1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 METHODS
1.3 GUIDANCE
1.4 FACTOR OF SAFETY
1.5 CONSEQUENCES OF A FAILURE
1.6 COMPETENCE
2. SCOPE
3. BACKGROUND
4. TYPES OF DEFECTS CONSIDERED
5. METHODOLOGY FOR CONDUCTING A FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE ASSESSMENT
5.1 IS A FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE ASSESSMENT APPROPRIATE?
5.2 THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL AND COMPLEXITY OF A FITNESS-FORPURPOSE ASSESSMENT
5.3 LOADS
5.4 THE PIPELINE DEFECT ASSESSMENT MANUAL
5.5 SPECIALIST ADVICE
5.6 DOCUMENTING A FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE ASSESSMENT
6. THE FORMAT OF THE PIPELINE DEFECT ASSESSMENT MANUAL
7. THE DEFINITION OF ACCEPTANCE
7.1 THE FAILURE LOAD
7.2 UNCERTAINTY IN PREDICTIONS OF THE FAILURE LOAD
7.3 RECOMMENDED ALLOWANCE FOR UNCERTAINTY IN PREDICTIONS OF
THE FAILURE LOAD
7.4 FACTOR OF SAFETY
7.5 RECOMMENDED FACTOR OF SAFETY
7.6 SAFE OPERATING PRESSURE (LOAD)
7.7 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7.8 ALTERNATIVE ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7.9 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA BASED ON DEFECT DIMENSIONS (DEFECT
ACCEPTANCE CHARTS)
8. THE DESIGN FACTOR
9. DESIGN PRESSURE, OPERATING PRESSURE AND OVER-PRESSURE
10. THE USE OF SPECIFIED MINIMUM MATERIAL PROPERTIES
11. THE USE OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS
12. A CORROSION ALLOWANCE
13. MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY AND INSPECTION TOLERANCES
14. SAFE WORKING PRACTICES IN THE VICINITY OF A DAMAGED PIPELINE
14.1 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES
14.2 TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR
14.3 PRESSURE REDUCTIONS
14.4 EXTERNAL LOADING
15. GUIDANCE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF DAMAGE
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 LOCATION OF THE DAMAGE
15.3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
15.4 MEASURING PROCEDURES FOR PART-WALL DEFECTS
15.5 MEASURING PROCEDURE FOR DENTS AND ASSOCIATED DEFECTS
16. REPAIR METHODS
17. DEFECT ASSESSMENT METHODS RECOMMENDED IN THE PIPELINE DEFECT
ASSESSMENT MANUAL
18. REFERENCES
19. DEFECT-FREE PIPE
19.1 DEFINITIONS
19.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A DEFECT-FREE PIPE
19.3 NOMENCLATURE
19.4 BACKGROUND
19.5 LOADS
19.6 THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECT-FREE PIPE
19.7 LOAD CONTROL AND DISPLACEMENT CONTROL
19.8 THE EFFECT OF OUT-OF-ROUNDNESS (OVALITY)
19.9 THE EFFECT OF ANISOTROPY
19.10 INTERNAL PRESSURE
19.11 COLLAPSE DUE TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE
19.12 BUCKLE PROPAGATION
19.13 COLLAPSE DUE TO BENDING (LOAD CONTROL)
19.14 COLLAPSE DUE TO BENDING (DISPLACEMENT CONTROL)
19.15 COMPRESSIVE AXIAL LOADS
19.16 TENSILE AXIAL LOADS
19.17 COLLAPSE DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE, AXIAL LOAD, AND BENDING
(LOAD CONTROL)
19.18 COLLAPSE DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE, AXIAL LOAD, BENDING
(DISPLACEMENT CONTROL)
19.19 COLLAPSE DUE TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE, AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING
(LOAD CONTROL)
19.20 COLLAPSE DUE TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE, AXIAL FORCE AND BENDING
(DISPLACEMENT CONTROL)
19.21 FATIGUE
19.22 REFERENCES
20. CORROSION
20.1 DEFINITIONS
20.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A CORRODED PIPELINE
20.3 NOMENCLATURE
20.4 BACKGROUND
20.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW METHODS
20.6 CORROSION IN LINE PIPE WITH A LOW TOUGHNESS
20.7 CORROSION IN THE SEAM WELD, GIRTH WELD OR HAZ
20.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING
20.9 LOADS
20.10 THE ASSESSMENT OF A CORRODED PIPELINE
20.11 A RIVER BOTTOM PROFILE
20.12 LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE
20.13 LONGITUDINAL/CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE AND COMPRESSIVE EXTERNAL LOAD
20.14 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING
20.15 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE AND AXIAL LOADS
20.16 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING, AXIAL LOADS AND
INTERNAL PRESSURE
20.17 HELICAL (OR ARBITRARY) ORIENTATION
