Jp¿-B\pw

B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

tUm.tamdokv _p°mbv

hnh¿Ø\w:
ImZ¿Ip´n amtc-°mSv

{]km-[\w:
Ub-temKv sk‚¿, tIcf

hnX-cWw
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv
tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq¿
2 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

{]kvXm-h\
{^©p-Im-c\
- mb tUm. tamdokv _p¡mbv {]KÂ`-\mb kÀP\pw t]sc-
Sp¯ imkv{X-Ú\pw ]Þn-X-\p-am-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ "ss__nÄ,
JpÀ-B³, imkv{Xw' F¶ {KÙw {]i-kvX-am-Wv. blq-Z-þ-{In-kvXy³
thZ-§-fnepw JpÀ-B-\nepw At±lw \S-¯nb Kth-jW ]T-\-¯nsâ
^e-amWv {]kvXpX {KÙw. aX-¯n-sâbpw imkv{X-¯n-sâbpw cwK¯v
X\-Xmb Hcp Øm\- a p- v Cu {KÙ- ¯ n- \ v .
{]i-kvX\ - mb ico-ci- m-kv{X-Ú³ F¶ \ne-¡v, ^tdm-hb- mb amÀs\-
]väb- psS a½n ]cn-tim-[n¡m³ sXc-sª-Sp-¡s- ¸-«Xv tamdokv _p¡mbv
Bbn-cp-¶p. At±lw kuZn Atd_y kµÀin-¨-t¸mÄ, ^tdm-h-bpsS
arX-tZlw hcpwXe-ap-d¡v Hcp ]mT-sa¶ \ne-bn Im¯p-kq-£n-¡-
s¸-Sp-sa¶v {]h-Nn-¡p¶ JpÀ-B³ hmIy-§sf Ipdn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡m³
CS-bm-bn. {InkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp¶ At±-l-¯n-\v, ^tdmh tamk-Êns\
]n´pSÀ¶t¸mÄ ap§n-a-cn-¨-Xmbn ]d-bp¶ ss__nÄ hnh-cWw Adn-
bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. tamk-Ênsâ Imes¯ ^tdm-h-bpsS arX-tZlw Im¯p-
kq-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-w F¶ JpÀ-Bsâ {]h-N\w kt´mjw \ndª AZv`p-
X-t¯m-sS-bmWv At±lw ]Tn-¨-Xv. CXv Ad_n ]Tn¨v hnip² JpÀ-
B³ Iqe-¦-j-ambn ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v At±-ls¯ \bn-¨p. JpÀ-
B\pw ss__nfpw Xmc-XaywsNbvXp ]T-\-]-cy-th-£Ww\S-¯m³
At±lw DZyp-à-\m-bn. imkv{X {]Xn-`m-k-§sf kw_-Ôn¨ hnip²
JpÀ-Bsâ ]cm-aÀi-§Ä ]qÀWambpw B[p-\nI imkv{X-t¯mSv
s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-sW¶pw AtX hnjb-§-fn h¶ ss__nÄ
BJym-\-§Ä imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]qÀWambpw Akzo-Im-cy-§-fm-sW¶pw
Is- - ¯ m³ XZv ^ - e - a mbn At±-l-¯n\v Ignªp.
tUm. tamdokv _p¡mbv e- - \ nse tIma¬sh¯v C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ
\S-¯nb Hcp {]`m-j-W-amWv Cu eLp {KÙw. "JpÀ-B\pw B[p-
\nI imkv{Xhpw' F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p hnjbw. Ckvem-ansâ imizX kXy-
§sf kw_-Ôn¨ amÀK-ZÀi\w \ÂIm³ CXp-]-I-cn-¡p-sa¶v hniz-
kn-¡p-¶p.
þ{]-km-[-IÀ
tamdokv _p°mbv 3

1976 \h- º ¿ 9˛\v {^©v saUn- k n≥ A°m- U - a n- b n¬ Akm-

[mcWamb Hcp {]`m-jWw \S-Øn. "Jp¿-B-\nse ico-c-im-kv{X-]-
chpw {`qW-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-߃' F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p hnjbw.
ico-c-im-kv{X-sØbpw {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v Jp¿-B-\n-
ep-≈Xpw B[p-\nI imkv{XØn\p am{Xw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™-Xp-
amb Nne Bi-b-߃, Jp¿-B-\n-s‚ Ime-L-´-Ønse Hcp {KŸ-Øn\v
Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂ tNmZy-amWv Fs‚ ]T-\- {i-a-
߃°v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In-b-Xv.
Cu {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ sshZy-imkv{X kaq-l-Ønse ]fin-X-
cmb Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v, Ah¿°v \∂m-b-dn-bp∂ Nne Imcy-ßsf kw_-
‘n®v Jp¿-B≥ \S-Øp∂ imkv{X-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Nne {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ
A\m-bmkw Nq≠n-°m-Wn®psImSp-°m≥ F\n°p Ign-™p. AXp-
t]mse a‰p hnj-b-ß-fnse hnZ-Kv[¿°v AXXp hnj-b-ßsf kw_-
‘n® Jp¿-B-\nse kqN-\-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn®psImSp-°m\pw Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m-bn. tPymXn»mkv{X-⁄-∑m¿, P¥p-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿, `qK¿`
imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿, `qN-cn-{X-]fin-X-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw sshZy-
imkv{X ]fin-X-∑m-sc-t∏mseØs∂ Jp¿-B-\nse imkv{X ]cm-a¿i-
ß-fn¬ AZv`pX]cX{¥-cm-bn. Imc-Ww, Jp¿-B-\nse CØcw ]cm-
a¿i-߃ am\p-jn-Ia - mb hni-Zo-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ°v sh√p-hn-fn-bm-sW∂ \nK-
a-\-Øn-emWv imkv{X Ncn-{XsØ kw_-‘n® Kl-\-amb Adnhv \sΩ
FØn-°p-∂-Xv.
Jp¿-B-\nse CØcw {]kvXm-h-\-I-tfmSv ssh⁄m-\n-I-ambn
XpeyX ]pe¿Øm-hp∂ hnh-c-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ a\p-jy-\n¿an-Xamb
Hcp {KŸhpw B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn-\papºv D≠m-bn-´n√ F∂-XmWv
bmYm¿Yyw.
IqSmsX, ss__nƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kam\ hnh-c-W-ß-fp-ambn
4 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

Xmc-Xay]T\w A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw F\n°p tXm∂n.

