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Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 1 The Cell


Vocabulary:
Cell most basic structure that exhibits the characteristics of life and
meets the challenges of life

Nucleus- the brain of the cell

Cytoplasm- the jelly like substance within a cell that holds the organelles in
place

Organelles- little organs, perform the functions necessary for life within a
cell

Plasma membrane- separates the cell from its external surroundings

Scientific Theory- an explanation of the natural world, based on
knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and
experimentation
Notes:
The cell is the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things that
exhibits the characteristics of life and meets the challenges of life.
A cell grows, divides, has homeostasis, metabolism, passes on
genetic info and responds to stimuli.
Cell Theory consist of three parts
1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The smallest living things are single cells. Cells are the function units of
multi-celled organisms.
3. All cells come from other cells.
Microscopes invented in the 1600s allowed scientist to begin to examine and
describe cells, which helped develop the cell theory over time!

Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lets Practice
Use the word bank to fill in the blank.
1. The genetic information that provides instructions for the cell to live and
grow is found in the __nucleus___________________.

2. The _structure__________ of a cell allows it to perform its __function______.


3. The _cytoplasm____ of a cell includes __organelles__________, which are
structures that perform the functions the cell needs to live.

4. The __plasma membrane____________ forms the surface of the cell,
separating the inside and outside of the cell.


5. Cells are the functional units of _multicellular______________ organisms.

6. The rate at which materials can enter or exit a cell is determined by the
cells ____surface area____________.


Nucleus organelles cytoplasm plasma membrane
volume structure function multicellular
surface area
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 2 Differing cells
Vocabulary:
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed structures, such as a
nucleus and other organelles (Plants and Animals)

Prokaryotic cells- simple structures that lack(do not have) a cell nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed structures (Bacteria)

Chloroplast- an organelle of some eukaryotic cells in which photosynthesis
occurs, using the energy of light to make organic compounds from
carbon dioxide and water

Cilia- short, hair like structures covering part of all of the surface of some
eukaryotic cells, which move fluid over the membrane or move the cell
through the fluid environment

Flagella- whip like structures of cells that, through their movement, exert a
force on the fluid surrounding the cell, either moving the fluid past the cell
or moving the cell within the fluid

Mitochondria- membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells in which
cellular respiration takes place, using oxygen to break down glucose to
carbon dioxide and water and putting the energy into a more readily
usable form in ATP molecules

Pili- a stringy extension of the outside surface of a prokaryotic cell that
attaches it to a surface or another cell

Plasmid- a small, circular unit of DNA that replicates within a cell and is
most often found in bacteria

Ribosome- a small organelle, made of RNA and protein and found in both
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, that forms proteins from amino acids


Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Notes
Prokaryotic cells
Single-celled
DO NOT have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
DNA is located in a DNA molecule
Eukaryotic cells
Single OR Multi-celled
Have different types of organelles
DNA is located in nucleus
Lets Practice!
Place an E on the line for eukaryotic or a P for prokaryotic.
1. __E___ can be either single or multi-celled.
2. ___E__ have different types or organelles.
3. ___P__ do NOT have a nucleus.
4. ___P__ are single-celled.
5. ___E__ DNA is located in nucleus.
6. ___P__ DNA is located in a DNA molecule.
7. ___P__ Bacteria has these cells.
8. ___E__ Plants and Animals have the cells.

Complete the Venn-Diagram.




Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 3- Cell Organelles
Vocabulary
Nuclear membrane- double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus

Endomembrane system- includes nuclear membrane and network of membranes in
eukaryotic cell, transports materials around the cell. Produces, Sorts and Packages.

Mitochondria- power plants of cells, cellular respiration (energy conversion) takes place
here

Ribosomes- protein factories of cells

Cytoskeleton- cell skeleton, system of fibers and tubes that gives the cell structure
and support

Cell Wall- found in plant cells, provides extra support and structure

Chloroplast: found in plant cells, converts sunlight into energy (Photosynthesis)
Lets Practice!
Use the vocabulary to help find the correct match!









Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Cytoskeleton
Endomembrane
Nuclear Membrane
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Found in plant cells, provide extra support and sturcutre
Cell skeleton
POWER plants of cells (MIGHTY)
Found in plant cells, converts sunlight to energy (photosynthesis)
Protien factories of cells
Produces, sorts and packages
Double layered membrane sourounding nucleus
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 6- DNA to RNA to Proteins
Vocabulary
DNA- genetic material for all living things on Earth
RNA- ribonucleic acid

Notes
DNA is the genetic material for all living things on Earth.
Proteins are the workers of the body and are made up of a
sequence of amino acids.
DNA RNA Proteins
The instructions in the DNA are transported from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm by RNA. The instructions are used to assemble the cells proteins at the
ribosomes.
The sequence of DNA determines the sequence of building blocks in the proteins.

Lets Practice
The genetic information in the cell flows from:


DNA RNA Ribosomes Protiens
Travels to
makes
makes
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 7- Plants and Animal Cells
Notes
One of the most important differences between plant cells and animal cells is
the way they obtain energy.
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis.


Here are some images that may help you understand the parts of the cell and
the differences between animal and plant cells.

Plants cells have cell wall and chloroplast. Animal cells do not.
Animal cells have lysosomes. Plant cells do not.
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 8 and 9- Cells and Energy/Diffusion and Osmosis
Vocabulary
Cell Membrane- surrounds the cell and controls what substances pass
in and out of the cell
Concentration- the amount of something in given volume
Diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high
concentration(crowded) to an area of low concentration(less
crowded)
Osmosis- the diffusion (movement) of WATER through a membrane
Notes
The cell membrane controls what substances pass in and out of the cell. (Almost
like a security guard)
Plant and animal cells use the process of diffusion and osmosis in regulating and
transporting substances in and out of the cell.
The process of diffusion is the movement of atoms and molecules from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration and is important in
maintaining homeostasis.

The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis.




Life Science Unit 2: Cells


Lets Practice!
Here are some visual pictures to help you remember cell wall,
diffusion and osmosis! Can you guess which each picture would be?



Diffusion


Osmosis

Cell Wall
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lesson 10 and 11: Cell Division and Mitosis
Vocabulary
Cell cycle- repeating stages of division a cell goes through
Chromosomes- threadlike structures that determine what traits a living thing will have
Mitosis- division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving the
same number of chromosomes
Cytokinesis- stage of the cell in which the cytoplasm divides
Meiosis- a type of cell division resulting with the chromosomes of the parent
Notes
The cell theory states that all new cells come from other cells.
Multicellular organisms increase in the number of their cells through cell division.
The genetic material of a cell is found in the structures located in the nucleus are called
chromosomes.
A cell that divides is called a parent cell. The two new cells are called daughter cells.


Cell Cycle




Mitotic phase: PMAT or People Meet And Talk
1. Prophase- the chromosomes coil and become more compact, the nuclear membrane breaks
down, and a system of fibers called the spindle starts to form
2. Metaphase- the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell
3. Anaphase- the chromosomes split and move apart
4. Telophase- the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are incorporated into two new nuclei
Life Science Unit 2: Cells

Lets Practice!



Use the word bank above to complete the sentences below.
1. A cell that divides is called a parent cell.
2. The two new cells are called daughter cells.
3. Chromosomes, the genetic material of a cell is found in the structures located in the
nucleus.
4. Multicellular organisms increase in the number of their cells through cell division.
5. The repeating stages of division that a cell goes through is called cell cycle.
6. Chromosomes are threadlike structures that determine what traits a living thing will
have.
7. The stage of the cell in which the cytoplasm divides is called cytokinesis.
8. Meiosis is a type of cell division, resulting with of the chromosomes of the parent.
9. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving
the same number of chromosomes.
Fill in the four stages of the Mitotic Phase:
**Remember, People Meet And Talk.
P=Prophase
M=Metaphase
A=Anaphase
T=Telophase
Cell cycle chromosomes mitosis
Cytokinesis meiosis parent
Daughter nucleus increase

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