20.18 INTERNAL CYCLIC PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
20.19 REFERENCES
21. GOUGES
21.1 DEFINITIONS
21.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A GOUGE IN A PIPELINE
21.3 NOMENCLATURE
21.4 BACKGROUND
21.5 GOUGES IN LINE PIPE WITH A LOW TOUGHNESS
21.6 GOUGES IN THE SEAM WELD, GIRTH WELD OR HAZ
21.7 LOADS
21.8 GOUGES IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
21.9 THE ASSESSMENT OF A GOUGE
21.10 CRACKS IN GOUGES
21.11 DRESSING AN ACCEPTABLE GOUGE
21.12 LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE
21.13 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING
21.14 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE AND AXIAL
LOADS
21.15 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING, AXIAL LOADS AND
INTERNAL PRESSURE
21.16 HELICAL (OR ARBITRARY) ORIENTATION, BENDING, AXIAL LOADS AND
INTERNAL PRESSURE
21.17 INTERNAL PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
21.18 REFERENCES
22. PLAIN DENTS
22.1 DEFINITIONS
22.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A DENT IN A PIPELINE
22.3 NOMENCLATURE
22.4 BACKGROUND
22.5 LOADS
22.6 DENTS IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
22.7 THE ASSESSMENT OF A DENTED PIPELINE
22.8 INTERNAL PRESSURE (BURST)
22.9 INTERNAL PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
22.10 REFERENCES
23. KINKED DENTS
23.1 DEFINITIONS
23.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A KINKED DENT
23.3 NOMENCLATURE
23.4 BACKGROUND
23.5 THE ASSESSMENT OF A KINKED DENT
23.6 REFERENCES
24. SMOOTH DENTS ON WELDS
24.1 DEFINITIONS
24.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT ON A WELD
24.3 NOMENCLATURE
24.4 BACKGROUND
24.5 LOADS
24.6 DENTS IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
24.7 THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT ON A WELD
24.8 INTERNAL PRESSURE (BURST)
24.9 INTERNAL PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
24.10 REFERENCES
25. SMOOTH DENTS AND GOUGES
25.1 DEFINITIONS
25.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT
CONTAINING A GOUGE
25.3 NOMENCLATURE
25.4 BACKGROUND
25.5 LOADS
25.6 DENTS IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
25.7 THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT AND A GOUGE
25.8 CRACKS IN GOUGES
25.9 DRESSING A GOUGE IN A DENT
25.10 INTERNAL PRESSURE (BURST)7
25.11 INTERNAL PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
25.12 REFERENCES
26. SMOOTH DENTS CONTAINING OTHER TYPES OF DEFECT
26.1 DEFINITIONS
26.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT
CONTAINING OTHER TYPES OF DEFECT
26.3 NOMENCLATURE
26.4 BACKGROUND
26.5 LOADS
26.6 DENTS IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
26.7 THE ASSESSMENT OF A SMOOTH DENT CONTAINING OTHER TYPES OF
DEFECT
26.8 INTERNAL PRESSURE (BURST)
26.9 INTERNAL PRESSURE (FATIGUE)
26.10 REFERENCES
27. SPRING BACK AND REROUNDING OF DENTS
27.1 DEFINITIONS
27.2 NOMENCLATURE
27.3 SPRING BACK
27.4 REROUNDING
27.5 IMPLICATIONS OF SPRING BACK AND REROUNDING
27.6 A CORRECTION FACTOR FOR SPRING BACK AND REROUNDING
27.7 REFERENCES
28. MANUFACTURING DEFECTS IN THE PIPE BODY
28.1 DEFINITIONS
28.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MANUFACTURING DEFECTS
IN THE PIPE BODY
28.3 NOMENCLATURE
28.4 BACKGROUND
28.5 LINE PIPE STEEL GRADE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD
28.6 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEAM WELDED PIPE
28.7 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEAMLESS PIPE
28.8 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND
CONSTRUCTION (INSTALLATION)
28.9 WELDING ADJACENT TO MANUFACTURING DEFECTS
28.10 LOADS
28.11 THE ASSESSMENT OF MANUFACTURING DEFECTS IN THE PIPE BODY
28.12 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MANUFACTURING DEFECTS IN THE PIPE BODY
28.13 MANUFACTURING RELATED METAL-LOSS
28.14 CRACKS
28.15 LAMINATIONS
28.16 INCLUSIONS
28.17 LAPS AND SLIVERS
28.18 PITS, ROLLED-IN SLUGS
28.19 SPALLING
28.20 ARC STRIKES
28.21 HARD SPOTS
28.22 WRINKLES (BUCKLES) AND WRINKLE BENDS
28.23 REFERENCES
29. GIRTH WELD DEFECTS
29.1 DEFINITIONS
29.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GIRTH WELD DEFECTS
29.3 NOMENCLATURE
29.4 BACKGROUND
29.5 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SAW GIRTH WELDS
