Ch 06 HW

Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, October 2, 2014

You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
The Work-Energy Theorem
Learning Goal:
To understand the meaning and possible applications of the work-energy theorem.
In this problem, you will use your prior knowledge to derive one of the most important relationships in mechanics: the work-energy
theorem. We will start with a special case: a particle of mass moving in the x direction at constant acceleration . During a
certain interval of time, the particle accelerates from to , undergoing displacement given by .
Part A
Find the acceleration of the particle.
Express the acceleration in terms of , , and .
Hint 1. Some helpful relationships from kinematics
By definition for constant acceleration,
.
Furthermore, the average speed is
,
and the displacement is
.
Combine these relationships to eliminate .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Find the net force acting on the particle.
Express your answer in terms of and .
Hint 1. Using Newton's laws
Which of Newton's laws may be helpful here?
ANSWER:
m a
v
initial
v
final
s s = x
final
x
initial
a
v
initial
v
final
s
a =
v
final
v
initial
t
= v
avg
+ v
initial
v
final
2
s = t v
avg
t
= a
v
final
2
v
initial
2
2s
F
m a
Correct
Part C
Find the net work done on the particle by the external forces during the particle's motion.
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
Substitute for from Part B in the expression for work from Part C. Then substitute for from the relation in Part A. This will
yield an expression for the net work done on the particle by the external forces during the particle's motion in terms of
mass and the initial and final velocities. Give an expression for the work in terms of those quantities.
Express your answer in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
Correct
The expression that you obtained can be rearranged as
The quantity has the same units as work. It is called the kinetic energy of the moving particle and is denoted by
. Therefore, we can write
and .
Note that like momentum, kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the velocity of the moving object. However, the
mathematical expressions for momentum and kinetic energy are different. Also, unlike momentum, kinetic energy is a
scalar. That is, it does not depend on the sign (therefore direction) of the velocities.
Part E
Find the net work done on the particle by the external forces during the motion of the particle in terms of the initial and final
kinetic energies.
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
= F ma
W
F s
= W Fs
F a
W
W
m v
initial
v
final
= W
m
2
v
final
2 m
2
v
initial
2
W = m m .
1
2
v
final
2 1
2
v
initial
2
m
1
2
v
2
K
= m K
initial
1
2
v
initial
2
= m K
final
1
2
v
final
2
W
K
initial
K
final
Correct
This result is called the work-energy theorem. It states that the net work done on a particle equals the change in kinetic
energy of that particle.
Also notice that if is zero, then the work-energy theorem reduces to
.
In other words, kinetic energy can be understood as the amount of work that is done to accelerate the particle from rest to
its final velocity.
The work-energy theorem can be most easily used if the object is moving in one dimension and is being acted upon by a
constant net force directed along the direction of motion. However, the theorem is valid for more general cases as well.
Let us now consider a situation in which the particle is still moving along the x axis, but the net force, which is still directed along
the x axis, is no longer constant. Let's see how our earlier definition of work,
needs to be modified by being replaced by an integral. If the path of the particle is divided into very small displacements , we
can assume that over each of these small displacement intervals, the net force remains essentially constant and the work
done to move the particle from to is
,
where is the x component of the net force (which remains virtually constant for the small displacement from to ). The
net work done on the particle is then given by
.
Now, using
and
,
it can be shown that
.
Part F
Evaluate the integral .
Express your answer in terms of , , and .
Hint 1. An integration formula
The formula for is
.
= W K
final
K
initial
K
initial
W = K
final
W = , F

s
dx
dW
x x +dx
dW = Fdx
F x x +dx
W
W = dW = F dx
x
final
x
initial

x
final
x
initial
F = ma
a = = =v
dv
dt
dv
dx
dx
dt
dv
dx
W = mvdv
v
final
v
initial
W = mvdv
v
final
v
initial
m v
initial
v
final
tdt
b
a
tdt =
b
a
b
2
a
2
2
ANSWER:
Correct
The expression that you havejust obtained is equivalent to . Not surprisingly, we are back to the
same expression of the work-energy theorem! Let us see how the theorem can be applied to problem solving.
Part G
A particle moving in the x direction is being acted upon by a net force , for some constant . The particle moves
from to . What is , the change in kinetic energy of the particle during that time?
Express your answer in terms of and .
Hint 1. Finding the work
Integrate to calculate the work done on the particle.
Hint 2. An integration formula
The formula for is
.
ANSWER:
Correct
It can also be shown that the work-energy theorem is valid for two- and three-dimensional motion and for a varying net
force that is not necessarily directed along the instantaneous direction of motion of the particle. In that case, the work
done by the net force is given by the line integral
where and are the initial and the final positions of the particle, is the vector representing a small
displacement, and is the net force acting on the particle.
Work from a Constant Force
Learning Goal:
To understand how to compute the work done by a constant force acting on a particle that moves in a straight line.
= W
m
2
v
final
2 m
2
v
initial
2
W = K
final
K
initial
F(x) = Cx
2
C
= L x
initial
= 3L x
final
K
C L
F(x) dx
du
b
a
u
2
du =
b
a
u
2 b
3
a
3
3
= K
26CL
3
3
W = ,
S
final
S
initial
F

dL

S
initial
S
final
dL

F

( )


In this problem, you will calculate the work done by a constant force. A force is considered constant if is independent of .
This is the most frequently encountered situation in elementary Newtonian mechanics.
Part A
Consider a particle moving in a straight line from initial point B to final point A, acted upon by a constant force . In the figure
the force is indicated by a series of identical vectors pointing to the
left, parallel to the horizontal axis. The vectors are all identical to
reflect the idea that the force is constant everywhere along the path.
The magnitude of the force is , and the displacement vector from
point B to point A is (of magnitude , making an angle (radians)
with the positive x axis). Find , the work that the force
performs on the particle as it moves from point B to point A.
Express the work in terms of , , and . Remember to use
radians, not degrees, for any angles that appear in your
answer.
Hint 1. Formula for work done by a constant force
For a particle subjected to a constant force along a straight path represented by the displacement vector , the net
work done by is .
Hint 2. Find the angle between and
You need to find the angle between the vector , which is directed horizontally to the left, and the vector in the
direction of the particle's motion (at an angle (radians) relative to the positive x axis). It may help to visualize
directed along the negative x axis at the origin. What is the angle between and ?
Express your answer in radians, not degrees.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
This result is worth remembering! The work done by a constant force of magnitude , which acts at an angle of with
respect to the direction of motion along a straight path of length , is . This equation correctly gives
the sign in this problem. Since is the angle with respect to the positive x axis (in radians), ; hence
.
( ) F