B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\sØ Cu c≠p GI-ssZ-hXz aX-ß-fpsS hnip≤
{KŸ-ß-fnse Nne kq‡-ß-fp-ambn X´n-®p-t\m-°pI F∂ ]≤-Xn°v
cq]wsImSp-ØXv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. "ss__nƒ, Jp¿-B≥, imkv{Xw'
F∂ io¿j-I-Øn-ep≈ {KŸ-Øns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p ^ew.
H∂m-asØ {^©p ]Xn∏v 1976 sabv amk-Øn¬ ]mco-kn¬ {]kn-≤o-
I-cn-°-s∏-´p (La Bible, La Coran La Science, Seghers, Paris). Cw•ojv Ad_n
]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]pdØph∂n-´p-≠v. (a-e-bmf hnh¿Ø-\hpw e`y-am-Wv.
hnh:)
imkv{X-sØbpw aX-sØbpw Cc-´-s]‰ ktlm-Z-cn-am-cm-bn-´mWv
Ckvemw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-sX∂ Imcy-Øn¬ AZv`p-X-an-√. imkv{Xw C{X-
tbsd al-Ømb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn® tijhpw Ah ]c-kv]cw
_‘-s∏´pXs∂ \oßp-∂p. Nne Jp¿-B-\nI ]cm-a¿i-ßsf IqSp-
X¬ \∂mbn a\- n-em-°m≥ imkv{X-Øns‚ ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
߃ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-s≠-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. A[n-I-am-
fp-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw imkv{Xob Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ aX-hn-
izm-kØ - n\v amc-Ia
- mb {]l-ct- a¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu \q‰m-≠n¬, Ckvem-
an-Im-[ym-]-\-ßsf hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬, imkv{X-
Øns‚ Nne I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fmWv Znhy-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ Aeu-InI
kz`mhw shfn-hm-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-sX∂v ImWmw.
Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp[mc-W°v hncp-≤-ambn
imkv{X-hn-⁄m\w, ssZhm-kvXnXzw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hf-sc-tbsd
klm-b-I-am-sW-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X.
\njv]-£-ambn, ap≥[m-c-W-I-fn¬\n∂v hnap-‡-ambn, B[p-\nI-
hn⁄m\w kw`m-h\ sNbvX XmØznI]mTßsf kw_-‘n®v \mw
\-tΩmSpXs∂ tNmZywsNøm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu am¿K-
Øn¬ Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ [mcmfw Imcy-߃ Is≠Øpw. Pohs‚ DZv`-h-
sØbpw \ne-\n¬]n-s\bpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn®p
Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ AXv tIhew bmZr-—n-I-X-bpsS ^e-am-Im-\p≈ km[y-
X Ipd™p Ipd™p hcp-∂-Xmbn \ap°v t_m[y-s∏-Spw. \ΩpsS hn-
⁄m-\hpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Gdp-∂-tXmsS CXv IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-th-
Zy-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-X. \ne-hn-ep≈ Nne k¶¬]-߃
IqSp-X¬ Akzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-
Øn\v, sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb Hcp {^©p-
im-kv{X-⁄≥, Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°-sf√mw kzbw krjvS-am-b-Xm-
tamdokv _p°mbv 5

sW∂ kn≤m¥w D∂bn-®p. Ah-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v Nne cmk-L-

S-I-߃ klm-bn-®n-´p-s≠∂v am{Xw. Aßs\ Poh-Pm-e-߃ DZv`-
hn-®p. AXv a\p-jys‚ DZv`-h-Øn-te°pw \bn-®p. Fs∂ kw_-‘n-
®n-S-tØmfw, henb Pohn-I-fpsS AZv`p-X-I-c-amb k¶o¿W-X-Isf
a\- n-em-°n-Ø∂imkv{X]ptcm-KXn Cu hmZ-Øn\v FXn-cmb sXfn-
hp-I-fmWv apt∂m´p sh°p-∂-Xv. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬, Akm-
[m-c-W-amb Hcp {Iao-I-cWkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ km∂n[yw Poh-s\∂
ka-ky-bpsS kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v Im¿anIXzw hln-°p∂ Hcp AkvXn-
Xz-ap-s≠∂ hmZ-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb sXfnhv \¬Ip-∂p.
Jp¿-B≥ At\Iw ÿe-ß-fn¬ efn-X-amb hm°p-I-fn¬ Cu
hkvXpX hy‡-am-°p-∂p. B[p-\nI imkv{Xw Is≠-Ønb hkvXp-X-
I-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ At\Iw kqN-\-Ifpw Jp¿-B-\n-ep-≠v.
\ho\ imkv{X-⁄-∑msc Jp¿-B≥ Hcp Im¥w-t]mse BI¿jn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-Whpw AXm-Wv. Ipd®p \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn Jp¿-B-\nI
]cm-a¿i-ß-fpsS bYm¿Y kØ a\- n-em-°m≥ a\p-jy-\v Ign-™n-cp-
∂n-√. AXv a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ imkv{Xob am¿K-߃ e`y-am-bn-cp-∂n-
√ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ B[p-\nI ImeØv am{X-amWv Jp¿-B≥ ]cm-
a¿in-°p∂ H´p-h-fsc {]Ir-Xn-X-Øz-߃ a\- n-em-°m≥ a\p-jy≥ Ign-
hm¿Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ \nc-¥cw s]cp-In-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p∂ ssh⁄m-\nI imJ-I-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-aq-ew, km[m-cW
imkv{X-⁄\v {]tXyI Kth-j-W-]-T-\-߃ sIm≠-√msX Jp¿-B≥
]q¿W-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ km[y-a-s√-∂p-hsc ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw.
Jp¿B≥ hN-\-ß-sf√mw icn-bmbn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v Hcp hniz-hn-
⁄m\tImiØnse Adn-hv apgp-h≥ Bh-iyamsW∂-XmWv ]c-
am¿Yw. AXm-bXv At\Iw ssh⁄m-\nI imJ-I-fn¬ hyp¬]Øn
t\Sn-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p kmcw.
"kb≥kv'(imkv{Xw) F∂ ]Zw Rm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv kpÿm-
]n-X-amb hn⁄m\w F∂ A¿Y-Øn-em-Wv. Nne {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf Nne
{]tXyI kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ D]-bp-‡-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Xnb-
dn-I-ƒ Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂n-√. imkv{X ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-ambn
]pXnb hymJym-\-߃ Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcp-tºmƒ, Cu Xnb-dn-I-fn¬
]eXpw Dt]-£n-t°≠n ht∂°mw. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn, Jp¿-B-\n-
ep≈ Bi-b-ßsf Xncp-Øtem IqSp-X¬ N¿®-Itfm Bh-iy-an-√m-
Ø-hn[w kpÿm-]n-X-amb hn⁄m-\-ß-fp-ambn Xpe\w sNøm-\mWv
Rm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. \qdp-i-X-am-\hpw Jfin-X-ambn kpÿm-]n-X-am-
6 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