29.6 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SMAW GIRTH WELDS
29.7 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH GMAW GIRTH WELDS
29.8 LOADS
29.9 GIRTH WELDS IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
29.10 THE ASSESSMENT OF GIRTH WELD DEFECTS
29.11 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF GIRTH WELD DEFECTS
29.12 THE ASSESSMENT OF GIRTH WELD DEFECTS IN NEW CONSTRUCTIONS
29.13 DEFINING DEFECT ACCEPTANCE LIMITS FOR GIRTH WELD DEFECTS IN
NEW CONSTRUCTIONS
29.14 THE ASSESSMENT OF GIRTH WELD DEFECTS IN SOUR SERVICE
29.15 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS AT A GIRTH WELD
29.16 THE USE OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO CALCULATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF A GIRTH WELD DEFECT
29.17 THE USE OF S-N CURVES FOR GIRTH WELDS SATISFYING
WORKMANSHIP DEFECT LIMITS
29.18 PLASTIC STRAINS (STRAIN-BASED DESIGN)
29.19 THE EPRG GUIDELINES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN
TRANSMISSION PIPELINE GIRTH WELDS
29.20 ASSUMPTION OF FAILURE CONTROLLED BY PLASTIC COLLAPSE AND
DEPARTING FROM THE EPRG TIER 3 LIMITS
29.21 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATIC STRENGTH OF A GIRTH WELD
DEFECT IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
29.22 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF A GIRTH WELD
DEFECT IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
29.23 REFERENCES
30. SEAM WELD DEFECTS
30.1 DEFINITIONS
30.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SEAM WELD DEFECTS
30.3 NOMENCLATURE
30.4 BACKGROUND
30.5 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH ERW SEAM WELDS
30.6 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LONGITUDINAL SAW SEAM WELDS
30.7 DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SPIRAL SAW SEAM WELDS
30.8 SELECTIVE CORROSION OF ELECTRIC WELDED SEAMS
30.9 LOADS
30.10 THE ASSESSMENT OF SEAM WELD DEFECTS
30.11 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SEAM WELD DEFECTS
30.12 THE ASSESSMENT OF SEAM WELD DEFECTS IN SOUR SERVICE
30.13 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WELD SEAM
30.14 THE USE OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO CALCULATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF A SEAM WELD DEFECT
30.15 THE USE OF S-N CURVES FOR SEAM WELDS SATISFYING WORKMANSHIP DEFECT LIMITS
30.16 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATIC STRENGTH OF A SEAM WELD DEFECT IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
30.17 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF A SEAM WELD
DEFECT IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
30.18 REFERENCES
31. CRACKING
31.1 DEFINITIONS
31.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR ASSESSMENT OF CRACKS
31.3 NOMENCLATURE
31.4 BACKGROUND
31.5 LOADS
31.6 THE ASSESSMENT OF CRACKS
31.7 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CRACKS
31.8 DRESSING A CRACK IN A PIPELINE
31.9 BS 7910 AND API 579
31.10 FAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM - REFERENCE STRESS AND STRESS
INTENSITY FACTOR SOLUTIONS
31.11 API 579 LEVEL 1 SCREENING ASSESSMENT
31.12 THE USE OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO ESTIMATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF A CRACK
31.13 CYCLE COUNTING
31.14 MINERS RULE
31.15 INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATIC
STRENGTH OF A CRACK IN A PIPELINE IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
31.16 INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FATIGUE
STRENGTH OF CRACK IN A PIPELINE IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
31.17 REFERENCES
32. ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING
32.1 DEFINITIONS
32.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING
32.3 NOMENCLATURE
32.4 BACKGROUND
32.5 LOADS
32.6 THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING
32.7 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING IN
PIPELINES
32.8 PIPELINE SPECIFIC METHODS
32.9 THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING IN WELDS
32.10 CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING (SCC) BY HYDROTESTING
32.11 IN-LINE INSPECTION TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING
32.12 INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATIC
STRENGTH OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING IN A PIPELINE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
32.13 INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FATIGUE
STRENGTH OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING IN A PIPELINE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH BS 7910
32.14 REFERENCES
33. DEFECTS IN PIPELINE FITTINGS
33.1 DEFINITIONS
33.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN PIPELINE
FITTINGS
33.3 NOMENCLATURE
33.4 PIPELINE FITTING CLASSIFICATIONS
33.5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FITTINGS AND LINE PIPE
33.6 DEFECTS IN FITTINGS
33.7 SUPPORT STRUCTURES
33.8 PIPELINE FITTING MANUFACTURING METHODS
33.9 LOADS
33.10 THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN PIPELINE FITTINGS
33.11 API 579 AND BS 7910
33.12 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN PIPELINE FITTINGS
33.13 INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN
PIPELINE FITTINGS
33.14 METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN PIPELINE BENDS
33.15 REFERENCES
34. INTERACTION BETWEEN DEFECTS
34.1 DEFINITIONS
34.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION
BETWEEN DEFECTS
34.3 NOMENCLATURE
34.4 BACKGROUND
34.5 THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DEFECTS
34.6 SIMPLE INTERACTION RULES FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF
INTERACTION BETWEEN DEFECTS
34.7 REFERENCES
35. LEAK AND RUPTURE
35.1 DEFINITIONS
35.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR PREDICTING THE FAILURE BEHAVIOUR (LEAK OR
RUPTURE) OF A PART-WALL DEFECT
35.3 NOMENCLATURE
35.4 BACKGROUND
35.5 EVENTS LEADING TO A LEAK OR A RUPTURE
35.6 LOADS
35.7 LEAK AND RUPTURE IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
35.8 FRACTURE INITIATION CONTROL
35.9 PREDICTING THE FAILURE BEHAVIOUR (LEAK OR RUPTURE) OF A PARTWALL DEFECT
35.10 THE 30 PERCENT SMYS RULE
35.11 METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE LEAK OR RUPTURE OF A
LONGITUDINALLY-ORIENTATED DEFECT
35.12 METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE LEAK OR RUPTURE OF A
CIRCUMFERENTIALLY-ORIENTATED DEFECT
35.13 METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE LEAK OR RUPTURE OF A HELICALLYORIENTATED DEFECT
35.14 METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE FAILURE BEHAVIOUR OF DENTS AND
OTHER TYPES OF DEFECT
35.15 LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE (TOUGHNESS
DEPENDENT)
35.16 LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE (FLOW STRESS
DEPENDENT)
35.17 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING
35.18 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL PRESSURE AND AXIAL
LOADS
35.19 CIRCUMFERENTIAL ORIENTATION, BENDING, AXIAL LOADS AND
INTERNAL PRESSURE
35.20 REFERENCES
36. FRACTURE PROPAGATION
36.1 DEFINITIONS
36.2 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE CONTROL OF PROPAGATING BRITTLE AND
DUCTILE FRACTURES
36.3 NOMENCLATURE
36.4 BACKGROUND
36.5 EVENTS LEADING TO A PROPAGATING FRACTURE
36.6 LOADS
36.7 FRACTURE PROPAGATION IN OFFSHORE PIPELINES
36.8 FRACTURE CONTROL
36.9 FRACTURE PROPAGATION CONTROL
36.10 METHODS FOR FRACTURE PROPAGATION CONTROL
36.11 PREVENTING BRITTLE FRACTURE PROPAGATION
36.12 CONTROLLING DUCTILE FRACTURE PROPAGATION
36.13 THE EPRG RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CRACK ARREST TOUGHNESS FOR HIGH STRENGTH LINE PIPE STEELS
36.14 SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS FOR FRACTURE ARREST IN DNV-OSF101
36.15 THE BATTELLE SHORT FORMULA (SF)
36.16 THE BATTELLE TWO-CURVE MODEL (TCM)
36.17 RICH GAS
36.18 MECHANICAL CRACK ARRESTORS
36.19 REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - CONVERSIONS BETWEEN S.I. AND IMPERIAL UNITS
APPENDIX B - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CHARPY IMPACT ENERGY AND
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
APPENDIX C - BACKGROUND TO THE MODEL UNCERTAINTY
APPENDIX D - STUDENTS t-DISTRIBUTION CRITICAL POINTS
1 INTRODUO
1.1 GERAL
1.2 MTODOS
1.3 ORIENTAO
1.4 Fator de segurana
1.5 consequncias de uma falha
1.6 COMPETNCIA
2. MBITO
3 JUSTIFICATIVA
4. tipos de defeitos CONSIDERADOS
5 METODOLOGIA PARA REALIZAO DE ADEQUAO finalidade AVALIAO
5.1 uma avaliao adequada FITNESS sua finalidade?