r r
F

F
L

L
W
BA
F

L F
F

L

F

F

L

F

L

F

L

F

F

L

=
= W
BA
FcosL
F
L = FLcos() W
BA
=
cos() = cos( ) = cos()
Part B
Now consider the same force acting on a particle that travels from point A to point B. The displacement vector now points
in the opposite direction as it did in Part A. Find the work
done by in this case.
Express your answer in terms of , , and .
Hint 1. A physical argument
The easiest argument to make is a physical one: If the particle were to go straight from point A to point B and then back
from point B to point A with the same force acting, the total work done would be zero (i.e., the gain in energy on the way
to point B due to this force would be lost on the way back, and vice versa). This holds for all conservative forces (but
does not hold for nonconservative forces), and a constant force is indeed conservative. Therefore,
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 6.4
A factory worker pushes a 31.5 crate a distance of 5.0 along a level floor at constant velocity by pushing downward at an
angle of 32 below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and floor is 0.26.
Part A
What magnitude of force must the worker apply to move the crate at constant velocity?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
F

L

W
AB
F

L F
+ = 0. W
BA
W
AB
= W
AB
FLcos
kg m

= 110 F N
Part B
How much work is done on the crate by this force when the crate is pushed a distance of 5.0 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
How much work is done on the crate by friction during this displacement?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
How much work is done by the normal force?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
How much work is done by gravity?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
What is the total work done on the crate?
ANSWER:
m
= 480 W J
= -480 W
f
J
= 0 W
nf
J
= 0 W
g
J
Correct
Exercise 6.6
Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker. Each tug exerts a constant force of 1.2!10
6
, one an angle 14 west of north and the
other an angle 14 east of north, as they pull the tanker a distance 0.62 toward the north.
Part A
What is the total work they do on the supertanker?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Vertical Spring Gun: Speed and Kinetic Energy
The figure represents a multiflash photograph of a ball being shot
straight up by a spring. The spring, with the ball atop, was initially
compressed to the point marked and released. The point marked
is the point where the ball would remain at rest if it were placed
gently on the spring, and the ball reaches its highest point at the point
marked .
For most situations, including this problem, the point may be taken to
be at the top of the spring, where the ball loses contact with the spring.
Part A
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. Assume that air resistance is negligible.
The speed of the ball was greatest at point when it was still in contact with the spring.
The speed of the ball was decreasing on its way from point to point .
The speed of the ball was zero at point .
The speed of the ball was the same for all points in its motion between points and .
= 0 W
net
J
N

km
=
1.4!10
9
W J
Y
bot
Y
0
Y
top
Y
0
Y
0
Y
0
Y
top
Y
top
Y
0
Y
top
Enter t for true or f for false for each statement. Separate your responses with commas (e.g., t,f,f,t).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Consider the kinetic energy of the ball. At what point or points is the ball's kinetic energy greatest?
Hint 1. What equation to use
The kinetic energy is given by , where is the mass of the object and is its speed.
ANSWER:
Correct
Dragging a Board
A uniform board of length and mass lies near a boundary that separates two regions. In region 1, the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the board and the surface is , and in region 2, the coefficient is . The positive direction is shown in the figure.
t,t,t,f
K = (1/2)mv
2
m v
only
only
only
and
and
and
and and
Y
bot
Y
0
Y
top
Y
bot
Y
0
Y
0
Y
top
Y
top
Y
bot
Y
bot
Y
0
Y
top
L M

1

2
Part A
Find the net work done by friction in pulling the board directly from region 1 to region 2. Assume that the board moves at
constant velocity.
Express the net work in terms of , , , , and .
Hint 1. The net force of friction
Suppose that the right edge of the board is a distance from the boundary, as shown. When the board is at this
position, what is the magnitude of the force of friction,
, acting on the board (assuming that it's moving)?
Express the force acting on the board in terms of , ,
, , , and .
Hint 1. Fraction of board in region 2
Consider the part of the board in region 2 when the right edge of the board is a distance from the boundary.
The magnitude of the force of friction acting on the board (only considering the friction from region 2) will be the
coefficient of friction, multiplied by the magnitude of the normal force that acts on the board. Since the ground is
horizontal, and the board is not accelerating in the vertical direction, the normal force should equal the board's
weight. But, only a fraction of the board's total mass is in region 2. Find the fraction of the board in region 2 in
terms of the given lengths;
.
ANSWER:
W
M g L
1

2
x
(x) F
net
M g
L x
1

2
x
fraction of the board in region 2 =
length of the board in region 2
total length of the board
Hint 2. Force of friction in region 1
Now consider that part of the board in region 1. Again, only a fraction of the board's mass is in region 1. Using
this fact, find the magnitude of the force of friction acting on the board, just due to friction in region 1.
Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
Hint 1. Fraction of the board in region 1
When the right edge of the board is a distance from the boundary, what fraction of the board lies in
region 1?
.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Work as integral of force
After you find the net force of friction that acts on the board, as a function of , to find the net work done by this
force, you will need to perform the appropriate work integral,
The lower limit of this integral will be at . What will be the upper limit?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Direction of force of friction
Don't forget that the force of friction is directed opposite to the direction of the board's motion.
Hint 4. Formula for
Fraction of board in region 2 =
x
L
M g L x
1
x
fraction of the board in region 1 =
length of the board in region 1
total length of the board
Fraction of board in region 1 =
Lx
L
= F
region1
Mg (Lx)
1
L
= (x) F
net ( (Lx) + x)
Mg
L

1

2
F(x) x
W = F(x) dx
x = 0
Upper limit at = x L
x dx
b
a
x dx =
b
ANSWER:
Correct
This answer makes sense because it is as if the board spent half its time in region 1, and half in region 2, which on
average, it in fact did.
Part B
What is the total work done by the external force in pulling the board from region 1 to region 2? (Again, assume that the board
moves at constant velocity.)
Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
Hint 1. No acceleration
Since the board is not accelerating, the sum of the external forces on it must be zero. Therefore the external force must
be oppositely directed to that of friction.
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 6.20
You throw a 20- rock vertically into the air from ground level. You observe that when it is a height 14.4 above the ground, it is
traveling at a speed of 25.9 upward.
Part A
Use the work-energy theorem to find its speed just as it left the ground.
ANSWER:
Correct
x dx =
b
a
b
2
a
2
2
= W L gM( )
+
2