hmØ hkvXp-X-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-t∂-SØv Rm≥ AXv hy‡-am-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv.
B[p-\nIimkv{Xw C\nbpw ÿnco-I-cn-®n-´n-√mØ Nne ]cm-
a¿i-߃°pw Jp¿-B-\n¬ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. e`y-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ
Ah-bpsS km[y-X-bn-te°p am{Xw \bn-°p-∂-h-bm-sW∂pw Rm≥
hy‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv. Poh≥ Pe-Øn¬\n∂v DZv`-hn-®-Xm-sW∂ Jp¿-
Bs‚ {]kvXm-h\ DZm-l-c-Ww. as‰m-∂v, {]]-©-Øn¬ \Ωp-tS-Xp-t]m-
ep≈ `qan-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep≠v F∂ kqN\.
imkv{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ CØcw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ,
Jp¿-B≥ ]q¿W-ambpw Hcp aX-{K-Ÿ-am-sW∂pw imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-a-s√-
∂p-ap≈ hkvXpX hnkva-cn-°m≥ \sΩ t{]cn-∏n-°-cp-Xv. krjvSn-∏ns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw H´-t\Iw {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-°p-
dn®pw Nn¥n-°m≥ Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jys\ £Wn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ Dt±-
iyw, ssZh-Øns‚ AP-øi - ‡
- nsb Du∂n-∏d
- b
- pI am{X-am-Wv. Cu {]Xn-
]m-Z-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hkvXp-X-
I-fpsS Ahy‡ kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-°p∂p F∂Xv ssZh-Øns‚ as‰mcp
A\p-{Klw am{X-am-Wv. imkv{XsØ ASn-Ø-d-bm°n `uXnI \mkvXn-
IX ssZh-hn-izm-ksØ ]pdwX≈n B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂
Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ B kqN\-I-fpsS aqeyw A]m-c-amWv.
Fs‚ Kth-jWw XnI®pw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn-cn-°m≥ Rm≥ \nc-
¥cw {ian-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp tUmIvS¿ tcmKn-bpsS ^b¬ t\m°p-∂{X
hkvXp-\n-jvTX
- t- bmsS Jp¿-B≥]T-\sØ kao-]n-°p-∂X - n¬ Rm≥hnP-
bn-®n-´p≠v F∂m-sWs‚ hnizm-kw. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬ apgp-
h≥ tcmK-e-£-W-ßfpw {i≤m-]q¿hw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tUmIvS¿
tcmK-\n¿W-b-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xpt]mep≈ hkvXp-\n-jvTX. Xo¿®-
bmbpw Jp¿B-\n-ep≈ hnizm-k-a-√, {]XypX kXym-t\z-j-W-]-c-amb
Kth-jW Xm¬]cyw am{X-amWv {]mcw-`-Øn¬ Fs‚ ]mZ-ßsf \bn-
®n-cp-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX ChnsS hy‡-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Fs‚ ]T-\-߃
]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ, Jp¿-B≥ Hcp {]hm-N-I\v Ah-Xo¿W-amb {KŸ-
am-sW∂ hkvXp-X-bn-te-°m-Wv AXv Fs∂ \bn-®Xv.
imkv{XkXy-ß-fpsS AwKo-IrX tcJ-I-fmbn C∂pw IW-°m-
°m≥ Ign-bp∂, Jp¿-Bs‚ {]kvXm-h-\-Isf (ap≥Im-e-ß-fn-se Bfp-
Iƒ°v Ah-bpsS hm°¿Yw am{Xta a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-
≈q) \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. Fs¥-¶nepw am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v Ah
hnt[-b-am-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Duln-°m≥ t]mepw km[y-a-√. Imc-Ww,
tamdokv _p°mbv 7

CuZri {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Jp¿-Bs‚ aqe-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Nn∂n-®n-X-dn-°n-

S-°p-I-bm-Wv. am\p-jnI Itø-‰-߃°v AXo-X-ambn Ah Fßs\
\ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂p i¶n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠m-hmw. aqe-Øn¬ hcp∂ AXn-
\n- m-camb am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ t]mepw Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ {]tXyI
khn-ti-j-X-bmb GIXm-\-X(Coherence)sb \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw B[p\nI
imkv{Xob hn⁄m-\-hp-ambn InS-\n¬°m-\p≈ Ignhv C√m-Xm-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. DS-\ofw ImWp∂ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-IfpsS
km∂n[yw Hcp \njv]£ \nco-£-I\v Ah-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX hy‡-
am-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
GXm≠v Ccp-]X - n-tesd h¿j-ßf - n-eqsS a\p-jy\v t_m[\w \¬I-
s∏´ {]`m-jW kam-lm-c-amWv Jp¿-B≥. lnPvd-bpsS apºpw ]nºp-
ap≈ c≠p Ime-L-´-ß-fn-embn XpeyssZ¿Ly-Øn¬ AXv hn`-Pn-°-
s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. X≥aqew ]cm-a¿i-߃ NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp
imkv{Xob hi-ap-≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. \mw \S-Øn-b-Xp-t]m-ep≈
Hcp ]T-\-Øn¬, \ap°v Ahsb hnj-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-b-ß-
fn¬\n∂mbn tiJ-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Fß-s\-bmWv Ahsb Xcw-Xn-cn-°pI? GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI
XcwXn-cn-hns\ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ Fs¥-¶nepw ]cm-a-¿-i-߃ Jp¿-B-\n¬
F\n°p Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. AXp-sIm≠v hy‡n-]-c-ambn Rm≥
Ah-ew-_n® Hcp Xcw-Xn-cn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahsb Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°m≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.
XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬, BZy-ambn ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-tS-≠Xv krjvSn-
∏ns\ kw_-‘n® ]cm-a¿i-ß-fm-sW∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂p. Cu hnj-
b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kq‡-ßsf {]]-©-Øns‚ DZv`-h-sØ-°p-dn®v
C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-
Wv. ASpØ-Xmbn Rm≥ kq‡-ßsf Xmsg ]d-bp∂ s]mXp io¿j-
I-ß-fn-embn hn`-P-n®n-cn-°p-∂p: tPymXn-»m-kv{Xw, `qan, P¥p, kky-
Pm-e-߃, a\p-jy≥, a\p-jys‚ {]Xyp¬]m-Z\w (Cu hnj-b-Øn\v
Jp¿-B≥ hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v). s]mXp-hmb Cu
io¿j-I-ß-tfm-sSm∏w D]-io¿j-I-ßfpw tN¿°pI km[y-am-Wv. CXp-
Iq-SmsX Jp¿-B-s‚bpw ss__n-fn-s‚bpw ]cm-a¿i-߃ B[p-\nI
hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂Xpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-
Z-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. krjvSn, {]f-bw, ]em-b\w XpS-ßnb
hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Rm≥ CXp sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
8 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

{]]-©-krjvSn
krjvSn-∏n-s\-°p-dn®v Jp¿-B≥ F¥p ]d-bp∂p F∂p ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Hcp s]mXp-XØzw ChnsS
{]k‡-am-Wv. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn h∂ ss__nƒ hN-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈
hyXym-k-am-W-Xv. c≠p {KŸ-߃°p-an-S-°p≈ kmayX ASn-h-c-bn´p
ImWn-°m≥ am{Xw ]m›mXy {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰mbn
hc°p∂ kam-¥c tcJ-Isf \ntj-[n-°p-∂-XmWv Cu XØzw. krjvSn-
∏n-s\-°p-dn®pw CXc hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ, apl-
ΩZv ss__nƒ hnh-c-W-߃ ]I¿Øn-b-Xm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂
i‡-amb {]h-WX ]Sn-™mdv \ne-hn-ep-≠v. ss__n-fnse, "Bdp Znh-
k-ß-fn-embn krjvSn \SØn Ggmw Znhkw ssZhw hn{i-a-sa-SpØp'
F∂ {]kvXm-h\ Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-t\m-
°pI!
""\nß-fpsS \mY≥ A√mlp BIm-i-ßfpw `qanbpw Bdp Znh-k-
ß-fn-embn krjvSn-®p.''(7:54)
Cu kq‡-Øn\v B[p-\nI hymJym-Xm-°ƒ \¬Ip∂ hymJym-
\-{]-Imcw "Aømw' (Znh-k-߃) F∂m¬ \o≠ Ime-L-´-߃, As√-
¶n¬ bpK-߃ BWv; km[m-cW Ccp-]-Øn-\mep aWn-°q¿ Zn\-ß-f-
√. Cu hnj-b-I-am-bn, ASn-ÿm\ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ hkvXp-X-bmbn
F\n°p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\p-≈Xv as‰m-∂m-Wv. ss__nƒ {]kvXm-h-
\-°v hncp-≤-ambn Jp¿-B≥, `qan-bp-sSbpw BIm-i-ß-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-
∏n\v, H∂n\v tijw H∂v F∂ Hcp {Iaw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂n√ F∂-
Xm-WX - v. krjvSn-∏n-s\-°p-dn®p hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ, `qan°p apºmbn BIm-
i-ß-sfbpw adn®pw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.
""`qanbpw D∂X BIm-i-ßfpw krjvSn-®-h-\m-W-h≥.'' (20:4)
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ `qan-bp-sSbpw BIm-i-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-Wm-a-߃
kam- \ - I m- e - ß - f n¬ kw`- h n®p F∂mWv Jp¿- B ≥ ]cm- a ¿i- ß -
fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. BIm-i-`q-an-Iƒ samØw hmX-
Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXnsNbvX-ncp-∂Xmbpw Ah ]c-kv]cw H´n-t®¿∂n-
cp-∂-Xmbpw(d-XvJ) ]n∂oSv th¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xmbpw kqN-\-bp≠v:
""BImiw ]pI-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ A√mlp BIm-i-tØ°p Xncn-
™p.''(41:11)
""BIm-i-`q-an-Iƒ H´n-∏n-Sn®v H∂p-tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. \mw Ahsb
tamdokv _p°mbv 9

th¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂nt√?''(21:30)

hn`n∂ temI-߃ th¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v Jp¿-B-\n¬
Hcp Uk-\n-tesd ÿe-ß-fn¬ {]kvXm-h-\-bp-≠v. "A¬^mXn-l'
A[ym-b-Øn¬ H∂m-asØ kq‡w C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""temI-ß-fpsS \mY-\mb A√m-lp-hn\v k¿h kvXpXnbpw.''
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-I-sf√mw B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-fp-
ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. {]Ya L´-Øn¬ s\_p-e, ]n∂oSv hnL-
S-\-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-ambn {]tXy-I-amb ]nfiw, Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-^-e-
ambn Kme-Ivkn-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v \£-{X-ßfpw, \£-{X-ß-fn¬
\n∂v {Kl-ßfpw cq]w ]q≠p F∂m-Wt√m B[p-\nI hn`m-h-\w.
BIm-i-߃°pw `qan-°p-an-S-bn-ep≈ Hcp CS-\ne (Intermediary)
sb°p-dn®p ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v:
""BIm- i - ` q- a n- I - s fbpw Ah°n- S - b n- e p- ≈ - X n- s \bpw krjv S n®
A√mlp GI-\m-Wv.''(25:59)
hyh-ÿm]n-X-amb tPymXn¿afi-e-߃°n-S-bn¬ khn-ti-j-amb
]Zm¿Y-k-©-b-Øns‚ CS-\n-e-߃ (Bridges) D≈-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-°p∂
B[p-\nI I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°p∂XmWv Cu {]kvXmh-\.
Jp¿-B-\n-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw B[p-\nI hn⁄m-
\-tØmSv Ht´sd Imcy-ß-fn¬ tbmPn-°p-∂-Xmbn Cu ]T-\-߃ hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. ss__nƒ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬\n∂pw \mw Ht´sd Zqcw apt∂m-
´p-t]m-∂p-I-gn-™p. ss__nƒ, krjvSn∏v H∂n-\p- ]n-dsI H∂mbn \S-
∂-Xmbn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. BIm-i-ß-fpsS krjvSn-∏n\v (4-˛mw Znh-kw)
apºmbn `qan (3˛mw Znh-kw) krjvSn-°-s∏-´p. `qan AXns‚ \£-{X-
amb kqcy-\n¬\n∂pw DZv`-hn-®-Xm-sW∂ hkvXpX C∂v Adn-b-s∏´p
Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. hkvXpX CXm-bn-cns° Jp¿-B≥ Bi-b-߃
ss__n-fn¬\n∂v ]I¿Øn-b-Xm-sW∂v Fßs\ ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw?
{]]-©-Øns‚ DZv`hw kw_-‘n®v ss__nƒ hnh-cWw Xncp-Øn,
X\n°p tijw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™p am{Xw a\p-jy≥ Is≠-Øm-\n-
c-n°p∂ hkvXp-XI - ƒ apl-ΩZv\_n Jp¿-B\ - n¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øp F∂p
Nn¥n-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
tPymXn»mkv{Xw: {]Im-ihpw Ne-\hpw
C\n \ap°v tPymXn»m-kv{X-Øn-te°v Xncn-bmw. tPymXn»m-kv{X-
]-c-ambn Jp¿-B-\n-ep≈ hnh-c-߃ Rm≥ ]m›m-Xy¿°v hnh-cn-
®psIm-Sp-°p-tºm-sg√mw, Ad-_n-Iƒ bqtdm-]y-∑m¿°p apºp-Xs∂
10 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

kp{]-[m\ tPymXn»mkv{X I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ \S-Øn-b-h-cm-b-Xp-

sIm≠v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ AZv`p-X-an√ F∂p ]d-bpI km[m-c-W-am-Wv.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ncn-{XsØ kw_-‘n® A⁄-X-bn¬\n-∂p-S-se-SpØ
Hcp Bibw am{X- a m- W n- X v . H∂m- a - X mbn Atd- _ y≥ \mSpI- f n¬
imkv{Xw hnImkw {]m]n-®Xv Jp¿-B-\nI hnπ-h-Øn\p tijw am{X-
am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠-ma-Xmbn Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS AXyp-∂-Xm-h-
ÿ-bn¬ B¿Pn-X-ambn-cp∂ imkv{X-hn-⁄m\w, {]]-©sØ kw_-
‘n® Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-h-\-I-tfmSv InS]n-Sn-°p∂ Bi-b-߃ D∂-
bn-°m≥ am{Xw hf¿® {]m]n-®Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
hnjbw hfsc hnim-e-am-Wv. Hcp kw£n]vX hnh-cWw am{Xta
km[yam-hq. kqcy\pw N{µ\pw BIm-i-Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn {]Im-
in-°p∂ c≠p tKmf-ß-fmbn ss__nƒ hnh-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ, Jp¿B≥
Ahsb `n∂-ambn ImWp-Ibpw hyXykvX hnti-j-W-߃ \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. N{µs\ {]Imiw (\q¿) F∂pw kqcys\ hnf°v
(kn-dm-Pv) F∂p-amWv hntijn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. BZy-tØXv {]Im-isØ
{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°pIam{Xw sNøp-tºmƒ c≠m-a-tØXv \nc¥camb Pze-
\-Øn-eqsS NqSpw shfn-®hpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn°p∂p. \£-
{X-sØbpw {]tXy-I-amb hnti-j-W-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ kzbw Pzen®v \in-°p∂ AkvXnXzw, "YmJn_v' F∂
]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. "IuI_v' F∂ ]Zw, {]Imiw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-
°mØ, {]Im-isØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°pI am{Xw sNøp∂ tKmf-ßsf
({K-l-ß-sf) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
BI¿jW i‡n-sIm≠v \n¿WnX k©m-c-]Yßfn¬ _‘n-
X-ambn BIm-i-tKm-f-߃ Nen-°p∂p F∂ Imcyw C∂p ]cs° Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. A¬-A-ºn-bmAv A[ym-b-Øn¬ Jp¿-B≥ DZvtLm-
jn-®Xv CXp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv: ""cm{Xn-sbbpw ]I-en-s\-bpw kqcy-s\bpw N{µ-
s\bpw krjvSn-®-h≥! F√mw Hmtcm ]Y-ß-fn¬ Nen-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-
°p∂p''(21:33). Nen-°p∂p F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂
Ad_n]Zw "k_l' F∂m-Wv. Nen-°p∂ GsXmcp hkvXp-hn-s‚bpw
Ne-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°m≥ Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. HmSp∂ Hcm-fpsS
]mZ-ß-fpsS Ne-\-am-I-s´, sh≈-Øn¬ \o¥p-tºm-gp≈ Ne-\-am-hs´
F√mw Cu ]Zw sIm≠v hyh-l-cn-°m-dp-≠v. BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fpsS Imcy-
Øn¬ "kz¥w N\ewsIm≠v kzbw k©-cn-°p∂' F∂ ]cn-`m-j-bm-
bn-cn°pw aqe-tØmSv \oXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
cmhpw ]Iepw XpS¿®-bmbn kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv B[p-\nI kmt¶XnI
tamdokv _p°mbv 11

ssien-bn¬ Jp¿-B≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xp hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-

