Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1/07)
21 NOVEMBER 1985
Date of birth
Title
2007/2008
Academic Session:
I declare that this thesis is classified as :
CONFIDENTIAL
RESTRICTED
OPEN ACCESS
Certified by :
SIGNATURE
851121-13-5362
IR AZHAR AHMAD
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
NOTES :
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from
the organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
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I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Civil Engineering
Signature
_____________________________
Name of Supervisor
IR AZHAR AHMAD
Date
25 APRIL 2008
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25 APRIL, 2008
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ii
25 APRIL, 2008
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iii
I declare that this report entitled Analysis and Design of Inclined Column is the
result of my own study except as cited in the references. The report has not been
accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other degree.
Signature
________________________
Name
Date
25 APRIL 2008
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iv
Specially For;
My Parent
My sisters and brothers
Nephews and nieces
For giving me support, love, advices and encourage me all the times
And not forgotten to all my friends and lecturers
Wish we are success in our own future and God Bless us all
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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vi
ABSTRAK
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vii
ABSTRACT
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viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1.2
Statement of Problem
1.3
Objectives
1.4
1.5
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ix
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
2.2
2.2.1 Definition
2.3
Analysis
2.4
Types of Column
2.5
Effective Height
10
2.6
End Condition
10
2.7
Mode of Failure
11
2.8
11
2.9
13
14
14
an Approximately Symmetrical
Arrangement of Beams (3.8.4.4)
2.9.3 Short Braced Columns Support Both
14
15
16
17
2.11
17
2.12
Frame Analysis
19
2.13
Main Reinforcement
21
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CHAPTER
TITLE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
22
3.1
Introduction
22
3.2
24
3.3
Case study
24
3.4
Design process
25
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
27
4.1
Introduction
27
4.2
Frame analysis
43
4.3
Column analysis
29
4.3.1
Inclined column
29
4.3.2
Vertical column
32
CHAPTER
PAGE
TITLE
PAGE
35
5.1
Introduction
35
5.2
35
5.3
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xi
CHAPTER
TITLE
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE
38
6.1
Conclusions
38
6.2
Recommendations
39
REFERENCES
40
Appendices A-F
43
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xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.2.2a
Inclined column.
2.4.1a
2.4.1b
2.4.1c
unbraced in x direction.
2.8a
12
load.
2.8b
13
load.
2.11
18
in inclined column.
2.12.1a
19
2.12.1b
20
2.12.1c
21
3.1
23
3.3
25
4.2a
28
4.2b
28
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xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX.
TITLE
PAGE
43
44
46
53
61
63
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
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and formula of designing inclined column based on BS8110 and a case study of
Cadangan Pembangunan Taman Ekologi Hutan Bandar, Johor Bahru focusing on the
analysis and designing a column only. However, the limitations of references make
the analysis of this research difficult. Thus, the specific solution cannot be obtained.
Furthermore, the design consideration in BS8110 is only specifically for vertical
column.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii) Literature review for analyzing and designing an inclined column based
on specification in British Standard, BS 8110.
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One of the rational reasons this study were conducted is to determine the
method and formula used in designing an inclined column. With the information at
hand, standard method and formula to design an inclined column could be publicized
and more extensive researches could be planned for the future.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
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5
is used even in columns subject only to axial compression as small steel columns and
even though encased in concrete, their slenderness ratio must be limited with
horizontal ties.
2.2.1 Definition
Inclined or leaning means departing or being caused to depart from the true
vertical or horizontal or the property depend on a line or surface that departs from the
vertical or move away from a vertical position.
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Inclined
column
2.3 ANALYSIS
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i)
ii)
There are two types of column which are braced and unbraced column. For
braced column the calculation only considered on dead load and imposed load while
for unbraced column the consideration taken are dead load, imposed load and wind
load.
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In the other word, this column is design to carry both vertical and horizontal
load and this is known as unbraced column as shown in figure 2.4.1b and figure
2.4.1c. With an unbraced column the loading arrangements which include the effects
of the lateral loads must also be considered.
