SEWAGE TREATMENT

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
IN DESIGN & OPERATION

Dr. Ananth S. Kodavasal
Ecotech Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.
1
As presented in The Water Workshop organized by
ApartmentADDA.com

FEBRUARY 2012
CONTENTS

1. WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS/ IMPACT

2. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL UNIT
OPERATIONS

3. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT VARIANTS

4. PROS AND CONS


2
1.WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS/
IMPACT
WHY WASTEWATER TREATMENT ?
- COMPLIANCE WITH LAW
- WASTE MINIMISATION / RESOURCE RECOVERY
- IMPROVED SURFACE/ GROUND WATER QUALITY
- IMPROVED PUBLIC HEALTH
- IMPROVED FLORA & FAUNA
- LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
3
POLLUTING INDUSTRIES

DOMESTIC ( BPO/ SOFTWARE/ RESIDENTIAL)
METALS / MINERALS PROCESSING
FOOD PROCESSING INCL. FERMENTATION
OIL & PETROCHEMCALS
CHEMICALS, BULK DRUGS
TEXTILES
PULP & PAPER
ETC., ETC. 4
TYPES & EFFFECTS OF POLLUTION

O&G : TREATMENT EFICIENCY
AESTHETICS
HEAVY METALS : TOXICITY
ORGANIC CMPDS. : TOXICITY
BOD/ COD : OXYGEN DEPLETION
N, P : EUTROPHICATION
PATHOGENS : DISEASES
5
THREE CARDINAL RULES
FOR A GOOD WWT PLANT

PROPER DESIGN OF TRTMNT PLANT

PROPER ENGG. OF TRTMNT PLANT

PROPER O&M OF TREATMENT PLANT



6
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISATION

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

1. TO ASSESS COMPLIANCE
2. TO DETERMINE TREATMENT REQUIRED


7




SOME PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
pH
COLOUR
ODOUR
TURBIDITY
SOLIDS SUSPENDED/ DISSOLVED
TEMPERATURE

8

SOME CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
ORGANIC CONTENT
SPECIFIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TOXIC COMPOUNDS
HEAVY METALS
REACTIVITY
( CONVENTIONAL MEASURES SUCH AS COD
TOD, TOC )
9

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

RELATIVE BIODEGRADEABILITY
TYPE OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

(COMMON MEASURE IS BOD )

REFRACTORY ORGANICS
INHIBITORY COMPOUNDS
TOXIC COMPOUNDS
10
WASTEWATER QUANTITY,
DISCHARGE PATTERN

DAILY AVERAGE
HOURLY AVG./ PEAK HOUR
CONTINUOUS / INTERMITTENT
BATCH DUMP
NO. OF SHIFTS
WEEKEND FLOW

11
MICRO
BES
FOOD
O2
NUTR.
+ ENERGY
+ GASES
+ PRODUCTS




12
BASIC BIOLOGICAL
REACTION
MORE
MICROBES
2. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL
UNIT OPERATIONS IN WWT
PHYSICAL TREATMENT METHODS

SCREENING, GRIT REMOVAL
O&G REMOVAL
EQUALISATION/ HOMOGENISATION
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION
ADSORPTION
OTHER TERTIARY TREATMENT METHODS

13


CHEMICAL TREATMENT METHODS

NEUTRALISATION
OXIDATION/ REDUCTION
COAGULATION / COLOUR REMOVAL
PRECIPITATION
DEEMULSIFICATION
CHLORINATION OZONATION

14



BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS

ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL METHODS

AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL METHODS

FACULTATIVE BIOLOGICAL METHODS


15
3. AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
VARIANTS
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE ( EAAS)

MOVING BED/ FIXED BED BIOLOGICAL REACTOR
( MBBR / FBR / SAFF / %#@+)

SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR (SBR)

MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR)

OTHERS
16
EAAS SUSPENDED M.O

EQ. TNK
AER.TNK
INT SUMP
P
S
F
A
C
F
SET. TNK
SLUDGE HNDLNG
FNL TNK
CL 2 AIR BLOWERS
17
MBBR ATTACHED M.O
SAME AS EAAS - EXCEPT

1. NEED TO HAVE PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATION

2. PLASTIC MEDIA INTRODUCED IN
AERATION TANK TO INCREASE
SURFACE AREA FOR MICROBES TO
ATTACH
18
VIEW OF MBBR TANK
PLASTIC MEDIA FLUIDISED IN TANK
19
SBR BATCH REACTOR
20
MBR MEMBRANE
BIOREACTOR - IMMERSED
21
MBR MEMBRANE
BIOREACTOR - SIDESTREAM