5.2 O nvel adequado ea complexidade de uma avaliao fsica-FORPURPOSE
5.3 CARGAS
5.4 O MANUAL PIPELINE DEFEITO DE AVALIAO
5.5 aconselhamento especializado
5.6 documentar uma adequao ao FIM DE AVALIAO
6. o formato do MANUAL PIPELINE DEFEITO DE AVALIAO
7 A DEFINIO DE ACEITAO
7.1 A carga de ruptura
7.2 Incertezas em previses da carga de ruptura
7.3 dose diria recomendada para a incerteza nas previses sobre
A carga de ruptura
7.4 Fator de segurana
7.5 FATOR DE SEGURANA RECOMENDADO
7.6 PRESSO DE UTILIZAO SAFE (LOAD)
7.7 CRITRIOS DE ACEITAO
7.8 CRITRIOS DE ACEITAO ALTERNATIVOS
CRITRIOS 7,9 aceitao com base na dimenses do defeito (defeito
CARTAS DE ACEITAO)
8 O PROJETO FACTOR
9 PROJETO DE PRESSO, PRESSO DE OPERAO E sobre presso
10 O USO DE DETERMINADAS PROPRIEDADES mnima do material
11 O USO DO ESPECIFICADO espessura mnima da parede
12 A CORROSO SUBSDIO
13. incerteza de medio E INSPECO TOLERANCIAS
14. prticas seguras trabalham nas proximidades de um gasoduto DANIFICADO
14.1 prticas seguras TRABALHO
COMPORTAMENTO 14.2 dependentes do tempo
14.3 As redues da presso
14,4 carregamento externo
15. orientao sobre a mensurao DE DANOS
15.1 INTRODUO
15.2 LOCALIZAO DO DANO
15.3 INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDIO
15.4 PROCEDIMENTOS DE MEDIO DE DEFEITOS PART-PAREDES
15,5 mtodo de medio para mossas e defeitos associados
16. mtodos de reparao
17. DEFEITOS DE AVALIAO mtodos recomendados no defeito PIPELINE
MANUAL DE AVALIAO
18. Referncias
19. DEFEITO SEM TUBO
19.1 Definies
19,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE UMA TUBULAO e livres de defeitos
19,3 NOMENCLATURA
19,4 BACKGROUND
19,5 CARGAS
19.6 AVALIAO DO TUBO livre de defeitos
CONTROLE DE CARGA E 19,7 controle de deslocamento
19.8 O EFEITO DE FORA-DE-circularidade (ovalizao)
19.9 O EFEITO DA ANISOTROPIA
19,10 presso interna
19.11 colapso devido presso externa
19.12 FIVELA PROPAGAO
19.13 colapso devido flexo (CONTROLE DE CARGA)
19.14 colapso devido flexo (deslocamento de controle)
19,15 cargas axiais compressivas
19,16 CARGAS traco axial
19.17 colapso devido presso interna, carga axial, e dobra
(CONTROLE DE CARGA)
19.18 colapso devido presso interna, carga axial, flexo
(Deslocamento de controle)
19.19 colapso devido presso externa, AXIAL TENSO E DOBRA
(CONTROLE DE CARGA)
19.20 colapso devido presso externa, fora axial e flexo
(Deslocamento de controle)
19.21 FADIGA
19,22 Referncias
20 CORROSO
20.1 DEFINIES
20.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de um PIPELINE CORRMODO
20,3 NOMENCLATURA
20,4 BACKGROUND
20,5 comparao entre o 'velho' E MTODOS O 'novo'
20,6 CORROSO NA LINHA tubo com uma resistncia LOW
20,7 CORROSO na solda SEAM, GIRTH soldar ou HAZ
20,8 RACHAMENTO AMBIENTAL
20,9 CARGAS
20.10 a avaliao de um PIPELINE CORRMODO
20.11 UM RIO perfil inferior
20.12 orientao longitudinal, presso interna
20.13 LONGITUDINAL ORIENTAO / circunferenciais, presso interna e carga externa COMPRESSIVA
20.14 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobrando
20.15 ORIENTAO circunferenciais, presso interna e axiais cargas
20.16 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobra, cargas axiais E
presso interna
20.17 helicoidal (ou de forma arbitrria) ORIENTAO
20.18 presso interna cclica (fadiga)
20,19 Referncias
21. Gouges
21.1 Definies
21.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de um GOUGE em uma tubulao