1
2
M g L
1

2
= W
ext
LgM( )
+
2

1
2
N m
m/s
= 30.9 v
0
m/s
Part B
Use the work-energy theorem to find its maximum height.
ANSWER:
Correct
Work Done by a Spring
Consider a spring, with spring constant , one end of which is attached to a wall. The spring is initially unstretched, with the
unconstrained end of the spring at position .
Part A
The spring is now compressed so that the unconstrained end moves from to . Using the work integral
,
find the work done by the spring as it is compressed.
Express the work done by the spring in terms of and .
Hint 1. Spring force as a function of position
The spring force vector as a function of displacement from the spring's equilibrium position, is given by
where is the spring constant and is a unit vector in the direction of the displacement of the spring (in this case,
towards the right).
Hint 2. Integrand of the work integral
The work done by the spring is given by the integral of the dot product of the spring force and an infinitesimal
displacement of the end of the spring:
= 48.6 h m
k
x = 0
x = 0 x = L
W = ( ) d
x
f
x
i
F

x x
k L
F

x
= kx F

i
^
k i
^
W = ( ) d = (x) dx



,
where the infinitesmal displacement vector has been written as . Write in terms of given quantities, and
then compute the dot product to find an expression for the integrand. (Note, .)
Express your answer in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Upper limit of the work integral
The lower limit of the work integral will be at . What will be the integral's upper limit?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Holding Force of a Nail
A hammer of mass is moving at speed when it strikes a nail of negligible mass that is stuck in a wooden block. The hammer
is observed to drive the nail a distance deeper into the block.
Part A
Find the magnitude of the force that the wooden block exerts on the nail, assuming that this force is independent of the
depth of penetration of the nail into the wood. You may also assume that , so that the change in the hammer's
gravitational potential energy, as it drives the nail into the block, is insignificant.
Express the magnitude of the force in terms of , , and .
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
One way to solve this problem is to use the work-energy theorem. To stop the hammer from moving, the wooden block-
nail system must do a certain amount of work on the hammer. One expression for this amount of work involves and
the displacement of the hammer. In addition, the work-energy theorem implies that the initial kinetic energy of the
hammer plus the work done on the hammer must equal the final kinetic energy of the hammer. This gives another
expression for the work done that involves only the change in kinetic energy of the hammer. Equate the two
expressions for the work done and solve for .
Hint 2. Find the work done in terms of
W = ( ) d = (x) dx
x
f
x
i
F

x x
x
f
x
i
F

i
^
dx dx i
^
(x) F

= 1 i
^
i
^
k x dx
= (x) dx F

i
^
kxdx
= 0 x
i
= x
f
L
= W
k
1
2
L
2
M v
0
L
F
v
0
2gL

M v
0
L
F
F
F
The work-energy theorem connects the work needed to stop the hammer with the change in the hammer's kinetic
energy. Find the work done on the hammer by the nail. Don't forget to consider the sign of your answer.
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy of the hammer
What is , the change in kinetic energy of the hammer?
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Now evaluate the magnitude of the holding force of the wooden block on the nail by assuming that the force necessary to pull
the nail out is the same as that needed to drive it in, which we just derived. Assume a relatively heavy hammer
(about 18 ounces), moving with speed . (If such a hammer were swung this hard upward and released, it would
rise 5 m). Take the penetration depth to be 2 cm, which is appropriate for one hit on a relatively heavy construction nail.
Express your answer to the nearest pound. (Note: .)
ANSWER:
Correct
Pulling a Block on an Incline with Friction
A block of weight sits on an inclined plane as shown. A force of magnitude is applied to pull the block up the incline at
constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and the block is .
W
F L
= W FL
K K
f i
M v
0
= K K
f i 0.5Mv
0
2
= F
M
1
2
v
0
2
L
M = 0.5 kg
= 10 m/s v
0
L
1 lb = 4.45 N
=
281 lb
| | F

mg F

Part A
What is the total work done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance up the incline?
Express the work done by friction in terms of any or all of the variables , , , , , and .
Hint 1. How to start
Draw a free-body force diagram showing all real forces acting on the block.
Hint 2. Find the magnitude of the friction force
Write an expression for the magnitude of the friction force.
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , , , and .
Hint 1. Find the magnitude of the normal force
What is the magnitude of the normal force?
Express your answer in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
W
fric
L
m g L F
F
fric
m g
N
m g
= N mgcos()
= F
fric
mgcos()
= W
fric
(F mgsin)L
Correct
Part B
What is the total work done on the block by the applied force as the block moves a distance up the incline?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , , , , , and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Now the applied force is changed so that instead of pulling the block up the incline, the force pulls the block down the incline at a
constant speed.
Part C
What is the total work done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance down the incline?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , , , , , and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
What is the total work done on the box by the appled force in this case?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , , , , , and .
ANSWER:
W
F
F

