Unit 1 Matter, Pure Substances, Mixtures, Physical and Chemical

Properties

Station 1

Matter Anything that has mass or takes up space can be considered matter.

Three States of Matter



Increase in particle movement

Heating Curve - Temperature remains constant WHILE the phase
change occurs



Melting Point Boiling Point


Physical Properties - Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the
identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are
examples of physical properties.

Chemical Properties Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to form a new
substance

Physical Change Original Substance is not FUNDAMENTALLY changed
Chemical Change Original Substance is FUNDAMENTALLY changed

Elements Examples: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Silicon, ANYTHING ON THE
PERIODIC TABLE

Compounds Examples: Two or more elements CHEMICALLY BONDED together

Mixtures Examples: Sand, Peanut Butter, Kool-Aid, Cereal

Density = Mass / Volume

Density = grams / mL (cm
3
)



Oil is the least dense! Corn syrup is the most dense!


Phases of Matter

Solid Liquid = Melting Solid Gas = Sublimation
Liquid Gas = Evaporation

Liquid Solid = Freezing
Gas Liquid = Condensation

Unit 2 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

Station 2

Atom Smallest Unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.





PARTICLE CHARGE LOCATION MASS (AMU)
Proton + (positive) Nucleus 1
Neutron 0 (neutral) Nucleus 1
Electron - (negative) Outside 0

Isotopes Atoms of the same element with a different number of
neutrons.

Isotope Notation Mass number

Sodium - 24 Sodium 22
Protons =11 Protons = 11
Neutrons = 13 Neutrons = 11

Atomic Notation


element: Carbon
# protons: 6
# electrons: 6
mass #: 14


Valence electrons electrons in the outermost shell

Oxidation numbers Tell us what kind of ion will form based on the number of
valence electrons

Cations Positively charged ions

Anions Negatively charged ions




The REACTIVITY of an atom of an element is determined by the NUMBER OF
VALENCE ELECTRONS.

For example, Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium will want to GIVE their 1 electron away
and will thus be very reactive with elements like Fluorine, Chlorine, or Bromine (who
want to take 1 electron)





C
14
6
Unit 3 Chemical Bonding

Station 3


Ionic bonds occur between METALS and NON-METALS (electrons transferred)

Covalent Bonds occur between NON-METALS and NON-METALS (electrons shared)

Metallic Bonds occur between METALS and METALS (electrons in sea)

Ionic Bonds

Swap, Drop and Chop Oxidation Numbers

Examples:

Sodium Phosphide Calcium Nitride
Na
+1
P
-3
Ca
+2
N
-3


Na3P Ca3N2



When naming: first element + second element (minus last letters + -ide)

Examples:

K3N MgS

Potassium Nitride Magnesium Sulfide

Covalent Bonds

1. Write first element name
2. Add PREFIX before the element name *mono is NOT used on the 1
st
element name*
3. Repeat steps 1 & 2 for 2
nd
element name
4. Add ide ending to 2
nd
element

1 Mono
2 Di
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nano
10 Deca

Examples

Phosphorous Tribromide PBr3

Carbon Monoxide CO

Sulfur Dichloride SCl2

CF4 Carbon Tetrafluoride

P2S3 Diphosophorous trisulfide

PBr3 Phosphorous Tribromide

Polyatomic Ions

Ammonium (NH4)
+1
EXAMPLE: Calcium Phosphate
Nitrate (NO3)
-1
Ca
+2
(PO4)
-3

Hydroxide (OH)
-1

Carbonate (CO3)
-2
Ca3(PO4)2
Sulfate (SO4)
-2

Phosphate (PO4)
-3



Unit 4 Chemical Reactions

Station 4

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Synthesis

8Fe + S8 8FeS

Decomposition

2H2O 2H2 + O2

Single Replacement

2KCl + Ag AgCl2 + 2K

Double Replacement

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

Combustion

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water
C10H8 + 12O2 10 CO2 + 4H2O

Balancing Chemical Reactions

We balance chemical equations so that the MASS of the REACTANTS is the same as
the MASS of the PRODUCTS because of the Law of Conservation of Mass

Step 1: Count each atom of each element
Step 2: Change coefficients and revise Atom Count chart


Unit 5 Acids and Base

Station 5

Characteristics of Acids
-Sour
-Conduct electricity
-H
+
ions
-pH 0-7

Characteristics of Bases
-Bitter
-Slippery
-Conduct electricity
-OH
-
ions
-pH 7-14

pH Scale

0 ------------------------------7------------------------14
Acidic Neutral Basic

Identifying Acids or Bases

If it starts with a Hydrogen (H
+
) then it is an acid.

If it contains an OH, then it is a base.

a) H3P ACID
b) NH4OH BASE
c) HC6H7O7 ACID
d) NaOH BASE