italian giiards were The unsuccessful stand of the English on
disarmed, and the Germans stood at at- Leros and Cos was ridicxiled. We were
tention as the ex-Duce came down to shown movies of the several thousand
greet them on the terrace. He moved Britishers taken prisoner at Leros, sadly
painfully. The Germans claim he was embarking on the prison ships that took
manhandled at one period of his confine- them to the mainland.
ment. Then the Germans and their ItalThe Germans also claim to he amazed
ian prisoners cleEired boulders off a small that we failed to take advantage of the
space in front of the hotel terrace, just Italian armistice to occupy the Dahnaspace enough for a tiny three-seater tian islands, some of which might have
plane of the kind the Germans call a had great value. The partisans and BadFliegender Storch to land,
oglio troops held out in some of 1
Mussolini could just squeeze into the islands until mid-January, vainly ho
plane, together with its pilot and with for Allied aid.
Captain Hradek, the Waffen SS leader
Another episode of the Italian camof Czech origin who had organized the paign was the story in the German press
whole rescue and who got the knight's of the shooting down of American plaes
insigne of the Iron Cross as his reward. by their own ships and shore hatteries.
The Flying Stork just got off, leaving the We at Baden dismissed this as a sly
parachutists waving on the field.
fiction, only to be confronted with the
Kesselring was shown in another film, admission of its truth two days after our
meeting the Flying Stork outside Rome, arrival in New York. All this discrediting
and Mussolini was rushed into a great of Allied military leadership is designed
transport for his visit to Hitler's head- hy Promi to allay German fears as they
quarters in Poland. This, too, was photo- face the prospect of large-scale invasion
graphed, and the meeting of rescued and of the Continent of Europe.
rescuer showed genuine emotion.
The war in the Pacific seemed not only
After Mussolini had established his a remote matter to the German press
Italian Fascist republic, with headquar- but also one that called for no enthusiters in Venice, we heard him about once asm. From time to time, the latest Japa week over Radio-Stuttgart, His anese claim to have sunk the American
speeches were relayed in Germany for Navy made a convenient headline on the
the henefit of several hundred thousand day when the news from the Russian
Itahans working there, all of whom have front was bad, until even the Germane
judiciously declared their attachment to began to wonder how the same shipa
the Mussolini republic.
could get sunk so often. Once or twice
On the other hand, the execution of a week, there would be a summarized
Ciano was viewed coldly in the German article from Tokyo about military and
press as an exclusively Italian matter, naval operations, in which, of course,
and no effort was made to defend it. hundreds of American planes had been
Private sources in Germany claim that brought down for every Zero, But durthis was Mussolini's personal vengeance, ing our year in Baden we were actually
and that the Nazis weredoubtless for informed, step by step, of the taking of
the first time in their livesacting as a the Solomons, the advances in New
restraining influence, trjng to prevent Guinea, the battle for Tarawa and the
Mussolini from executing others of the other Gilberts. In our very last days,
men who had removed him from power we were told of the incursions into the
by entirely constitutional means.
Marshalls. This is another instance of^
During last December and January, the accuracy of Axis geographical i n ^
much time was given to discussions of formation about the progress of the war.
Japan herself came in for a little propthe Allied failure to cash in on the Italian armistice. It was the old error of too aganda circus now and then, when a
httle and too late, said Goebbels. He of- Japanese ship laden with rubber would
fered lessons in strategy to the Allied sneHk into some European harbor, havcommand. Landings should have been ing evaded the British blockade in the
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41

THE SATURDAY EVENLNG POST

and perilous trip through Bering Strait
and along the North Siberian coast. Tbe
adventures of commerce raiders, such as
the Thor, whicb occasionally puts into
Japanese ports for supplies, gave a
chance to show corny photos of blond
German sailors looking througTi cberry
blossoms witb almond-eyed geisha girls,
in violation of everything Hitler has said
about keeping your Nordic pure.
In spite of tbese bits of window dressing, we got tbe impression tbat tbe Germans are not entbusiastic about tbeir
Japanese allies, who so stubbornly refuse
to declare war on Russia and draw a few
Red legions away from the eastern front.
Nor do they like the fact tbat Holland's
rich dowry, the Netberlands East Indies,
was snatched without Germany's byyour-leave. The German empire's economy bad expected much from Java and
Sumatra.
Before my return to Europe on a mission in 1942,1 often heard liberal friends
of mine in New York and Washington
say, "Oh, if only our message could get
, tbrougb to tbe Germans ! If only they
knew about tbe Atlantic Charter and
the Four Freedoms!"
I regret to report that the German
public knows all about tbe Atlantic Cbarter and has heard many times about
Mr. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms. More
recently, tbey have heard about tbe
Moscow declarations, and I feel certain
that within two or three days they were
given Mr. Hull's seventeen points. It is
part of Goebbels' unvarying technique
to reveal our idealistic documents to the
Germans, in full and immediately, but
witb a counterblast of ridicule tbat disposes of them at once in tbe German
mind.
The Atlantic Charter was dismissed as
vague, impractical idealism, a "seaborn
rehasb" of President Wilson's points.
Goebbels blared, "You caugbt us once
in 1918, with your fine phrases; you
can't catcb us again."
As for the Four Freedoms, tbey gave
German orators a lot of fun. Germany,
too, has its Four Freedoms, the Gauleiters proclaimedfreedom from capitalism, freedom from Anglo-Saxon imperialism, freedom from Bolshevism and freedom from Jews. Tbe phrase "Four
Freedoms" is as well known in Germany
as it is in the United States, but is always
mentioned witb the smirk of tbe man
who thinks he has turned your own
weapon against you. Tbis is true of all
the idealistic statements of American
and British statesmen, wbetber tbe Germans get it from tbeir own papers or
tbrough our pamphlets dropped from
the air.
However, altbougb Goebbels ridiculed
and attempted to undercut tbe Four
Freedoms in propaganda to his own people, he bad to recognize tbe appeal of
President Roosevelt's idea, and gave it
the sincere flattery of stealing it. In
Baden, I subscribed to the RussianLanguage newspaper, Novoe Slovo, publiabed in Berlin for the members of the
Russian Volunteer Legion against Bolsbevism and for Russian workers imported into Germany. An editorial in
this paper, on August 30, 1943, states:
Men in the liberated East (that is, the
Ukraine and the Baltic States) know that we
(the GcrnrnnB) have brought them four outstanding Freedoms:
1. Freedom from terror of the GPU,
2. Freedom to own land.
3. Freedom of cultural activity.
4. Freedom of religion.