L
m g L F
= W
F
FL
W
fric
L
m g L F
= W
fric
(mgsin +F)L
W
F
m g L F
Correct
Exercise 6.47
A force in the -direction with magnitude is applied to a 7.50 box that is sitting on the
horizontal, frictionless surface of a frozen lake. is the only horizontal force on the box.
Part A
If the box is initially at rest at , what is its speed after it has traveled 14.0 ?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
A Car with Constant Power
The engine in an imaginary sports car can provide constant power to the wheels over a range of speeds from 0 to 70 miles per
hour (mph). At full power, the car can accelerate from zero to 28.0 in time 1.50 .
Part A
At full power, how long would it take for the car to accelerate from 0 to 56.0 ? Neglect friction and air resistance.
Express your answer in seconds.
Hint 1. Energy and power
In the absence of friction, the constant power of the engine implies that the kinetic energy of the car increases linearly
with time.
Hint 2. Find the ratio of kinetic energies
Find the (numerical) ratio of the car's kinetic energy at speed 56.0 to , the kinetic energy at speed 28.0
.
ANSWER:
= W
F
LF
+x F(x) = 18.0 N(0.530 N/m)x kg
F(x)
x = 0 m
= 7.30 v
m
s
mph s
mph
K
1
mph K
2
mph
= 4
K
1
K
2
Correct
The car has four times the kinetic energy at 56.0 than at 28.0 . If the power (energy per unit time)
delivered by the engine is constant, how much longer does it take for the engine to deliver four times the energy?
ANSWER:
Correct
Of course, neglecting friction, especially air friction, is completely unrealistic at such speeds.
Part B
A more realistic car would cause the wheels to spin in a manner that would result in the ground pushing it forward with a
constant force (in contrast to the constant power in Part A). If such a sports car went from zero to 28.0 in time 1.50 ,
how long would it take to go from zero to 56.0 ?
Express your answer numerically, in seconds.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Constant force means constant acceleration. Use this fact to find how the speed increases with time.
ANSWER:
Correct
This is probably the first and last time you will come across an imaginary car that goes slower than the real one!
Problem 6.91
A pump is required to lift a mass of 800 of water per minute from a well of depth 14.0 and eject it with a speed of 17.7 .
Part A
How much work is done per minute in lifting the water?
ANSWER:
Correct
mph mph
6.00 s
mph s
mph
3.00 s
kg m m/s
=
1.10!10
5
W J
Part B
How much in giving the water the kinetic energy it has when ejected?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What must be the power output of the pump?
ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 100%.
You received 13 out of a possible total of 13 points.
Ch 06 HW
Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, October 2, 2014
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
The Work-Energy Theorem
Learning Goal:
To understand the meaning and possible applications of the work-energy theorem.
In this problem, you will use your prior knowledge to derive one of the most important relationships in mechanics: the work-energy
theorem. We will start with a special case: a particle of mass \(\texttip{m}{m}\) moving in the x direction at constant acceleration \
(\texttip{a}{a}\). During a certain interval of time, the particle accelerates from \(\texttip{v_{\rm initial}}{v_initial}\) to \(\texttip{v_{\rm
final}}{v_final}\), undergoing displacement \(\texttip{s}{s}\) given by \(s=x_{\rm final}-x_{\rm initial}\).
Part A
Find the acceleration \(\texttip{a}{a}\) of the particle.
Express the acceleration in terms of \(\texttip{v_{\rm initial}}{v_initial}\), \(\texttip{v_{\rm final}}{v_final}\), and
\(\texttip{s}{s}\).
Hint 1. Some helpful relationships from kinematics
By definition for constant acceleration,
\(\large{a=\frac{v_{\rm final}-v_{\rm initial}}{t}}\).
Furthermore, the average speed is
\(\large{v_{\rm avg}=\frac{v_{\rm initial}+v_{\rm final}}{2}}\),
=
1.25!10
5
K J
= 3920 P W
and the displacement is
\(s=v_{\rm avg}t\).
Combine these relationships to eliminate \(\texttip{t}{t}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Find the net force \(\texttip{F}{F}\) acting on the particle.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m}{m}\) and \(\texttip{a}{a}\).
Hint 1. Using Newton's laws
Which of Newton's laws may be helpful here?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
Find the net work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done on the particle by the external forces during the particle's motion.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{F}{F}\) and \(\texttip{s}{s}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
Substitute for \(\texttip{F}{F}\) from Part B in the expression for work from Part C. Then substitute for \(\texttip{a}{a}\) from the
relation in Part A. This will yield an expression for the net work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done on the particle by the external forces
during the particle's motion in terms of mass and the initial and final velocities. Give an expression for the work
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) in terms of those quantities.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{v_{\rm initial}}{v_initial}\), and
\(\texttip{a}{a}\) = \(\large{\frac{v_{\rm{final}}{^2}-v_{\rm{initial}}{^2}}{2s}}\)
\(\texttip{F}{F}\) = \(ma\)
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(Fs\)
\(\texttip{v_{\rm final}}{v_final}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
The expression that you obtained can be rearranged as
\(\large{W=\frac{1}{2}m{v_{\rm final}}^2-\frac{1}{2}m{v_{\rm initial}}^2.}\)
The quantity \(\large{\frac12 mv^2}\) has the same units as work. It is called the kinetic energy of the moving particle and
is denoted by \(\texttip{K}{K}\). Therefore, we can write
\(\large{K_{\rm initial}=\frac{1}{2}m{v_{\rm initial}}^2}\) and \(\large{K_{\rm final}=\frac{1}{2}m{v_{\rm final}}^2}\).
Note that like momentum, kinetic energy depends on both the mass and the velocity of the moving object. However, the
mathematical expressions for momentum and kinetic energy are different. Also, unlike momentum, kinetic energy is a
scalar. That is, it does not depend on the sign (therefore direction) of the velocities.
Part E
Find the net work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done on the particle by the external forces during the motion of the particle in terms of the
initial and final kinetic energies.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{K_{\rm initial}}{K_initial}\) and \(\texttip{K_{\rm final}}{K_final}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
This result is called the work-energy theorem. It states that the net work done on a particle equals the change in kinetic
energy of that particle.
Also notice that if \(\texttip{K_{\rm initial}}{K_initial}\) is zero, then the work-energy theorem reduces to
\(W=K_{\rm final}\).
In other words, kinetic energy can be understood as the amount of work that is done to accelerate the particle from rest to
its final velocity.
The work-energy theorem can be most easily used if the object is moving in one dimension and is being acted upon by a
constant net force directed along the direction of motion. However, the theorem is valid for more general cases as well.