21,3 NOMENCLATURA
21,4 BACKGROUND
21,5 Gouges NA LINHA tubo com uma resistncia LOW
21,6 ranhuras na costura de solda, GIRTH soldar ou HAZ
21,7 CARGAS
21,8 Gouges em OFFSHORE PIPELINES
21,9 a avaliao de um GOUGE
21,10 rachaduras em Gouges
21.11 VESTIR UMA GOUGE ACEITVEL
21.12 orientao longitudinal, presso interna
21.13 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobrando
21.14 ORIENTAO circunferenciais, presso interna e axiais
CARGAS
21.15 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobra, cargas axiais E
presso interna
21.16 helicoidal (ou de forma arbitrria) ORIENTAO, dobra, cargas axiais E
presso interna
21.17 presso interna (fadiga)
21.18 Referncias
22 PLAIN DENTS
22.1 DEFINIES
22.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de um dente em um oleoduto
22,3 NOMENCLATURA
22,4 BACKGROUND
22,5 CARGAS
22,6 dentes na OFFSHORE PIPELINES
22.7 A avaliao de uma PIPELINE ESMAGADAS
22,8 presso interna (BURST)
22,9 presso interna (fadiga)
22,10 Referncias
23. DENTS torcida
23.1 DEFINIES
23.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de uma torcida DENT
23,3 NOMENCLATURA
23,4 BACKGROUND
23.5 A avaliao de uma torcida DENT
23,6 Referncias
24. DENTS lisa em SOLDAS
24.1 Definies
24,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE UM DENTE LISO EM UMA SOLDA
24,3 NOMENCLATURA
24,4 BACKGROUND
24,5 CARGAS
24,6 dentes na OFFSHORE PIPELINES
24.7 A avaliao de uma DENT LISO EM UMA SOLDA
24,8 presso interna (BURST)
24,9 presso interna (fadiga)
24,10 Referncias
25. DENTS e goivas LISOS
25.1 Definies
25.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de um DENT SUAVE
Contendo uma GOUGE
25,3 NOMENCLATURA
25,4 BACKGROUND
25,5 CARGAS
25,6 dentes na OFFSHORE PIPELINES
25.7 A avaliao de uma DENT suave e um sulco
25,8 rachaduras em Gouges
25,9 VESTIR A GOUGE EM UM DENTE
25.10 presso interna (BURST) 7
25.11 presso interna (fadiga)
25.12 Referncias
26. DENTS LISOS contendo outros tipos de defeitos
26.1 Definies
26.2 Boas Prticas para a avaliao de um DENT SUAVE
Contendo outros tipos de defeitos
26,3 NOMENCLATURA
26,4 BACKGROUND
26,5 CARGAS
26,6 dentes na OFFSHORE PIPELINES
26.7 A avaliao de uma DENT SUAVE CONTENDO OUTROS TIPOS DE
DEFEITO
26,8 presso interna (BURST)
26,9 presso interna (fadiga)
26,10 Referncias
'BACK Primavera' 27 E REROUNDING DE DENTS
27.1 DEFINIES
27,2 NOMENCLATURA
27,3 costas Primavera
27,4 REROUNDING
27,5 IMPLICAES DA VOLTA DA PRIMAVERA E REROUNDING
27,6 Um fator de correo para VOLTAR PRIMAVERA E REROUNDING
27,7 Referncias
28. DEFEITOS DE FABRICAO NO CORPO TUBO
28.1 DEFINIES
28,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS DE FABRICAO
NO CORPO TUBO
28,3 NOMENCLATURA
28,4 BACKGROUND
28,5 LINHA tubo de ao GRADE E MTODO DE FABRICO
28,6 defeitos associados COM EMENDA tubos soldados
28,7 DEFEITOS ASSOCIADOS tubos sem costura
28,8 defeitos associados com o transporte, ARMAZENAGEM E
CONSTRUO (instalao)
28,9 SOLDA ADJACENT A DEFEITOS DE FABRICAO
28,10 CARGAS
28.11 A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS DE FABRICAO NO CORPO TUBO
28,12 mtodos para a avaliao de defeitos de fabricao NO CORPO TUBO
28.13 relacionadas com o fabrico METAL-PERDA
28,14 RACHA
28,15 laminaes
28,16 INCLUSES
28,17 LAPS e lascas
28,18 PITS, lesmas ROLADAS-IN
28.19 lascamento
28,20 GREVES ARC
28,21 pontos duros
28,22 RUGAS (FIVELAS) e curvas de rugas
28.23 Referncias
