Section4.

5Periodicity
Whatisperiodicityontheperiodictable?
Thepredictablepatternbywhichpropertiesofelementschangeacrossordown
theperiodictable
Therearealwaysexceptionstotheseperiodicitytrends...eachofthe
trendsisageneraltrendasyoumoveacrossaperiodordownagroup
Tren1:AtomicRadii
Whatisatomicradius?
Halfofthedistancebetweenthenucleioftwobondedatoms
AtomicRadiiTrendsReasoning,Part1
Whydoatomicradiidecreaseacrossaperiod?
Movinglefttoright,thenumberofprotons,neutrons,andelectronsallincrease
Asthenumberofprotonselectronsincrease,theattractionbetweenthepositive
nucleusandnegativeelectroncloudincreases
Thisattractionpullsinontheelectrons
AtomicRadiiTrendsReasoning,Part2
Whydoatomicradiiincreasedownagroup?
Protons,neutronsandelectronsarealsoaddedasyoumovedownagroup.
However,theelectronsareaddedinnewenergylevels.
Theinnerelectronsshieldthenewouterelectronsfromthepullofthenucleus,
thereforeitdoesntpulllikeinthelastslide.
Trend2:IonizationEnergy
WhatisIonizationEnergy?
Theenergyneededtoremovetheoutermostelectron
IonizationEnergyTrendsReasoning,Part1
WhydoesIonizationEnergyincreaseacrossaperiod?
Movinglefttoright,theradiusoftheatomdecreasesasmoreprotonspullon
moreelectrons.
Moveacrosstheperiodictable>
RadiusDecreases>
IEIncreases>
Whenanatomissmaller,theelectronsareclosertothenucleus,andtherefore
feelthepullmorestrongly
Itishardertopullelectronsawayfromthesesmalleratoms
IonizationEnergyTrendsReasoning,Part2
Whydoesionizationenergydecreasedownagroup?
Asyoumovedownagroup,theradiusincreasesasmoreelectronsshellsare
added.
Movedowntheperiodictable>
RadiusIncreases>
IEDecreases>
Astheouterelectrons(thoseinvolvedinbonding)arefartherfromthenucleus,
theywillfeelthepullofthenucleusless.
Itiseasiertoremoveanelectronfromalargeratom.
Trend#3
WhatisElectronAffinity?
Energyreleasedwhenanelectronsisaddedtoanatom
ElectronAffinityTrendsReasoning,Part1
WhydoesElectronAffinityincreaseacrossaperiod?
Movingtothelefttoright,theradiusoftheatomdecreasesasmoreprotonspull
onmoreelectrons.
Moveacrosstheperiodictable>
RadiusDecreases>
EAIncreases>
Whenanatomissmaller,theelectronsareclosertothenucleus,andtherefore
feelthepullmorestrongly
Asmalleratomcanhandleanextraelectronmoreeasilyasitcanbemore
controlledbytheclosernucleus
ElectronAffinityTrendsReasoning,Part2
Whydoeselectronaffinitydecreasedownagroup?
Asyoumovedownagroup,theradiusincreasesasmoreelectronsshellsare
added
Movedowntheperiodictable>
RadiusIncreases>
EADecreases>
Astheouterelectrons(thoseinvolvedinbonding)arefartherfromthenucleus,
theywillfeelthepullofthenucleusless.
Thelargeratomislessabletocontrolanewelectronadded
IonicChargeandRadii
Reviewsomedefinitions
Ion>Atomwithacharge
Cation>Positivelychargedion.Resultsfromlossofelectrons.
Anion>Negativelychargedion.Resultsfromgainofelectrons
IonicRadiiCations
Howdoestheradiusofacationcomparetotheparentatom?
Atomsloseelectronstocreatepositiveions
Creatingacation,losingelectrons>
RadiusDecreases>
Whenelectronsarelost,therearenowmoreprotonsthanelectrons
Therefore,theprotonshaveagreaterpulloneachoftheelectrons
IonicRadiiAnions
Howdoestheradiusofananioncomparetotheparentatom?
Atomsgainelectronstocreatenegativeions
Creatingananion,gainingelectrons>
RadiusIncreases>
Whenelectronsaregained,therearenowmoreelectronsthanprotons
Therefore,theprotonshaveaweakerpulloneachoftheelectrons

ExtraNotes:
E=M(C)
2
E>Energy
M>Mass
C>SpeedofLight