22
22
22
EAAS
PROS CONS
TIME TESTED AREA REQMNT
PROVEN
CONSISTENT QLTY
POWER CONSMPTN
OP. FLEXIBILITY
GOOD SLUDGE
QUALITY
EASY MONITORING
CONTROL
LOW SKILL LVLS
23
SBR
PROS CONS
LESS NO. OF UNITS SOPHISTICATED
DECANTER REQD.
LESS POWER NUMBER OF
BATCHES LIMITS
NOT SUITED FOR
HIGH PEAK FLOWS
MORE LOAD ON
FILTERS
SLUDGE HANDLING
ISSUES
24
MBBR
PROS CONS
NONE KNOWN NEED PRIMARY
SETTLING
POOR ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
SLUDGE HANDLING
ISSUES
MONITORING,
CONTROL DIFFICULT
DIFFUSERS MTCE.
ISSUES
25
MBR
PROS CONS
GOOD QUALITY
WATER
HIGH INITIAL &
REPLCMNT COSTS
HIGH POWER
HIGH CHEMICALS
UNRESOLVED OP.
ISSUES
HIGH SKILLS
HIGH LVL
PRETRTMNT
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
- EAAS STILL REMAINS THE
WORKHORSE OF THE INDUSTRY
- TIME TESTED, PROVEN,
CONSISTENT RESULTS
- FLEXIBLE
- LOW LIFETIME COSTS
- EASY MTCE, MONITORING, CONTROL
27
DESIGN BASIS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREAMTMENT

AEROBIC TREATMENT

pH
TEMPERATURE
FOOD
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
TYPE OF WASTE
FOOD TO MICROORGANISMS ( F/M)
28

SLUDGE AGE
MLSS LEVEL
SLUDGE RETURN RATE
EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION
DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL
MIXING IN AERATION TANK
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE
TYPE OF MICROORGANISMS

29

SECONDAY CLARIFIER DESIGN

OVERFLOW RATE
WEIR RATE
SLUDGE LOADING RATE
RETENTION TIME
MECHANICAL RAKE ARM DESIGN


30

SLUDGE HANDLING

PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY SLUDGE
SLUDGE THICKENING
SLUDGE CONDITIONING
SLUDGE DEWATERING
DRYING BEDS,
FILTER PRESS, VAC. FILTER
CENTRIFUGE
31

TYPICAL INTEGRATION OF TREATMENT UNITS/
STAGES

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SECONDARY TREATMENT
TERTIARY TREATMENT


32
TYPICAL FLOWSHEET OF TREATMENT
SCREEN GRIT/GRSE EQLSTN SETTLING
AN. REACTOR AER. TANK
SEC. CLRFR
SAND FILTER AC FILTER
SLDGE HNDLNG
SEC. TRTMENT
PR. TRTMENT
TERT. TRTMENT
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ADVANCED WWT TREATMENT ( TERTIARY)

ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
NUTRIENT REMOVAL
AIR STRIPPING
CHEMICAL COAGULATION/ SETTLING
CHEMICAL OXIDATION
MICRON/ ULTRA FILTRATION
REVERSE OSMOSIS
UV RADIATION 34
4. OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
PROBLEMS

SCREEN : CLOGGING, ODOUR
GRIT CHAMBER : POOR SEPARATION
PRMRY CLRFIER : FLOATING SLUDGE
LOW SOLIDS IN SLUDGE
AERATION TANK : FOAMING, MIXING,
OVER/ UNDER AERATION
SEC. CLRFIER : BULKING SLUDGE
PIN POINT FLOCS 35

SEC. CLRFIER : NO CLARITY IN WATER
POOR SLUDGE SETTLING
PR. SAND FILTER : INSUFFICIENT CLARITY
BACK PRESSURE HIGH
ACT. CARB. FLTR : NO IMPROVEMENT
ETP OPERATOR : UNTRAINED
UN MOTIVATED
UN SUPERVISED
INDISCPLINED
DESIGN FAULTS : REDESIGN/ REENGINEER
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IMP. ACTS AND RULES ON ENV.
PROTECTION

Water (Prevention & control of pollution) Act,
1974

Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act,
1981

Environment (Protection) Act, 1980

Factories Act, 1948

37

The Water (Prevention & control of
pollution) Cess Act, 1977

The Indian Boilers Act, 1923

The Water (Prevention & control of
pollution) Rules, 1975

The Air (Prevention & control of pollution)
Rules, 1982

The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1980

38
Scheme on Labelling of Environment
friendly products (Eco-mark)- criteria for
packaging materials (G.S.R. 621 (E) dt. 6
Sept. 1995

Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989

Manufacture, Storage and import of
Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989

Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning,
preparedness & Response) Rules, 1996

The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
39


The Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, 2003

The Batteries (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2001

The Environment (Protection) Amendment
Rules, 2000

The Noise Pollution (Regulation & control)
Act, 2000


40

ECOTECH COMPANY PROFILE

ESTABLISHED IN 1986
DESIGN, ENGINEERING OF TREATMENT PLANTS
COMMISSIONING, UPGRADATION, O&M
REIA, WATER, WASTEWATER, ETP AUDIT
OVER 600 PROJECTS HANDLED ALL OVER INDIA
OVER 80 O&M AMC CONTRACTS AT PRESENT
QUALIFIED, EXPERIENCED AND DEDICATED STAFF
3 ENV. SCIENTISTS/ ENGINEERS
8 FIELD, QUALITY & TRAINING OFFICERS
8 MECHANICS/ ELECTRICIAN
OVER 80 EXPERIENCED SUPERVISORS






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