∂-Xm-Wv. A p-a¿ A[ym-b-Ønse kq‡w A©n¬ "I∆d' F∂
{Inbm-]-Z-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]I¬ cm{Xnsb Np‰p-∂p, intcm-
hkv{Xw Np‰p-∂-Xp-t]m-se. CXp hf-sc-tbsd {]k‡-amb D]-a-bm-
Wv. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xc - n-°p∂ ImeØv CXp-kw-_‘ - n® tPymXn»mkv{X
cl-ky-߃ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. BIm-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-ß-sf-°p-
dn®pw kqcys‚ \n¿WnX ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®pw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]cm-a¿i-
ap-≠v. B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ t]mepw tbmPn-
°p∂ hn[w {]]-©-Øns‚ hnIm-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw Jp¿-B≥ {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy≥ iq\ym-Im-isØ Iog-S-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈
kqN-\bpw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ImWmw. imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse
AZv`p-X-I-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-ambn N{µ-\n¬ Imep-Ip-Øm≥
a\p-jy\p Ign-™p. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ kq‡w hmbn-°p-tºmƒ
Cu Imcyw a\- n-ep-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√:
""Pn∂p-I-fp-sSbpw a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw h¿K-ta, BImi afi-e-ß-fn-
te°v \pg-™p-I-b-dm≥ \n߃°v Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ \pg™pIb-dp-I.
\ΩpsS A[nImcw IqSmsX \n߃s°m-cn-°epw \pg™pIb-dm≥
km[y-a-√.''(55:33)
k¿h-i-‡-\mb A√m-lp-hn¬\n-∂mWv Cu A[n-Imcw hcp-∂-Xv.
Cu A[ym-bØnse apgp-h≥ {]Xn-]m-Z\ - hpw A√mlp a\p-jy\v sNbvX
A\p-{K-l-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Blzm-\-am-Wv.
`qan
\ap°v `qanbn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Cu kq‡w
]cn-tim-[n-°pI:
""A√mlp BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v sh≈w Cd°n `qan-bn¬ Dd-h-I-
fm-°nbXv \o ImWp-∂nt√? ]n∂o-S-Xp-aqew hb-ep-I-fn¬ hyXykvX
h¿W-߃ hf-cm≥ Imc-W-am°n.''(39:21)
C∂v C°mcyw km[m-c-W-amb H∂mbn \ap°p tXm∂mw.
]t£, hf-sc-°mew apºv AXm-bn-cp-∂n√ Ah-ÿ. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬
_¿WmUv ]men n (Bernad Palissy) {]Ir-Xn-bnse Pe ]cn-hr-Øn-sb-
°p-dn®v AwKo-Ir-X-amb hnh-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xphsc AXp kw_-
‘n® P\-ß-fpsS [m-cW ]e-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kap-{Z-Ønse Pew Im‰ns‚
i‡n-sIm≠v `qan-bpsS B¥-cn-I-X-e-ß-fn-te°v ASn-®p-I-bdn Dd-h-
Iƒ cq]w {]m]n-°p∂p F∂m-bn-cp∂p Hcp k¶¬]w. B sh≈w
12 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

ho≠pw kap-{Z-Øn-te°v Acp-hn-I-fmbn Hgp-Ip-∂p. πmt‰m-bpsS Imew

apX¬ "Sm¿S-dkv' (Tartaruss) F∂mWv Cu Pe{]-hm-l-ßsf hnfn-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. 17˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ sZ°m¿Ø-sb-t∏m-ep≈ D∂X
]fin-X-∑m¿ hsc Cu Xnb-dn-bn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬
t]mepw Acn-tÃm-´n¬ Xnb-dn-sb-°p-dn® kwkm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. XWp-
Ø ]¿hX Klz-c-ß-fn¬ sh≈w Dd™p henb `qK¿`-X-Sm-I-߃
D≠m-hp-Ibpw Ah-bn¬\n∂v `qan-bnse Dd-h-Iƒ°v Pew e`n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂p F∂-XmWv Acn-tÃm-´n¬ Xnb-dn. ag h¿jn®v `qan-bn-te°v
In\n-™n-d-ßp∂ sh≈-amWv Dd-h-Iƒ°v Pew \¬Ip-∂-sX∂v C∂v
\ap-°-dnbmw. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn Jp¿-B-\n¬ h∂ kq‡-ß-fn-ep≈
At\Iw kqN-\-Isf B[p-\nI sslt{Um-f-Pn-bpsS XØz-ß-fp-ambn
Xpe\wsNbvXp t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah°n-S-bn-ep≈ AZv`p-X-I-c-
amb tXmXn-ep≈ kmayX {i≤n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
`qK¿`-im-kv{X -(Geology)Øn¬ ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn e`y-amb Hcp
Adn-hmWv, ae-Iƒ cq]w {]m]n-®Xv `qa-S-°p-I-fn¬\n∂m-sW-∂v. Dd®
]pdw-tXm-Sp-t]mse \ap°p Pohn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ cq]-s∏´ D]-cn-Xew,
NqSp-]n-Sn-®Xpw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ Poh-s\bpw s]mdp-∏n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb
B¥-cn-I-X-ew, CsX-°p-dn-s®√mw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ C∂v Adn-b-s∏-
´n-´p-≠v. ]¿h-X-ß-fpsS kpÿn-cX `qa-S-°p-Ifp (Foldings)-ambn _‘-
s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]¿h-X-߃°v AkvXn-hm-c-
ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Cu `qa-S° - p-If - m-Wv. B[p-\n-Ia
- mb Cu hn⁄m-
\-ßsf Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ kq‡-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-
t\m-°p-I:
""`qansb \mw hnim-e-am-°n-bnt√? ]¿h-X-ßsf BWn-I-fm-°n-
bnt√?''(78:6,7)
"HuØmZv' (B-Wn-Iƒ) F∂m¬ IqSmcw Dd-∏n-°p∂-Xn\p th≠n
`qan-bn¬ BgvØp∂, Iq¿Ø ap\-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb XqWp-I-fm-Wv. ]¿h-
X-߃°v Dd-∏p-\¬Im≥ `qK¿`-Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ `qa-S-°p-Iƒ°v
G‰hpw tbmPn® {]tbmKw!
F∂m¬ as‰-¥n-s\-°mfpw Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kw_-‘n® ]cm-
a¿i-ß-fmWv Fs∂ Gsd AZv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. P¥p-Pm-e-ß-sf-
°p-dn®pw kky-Pm-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn®pap≈
khn-tij ]cm-a¿i-߃. ChnsS Rm≥ ho≠pw Hcp bmYm¿Yyw Du∂n-
∏- d - b p- ∂ p. AXm- b Xv imkv { X- ] p- t cm- K Xn ]e kq‡- ß - f p- s Sbpw
D≈S°w IqSp-X¬ \∂mbn {Kln-°m≥ \sΩ {]m]vX-cm-°n-bn-´p≠v.
tamdokv _p°mbv 13

tIƒ°p∂ am{X-bn¬ Imcyw {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Nne kq‡-ß-fp-