For a braced column the critical arrangement of the ultimate load is usually
causes by the largest moment in the column, together with a large axial load. When
the moments in columns are large and particularly with unbraced columns, it may
also be necessary to check the case of maximum moment combined with the
minimum axial load.
Load
Bearing
Wall
Column
Column
Column
Load
Bearing
Wall
The axial forces due to the vertical loading may be calculated as though the
beams and slabs are simply supported. In some structures it is unlikely that all the
floors of a building will carry the full imposed load at the same instant, therefore, a
reduction is usually allowed in the total imposed load when designing columns and
foundations in buildings which are two or more storey high.
Both columns will be classified into short column and slender column. A
column may be considered as a short column when the ratios of l ex / h and l ey / b are
less than 15 (braced) and 10 (unbraced). On the other hand, slender column may be
considered when the ratios of l ex / h and l ey / b are more than the limit above. Both
l ex and l ey are effective height of a column respectively with x and y axis. According
to Clements (1981), in designing a column the value of h which is the side of the
column that is parallel to the deflection direction have to be considered.
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10
The effective height, l e of a column in a given plane may be obtained from equation
below in BS 8110 (3.8.1.6):
le lo
The values of are given in table 3.19 BS8110: Part 1 for braced column and table
3.20 for unbraced column as a function of the end conditions of the column while l o
is the clear height between end of the column and restraints.
a) Condition 1
The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side
which are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane
considered. Where the column is connected to a foundation structure, this
should be of a form specifically designed to carry moment.
b) Condition 2
The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on
either side which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column in
the plane considered.
11
c) Condition 3
The end of the column is connected to members which, while not
specifically designed to provide restraint to rotation of the column will,
nevertheless, provide some nominal restraint.
d) Condition 4
The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and
rotation.
b) Material failures are caused by the lateral deflection and the additional
moment. This type of failure is typical of indeterminate columns.
A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may face torsion buckling
(sudden twisting) lateral buckling. Eccentricity, e of the load or defects such as initial
bent will decreased the column strength. If the axial load on the column is not
concentric, that is, its line of action is not parallel with the centrically axis of the
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12
For an inclined column, these changes happened to the forces in the structural
members which is bending moment and shear force. The changes are depending on
the magnitude and the inclination direction.
M
e
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13
Where,
N uz
Ac
Asc
f cu
fy
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14
In this type of column, the bending moment is small because of the nonsymmetrically arrangement of the live load at the both side of the column in a
direction.
a) The beam spans do not differ by more than 15 percent of the longer.
b) The beams are designed to support uniformly distributed loads.
2.9.3 Short Braced Columns Support Both Moment and Axial Load (3.8.4.5)
The reinforced area for this type of column can be obtained by using analysis
of section (3.4.4.1) and design charts (3.4.4.2). Symmetrically-reinforced rectangular
sections may be designed to withstand an increased moment about one axis given by:
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15
Mx My
'
h'
b
Mx Mx
Mx My
'
h'
b
My My
'
'
h'
My
b'
b'
Mx
h'
A slender column should be designed for an ultimate axial load (N) plus an
increased moment given by,
M t M i M add
M i Na u
a u a Kh
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16
1 le
The coefficient a
2000 b '
with b ' being generally the smaller dimension of the column section except when
biaxial bending is considered. The coefficient K is a reduction factor to allow for the
fact that the deflection must be less when there is a large proportion of the column
section in compression. The value for K is given by the equation:
N uz N
1. 0
N uz N bal
And N bal is the axial load at balanced failure and may be taken as,
N bal f cu Ac
The maximum additional moment M add occurs near the mid-height of the
column and at this location the initial moment is taken as,
17
Where M 1 the smaller initial end moment due to the design ultimate loads and M 2 is
the corresponding larger initial end moment.