Let us now consider a situation in which the particle is still moving along the x axis, but the net force, which is still directed along
the x axis, is no longer constant. Let's see how our earlier definition of work,
\(W=\vec{F}\cdot\vec{s},\)
needs to be modified by being replaced by an integral. If the path of the particle is divided into very small displacements \
(\texttip{dx}{dx}\), we can assume that over each of these small displacement intervals, the net force remains essentially constant
and the work \(dW\) done to move the particle from \(\texttip{x}{x}\) to \(x+dx\) is
\(dW=F\,dx\),
where \(\texttip{F}{F}\) is the x component of the net force (which remains virtually constant for the small displacement from \
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(\large{{\frac{m}{2}}v_{\rm{final}}{^2}-{\frac{m}{2}}v_{\rm{initial}}{^2}}\)
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(K_{\rm{final}}-K_{\rm{initial}}\)
(\texttip{x}{x}\) to \(x+dx\)). The net work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done on the particle is then given by
\(\large{W=\int_{x_{\rm initial}}^{x_{\rm final}}dW = \int_{x_{\rm initial}}^{x_{\rm final}} F\,dx}\).
Now, using
\(F=ma\)
and
\(\large{a=\frac{dv}{dt}=\frac{dv}{dx}\frac{dx}{dt}=v\frac{dv}{dx}}\),
it can be shown that
\(\large{W=\int_{v_{\rm initial}}^{v_{\rm final}}m v\,dv}\).
Part F
Evaluate the integral \(\large{W=\int_{v_{\rm initial}}^{v_{\rm final}}m v\,dv}\).
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{v_{\rm initial}}{v_initial}\), and
\(\texttip{v_{\rm final}}{v_final}\).
Hint 1. An integration formula
The formula for \(\large{\int_{a}^{b}t\,dt}\) is
\(\large{\int_{a}^{b}t \,dt = \frac{b^2 - a^2}{2}}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
The expression that you havejust obtained is equivalent to \(W=K_{\rm final}-K_{\rm initial}\). Not surprisingly, we are back
to the same expression of the work-energy theorem! Let us see how the theorem can be applied to problem solving.
Part G
A particle moving in the x direction is being acted upon by a net force \(F(x)=Cx^2\), for some constant \(\texttip{C}{C}\). The
particle moves from \(x_{\rm initial}=L\) to \(x_{\rm final}=3L\). What is \(\texttip{\Delta K}{DeltaK}\), the change in kinetic
energy of the particle during that time?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{C}{C}\) and \(\texttip{L}{L}\).
Hint 1. Finding the work
Integrate \(F(x)\,dx\) to calculate the work done on the particle.
Hint 2. An integration formula
The formula for \(\large{\int_{a}^{b}u^2 \, du}\) is
\(\large{\int_{a}^{b}u^2\,du = \frac{b^3 - a^3}{3}}\).
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(\large{{\frac{m}{2}}v_{\rm{final}}{^2}-{\frac{m}{2}}v_{\rm{initial}}{^2}}\)
ANSWER:
Correct
It can also be shown that the work-energy theorem is valid for two- and three-dimensional motion and for a varying net
force that is not necessarily directed along the instantaneous direction of motion of the particle. In that case, the work
done by the net force is given by the line integral
\(\large{W=\int_{S_{\rm initial}}^{S_{\rm final}}\vec{F}\cdot\vec{dL},}\)
where \(\texttip{S_{\rm initial}}{S_initial}\) and \(\texttip{S_{\rm final}}{S_final}\) are the initial and the final positions of the
particle, \(\texttip{\vec{dL}}{dL_vec}\) is the vector representing a small displacement, and \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) is the
net force acting on the particle.
Work from a Constant Force
Learning Goal:
To understand how to compute the work done by a constant force acting on a particle that moves in a straight line.
In this problem, you will calculate the work done by a constant force. A force is considered constant if \(\vec F(\vec r)\) is
independent of \(\texttip{\vec{r}}{r_vec}\). This is the most frequently encountered situation in elementary Newtonian mechanics.
Part A
Consider a particle moving in a straight line from initial point B to final point A, acted upon by a constant force
\(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) . In the figure the force is indicated by a
series of identical vectors pointing to the left, parallel to the
horizontal axis. The vectors are all identical to reflect the idea that
the force is constant everywhere along the path. The magnitude of
the force is \(\texttip{F}{F}\), and the displacement vector from point
B to point A is \(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\) (of magnitude
\(\texttip{L}{L}\), making an angle \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) (radians)
with the positive x axis). Find \(\texttip{W_{\rm BA}}{W_BA}\), the
work that the force \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) performs on the
particle as it moves from point B to point A.
Express the work in terms of \(\texttip{L}{L}\), \(\texttip{F}{F}\),
and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\). Remember to use radians, not
degrees, for any angles that appear in your answer.
Hint 1. Formula for work done by a constant force
For a particle subjected to a constant force \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) along a straight path represented by the
displacement vector \(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\), the net work done by \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) is \(\vec{F}\cdot\vec{L}\)
.
Hint 2. Find the angle between \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) and \(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\)
You need to find the angle between the vector \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\), which is directed horizontally to the left, and
\(\texttip{\Delta K}{DeltaK}\) = \(\large{\frac{26CL^{3}}{3}}\)
the vector \(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\) in the direction of the particle's motion (at an angle \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\)
(radians) relative to the positive x axis). It may help to visualize \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) directed along the negative x
axis at the origin. What is the angle \(\texttip{\phi }{phi}\) between \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) and
\(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\)?
Express your answer in radians, not degrees.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
This result is worth remembering! The work done by a constant force of magnitude \(\texttip{F}{F}\), which acts at an
angle of \(\texttip{\phi }{phi}\) with respect to the direction of motion along a straight path of length \(\texttip{L}{L}\) , is
\(W_{BA} = F L \cos(\phi)\). This equation correctly gives the sign in this problem. Since \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\) is the
angle with respect to the positive x axis (in radians), \(\phi = \pi - \theta\); hence
\(\cos(\phi) = \cos(\pi-\theta) = - \cos(\theta)\).
Part B
Now consider the same force \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) acting on a particle that travels from point A to point B. The
displacement vector \(\texttip{\vec{L}}{L_vec}\) now points in the
opposite direction as it did in Part A. Find the work
\(\texttip{W_{\rm AB}}{W_AB}\) done by \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) in