≠v. ]t£, hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Poh-im-kv{X-X-Øz-߃
Ah-bn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ hN-\s - a-Sp-°pI:
""`qanbpw BIm-ihpw ]c-kv]cw H´n-∏n-Sn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Ahn-
izm-kn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂nt√? ]n∂oSv \mw Ahsb th¿s∏-Sp-Øn.
Poh-\p≈ apgp-h≥ hkvXp-°-sfbpw \mw sh≈-Øn¬\n∂p krjvSn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p.'' (21:30)
Pohs‚ DZv`hw sh≈-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂ B[p-\nI Bibw
hy‡-am-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.
kky-ß-fn¬ B¨-˛s]¨ hn`m-K-ß-fp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°m≥
am{Xw apl-Ω-Zv \_n-bpsS ImeØv kky-imkv{Xw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-
®n-cp-∂n-√. Cu hN\w {i≤n-°pI:
""BImiØp-\n∂p \mw Pew Cd-°n. Aßs\ \mw CW-I-fmbn
kky-ßsf krjvSn-®p. Hmtcm∂pw ]c-kv]cw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.''(20:53)
]g-h¿K-ßf - n¬ enwK-hy-Xym-ka
- p-s≠∂v C∂p \ap-°d - n-bmw. ({]Xyp-
¬]m-Z-\-£-a-am-ImØ ]q°-fn¬ \n∂p-Zv`-hn-°p∂ CuØ-∏gwt]mep≈
^eß-fn¬ t]mepw AXp-≠v.)
""F√m ^e-h¿K-ß-fn-epw A√mlp CW-Isf Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p.''(13:3)
P¥p-°-fpsS {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn® ]cm-a¿iw a\p-jys‚
{]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. \ap°p ]cn-tim-
[n°mw.
icocimkv{X kw_-‘-am-bn, hf-sc-tbsd {]k-‡-ambn F\n°p
tXm∂nb Hcp kq‡-ap-≠v. a\p-jyi-co-c-Ønse c‡-Nw-{I-a-WsØ-
°pdn®p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bbncw h¿jw apºv, IpS-en¬ \S-°p∂
]N-\-{In-b-bn-eqsS hen-s®-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]mj-I-ß-fmWv ico-cm-h-b-
h-߃°v e`n-°p-∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v 13 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p
apºv, Jp¿-B≥ P¥p-i-co-c-Øn¬ ]m¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ kz`mhw
B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\-߃°v tbmPn-®-hn[w hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p!
{]kvXpX kq‡w icn-bmbn a\- n-em-°m≥, IpS-en¬ \S-°p∂
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf°p-dn®p \mw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. IpS-en¬
sh®v `£-W-Øn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃
k¶o¿W-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bn-eqsS c‡-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ tNcp-∂p. AXv
Nne-t∏mƒ Icƒ hgn-bm-bn-cn°pw. Cu {]{Inb Ah-bpsS cmk-kz-`m-
14 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

h-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. c‡w Cu LS-I-ßsf ico-c-Ønse

hnhn[ Ah-bh - ß- f
- n-te°v FØn-°p-∂p. amXm-hns‚ ico-cØ
- n¬ ]m¬
D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ {KŸn-I-fn-te°pw Aßs\ t]mj-I-ß-sf-Øn-°p-∂p.
hni-Zmw-iß- f - n-te°p IS-°m-sX-Øs∂ ]d-bs´: IpS-en¬\n∂p≈ Nne
LS-I-߃, IpS¬N¿a-ß-fnse Ad-I-fn¬Xs∂ FØn-t®-cp-∂p-≠v.
c‡w-hg- n-bmWv CXv FØn-t®-cp-∂X - v. A∂lv¬ A[ym-bØ - nse 66˛mw
kq‡w ]q¿W-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ ta¬]-d™ hnh-c-߃ klm-bn-
°pw.
""Xo¿®-bmbpw I∂p-Im-en-I-fn¬ \n߃°v ]mT-ap≠v. Ah-bn¬
\n∂pw \n߃°v IpSn-°m-\p≈ ]m\obw \mw \¬Ip-∂p. IpS¬
]Zm¿Y-ßf - p-sSbpw c‡-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bn¬\n∂p hcp∂ ip≤hpw cpNn-
I-c-hp-amb ]m¬ BW-Xv.''(A-∂lv¬:66)
a\p-jys‚ krjvSn∏v
a\p-jys‚ {]Xyp¬]m-Z\w F∂ hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂
Ht´sd kq‡-߃ Jp¿-B-\n-ep≠v. Cu kq‡-߃ Hcp {`qW-im-
kv{X-⁄\v sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. P¥p-imkv{Xw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃
{]Zm\w sNbvX ASn-ÿm\ imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ P\-\-Øn-\p-
tijw, hnti-jn®v, ssat{Im-kvtIm-]ns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-\p tijw
am{X-amWv B {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ bYm-hn[n a\- n-em-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-
™-Xv. 7˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Pohn® Hcmƒ°v Cu Bi-
b-߃ D≠m-hpI Akm-[y-am-Wv. a[y]uckvXytZisØ Ad-_n-Iƒ,
bqtdm-∏ntem a‰n-S-ß-fntem Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-tc-°mƒ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬
Fs¥-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈Xn\v Hcp kqN-
\bpw e`y-a-√. C°m-eØv Jp¿-B-\nepw {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-ß-fnepw
AKm[]cn-⁄m\w t\Sn-b-tijw, a\p-jys‚ {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\sØ
kw_-‘n® Jp¿-Bs‚ ]cm-a¿i-ß-sfbpw imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-sØbpw
hy‡-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. {]Xyp¬]m-
Z-\sØ kw_-‘n®p ka¿Y-ambn adp-]Sn ]d™ kpDuZn Atd-_y-
bnse Hcp ]Xn-s\´v hb- p-Im-cs\ Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p. Abmƒ ]d™p:
""Cu {KŸw hnj-bs - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ F√m hnh-cß - f
- pw \¬Ip-∂p. Rm≥
kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ inip-P\-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw a‰pw Jp¿-B≥ ]mT-
ß-fn-eqsS Xs∂ F\n°v hnh-cn®pXcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssewKnI hnZym-
`ym-ksØ kw_-‘n® \nß-fpsS ]pkvX-I-߃ sshIn-bm-Wt√m
cwK-sØ-Øp-∂Xv?''
tamdokv _p°mbv 15

Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-Im-eØv kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw, Jp¿-B≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂
B[p-\nI imkv{Xob kXy-ßfpw Xmc-XaywsNøp-tºmƒ A_≤ [mc-
W-Ifn-sem-∂p-t]mepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´n-s√∂v AZv`p-Xm-Z-c-
ß-tfmsS \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂p. -Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kq‡-ßsf \ap°v
{]tXy-I-sa-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. {]Xyp-¬]mZ\ _oP-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
kq£va-amb hnh-c-߃, _oP-Øns‚ k¶o¿WX, D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\v
hfsc sNdnb Hcwiw aXn-sb∂ hkvXp-X, AXm-bXv _oP-Øns‚
kØv-˛-A-d-_n-bn¬ "kpeme'˛Xp-S-ßn-b-h. kv{XobpsS D¬]m-Z-\m-h-
b-h-Øn¬ Afiw \nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v At\Iw kq‡-
ß-fn¬ "AeJv' F∂ ]Z-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v IrXy-ambn hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
""H´n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ H∂n¬\n∂pw A√mlp a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®p.''(96:2)
"AeJv' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v AXns‚ bYm¿Y hnh£ (H-´n-∏n-Sn-°p∂
H∂v) e`n-°p∂ as‰mcp ]cn-`m-j-bp-s≠∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂n-√. amXm-
hns‚ K¿`m-i-b-Øn-ep≈ {`qW-Øns‚ hf¿®-bpsS L´-߃ hfsc
kw£n-]vX-ambn Jp¿-B≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. B hnh-cWw ]q¿W-
ambpwicnbpw hkvXp\njvT-hp-am-Wv. B {]{In-bsb hnh-cn-°m-\p-]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ efnX-]Z-߃ {`qW-h-f¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ L´-ßsf
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
""H´n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ H∂n¬\n∂v \mw NX™ amwk-cq-]-am°n. NX™
amwk-Øn¬\n∂pw F√p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. F√p-Isf \mw amwkw-
sIm≠v s]mXn-™p. A\-¥cw Ahs\ XnI®pw as‰mcp krjvSn-bm°n
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øp. A√mlp hfsc A\p-{K-l-ap-S-b-h≥X-s∂.''(23:14)
"NX™ amwk-cq]w' F∂v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ "apZvK',
{`qW-h-f¿®-bpsS L´-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]tXyI Ah-ÿsb IrXy-ambn
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. F√p-Iƒ Dƒ`m-KØv cq]-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amwk-t]-in-Iƒ
AXns\ s]mXn-bp-∂p. "elvav'F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv CXm-Wv.
{`qWw Hcp L´w ]n∂n-Sp-tºmƒ Nne `mK-߃ B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambpw
a‰p Nne `mK-߃ B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-√m-sXbpw hf-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-
≠v. Xmsg kq‡w Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv CXm-bn-cn°mw:
""a\p-jys\ \mw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv cq]w-]q-≠Xpw A√m-Ø-
Xp-amb H´n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ amwk-]nfi-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv.''(22:5)
]t©-{µn-b-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:
""A√mlp \n߃°v tIƒhnbpw ImgvNbpw lrZ-bhpw \¬In.''(32:9)
16 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

B[p-\nI hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn Cu {]kvXm-h-\-I-sfm∂pw G‰p-

ap-´p-∂n-√. A°m-esØ A_≤ [mc-W-I-sfm∂pw Jp¿-B-\n¬ IS-
∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-an√.
Jp¿-B\pw ss__nfpw
Ah-km\ hnj-b-amWv C\n \ap°v N¿® sNøm-\p-≈-Xv. AXv
B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\h - p-am-bp≈ Hcp kwL-´\
- a- m-Wv. ss__nfn¬ kqN-
\-Iƒ \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≈ Jp¿-B-\nse hnh-c-ß-sf kw_-‘n® Nne
Imcy-߃, krjvSn-sb-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-t∏mƒ \mw N¿® sNbvX-
Xm-Wv. Jp¿-B-\nse kq‡-߃ B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\-hp-ambn ]q¿W-
ambpw tbmPn-∏n-em-sW-∂pw ss__nƒ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ ]eXpw
imkv{Xo-b-ambn Akzo-Im-cy-am-sW∂pw \mw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn. C°m-cy-Øn¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. Imc-Ww, ss__nƒ Dƒs°m-
≈p∂ krjvSnsb kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ _n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬
Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. sshZnI BJym\w
(Sacerdotal narration) F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. A\p-bm-bn-I-sf-
s°m≠v i∫Øv BN-cn-∏n-°m≥ Dt±-in®v sNbvX atXm-]-tZ-i-߃
cq]w ]q≠-XmWv Cu hnh-c-W-߃. \n¿Wn-X-ambn Hcp e£yw ap∂n¬
I≠v cNn-®-h-bmWv Cu {KŸ-߃. Pdq-ktew ss__nƒ kvIqfns‚
ap≥ X-eh - \- mb ^mZ¿ UnthmIvkv (Fr.De Vaux) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®X - p-t]mse
B e£yw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw BNmc \nb-a-ß-f-\p-jvTn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-
°p∂ kz`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ss__nfn¬ hfsc kw£n-
]vXhpw ]g-b-Xp-amb Hcp hnh-cWw krjvSn-∏ns\ kw_-‘n®v h∂n-
´p-≠v. "bmlvhnÃv'(Yahvist) F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu hnh-cWw
XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amb tImWn¬°qSn hnj-bsØ kao-]n-°p∂p.
s]‚m-Syq-°n (Pentateuch)se H∂mw ]pkvX-I-amb D¬]-Øn- (Gen-
esis)-bn¬ \n∂v FSp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv c≠pw. CXns‚ cN-bn-Xmhv tamkkv
BsW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ aqe-Øn¬ \ap°v C∂v Adn-bm-hp-
∂-Xp-t]mse Ht´sd am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v. sshZnI
BJym\w (Sacerdotal narration) AXns‚ X¬]-c-kr-jvSn-bmb hwi-]-c-
ºcmhnh-c-W-Øn\v {]kn-≤-am-Wv. BZw-hsc sNs∂-Øp-∂p≠v {]kvXp-
X ]c-º-cm-Jym-\w. ]t£, CXv Bcpw Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-dn-s√-
∂p am{Xw. GXm-bmepw kphn-ti-jI - ¿Øm-°f - mb aØm-bnbpw eqt°m-
kpw AXv FSp-sØ-gp-Xp-∂p-≠v. {InkvXp-hns‚ hwim-hen hnh-cn-°m≥
th≠n, aØmbn A{_lmw hsc t]mIp-tºmƒ eqt°mkv BZw hsc
tamdokv _p°mbv 17

t]mIp-∂p. Cu hnh-c-W-ß-sf√mw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Akzo-Im-cy-ß-fm-

Wv. temI-Øns‚ {]mbw, a\p-jy≥ temIØv {]Xy-£-s∏´ Imew,
F√mw IrXy-h¿j-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-s°√mw C∂v
Jfin-X-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏´ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fp-ambn hnZq-c-_‘w t]mep-
an-√. Jp¿-B-\m-Is´ CØcw hkvXp-X-I-fn¬\n∂v ]q¿Wambpw kzX-
{¥-am-Wv. {]]-©-Øns‚ DZv`-hsØ kw_-‘n® B[p-\nI Bi-b-
ß-tfmSv Jp¿-B≥ Fßs\ tbmPn-°p∂p F∂pw ss__nƒ hnh-c-
W-߃ Fßs\ hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw t\csØ \mw Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-®p. BZn-a-P-e(Primordial Waters)sØ kw_-‘n® k¶¬]w Akzo-
Im-cy-am-Wv. {]Imiw han-°p∂ \£-{X-ßsf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-
Xs∂ H∂mw Znhkw {]Imiw krjvSn-®p. `qan-bpsS krjvSn°p apºp-
Xs∂ {]`m-Xhpw {]tZm-jhpw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn. aq∂mw Znhkw `qansb
krjvSn-®p; AXpw \memw Znhkw kqcys\ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv.
A©mw Znhkw ]£n-Iƒ, Bdmw Znhkw arK-ß-ƒ. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-
I-sf√mw {]kvXpX {KŸw cN-n°p∂ ImeØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hnizm-
k-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-b-Xns‚ ^e-am-Wv. as‰m-
c¿Yhpw Ah°n-√.
ss__nfns‚ Ime-K-W-\-b-\p-k-cn®v temI-Øns‚ {]mbw
Aøm-bn-cØn Fgp\q‰n ap∏-sØ´v h¿j-am-Wv. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS Ie-≠¿
C∂pw CX-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. CXv XnI®pw Akzo-Im-cy-am-Wv. \ΩpsS kuc-
bq-YØn\pXs∂ \mec _ney≥ h¿jw ]g-°-ap-≠v. `qan-bn¬ a\p-
jy≥ {]Xy-£-s∏-´n´v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n¬ h¿j-߃ ]n∂n-´n-cn-°p-
∂p. Jp¿B≥ CØcw Hcp Xnø-Xnbpw FSpØp]d-bp-∂n-s√-∂Xv
{]tXyIw {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Ah ss__n-fn\p am{Xw {]tXy-I-
am-bp-≈-XmWv.
Jp¿-B\pw ss__n-fpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hfsc {][m-\-
ambn {i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp hnjbw {]f-b-sØ-°p-dn® ]cm-a¿i-am-Wv.
ss__nƒ {]kv-Xm-h\ c≠p-Xcw hnh-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp k¶-e-\-am-Wv.
c≠nepw kw`-h-߃ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. temI-{]-fbw
A{_-lm-an\v GXm≠v ap∂qdp h¿jw apºv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ss__nƒ
{]kvXmhn-°p-∂p. A{_-lm-ans\ kw_-‘n®v \ap-°d - n-bm-hp∂ hkvXp-
X-Iƒ sh®p Nn¥n-®m¬ temI-{]-fbw kw`-hn-®Xv _n.-kn. Ccp-]-Øn-
ct≠m Ccp-]s - Ømt∂m \q‰m-≠n-em-bn-cn°pw. Ncn-{X-tc-JI - f
- psS shfn®-
Øn¬ CXv AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ \n¿hm-l-an-√. Cu \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ temI-
18 Jp¿-B\pw B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xhpw