For the usual case with double curvature of a braced column, M 1 should be
taken as negative and M 2 as positive. From figure 3.2.1, the final design moment
should never be taken as less than,
M2
M i M add
M i M add / 2
Or
N emin
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18
L\
L2
L2 / 2
F
e
L2 / 2
P
Y
Figure 2.11 Relationship between load and bending moment in inclined column
The value of w is a total load which is imposed to a beam and will be transferred to
a column in vertical axis. The axial force P can be obtained by using equation:
wL
2
The relationship between load and moment at the mid span can be showed as:
M Pe
L
cos
2
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19
After the slab analysis for determine the design load that will be carried by
beam and column, the beam and column then will be design as a fixed frame to
determine the critical shear forces, axial forces and moments acting at a column. The
frame analyses are divided into two types:
a) braced frame which are considering the live load and dead load only (3.2.1.2).
b) unbraced frame which are considering the live load, dead load and wind load
(3.2.1.3).
By the way, in this research the wind load is not considered because it can be
stated that the inclined column is braced element due to its inclined design.
Therefore, the braced frame is used to determine the forces and the moments. There
are three types of braced frame:
a) Simplification into sub-frames (3.2.1.2.1)
All beams design together with column. The ends of the column are assumed
to be fixed or pinned. The load arrangement is as showed:
20
Beam A-B
K
A
K/2
B
Beam B-C
K/2
K
B
K/2
C
Beam C-D
K/2
K
C
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21
K/2
A
K/2
K/2
B&C
K/2
D
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss the method used to analyze and design inclined
column. The basic step in designing vertical column is then used to analyze and
designing inclined column. The manual calculation will be used by referring to the
project plans of the case study. The outcome from the analysis and the calculation of
the case study will be therefore used to compare with vertical column. All of the
specification and design criteria are accordance to British Standard 8110. Figure 3.1
shows the flow chart of a simplified overview of the project flow from start to its
completion.
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23
SCOPE
START
OBJECTIVES:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
CASE STUDY
ANALYSIS &
COLLECTING
DATA
DESIGN
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
PREPARING FOR
COMPLETE
THESIS REPORT
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24
i)
ii)
Manual calculations
iii)
Computer methods
In this research, the manual calculation is used to determine the moments and forces
react in the column. A braced frame analysis and column analysis will be applied and
the calculation is based on the plan of a case study.
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25
Vertical
Column
Inclined
Column
Ring beam
and Ring
Slab
Ranking Piles
The design process for reinforced concrete column structures consists of the
following steps:
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26
5. If members do not satisfy the specification, modify the design and make
changes at step 2.
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CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The objectives of structural analysis are to determine shear forces, axial force
and moments at the whole structural element. The analysis begins with the
calculation of many types of load that act at the structure. Usually, at the beginning
stage, all sizes used are been estimate first, and then the suitability will be checked.
The analysis can be done with several methods such as:
In this study, the structural analysis is divided into two parts which are the
frame analysis and column analysis. The frame analysis is used to determine the
critical shear forces, axial forces and moments in a column while column analysis is
used to design the column.
In this study, the frame analysis involved are based on 3.2.1.2.1 BS 8110 which
is concern each sub-frame may be taken to consist of the beams at one level together
with the column above and below. The ends of the column are assumed to be fixed.
