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LabReportIntegumentarySystem

Theskinismadeupofthreelayers:epidermis,dermis,andthesubcutaneouslayer.Theepidermisis
theoutermostlayeroftheskinandisresponsibleforprotection.Thislayercontainskeratinocytes,
melanocytes,langerhanscellsandmerkelcells.Thenextlayer,thedermis,isthelayermadeupof
fibrousandelastictissuesuchascollagen,elastinandfibrillinthatgivestheskinstrengthand
flexibility.Thedermisalsoincludesnerveendings,sweatglands,hairfollicles,sebaceousglandsand
bloodvessels.Fact:Whensebaceousglandactivityincreasesscalpitchingandflakingcanoccur.(Ro
BI.Dawson,TL.2005)Underneaththedermisisthesubcutaneouslayerwhichfunctionsasinsulation
forthebody.Thesubcutaneouslayeralsoprovidesaprotectivepadding.

Figure1:LipPrintLipprintsareusedinidentificationprocessesforlegal,personalandsocial
reasons.(Dineshshankar,J.2013)

Figure2:FingerprintFirstusedin1903toidentifycriminalsbytheNewYorkStatePrison.

Figure3:MoleMolesareformedwhenmelanocytesgrowinclusterswithtissuesurroundingthe
area.(Causes.2011)

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Sensorypathwaysconsistofthechainofneurons,fromreceptororganstocerebralcortex,thatare
responsiblefortheperceptionofsensations.Typesofreceptorsincludefreenerveendings,Meissners
corpuscles,Paciniancorpuscles,Golgitendonorgans,Ruffiniscorpusclesandjointreceptors.Sensory
informationprocessedbythesomatosensorysystemstravelalongdifferentanatomicalpathways
dependingontheinformationcarried.Forexample,thespinothalamicpathwayscarrycrudetouch,
pain,andtemperatureinformationfromthebody.Paciniancorpusclesarethelargestofthe
corpuscularreceptorsofthedermisandarecharacterizedbyanelaborateinnercoreofstacksof
numerousthinlamellaearrangedinabilaterallysymmetricalmanner.(Munger,B.2011)

Figure4:TwoPointDiscriminationBarGraphDatafromtheRangeofDistanceofTouchReceptors
onLeftSide

Figure5:HomunculusDrawingovertouchreceptorsinthebodyaccordingtoeachbodypartandthe
amountofdistancebetweenthetouchreceptors.

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Thepurposeofsweatglandsisforthermoregulationwhichaidsinhomeostasis.Thermoregulationis
assistedbycountercurrentheatexchangesbetweenarterialandvenousbloodflows.Theacuteeffect
oflightonthermoregulationinducesagreaterhyperthermiceffect.(Cajochen,C.2013)
Ifitiscoldthebodyallowslessbloodflowtotheskininordertoprotectthecoretemperature.
However,ifitishotthebodysuppliesbloodflowtotheskinwhichincreasesasthearteriolesdilate.
Sweatcanoccurthroughthermal,psychogenicandexercisestresses.Localthermalcontrolof
cutaneousbloodvesselscancausemaximalvasodilationinhealthyhumansandincludesrolesforboth
localsensorynervesandnitricoxide.(WirzJustice,A.2013)

Figure6:EccrineSweatGlandDensitydatatableandbargraphoverthesweatglandsinfourdifferent
bodyregionsindividuallyandwithclassaverage.

Figure7:VascularityRecruitmentdataofthebodyregionspalm,anteriorforearmandcheek.Thedata
providesrecoveryratesandminimumandmaximumlevelsoftherecoveryratesaftericeandafter
exercise.

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TheEccrineSweatGlandDensitylabprovedthattherightanteriormedialpalmhadthegreatest
density.ThedatainFigure6comparedtopublisheddataofscientistsTaylorandMachadoMoreira
differedbecausetheirdatahad241glandsinthepalmascomparedtothedatainFigure6whichshows
115.However,itisstillsupportedthatinbothdatathepalmhasthegreatestdensity.TheEffectsof
VascularityonSkinTemperaturerecoverydata,showninFigure7,provedthatwhentheanterior
forearmisicedtherecoveryratewaslongerthantwominutesandthirtyseconds.Also,afterexercise
andbeingheatedtheanteriorforearmsrecoveryratewaslongerthantheestimatedtwominutesand
thirtyseconds.TheanteriorforearmislessvascularthanthecheekasprovenbyscientistKevinEvans.
TheTwoPointDiscriminationtestasshowninFigure4and5provedthatthedistancebetweenthe
touchreceptorsofthescalp,whichwas2mm,waslessthanthedistancebetweenthetouchreceptorsof
thepalm,whichwas4mm.ThisdatacomparedtothepublisheddataofneuroscientistMarjorieA.
Murraydiffersbecausethedistanceofthetouchreceptorsofthepalmwas10mm.However,the
distanceofthetouchreceptorsofthescalpwasnottestedinMurraysdata.

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Causes.(2011,December6).RetrievedOctober20,2014,from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/moles/basics/causes/CON20019745
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Dineshshankar,J.(2013,January5).LipPrints:RoleinForensicOdontology.Retrieved
October20,2014,fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3722715/
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Munger,B.(2011).TheStructureandFunctionofCutaneousSensoryReceptors.Archivesof
HistologyandCytology,51(1),11.RetrievedOctober21,2014,from
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aohc1988/51/1/51_1_1/_article
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RoBI,DawsonTL(2005).Theroleofsebaceousglandactivityandscalpmicroflora
metabolismintheetiologyofseborrheicdermatitisanddandruff.JInvestigativeDermatolSP.
200510(3):1947.
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WirzJustice,A.(2013).HighSensitivityofHumanMelatonin,Alertness,Thermoregulation,
andHeartRatetoShortWavelengthLight.TheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&
Metabolism,90(3),11.RetrievedOctober22,2014,from
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.20040957