Biological Materials in Engineering Mechanisms

Muscles are natural actuators.

Actuators are controllable machines that convert
energy to mechanical work by means of a shape or
dimensional change.
Braided pneumatic muscle
first developed in the 1950s specifically for use
in artificial limbs.
consists of an expandable fiber mesh wrapped
around an inflatable bladder.
When the bladder is filled with pressurized air, its
volume increases.