Vocabulary: Cell most basic structure that exhibits the characteristics of life and meets the challenges of life
Nucleus- the brain of the cell
Cytoplasm- the jelly like substance within a cell that holds the organelles in place
Organelles- little organs, perform the functions necessary for life within a cell
Plasma membrane- separates the cell from its external surroundings
Scientific Theory- an explanation of the natural world, based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation Notes: The cell is the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things that exhibits the characteristics of life and meets the challenges of life. A cell grows, divides, has homeostasis, metabolism, passes on genetic info and responds to stimuli. Cell Theory consist of three parts 1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. The smallest living things are single cells. Cells are the function units of multi-celled organisms. 3. All cells come from other cells. Microscopes invented in the 1600s allowed scientist to begin to examine and describe cells, which helped develop the cell theory over time!
Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lets Practice Use the word bank to fill in the blank. 1. The genetic information that provides instructions for the cell to live and grow is found in the __nucleus___________________.
2. The _structure__________ of a cell allows it to perform its __function______.
3. The _cytoplasm____ of a cell includes __organelles__________, which are structures that perform the functions the cell needs to live.
4. The __plasma membrane____________ forms the surface of the cell, separating the inside and outside of the cell.
5. Cells are the functional units of _multicellular______________ organisms.
6. The rate at which materials can enter or exit a cell is determined by the cells ____surface area____________.
Nucleus organelles cytoplasm plasma membrane volume structure function multicellular surface area Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lesson 2 Differing cells Vocabulary: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed structures, such as a nucleus and other organelles (Plants and Animals)
Prokaryotic cells- simple structures that lack(do not have) a cell nucleus or other membrane-enclosed structures (Bacteria)
Chloroplast- an organelle of some eukaryotic cells in which photosynthesis occurs, using the energy of light to make organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
Cilia- short, hair like structures covering part of all of the surface of some eukaryotic cells, which move fluid over the membrane or move the cell through the fluid environment
Flagella- whip like structures of cells that, through their movement, exert a force on the fluid surrounding the cell, either moving the fluid past the cell or moving the cell within the fluid
Mitochondria- membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells in which cellular respiration takes place, using oxygen to break down glucose to carbon dioxide and water and putting the energy into a more readily usable form in ATP molecules
Pili- a stringy extension of the outside surface of a prokaryotic cell that attaches it to a surface or another cell
Plasmid- a small, circular unit of DNA that replicates within a cell and is most often found in bacteria
Ribosome- a small organelle, made of RNA and protein and found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, that forms proteins from amino acids
Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Notes Prokaryotic cells Single-celled DO NOT have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles DNA is located in a DNA molecule Eukaryotic cells Single OR Multi-celled Have different types of organelles DNA is located in nucleus Lets Practice! Place an E on the line for eukaryotic or a P for prokaryotic. 1. __E___ can be either single or multi-celled. 2. ___E__ have different types or organelles. 3. ___P__ do NOT have a nucleus. 4. ___P__ are single-celled. 5. ___E__ DNA is located in nucleus. 6. ___P__ DNA is located in a DNA molecule. 7. ___P__ Bacteria has these cells. 8. ___E__ Plants and Animals have the cells.
Endomembrane system- includes nuclear membrane and network of membranes in eukaryotic cell, transports materials around the cell. Produces, Sorts and Packages.
Mitochondria- power plants of cells, cellular respiration (energy conversion) takes place here
Ribosomes- protein factories of cells
Cytoskeleton- cell skeleton, system of fibers and tubes that gives the cell structure and support
Cell Wall- found in plant cells, provides extra support and structure
Chloroplast: found in plant cells, converts sunlight into energy (Photosynthesis) Lets Practice! Use the vocabulary to help find the correct match!
Mitochondria Cell Wall Cytoskeleton Endomembrane Nuclear Membrane Chloroplast Ribosomes Found in plant cells, provide extra support and sturcutre Cell skeleton POWER plants of cells (MIGHTY) Found in plant cells, converts sunlight to energy (photosynthesis) Protien factories of cells Produces, sorts and packages Double layered membrane sourounding nucleus Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lesson 6- DNA to RNA to Proteins Vocabulary DNA- genetic material for all living things on Earth RNA- ribonucleic acid
Notes DNA is the genetic material for all living things on Earth. Proteins are the workers of the body and are made up of a sequence of amino acids. DNA RNA Proteins The instructions in the DNA are transported from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm by RNA. The instructions are used to assemble the cells proteins at the ribosomes. The sequence of DNA determines the sequence of building blocks in the proteins.
Lets Practice The genetic information in the cell flows from:
DNA RNA Ribosomes Protiens Travels to makes makes Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lesson 7- Plants and Animal Cells Notes One of the most important differences between plant cells and animal cells is the way they obtain energy. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis.
Here are some images that may help you understand the parts of the cell and the differences between animal and plant cells.
Plants cells have cell wall and chloroplast. Animal cells do not. Animal cells have lysosomes. Plant cells do not. Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lesson 8 and 9- Cells and Energy/Diffusion and Osmosis Vocabulary Cell Membrane- surrounds the cell and controls what substances pass in and out of the cell Concentration- the amount of something in given volume Diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high concentration(crowded) to an area of low concentration(less crowded) Osmosis- the diffusion (movement) of WATER through a membrane Notes The cell membrane controls what substances pass in and out of the cell. (Almost like a security guard) Plant and animal cells use the process of diffusion and osmosis in regulating and transporting substances in and out of the cell. The process of diffusion is the movement of atoms and molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and is important in maintaining homeostasis.
The movement of water across the cell membrane is called osmosis.
Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lets Practice! Here are some visual pictures to help you remember cell wall, diffusion and osmosis! Can you guess which each picture would be?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Cell Wall Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lesson 10 and 11: Cell Division and Mitosis Vocabulary Cell cycle- repeating stages of division a cell goes through Chromosomes- threadlike structures that determine what traits a living thing will have Mitosis- division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving the same number of chromosomes Cytokinesis- stage of the cell in which the cytoplasm divides Meiosis- a type of cell division resulting with the chromosomes of the parent Notes The cell theory states that all new cells come from other cells. Multicellular organisms increase in the number of their cells through cell division. The genetic material of a cell is found in the structures located in the nucleus are called chromosomes. A cell that divides is called a parent cell. The two new cells are called daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
Mitotic phase: PMAT or People Meet And Talk 1. Prophase- the chromosomes coil and become more compact, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and a system of fibers called the spindle starts to form 2. Metaphase- the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell 3. Anaphase- the chromosomes split and move apart 4. Telophase- the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are incorporated into two new nuclei Life Science Unit 2: Cells
Lets Practice!
Use the word bank above to complete the sentences below. 1. A cell that divides is called a parent cell. 2. The two new cells are called daughter cells. 3. Chromosomes, the genetic material of a cell is found in the structures located in the nucleus. 4. Multicellular organisms increase in the number of their cells through cell division. 5. The repeating stages of division that a cell goes through is called cell cycle. 6. Chromosomes are threadlike structures that determine what traits a living thing will have. 7. The stage of the cell in which the cytoplasm divides is called cytokinesis. 8. Meiosis is a type of cell division, resulting with of the chromosomes of the parent. 9. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving the same number of chromosomes. Fill in the four stages of the Mitotic Phase: **Remember, People Meet And Talk. P=Prophase M=Metaphase A=Anaphase T=Telophase Cell cycle chromosomes mitosis Cytokinesis meiosis parent Daughter nucleus increase