this case.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{L}{L}\),
\(\texttip{F}{F}\), and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\).
Hint 1. A physical argument
The easiest argument to make is a physical one: If the particle were to go straight from point A to point B and then back
from point B to point A with the same force acting, the total work done would be zero (i.e., the gain in energy on the way
to point B due to this force would be lost on the way back, and vice versa). This holds for all conservative forces (but
does not hold for nonconservative forces), and a constant force is indeed conservative.
Therefore, \(W_{BA} + W_{AB}= 0.\)
\(\texttip{\phi }{phi}\) = \({\pi}-{\theta}\)
\(\texttip{W_{\rm BA}}{W_BA}\) = \(-F {\cos}{\theta}L\)
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 6.4
A factory worker pushes a 31.5\({\rm kg}\) crate a distance of 5.0\({\rm m}\) along a level floor at constant velocity by pushing
downward at an angle of 32\({\rm ^\circ}\) below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and floor is 0.26.
Part A
What magnitude of force must the worker apply to move the crate at constant velocity?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
How much work is done on the crate by this force when the crate is pushed a distance of 5.0\({\rm m}\) ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
How much work is done on the crate by friction during this displacement?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
\(\texttip{W_{\rm AB}}{W_AB}\) = \(FL {\cos}{\theta}\)
\(F\) = 110 \({\rm N}\)
\(W\) = 480 \({\rm J}\)
\(W_f\) = -480 \({\rm J}\)
Part D
How much work is done by the normal force?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
How much work is done by gravity?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
What is the total work done on the crate?
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 6.6
Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker. Each tug exerts a constant force of 1.2!10
6
\({\rm N}\) , one an angle 14\({\rm ^\circ}\)
west of north and the other an angle 14\({\rm ^\circ}\) east of north, as they pull the tanker a distance 0.62\({\rm km}\) toward the
north.
Part A
What is the total work they do on the supertanker?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
\(W_{nf}\) = 0 \({\rm J}\)
\(W_g\) = 0 \({\rm J}\)
\(W_{net}\) = 0 \({\rm J}\)
\(W\) =
1.4!10
9
\({\rm J}\)
Vertical Spring Gun: Speed and Kinetic Energy
The figure represents a multiflash photograph of a ball being shot
straight up by a spring. The spring, with the ball atop, was initially
compressed to the point marked \(\texttip{Y_{\rm bot}}{Y_bot}\) and
released. The point marked \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) is the point where
the ball would remain at rest if it were placed gently on the spring, and
the ball reaches its highest point at the point marked \(\texttip{Y_{\rm
top}}{Y_top}\).
For most situations, including this problem, the point \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}
{Y_0}\) may be taken to be at the top of the spring, where the ball loses
contact with the spring.
Part A
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. Assume that air resistance is negligible.
The speed of the ball was greatest at point \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) when it was still in contact with the spring.
The speed of the ball was decreasing on its way from point \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) to point
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\).
The speed of the ball was zero at point \(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\).
The speed of the ball was the same for all points in its motion between points \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) and
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\).
Enter t for true or f for false for each statement. Separate your responses with commas (e.g., t,f,f,t).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Consider the kinetic energy of the ball. At what point or points is the ball's kinetic energy greatest?
Hint 1. What equation to use
The kinetic energy is given by \(K = (1/2)mv^2\), where \(\texttip{m}{m}\) is the mass of the object and \(\texttip{v}{v}\) is
its speed.
ANSWER:
t,t,t,f
Correct
Dragging a Board
A uniform board of length \(\texttip{L}{L}\) and mass \(\texttip{M}{M}\) lies near a boundary that separates two regions. In region 1,
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the surface is \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 1}}{mu_1}\), and in region 2, the coefficient
is \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 2}}{mu_2}\). The positive direction is shown in the figure.
Part A
Find the net work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done by friction in pulling the board directly from region 1 to region 2. Assume that the
board moves at constant velocity.
Express the net work in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 1}}{mu_1}\),
and \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 2}}{mu_2}\).
Hint 1. The net force of friction
Suppose that the right edge of the board is a distance \(\texttip{x}{x}\) from the boundary, as shown. When the board is
at this position, what is the magnitude of the force of friction, \(\texttip{F_{\rm net}\left(x\right)}{F_net(x)}\), acting on the
board (assuming that it's moving)?
Express the force acting on the board in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\),
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm bot}}{Y_bot}\) only
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) only
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\) only
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm bot}}{Y_bot}\) and \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\)
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) and \(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\)
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\) and \(\texttip{Y_{\rm bot}}{Y_bot}\)
\(\texttip{Y_{\rm bot}}{Y_bot}\) and \(\texttip{Y_{\rm 0}}{Y_0}\) and \(\texttip{Y_{\rm top}}{Y_top}\)
\(\texttip{x}{x}\), \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 1}}{mu_1}\), and
\(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 2}}{mu_2}\).
Hint 1. Fraction of board in region 2
Consider the part of the board in region 2 when the right edge of the board is a distance \(\texttip{x}{x}\) from the
boundary. The magnitude of the force of friction acting on the board (only considering the friction from region 2)
will be the coefficient of friction, multiplied by the magnitude of the normal force that acts on the board. Since the
ground is horizontal, and the board is not accelerating in the vertical direction, the normal force should equal the
board's weight. But, only a fraction of the board's total mass is in region 2. Find the fraction of the board in region
2 in terms of the given lengths;
\(\large{\rm fraction \; of \; the \; board \; in \; region \; 2 = \frac{length \; of \; the \; board \; in \; region \; 2}{total \;
length \; of \; the \; board}}\)
.
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Force of friction in region 1