to give them. I n those ten years, as I

see it, he has accomplished two conspicuously imp or tant things:
First, be has changed tbe meaning of
the words, the consecrated phrases of
liberal idealism, in tbe German mind.
"Democracy" and "liberty" no longer
mean things to be revered and striven
for, but things to be abborred and
avoided. A "republic" does not mean to
tbe German tbe happiest form of political
life; he thinks only of tbe unemployment
and misery of tbe last years of tbe
Weimar republic. Our whole vocabulary
of political tbougbt, and anything we say
in it, is discounted in advance.
So sure are the German leaders of this
that tbe text of tbe Cburcbill-Roosevelt
appeal to tbe Italian people, released by
millions of leaflets over Italy just before
tbe Sicilian landing, was reprinted in all
German papers, "just so Mr. Roosevelt
won't have to risk his airmen's hves to
distribute sucb nonsense to the German
people."
Secondly, be bas persuaded tbe German mind tbat it has nothing to learn
from any Allied broadcast, nothing to
admire in any Allied way of life. He has
given the German people full and accurate news of the war, geographically
speaking, and reports of Allied leaders'
statements. But he bas "slanted" tbem
in a direction tbat tbe German mJnd
likes to foUow. He has also given them a
cleverly twisted picture of life in Allied
countries, so tbat the German feels bis
own way of life to be equal if not immeasurably superior.
It is only partly because of fear tbat
Germans do not listen in to tbe BBC and
tbe American short wave in German. It
is also because they don't see why tbey
should bother. This is a fact. During
the thirteen months tbat we were in
Baden, none of us could find a single
German who ever listened to tbe Allied
broadcasts beamed on Germany. Some
of tbe botel servants lived in Alsace,
across tbe river from Baden, and went
bome to tbeir families on tbeir day off.
Several of tbem would occasionally bring
wisps of B B C news from tbeir relatives
in Alsace wbo listened in to get news of
the French underground. But even tbese
same friendly people knew no one in
Baden wbo tuned in on England or
America. Hotel servants who came to
us fresh from other German cities reported the same thing. None of my fellow repatriates on tbe Gripsholm, coming from concentration camps in other
parts of Germany, some of whom worked
out in the near-by villages, could recall
a single instance of German radio listeners inside Germany, although German
troops in occupied countriesFrance
and Polandare said occasionally to
listen in.
In one of bis recent speecbes in Paris,
Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel, former president of the Tburingian republic, now
tbe Nazis' arcb recruiter of labor in tbe
occupied countries, said, "Although tbe
walls of Jericbo fell because tbe priests of
the Israelites paraded around them blowing trumpets, Germany is no modern
Jericho, and its walls will never fall to
the sound of Allied propaganda,"
For once, I find myself in agreement
with Gauleiter Sauckel, Germany will
not collapse to tbe sound of trumpets. It
will take guns.
But wben it comes to tbe conquest of
Goebbels' own particular Fortress Europethe German mind as conditioned
for ten years to despise democracy, to
fear Russia and to distrust England and
Americait will take more tban pretty
pbrases and propagandized re-education.
It will take years of honest dealing and
wise example on our part. And firstband
knowledge that the distortion-mirror
image held up by Goebbels for so long is
not a true picture of our people and our
way of life.

Thus Doctor Goebbels, in tbe safe confines of the Russian language, twists
President Roosevelt's able slogan to his
own'useGoebbels' Propaganda Ministry has
been at work en the German mind for
ten years. Germans who are under
twenty-five have had practically no other
means of forming their opinions on Editor's NoteThin is the second of two articles
world affairs than what Promi has chosen n Qermim props tan da-by-Mr, Kernnn.^

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