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28
The moments and the shear forces will be obtain in this analysis. The procedures in
frame analysis invoved:
59.5
9.31
w = 11.89 kN/m
29.8
59.5
9.31
Figure 4.2a Roof Second Floor First Floor (only one case involved - maximum)
59.5
9.31
w1
24.5
208.8
cL
w2
29.8
32.6
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29
Case
1 max, max, max
2 max, min, max
3 min, max, min
w 1 (kN/m)
11.26
11.26
5.20
w 2 (kN/m)
4.02
2.00
4.02
Effective Length:
End Condition:
Top
30
= 0.75 3080
= 2310mm
Checking
l ex 2310
5.8
h
400
l ey 2310
5.8
b
400
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
Column 1
N 1 323.67 kN
P1 307.11kN
Moment analysis
M analysis 13.09kNm
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31
Reinforcement
N 323.67 10 3
2.02 N / mm 2
bh
400 400
M
114.24 10 6
1.785 N / mm 2
bh 2
400 400 2
d 400 25
20
365mm ,
2
d 365
0.91
h 400
Asc
Link
1
16 4mm . R6 mm
4
Clear Distance Maximum 12 16 192mm .150mm
Diameter minimum
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32
Effective Length:
End Condition:
Top
= 0.75 3000
= 2250mm
Checking
l ex 2250
9
h
250
l ey 2250
9
b
250
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
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33
Column 1
M analysis 5.29kNm
N 1 207.67kN
Moment Analysis
Therefore, use
M analysis 5.29kNm
Reinforcement
d 250 25
So,
12
219mm
2
d 219
0.88 0.85
h 250
f cu 30 N / mm 2 , f y 460 N / mm 2 and
d
0.85
h
M
5.29 10 6
0.34
bh 2 250 250 2
N 207.67 10 3
3.32
bh
250 250
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34
From the chart, use the minimum reinforcement for column which is:
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CHAPTER 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION
From the analysis and design, the moments, axial load and reaction force
which is the vertical and horizontal force increase due to increasing of load. The
results are summarized between the inclined column and vertical column based on
the size of column use, the eccentricity, loads, moments and reinforcement obtained.
The results then compared with each other where this two column have same
structural criteria but different in the loadings and the moments.
For inclined column, the value of moments from frame analysis is quite
small, but because of the existing of eccentricity the value of moment taken became
bigger. Column below needs more reinforcement because it supports large number of
loading which is from the roof until the ground floor. For these inclined columns, the
minimum reinforcement area is 640mm 2 while the maximum reinforcement area is
9600mm 2 .
On the other hand, for vertical column, the value of moment taken is small
and the minimum of reinforcement has to be used in almost of the vertical column
except for Column 4. The moment in Column 4 is quite big because it supports all
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36
the loading from the roof to the ground floor. The minimum reinforcement of these
vertical columns is 453 mm 2 and the maximum reinforcement is 3750 mm 2 .
INCLINED COLUMN ( e = 0.372m )
Column size 400 400 mm
Column 1
N = 323.67 kN
N = 207.67 kN
M = 114.24 kNm
M = 5.29 kNm
4T16 (A s = 804 mm 2 )
4T12 (A s = 453 mm 2 )
R6 150
R6 125
Column 2
Column 2
N = 761.07 kN
N = 440.9 kN
M = 253.66 kNm
M = 21.14 kNm
4T12 (A s = 453 mm 2 )
R8 150
R6 125
Column 3
Column 3
N = 1212.99 kN
N = 666.15 kN
M = 415.60 kNm
M = 8.91 kNm
4T12 (A s = 453 mm 2 )
R8 300
R6 125
Column 4
Column 4
N = 1765.54 kN
N = 1017.34 kN
M = 600.50 kNm
M = 32.43 kNm
mm )
R10 300
R8 100
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37
Inclined Column
Vertical Column
Frame Analysis
a) Stiffness value considered the
inclined length.
Column Design
a) The effective length take the
inclined length, l e .
b) Considered the eccentricity.
min
or
zero eccentricity.
Result
a) Has a large value of moment
due to the eccentricity and
load.
b) Big size of column.
c) Need more reinforcement.
d) Have horizontal force to
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CHAPTER 6
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
i)
The equilibrium forces (moments, axial load and reaction force) act in
a column is important to get correct detailing of reinforcement.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
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39
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Stated here are some recommendations that can be organised for future studies:
a) Use different materials in designing the structure such as steel and wood.
d) Do the analysis and designing inclined column for slender column and
unbraced frame.
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REFERENCES
10. Nota Kuliah SAB 4333 Rekabentuk Konkrit Bertetulang 2, berpandukan BS 8110
1997, disediakan oleh Prof. Madya Dr. Ramli Abdullah.