Now consider that part of the board in region 1. Again, only a fraction of the board's mass is in region 1. Using
this fact, find the magnitude of the force of friction acting on the board, just due to friction in region 1.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), \(\texttip{x}{x}\), and
\(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 1}}{mu_1}\).
Hint 1. Fraction of the board in region 1
When the right edge of the board is a distance \(\texttip{x}{x}\) from the boundary, what fraction of the
board lies in region 1?
\(\large{\rm fraction \; of \; the \; board \; in \; region \; 1 = \frac{length \; of \; the \; board \; in \; region \; 1}
{total \; length \; of \; the \; board}}\)
.
ANSWER:
Fraction of board in region 2 = \(\large{\frac{x}{L}}\)
Fraction of board in region 1 = \(\large{\frac{L-x}{L}}\)
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Hint 2. Work as integral of force
After you find the net force of friction \(\texttip{F\left(x\right)}{F(x)}\) that acts on the board, as a function of
\(\texttip{x}{x}\), to find the net work done by this force, you will need to perform the appropriate work integral,
\(\large{W = \int F(x) \; dx}\)
The lower limit of this integral will be at \(x=0\). What will be the upper limit?
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Direction of force of friction
Don't forget that the force of friction is directed opposite to the direction of the board's motion.
Hint 4. Formula for \(\large{\int_{a}^{b} x \; dx}\)
\(\large{\int_{a}^{b} x \; dx = \frac{b^2 - a^2}{2}}\)
ANSWER:
Correct
This answer makes sense because it is as if the board spent half its time in region 1, and half in region 2, which on
average, it in fact did.
Part B
What is the total work done by the external force in pulling the board from region 1 to region 2? (Again, assume that the board
moves at constant velocity.)
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 1}}{mu_1}\),
and \(\texttip{\mu _{\rm 2}}{mu_2}\).
Hint 1. No acceleration
Since the board is not accelerating, the sum of the external forces on it must be zero. Therefore the external force must
\(\texttip{F_{\rm region1}}{F_region1}\) = \(\large{\frac{M g {\mu}_{1} \left(L-x\right)}{L}}\)
\(\texttip{F_{\rm net}\left(x\right)}{F_net(x)}\)
=
\(\large{\frac{M g}{L} \left({\mu}_{1} \left(L-x\right)+{\mu}_{2}
x\right)}\)
Upper limit at \(\texttip{x}{x}\) = \(L\)
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(\large{L{\cdot}-gM\left(\frac{{\mu}_{2}+{\mu}_{1}}{2}\right)}\)
be oppositely directed to that of friction.
ANSWER:
Correct
Exercise 6.20
You throw a 20-\({\rm N}\) rock vertically into the air from ground level. You observe that when it is a height 14.4\({\rm m}\) above
the ground, it is traveling at a speed of 25.9\({\rm m/s}\) upward.
Part A
Use the work-energy theorem to find its speed just as it left the ground.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Use the work-energy theorem to find its maximum height.
ANSWER:
Correct
Work Done by a Spring
Consider a spring, with spring constant \(\texttip{k}{k}\), one end of which is attached to a wall. The spring is initially unstretched,
with the unconstrained end of the spring at position \(x = 0\).
\(\texttip{W_{\rm ext}}{W_ext}\) = \(\large{LgM\left(\frac{{\mu}_{2}+{\mu}_{1}}{2}\right)}\)
\(v_0\) = 30.9 \({\rm m/s}\)
\(h\) = 48.6 \({\rm m}\)
Part A
The spring is now compressed so that the unconstrained end moves from \(x = 0\) to \(x = L\). Using the work integral
\(\large{W=\int_{x_{\rm i}}^{x_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}}\vec{F}(\vec{x})\cdot d\vec{x}}\),
find the work done by the spring as it is compressed.
Express the work done by the spring in terms of \(\texttip{k}{k}\) and \(\texttip{L}{L}\).
Hint 1. Spring force as a function of position
The spring force vector \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) as a function of displacement \(\texttip{x}{x}\) from the spring's
equilibrium position, is given by
\(\vec{F} = -k x \; \hat{i}\)
where \(\texttip{k}{k}\) is the spring constant and \(\texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit}\) is a unit vector in the direction of the
displacement of the spring (in this case, towards the right).
Hint 2. Integrand of the work integral
The work done by the spring is given by the integral of the dot product of the spring force and an infinitesimal
displacement of the end of the spring:
\(\large{W=\int_{x_{\rm i}}^{x_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}} \vec{F}(\vec{x})\cdot d\vec{x} = \int_{x_{\rm i}}^{x_{\rm f \hspace{1
pt}}} \vec{F}(x) \cdot \hat{i}\,dx}\)
,
where the infinitesmal displacement vector \(d\vec{x}\) has been written as \(\hat{i}\,dx\). Write \(\vec{F}(x)\) in terms of
given quantities, and then compute the dot product to find an expression for the integrand. (Note,
\(\hat{i} \cdot \hat{i} = 1\).)
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{k}{k}\), \(\texttip{x}{x}\), and \(\texttip{dx}{dx}\).
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Upper limit of the work integral
\(\vec{F}(x)\cdot\hat{i} \; dx\) = \(-k x dx\)
The lower limit of the work integral will be at \(x_{\rm i}=0\). What will be the integral's upper limit?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Holding Force of a Nail
A hammer of mass \(\texttip{M}{M}\) is moving at speed \(\texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}\) when it strikes a nail of negligible mass that is
stuck in a wooden block. The hammer is observed to drive the nail a distance \(\texttip{L}{L}\) deeper into the block.
Part A
Find the magnitude \(\texttip{F}{F}\) of the force that the wooden block exerts on the nail, assuming that this force is
independent of the depth of penetration of the nail into the wood. You may also assume that \(v_0 \gg \sqrt{2gL}\), so that the
change in the hammer's gravitational potential energy, as it drives the nail into the block, is insignificant.
Express the magnitude of the force in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\), \(\texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}\), and \(\texttip{L}{L}\).
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
One way to solve this problem is to use the work-energy theorem. To stop the hammer from moving, the wooden block-
nail system must do a certain amount of work on the hammer. One expression for this amount of work involves
\(\texttip{F}{F}\) and the displacement of the hammer. In addition, the work-energy theorem implies that the initial kinetic
energy of the hammer plus the work done on the hammer must equal the final kinetic energy of the hammer. This gives
another expression for the work done that involves only the change in kinetic energy of the hammer. Equate the two
expressions for the work done and solve for \(\texttip{F}{F}\).
Hint 2. Find the work done in terms of \(\texttip{F}{F}\)
The work-energy theorem connects the work needed to stop the hammer with the change in the hammer's kinetic
energy. Find the work \(\texttip{W}{W}\) done on the hammer by the nail. Don't forget to consider the sign of your
answer.
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{F}{F}\) and \(\texttip{L}{L}\).
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the change in kinetic energy of the hammer
