Rudiments of Mass Transfer

By molecular diffusion process and also bulk flow

(convection)

The driving force is concentration gradient (ordinary

diffusion)

Analogous to heat transfer

Molecular diffusion is analogous to heat conduction

Bulk flow (convection) is also carried by turbulent eddies

This chapter's focus is on molecular diffusion

Applications in

droplet evaporation (fuel sprays)

pecies transport in flame

Mass transfer rate laws

!ick's law of diffusion

"onsider # species A $ B diffusing into one

another

!or %& binary diffusion

Mass flu'

Binary diffusivity

(eneral form of mass transfer rate
law

Mass form

Molar form

Total mass flu' is given as

ubstituting each species mass flu' and

rearranging)

Thus* for binary mi'ture* knowing

+ther driving forces

&iffusion driven by concentration gradient is

called ordinary diffusion

&iffusion can also be driven by

Temperature gradient (oret effect)

,ressure gradient

Molecular basis of diffusion

!rom kinetic theory of gases* average

molecular properties can be defined)

Assuming no bulk flow* net flu' of A at the '-

plane is

Together with molecular properties above and

other constitutive relations* the binary diffusivity
can be e'pressed as

depends strongly on temperature but

does not

pecies conservation

"onsider a control volume with thickness

The net rate of increase of mass A depends on

mass fluxes and reaction rates

ubstituting terms based on binary diffusion*

and taking limits as we get

!or steady state* we get the %& species

conservation

ome applications

tefan problem

.i/uid vapor interface boundary condition

&roplet evaporation

tefan problem

&iffusion of A through a
stagnant column of B

The basis for droplet

evaporation analysis

Assume

!lowing A conc'tn less

than evap'n A conc'tn

teady state

B insoluble in li/ A
(stagnant column of B)

Results of tefan problem

Mass conservation

Binary diffusion e/'n becomes

Rearranging and integrating

with assumed boundary
conditions)

.i/uid-vapor interface B0"0

Assume e/uilibrium at interface

,artial pressure ,
A
in gas 1 saturation pressure of
li/uid

Temperature is continuous and the same

2nergy is conserved

.i/uid-vapor interface B0"0

&roplet evaporation

2/uivalent to tefan
problem but done in
spherical coordinate