BLACK HOLES

(FORMATION)
M.PRAVEEN KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
IIT BHUBANESWAR
BHUBANESWAR INDIA
praveen!""#$%&a'.()&
C.MA*UR SAI
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
IIT BHUBANESWAR
BHUBANESWAR INDIA
&a+,ra!!""#$%&a'.()&

INTRODUCTION:
A black hole is a region of sace in !hich "he
gra#i"a"ional fiel$ is so o!erf%l "ha" no"hing& no" e#en ligh"&
can escae' The black hole has a one(!a) s%rface& calle$ an
e#en" hori*on& in"o !hich ob+ec"s can fall& b%" o%" of !hich
no"hing can co,e' I" is calle$ -black- beca%se i" absorbs all
"he ligh" "ha" hi"s i"& reflec"ing no"hing& +%s" like a erfec"
black(bo$) in "her,o$)na,ics'./0 1%an"%, anal)sis of
black holes sho!s "he, "o ossess a "e,era"%re an$
Ha!king ra$ia"ion'
Desi"e i"s in#isible in"erior& a black hole can re#eal i"s
resence "hro%gh in"erac"ion !i"h o"her ,a""er' A black hole
can be inferre$ b) "racking "he ,o#e,en" of a gro% of s"ars
"ha" orbi" a region in sace !hich looks e,")' Al"erna"i#el)&
one can see gas falling in"o a rela"i#el) s,all black hole&
fro, a co,anion s"ar' This gas sirals in!ar$& hea"ing % "o
#er) high "e,era"%res an$ e,i""ing large a,o%n"s of
ra$ia"ion "ha" can be $e"ec"e$ fro, ear"hbo%n$ an$ ear"h(
orbi"ing "elescoes' S%ch obser#a"ions ha#e res%l"e$ in "he
scien"ific consens%s "ha"& barring a break$o!n in o%r
%n$ers"an$ing of na"%re& black holes e2is" in o%r %ni#erse'
E3%a"ions
The escae #eloci") is "he ,ini,%, see$ a" !hich
an ob+ec" nee$s "o "ra#el so as "o escae a so%rce of
gra#i") !i"ho%" falling back in"o orbi" before
s"oing' On "he Ear"h& "he escae #eloci") is e3%al "o
//'4 k,5s& so no ,a""er !ha" "he ob+ec" is& !he"her a
b%lle" or a baseball& i" ,%s" go a" leas" //'4 k,5s "o
a#oi$ falling back "o "he Ear"h6s s%rface' To calc%la"e
"he escae #eloci") in Ne!"onian ,echanics& consi$er
a hea#) ob+ec" of ,ass 7 cen"ere$ a" "he origin' A
secon$ ob+ec" !i"h ,ass , s"ar"ing a" $is"ance r fro,
"he origin !i"h see$ #& "r)ing "o escae "o infini")&
nee$s "o ha#e +%s" eno%gh kine"ic energ) "o ,ake %
for "he nega"i#e gra#i"a"ional o"en"ial energ)& !i"h
no"hing lef" o#er:

8!here 9 is "he gra#i"a"ional cons"an":' Tha" !a)& as
i" ge"s closer "o i" has less an$ less kine"ic energ)&
finall) en$ing % a" infini") !i"h *ero #eloci")'