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41
11. Mohd. Azrul Helmi bin Yusof (2004), Carta Rekabentuk untuk Keratan Tiang
Konkrit Tidak Seragam. Projek Sarjana Muda. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
12. Nazarina bt. Munjiyat (2007), Analisis Tiang Condong. Projek Sarjana Muda.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX B
FRAME ANALYSIS
Roof - Second Floor - First Floor
26.18
0.18
0.6
5.98
19.42
0.4
0.4
19.42
5.98
0.6
0.18
26.18
0.2
-48.55
9.71
-14.95
2.99
-1.5
0.3
0.46
0.09
-52.37
-10.57
-0.03
-0.29
-0.93
-9.32
0.192
0.192
0.616
48.55
-29.9
4.86
-2.99
1.5
0.92
0.15
0.09
21.16
-9.32
-0.93
-0.29
-0.03
-10.57
Table 1
First Floor - Ground Floor - Foundation
0.084
0.31
-67.79
5.69
-7.73
0.65
-0.43
0.04
54.15
-74.56
48.33
5.51
0.301
65.79
-15.46
2.85
-0.86
0.33
-0.1
-6.28
-0.04
-0.33
-5.91
0.115
0.401
-20.6
-1.14
-0.13
54.55 21.87
0.183
-16.42
-9.4
0
-0.63
0
-0.07
-26.52
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0.084
-67.79
48.33
6.4
0.31
55.04
6.91
-8.98
0.75
-0.43
0.04
70.72
0.301
-7.23
-0.04
-0.33
-6.86
0.115
0.401
67.79
0.183
-8.17
-17.95 23.91
2.85
-0.86 -1.14
0.38
-0.11 -0.15
52.1 -25.2
-10.91
0
-0.52
0
-0.07
-19.67
0.102
-31.31
2.63
-2.24
0.19
0.2
0.02
-30.91
0.301
31.31
-4.48
1.32
-0.4
0.1
-0.03
27.82
-1.87
-0.01
-0.15
-1.71
0.115
0.401
-5.97
-0.53
-0.04
-6.54
0.183
-16.42
-2.72
0
-0.24
0
-0.02
-19.4
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APPENDIX C
COLUMN ANALYSIS
Inclined column
Effective Length:
End Condition:
Top
= 0.75 3080
= 2310mm
Checking
l ex 2310
5.8
h
400
l ey 2310
5. 8
b
400
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
Column 1
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N 1 323.67 kN
P1 307.11kN
M analysis 13.09kNm
N 323.67 10 3
2.02 N / mm 2
bh
400 400
M
114.24 10 6
1.785 N / mm 2
bh 2
400 400 2
d 400 25
20
365mm ,
2
d 365
0.91
h 400
Asc
Link
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1
16 4mm . R6 mm
4
Clear Distance Maximum 12 16 192mm .150mm
Diameter minimum
Column 2
N 2 761.07 kN
P2 681.88kN
M analysis 52.36kNm
M inclined P.e
= 681.88 ( 0.372)
= 253.66kNm > M analysis
N 761.07 10 3
4.76 N / mm 2
bh
400 400
M
253.66 10 6
3.96 N / mm 2
bh 2
400 400 2
d 400 25
20
365mm ,
2
d 365
0.91
h 400
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100 Asc
1. 5
bh
Asc
Link
1
25 6.3mm . R8 mm
4
Clear Distance Maximum 12 16 192mm .150mm
Diameter minimum
Column 3
N 3 1212.99kN
P3 117.24kN
M analysis 20.92kNm
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N 1212.99 10 3
7.58 N / mm 2
bh
400 400
M
415.6 10 6
6.49 N / mm 2
2
2
bh
400 400
d 400 25
20
365mm ,
2
d 365
0.91
h 400
Asc
Link
1
32 8mm . R8 mm
4
Clear Distance Maximum 12 25 300mm .300mm
Diameter minimum
Column 4
Effective Length:
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End Condition:
Top
= 0.75 520
= 390mm
Checking
l ex 390
0.98
h 400
l ey 390
0.98
b 400
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
N1 1765.54kN
P1 1614.26kN
M analysis 69.39kNm