29. DEFEITOS GIRTH SOLDA
29.1 DEFINIES
29,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS GIRTH SOLDA
29,3 NOMENCLATURA
29,4 BACKGROUND
29,5 defeitos associados COM SOLDAS permetro SAW
29,6 DEFEITOS ASSOCIADOS SMAW GIRTH SOLDAS
29,7 DEFEITOS ASSOCIADOS GMAW GIRTH SOLDAS
29,8 CARGAS
29,9 GIRTH soldas em OFFSHORE PIPELINES
29,10 avaliao das deficincias GIRTH SOLDA
29,11 MTODOS DE AVALIAO DOS DEFEITOS GIRTH SOLDA
29.12 avaliao das deficincias GIRTH SOLDA em construes novas
29,13 definir os limites DEFEITO DE ACEITAO DE DEFEITOS GIRTH solde
Novas construes
29.14 avaliao das deficincias GIRTH SOLDA EM FUNCIONAMENTO SOUR
29.15 CONCENTRAO tenso em um GIRTH SOLDA
29.16 O USO DE mecnica da fratura PARA CALCULAR a vida em fadiga de um defeito GIRTH SOLDA
29.17 a utilizao de curvas SN para permetro SOLDAS SATISFAZENDO
LIMITES DE OBRA DE DEFEITOS
29.18 PLSTICA cepas (projeto baseado exigncia)
29,19 ORIENTAES LPA na avaliao de defeitos de
TRANSMISSO PIPELINE GIRTH SOLDAS
29,20 ASSUNO DE FALHA CONTROLADO POR PLSTICO colapso e
Partindo do TIER LPA 3 LIMITES
29.21 A avaliao da fora esttica de um GIRTH SOLDA
DEFEITO EM CONFORMIDADE COM A BS 7910
29.22 A avaliao da fora FADIGA DE UM GIRTH SOLDA
DEFEITO EM CONFORMIDADE COM A BS 7910
29.23 Referncias
30. DEFEITOS costura de solda
30.1 DEFINIES
30,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS costura de solda
30,3 NOMENCLATURA
30,4 BACKGROUND
30,5 defeitos associados COM SOLDAS ERW COSTURA
30,6 defeitos associados COM SOLDAS COSTURA SAW LONGITUDINAL
30,7 defeitos associados com espiral VIU SOLDAS COSTURA
30,8 CORROSO SELETIVA DE ELTRICA juntas soldadas
30,9 CARGAS
30,10 avaliao das deficincias costura de solda
30,11 MTODOS DE AVALIAO DOS DEFEITOS costura de solda
30.12 A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS NO SERVIO costura de solda SOUR
30,13 concentraes de tenso na costura SOLDA
30.14 O USO DE mecnica da fratura PARA CALCULAR a vida em fadiga de um defeito costura de solda
30.15 a utilizao de curvas SN para soldas SEAM gratificante LIMITES OBRA DE DEFEITOS
30.16 A avaliao da fora esttica de um cordo de solda DEFEITO EM CONFORMIDADE COM A BS 7910
30.17 A AVALIAO DO resistncia fadiga de uma solda SEAM
DEFEITO EM CONFORMIDADE COM A BS 7910
30,18 Referncias
31 RACHAMENTO
31.1 Definies
31,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA AVALIAO DE RACHA
31,3 NOMENCLATURA
31,4 BACKGROUND
31,5 CARGAS
31.6 AVALIAO DO RACHA
31,7 mtodos para a avaliao de trincas
31,8 VESTIR uma rachadura em uma PIPELINE
31,9 BS 7910 e API 579
31.10 FALHA DE AVALIAO ESQUEMA - ESTRESSE DE REFERNCIA E STRESS
SOLUES Fator de Intensidade
31.11 API 579 NVEL 1 DE TRIAGEM DE AVALIAO
31.12 O USO DE mecnica da fratura para estimar a vida em fadiga de uma rachadura
31.13 ciclo de contagem
31.14 REGRA DO MINEIRO
31,15 INFORMAES RELEVANTES PARA A AVALIAO DO STATIC
FORA DE UM CRACK em uma tubulao de acordo com BS 7910
31.16 Informaes relevantes para a avaliao da fadiga
FORA DE CRACK em uma tubulao de acordo com BS 7910
31,17 Referncias
32 RACHAMENTO AMBIENTAL
32.1 Definies
32,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DO RACHAMENTO AMBIENTAL
32,3 NOMENCLATURA
32,4 BACKGROUND
32,5 CARGAS
32.6 AVALIAO DO RACHAMENTO AMBIENTAL
32.7 Mtodos de avaliao de rachar AMBIENTAL EM
PIPELINES
32,8 PIPELINE MTODOS ESPECFICOS
32,9 AVALIAO AMBIENTAL de rachaduras em soldas