{]-fbw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw apgp-h≥ \mK-cn-I-X-Ifpw XpS-®p-am-‰-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v \ap°v Fßs\ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw? Ncn-
{X-tc-J-I-f-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ime-L´w CuPn-]vXnse a[ya cmP-hw-i-
Øns‚ Ime- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ]Xn- s \m∂mw cmP- h w- i - Ø n\p apºp≈
BZysØ CS-thf. AXp-sIm≠v B[p-\nI Adn-hp-I-f-\p-k-cn®v
ta¬]- d ™ ss__n- ƒ {]kv X m- h \ AwKo- I - c n- ° pI km[y- a - √ .
Cßs\ \nco-£n-®m¬ Jp¿-B∂pw ss__n-fn\pan-S-°p≈ A¥cw
hfsc hep-Xm-sW∂v \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
{]fbw kw`-hn-®Xv \qlv\_n-bpsS P\-X°p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v
Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p. B P\-X-bpsS ]m]-߃°v Ah¿ in£n-°-s∏´p.
Ah¿ ssZh-[n-°m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. {]fbw kw`-hn® Imew Jp¿-B≥
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. Ncn-{X-]-c-amtbm ]pcm-hkvXpimkv{X-]-c-amtbmJp¿-
Bs‚ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ Hcp sshcp-[yhpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√.
Xmc-Xayw sNøm-hp∂ as‰mcp hnh-cWw aqkm-bpsS ]em-b-\-am-
Wv. ^tdm-h-bpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°-s∏´ C{km-Cu-ey-
cp-ambn aqkm \S-Ønb ]em-b-\w. hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp hnh-cWw
\¬Im≥ am{Xta ChnsS km[y-am-Iq. ^tdm-ha - msc kw_-‘n® Ncn{X
]cn-tim-[-\-bn-eqsS ]em-b\w \S∂ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v Rms\-Øn-
t®¿∂ \nK-a-\w, ^tdmh dwkokv c≠m-as‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂
am¿s\]v‰ (Marnsptah) Bbn-cp∂p Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse ^tdmh F∂m-
Wv. thZ-ß-fnse ]cm-a¿ihpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-
Ifpw CXn\v A\p-Iq-eamWv. ss__nƒ hnh-c-W-߃ aqkmsb ^tdm-
hamcpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ i‡-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ
\¬Ip-∂p-≠v. aqk P\n-®Xv dwkokv c≠m-as‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v ss__nƒ kqN-\°p Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]n≥_-e-ap-≠v.
^tdmh am¿s\-]v‰-bpsS aΩn sshZy-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-
am-°n-b-t∏mƒ ac-W-Im-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb ]e hnh-
c-ßfpw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu ^tdm-h-bpsS aΩn 1898˛¬ Is≠-Øn-
bXv \ΩpsS ssIh-i-ap-s≠-∂Xp hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. CXv
IS-en¬ BgvØ-s∏´p F∂v ss__nƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]t£, B
arX-i-co-c-Øn\v F¥p kw`-hn®p F∂Xns\-°p-dn®v hnh-c-sam∂pw
\¬Ip-∂n-√. Jp¿-B≥, B arX-i-cocw sh≈-Øn¬\n∂v FSp-°-s∏´p
F∂p {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p: ""Cu Znhkw \ns‚ arX-i-cocw ]n∂oSphcp-
∂-h¿°v Hcp ]mT-am-bn-cn-°m≥ th≠n c£-s∏-SpØn kq£n-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv''(10:92). Cu aΩn-bn¬ \S-Ønb sshZy-]-cn-tim-[\ hy‡-am-°p∂Xv
tamdokv _p°mbv 19

arX-i-cocw A[n-I-Imew sh≈-Øn¬ InS-∂n-cn-°m-\n-S-bn√ F∂m-

Wv. \o≠-Imew sh≈-Øn¬ InS-∂-Xns‚ ^e-amb bmsXmcp Agp-
Iepw arX-i-co-c-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´n-√. ho≠pw Jp¿-B≥ hnh-cWw
imkv{Xo-b-ho-£-W-Øn\v Hcp sNdnb sshcp[yw t]mepw \¬Ip-
∂n-s√∂v hy‡-a-mIp∂p.
GXm≠v HºXv \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p- apºv cNn-°-s∏´ GXm\pw enJn-
XßfpsS kam-lm-c-amWv ]g-b-\n-b-aw. hfscb[nIw am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-
Iƒ°v AXv hnt[-b-am-bn-´p-≠v. ss__nƒ cN-\-bn¬ a\p-jy≥ hln®
]¶v hf-sc-tbsd {]I-S-am-Wv. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-c-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw
XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. BZy-ambn a\p-jy\v \¬I-s∏´ \nanjw
apX¬ AXv lrZn-ÿ-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw apl-Ω-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-
Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-sh-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Jp¿-B≥
AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-X°v Hcp {]iv\hpw Db¿Øm-Ø-Xv.
]e-h´w \mw Bh¿Øn-®-Xp-t]m-se, ]q¿W-ambpw hkvXp-
\njvTamb ]T-\w, B[p-\nI imkv{X-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬
c≠pw (Jp¿-B\pw imkv{X-hpw) ]q¿Wambn tbmPn°p-∂p F∂v hy‡-
am-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. apl-Ω-Zns‚ ImesØ ssh⁄m-\nI \ne-hmcw sh®p-
t\m-°n-bm¬ A°m-esØ Hcp a\p-jy≥ CØcw {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ
sNøpI F∂Xv ANn-¥yam-Wv. CØcw A{]-am-Z-amb {]kvXm-h-\-I-
fmWv Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v X\-Xmb Hcp ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
]q¿W-ambpw `uXn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hni-I-e\w \S-Øp∂
\njv]-£-\mb imkv{X-⁄≥, CXn\v Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥
Xm≥ Ai-‡-\m-sW∂p kΩ-Xn-°m≥ \n¿_‘nX\m-Wv.