What is \(K_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}} - K{\rm_i}\), the change in kinetic energy of the hammer?
\(\texttip{x_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}}{x_f}\) = \(L\)
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(\large{-{\frac{1}{2}}kL^{2}}\)
\(\texttip{W}{W}\) = \(-F L\)
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{M}{M}\) and \(\texttip{v_{\rm 0}}{v_0}\).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Now evaluate the magnitude of the holding force of the wooden block on the nail by assuming that the force necessary to pull
the nail out is the same as that needed to drive it in, which we just derived. Assume a relatively heavy \(M=0.5\;{\rm kg}\)
hammer (about 18 ounces), moving with speed \(v_0 = 10\;{\rm m/s}\). (If such a hammer were swung this hard upward and
released, it would rise 5 m). Take the penetration depth \(\texttip{L}{L}\) to be 2 cm, which is appropriate for one hit on a
relatively heavy construction nail.
Express your answer to the nearest pound. (Note: \(1\;{\rm lb}=4.45\:{\rm N}\).)
ANSWER:
Correct
Pulling a Block on an Incline with Friction
A block of weight \(mg\) sits on an inclined plane as shown. A force of
magnitude \(\texttip{F}{F}\) is applied to pull the block up the incline at
constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and
the block is \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\).
\(K_{\rm f \hspace{1 pt}}-K{\rm _i}\) = \(-0.5 M {v_{0}}^{2}\)
\(\texttip{F}{F}\) = \(\large{\frac{{\frac{1}{2}}Mv_{0}{^2}}{L}}\)
\(|\vec{F}|\) = 281 lb
Part A
What is the total work \(\texttip{W_{\rm fric}}{W_fric}\) done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance
\(\texttip{L}{L}\) up the incline?
Express the work done by friction in terms of any or all of the variables \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), \(\texttip{m}{m}\),
\(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), and \(\texttip{F}{F}\).
Hint 1. How to start
Draw a free-body force diagram showing all real forces acting on the block.
Hint 2. Find the magnitude of the friction force
Write an expression for the magnitude \(\texttip{F_{\rm fric}}{F_fric}\) of the friction force.
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), \(\texttip{m}{m}\),
\(\texttip{g}{g}\), and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\).
Hint 1. Find the magnitude of the normal force
What is the magnitude \(\texttip{N}{N}\) of the normal force?
Express your answer in terms of \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), and \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the total work \(\texttip{W_{\mit F}}{W_F}\) done on the block by the applied force \(\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}\) as the
block moves a distance \(\texttip{L}{L}\) up the incline?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables \(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\),
\(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), and \(\texttip{F}{F}\).
ANSWER:
\(\texttip{N}{N}\) = \(m g {\cos}\left({\theta}\right)\)
\(\texttip{F_{\rm fric}}{F_fric}\) = \({\mu} m g {\cos}\left({\theta}\right)\)
\(\texttip{W_{\rm fric}}{W_fric}\) = \(-\left(F-mg {\sin}{\theta}\right)L\)
Correct
Now the applied force is changed so that instead of pulling the block up the incline, the force pulls the block down the incline at a
constant speed.
Part C
What is the total work \(\texttip{W_{\rm fric}}{W_fric}\) done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a distance
\(\texttip{L}{L}\) down the incline?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables
\(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), and \(\texttip{F}{F}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
What is the total work \(\texttip{W_{\mit F}}{W_F}\) done on the box by the appled force in this case?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables
\(\texttip{\mu }{mu}\), \(\texttip{m}{m}\), \(\texttip{g}{g}\), \(\texttip{\theta }{theta}\), \(\texttip{L}{L}\), and \(\texttip{F}{F}\).
ANSWER:
Correct
\(\texttip{W_{\mit F}}{W_F}\) = \(FL\)
\(\texttip{W_{\rm fric}}{W_fric}\) = \(-\left(mg {\sin}{\theta}+F\right)L\)
\(\texttip{W_{\mit F}}{W_F}\) = \(LF\)
Exercise 6.47
A force in the \(+x\)-direction with magnitude \(F(x) = 18.0\;{\rm N}-(0.530\;{\rm N/m})x\) is applied to a 7.50\({\rm kg}\) box that is
sitting on the horizontal, frictionless surface of a frozen lake. \(F(x)\) is the only horizontal force on the box.
Part A
If the box is initially at rest at \(x = 0\), what is its speed after it has traveled 14.0\({\rm m}\) ?
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
A Car with Constant Power
The engine in an imaginary sports car can provide constant power to the wheels over a range of speeds from 0 to 70 miles per
hour (mph). At full power, the car can accelerate from zero to 28.0\({\rm mph}\) in time 1.50\({\rm s}\) .
Part A
At full power, how long would it take for the car to accelerate from 0 to 56.0\({\rm mph}\) ? Neglect friction and air resistance.
Express your answer in seconds.
Hint 1. Energy and power
In the absence of friction, the constant power of the engine implies that the kinetic energy of the car increases linearly
with time.
Hint 2. Find the ratio of kinetic energies
Find the (numerical) ratio of the car's kinetic energy \(\texttip{K_{\rm 1}}{K_1}\) at speed 56.0\({\rm mph}\) to
\(\texttip{K_{\rm 2}}{K_2}\), the kinetic energy at speed 28.0\({\rm mph}\) .
ANSWER:
Correct
The car has four times the kinetic energy at 56.0\({\rm mph}\) than at 28.0\({\rm mph}\) . If the power (energy per
unit time) delivered by the engine is constant, how much longer does it take for the engine to deliver four times the
energy?
ANSWER:
\(v\) = 7.30 \(\large{{\rm \frac{m}{s}}}\)
\(\large{\frac{K_{1}}{K_{2}}}\) = 4
Correct
Of course, neglecting friction, especially air friction, is completely unrealistic at such speeds.
Part B
A more realistic car would cause the wheels to spin in a manner that would result in the ground pushing it forward with a
constant force (in contrast to the constant power in Part A). If such a sports car went from zero to 28.0\({\rm mph}\) in time
1.50\({\rm s}\) , how long would it take to go from zero to 56.0\({\rm mph}\) ?
Express your answer numerically, in seconds.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Constant force means constant acceleration. Use this fact to find how the speed increases with time.
ANSWER:
Correct
This is probably the first and last time you will come across an imaginary car that goes slower than the real one!
Problem 6.91
A pump is required to lift a mass of 800\({\rm kg}\) of water per minute from a well of depth 14.0\({\rm m}\) and eject it with a speed
of 17.7\({\rm m/s}\) .
Part A
How much work is done per minute in lifting the water?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
How much in giving the water the kinetic energy it has when ejected?
ANSWER:
6.00 \(\rm s\)
3.00 \(\rm s\)
\(W\) =
1.10!10
5
\({\rm J}\)
Correct
Part C
What must be the power output of the pump?
ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 100%.
You received 13 out of a possible total of 13 points.
\(K\) =
1.25!10
5
\({\rm J}\)
\(P\) = 3920 \({\rm W}\)