HORTICULTURE 106

PLANT PROPAGATION AND

NURSERY MANAGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION
PLANT PROPAGATION

ART AND SCIENCE OF MULTIPLYING PLANTS FOR PLANTING

PURPOSES
ART : SKILL; EXPERTISE; EXPERIENCE
SCIENCE: BOTANY; HORTICULTURE; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY;
MORPHOLOGY; ANATOMY; SEED TECHNOLOGY; GENETICS

FUNDAMENTAL TO CROP PRODUCTION

INVOLVES THE CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENTAL CYCLE OF

PLANTS

TERMINOLOGIES
SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL
MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS
PHENOTYPE VS. GENOTYPE
HOMOZYGOUS VS. HETEROZYGOUS
HOMOGENOUS VS HETEROGENOUS
SELF POLLINATED CROP VS. CROSS POLLINATED CROP

PLANT LIFE CYCLES

A. SEXUAL
USE OF SEEDS PRODUCE THROUGH THE COMING TOGETHER
OF THE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES
FUNDAMENTAL METHOD OF PROPAGATION IN PLANTS
EASIEST WAY OF PROPAGATION
COMMON IN ANNUAL CROPS
HOMOZYGOUS GENOTYPES
INVOLVES MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
POLLEN MOTHER
CELL (2n)

MICROSPORE/
POLLEN (n)

ZYGOTE
(2n)

MEIOSIS

MEGASPORE MOTHER
CELL (2n)

MEGASPORE (n)

STAGES OF MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS II

INTERPHASE I

INTERPHASE II

PACHYTENE
LEPTOTENE
DIPLOTENE
DIAKENESIS
METAPHASE I
ANAPHASE I
TELOPHASE I

METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
TELOPHASE II

PLANT LIFE CYCLES

B . ASEXUAL
USE OF VEGETATIVE PLANT PARTS
LEAF, STEM, ROOT, APOMICTIC SEEDS(POLYEMBRYONIC
SEEDS)
TRUE-TO-TYPE PROGENIES
COMMONLY USED IN PERENNIAL CROPS
HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPES

INVOLVES MITOSIS

DAUGHTER
CELLS (2n)

CELL
2n
MITOSIS

STAGES OF MITOSIS

INTERPHASE/PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
A. SEXUAL CYCLE
PHASES:

EMBRYO
JUVENILE (TRANSITIONAL)
ADULT

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
EMBRYO PHASE:
STARTS WITH THE UNION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE
GAMETES FORMING THE ZYGOTE

ZYGOTE
(SINGLE CELL)

EMBRYO

(MULTICELLULAR)

GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
JUVENILE PHASE
BEGINS WITH THE GERMINATION OF THE SEED
ALSO INCLUDES THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
EMBRYO
HAS UNIQUE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

LEAF SIZE
GROWTH HABIT
THORNINESS

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
JUVENILE PHASE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ENHANCED VEGETATIVE REGENERATION CAPACITY
DO NOT RESPOND TO FLOWER INDUCING STIMULI
VEGETATIVE GROWTH PREDOMINATES
ELONGATION OF THE STEM AND ROOTS
INCREASE IN DIAMETER
INCREASE IN NUMBER AND SIZE OF LEAVES

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
TRANSITION PHASE:
TRANSITION PHASE MARKS THE SEPARATION BETWEEN THE
JUVENILE AND ADULT STAGES
MAY OCCUR SLOWLY (MANY YEARS)
MAY OCCUR QUICKLY (FEW WEEKS/MONTHS)
BOTH PHASES MAY OCCUR IN THE SAME PLANT IN CERTAIN
PERIOD

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

CHANGE IN LEAF SHAPE

GROWTH HABIT
REDUCTION OF THORNINESS

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
TRANSITION PHASE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
LOSS THE ABILITY TO REGENERATE VEGETATIVELY
RESPONSIVE TO FLOWER INDUCTION STIMULI

CAN BE MANIPULATED TO A CERTAIN EXTENT THROUGH

CONTROL/MODIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
ADULT STAGE
PLANT ENTERS THE REPRODUCTIVE STAGE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

REACHED ULTIMATE SIZE (ANNUALS)

FOR PERENNIALS, REACHED THE INITIAL SIZE FOR FLOWERING

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

RESPOND TO STIMULUS TO FLOWER FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

THROUGH ITS INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HORMONAL STATE

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
B. ASEXUAL CYCLE

UTILIZES VARIOUS METHODS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

ADVANTAGES

PRESERVATION OF UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANY INDIVIDUAL

PLANT TO ITS OFFSPRING (TRUE-TO-TYPE)
SHORTER JUVENILE STAGE

SMALLER TREE SIZES DURING INITIAL FLOWERING

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
B. ASEXUAL CYCLE
PHASES:
VEGETATIVE
ADULT

VEGETATIVE PHASE
STEM/ROOT ELONGATION

INCREASE IN DIAMETER OF CROSS SECTION

INCREASE IN NUMBER AND SIZE OF LEAVES

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
ADULT PHASE

FLOWERING STAGE

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ELONGATION OF STEM/ROOT CEASES

EXPANSION OF IN NUMBER AND SIZE OF LEAVES CEASES
GROWING POINTS DIFFERENTIATED

VEGETATIVE
BUD

FLOWER
BUD

FLOWER
FRUIT
SEED

DEVELOPMENTAL LIFE CYCLE AND

PROPAGATION
ADULT PHASE

ADVANTAGES:

PLANTS MAY NO LONGER RETAIN THE JUVENILE TRANSITION STAGE/

CHARACTERISTICS
PLANTS REMAIN BIOLOGICALLY ADULT INDEFINITELY (FLOWERING
AND FRUITING CHARACTERISTICS)

DISADVANTAGE

IN SOME CASES, VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED PLANTS MAY CONTINUE

TO SHOW JUVENILITY