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N 1765.54 10 3
11.03 N / mm 2
bh
400 400
M
600.5 10 6
9.38 N / mm 2
2
2
bh
400 400
d 400 25
20
365mm ,
2
d 365
0.91
h 400
100 Asc
5.5
bh
Asc
Link
1
40 10mm . R10 mm
4
Clear Distance Maximum 12 25 300mm .300mm
Diameter minimum
0.4
400 400 640mm 2
100
Maximum Reinforcement
6% bh =
6
400 400 9600mm 2
100
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APPENDIX D
COLUMN ANALYSIS
Vertical Column
Effective Length:
End Condition:
Top
= 0.75 3000
= 2250mm
Checking
l ex 2250
9
h
250
l ey 2250
9
b
250
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
Column 1
M analysis 5.29kNm
N 1 207.67kN
Moment Analysis
M analysis 5.29 kNm
Therefore, use
M analysis 5.29kNm
Reinforcement
d 250 25
So,
12
219mm
2
d 219
0.88 0.85
h 250
f cu 30 N / mm 2 , f y 460 N / mm 2 and
d
0.85
h
M
5.29 10 6
0.34
bh 2 250 250 2
N 207.67 10 3
3.32
bh
250 250
From the chart, use the minimum reinforcement for column which is:
4T12 with As 453mm 2
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Column 2
N 2 440.9kN
Moment Analysis
M analysis 21.14kNm
M analysis 21.14kNm
Reinforcement
d 250 25
So,
12
219mm
2
d 219
0.88 0.85
h 250
f cu 30 N / mm 2 , f y 460 N / mm 2 and
d
0.85
h
M
21.14 10 6
1.35
bh 2 250 250 2
N 440.9 10 3
7.05
bh
250 250
From the chart, use the minimum reinforcement for column which is:
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Column 3
N 3 666.15kN
Moment Analysis
M analysis 8.91kNm
Therefore, use
M analysis 8.95kNm
Reinforcement
d 250 25
So,
12
219mm
2
d 219
0.88 0.85
h 250
Use Chart No. 28 with
f cu 30 N / mm 2 , f y 460 N / mm 2 and
d
0.85
h
M
8.91 10 6
0.57
bh 2 250 250 2
N 666.15 10 3
10.66
bh
250 250
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From the chart, use the minimum reinforcement for column which is:
4T12 with As 453mm 2
Link
Diameter minimum =
1
12 3 mm.. use R8
4
Column 4
N 4 1017.34kN
Effective Length:
l ex ley : l o 1000 500 500
End Condition:
Top
= 0.75 500
= 375mm
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Checking
l ex 375
1.5
h 250
l ey 375
1.5
b 250
Both values are less than 15, so the column is short column.
Moment Analysis
M analysis 32.43kNm
Therefore, use
M analysis 32.79kNm
Reinforcement
d 250 25
So,
20
215mm
2
d 215
0.86 0.85
h 250
f cu 30 N / mm 2 , f y 460 N / mm 2 and
d
0.85
h
M
32.43 10 6
2.08
bh 2 250 250 2
N 1017.34 10 3
16.3
bh
250 250
From the chart,
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100 Asc
2.2
bh
Asc
Diameter minimum =
1
20 5 . Use R8
4
Minimum Reinforcement
0.4 % bh =
0.4
250 250 250mm 2
100
But in BS8110 stated that, minimum area of reinforcement in a column at least 0.4%
bh (Table 3.25) and the minimum bar should be 4 in rectangular columns and the
size of bar should not be less than 12mm. So, in this research the minimum
reinfoecement used is 4T12 ( As = 453mm 2 ).
Maximum Reinforcement
6% bh =
6
250 250 3750mm 2
100
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DATA-DATA TERLIBAT
1. fcu = 30N/mm2
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