32.10 CONTROLE DE AMBIENTE cracking (SCC) BY hidrosttico
32.11 EM LINHA DE INSPEO PARA MONITORAR RACHAMENTO AMBIENTAL
32,12 INFORMAES RELEVANTES PARA A AVALIAO DO STATIC
FORA DE RACHAMENTO ambientais num oleoduto no
Acordo com BS 7910
32.13 Informaes relevantes para a avaliao da fadiga
FORA DE RACHAMENTO ambientais num oleoduto no
Acordo com BS 7910
32.14 Referncias
33. DEFEITOS NO armao de condutas
33.1 Definies
33,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS EM PIPELINE
ACESSRIOS
33,3 NOMENCLATURA
33,4 PIPELINE CLASSIFICAO DE MONTAGEM
33,5 DIFERENAS ENTRE OS ACESSRIOS E Line Pipe
33,6 DEFEITOS DE ACESSRIOS
33,7 estruturas de apoio
33,8 PIPELINE DE MONTAGEM mtodos de fabricao
33,9 CARGAS
33.10 A AVALIAO DE DEFEITOS NO armao de condutas
33.11 API 579 e BS 7910
33.12 Mtodos de avaliao de defeitos em armao de condutas
33,13 INFORMAES relevantes para a avaliao de defeitos de
armao de condutas
33,14 mtodos para a avaliao de defeitos em BENDS PIPELINE
33.15 Referncias
34 INTERAO ENTRE OS DEFEITOS
34,1 DEFINIES
34,2 BOAS PRTICAS para prever o efeito da interao
entre os defeitos
34,3 NOMENCLATURA
34,4 BACKGROUND
34.5 O efeito da interao entre os defeitos
34,6 simples interao regras para avaliar o efeito das
INTERAO ENTRE OS DEFEITOS
34,7 Referncias
35 VAZAMENTO e ruptura
35,1 DEFINIES
35,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA PREVISO DO COMPORTAMENTO FALHA (fuga ou
Ruptura) de um defeito PART-WALL
35,3 NOMENCLATURA
35,4 BACKGROUND
35,5 eventos que levam a uma fuga ou uma ruptura
35,6 CARGAS
35,7 vazamento e ruptura na OFFSHORE PIPELINES
CONTROLE 35,8 FRATURA DE INICIAO
35,9 PREVISO DO COMPORTAMENTO FALHA (fugas ou ruptura) de um defeito PARTWALL
35,10 os 30 por cento SMYS REGRA
MTODOS 35,11 para prever a fuga ou ruptura de um
DEFEITO longitudinalmente orientada
35,12 MTODOS DE PREVISO DO fuga ou ruptura de um
DEFEITO circunferencial orientada
35.13 Mtodos para prever a fugas ou ruptura de um defeito HELICALLYORIENTATED
35,14 MTODOS DE PREVISO DO COMPORTAMENTO FALHA DE mossas e
OUTROS TIPOS DE DEFEITO
35.15 orientao longitudinal, presso interna (DUREZA
dependente)
35.16 orientao longitudinal, presso interna (tenso de escoamento
dependente)
35.17 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobrando
35.18 ORIENTAO circunferenciais, presso interna e axiais
CARGAS
35.19 ORIENTAO CIRCUNFERENCIAL, dobra, cargas axiais E
presso interna
35,20 Referncias
36 FRATURA PROPAGAO
36,1 DEFINIES
36,2 MELHORES PRTICAS PARA O CONTROLE DA PROPAGAO frgil e
FRATURAS dctil
36,3 NOMENCLATURA
36,4 BACKGROUND
36,5 eventos que levam a uma fratura PROPAGAO
36,6 CARGAS
36,7 FRATURA NA PROPAGAO OFFSHORE PIPELINES
CONTROLE 36,8 FRATURA
CONTROLE DE PROPAGAO 36,9 FRATURA
36,10 mtodos para controle de FRATURA PROPAGAO
36.11 PREVENO FRGIL propagao de fratura
36.12 CONTROLADOR DUCTILE FRATURA PROPAGAO
36,13 AS RECOMENDAES LPA para resistncia CRACK PRISO DE ALTA RESISTNCIA AOS Line Pipe
36.14 Requisitos suplementares para FRATURA priso em DNV-OSF101
36.15 O Battelle SHORT FORMULA (SF)
36.16 O Battelle DUAS curva do modelo (TCM)
36.17 gs rico
36,18 pra-CRACK MECNICAS
36,19 Referncias
ANEXO A - converses entre SI e imperiais
Apndice B - correlaes entre CHARPY IMPACTO DE ENERGIA E
A tenacidade fratura
ANEXO C - Antecedentes do incerteza do modelo
Anexo D - aluno de distribuio t PONTOS CRTICOS