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ISBN 978-0-15-362255-7
ISBN 0-15-362255-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 050 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
2
What Is Energy?
What do you know about energy? For example, you probably
know that food gives people energy. You probably also know that
machines, such as cars, need energy to run. But do you know
what energy is?
Scientists dene energy as
the ability to cause changes in
matter. One kind of change in
matter is movement.
Anything movinga person
walking down the street, a car
speeding down the road, or a
rock rolling down a hillhas
energy. Where does the
energy to move come from?
Peoples energy comes from
the energy stored in the food
they eat, which is then stored inside them. People convert the
energy stored in them into movement. A car uses the energy
stored in gasoline. A cars engine converts the energy stored in
gasoline into movement.
1he faster an
object is moving,
the more kinetic
energy it has.
A IandsIide is a mass of rock and
soiI that breaks Ioose and faIIs
rapidIy down a mountainside
(kinetic energy). Water from rain or
meIting snow can start a IandsIide,
as can an earthquake or a voIcanic
eruption. LandsIides that rush
suddenIy down a steep sIope can
cause serious destruction!
3
A rock on a hill has stored energy too. Another name for
stored energy is potential energy. Potential energy is the energy
an object has because of its condition or position. For example, a
rock on top of a hill is in a position to move. Rain may loosen the
soil around the rock. The rock may begin to fall. Once the rock is
moving, it has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of
motion. All energy can be classied as either potential or kinetic
energy.
C0MFAk AND C0N1kAS1 how are potentiaI energy and
kinetic energy aIike? how are they different?
1he higher an object is, the more
potentiaI energy it has. A rock on
a mountain has more potentiaI
energy than a rock on a hiII.
4
How Energy Changes
Did you know that energy often changes from one form to
another? As a roller coaster moves around a track, it sometimes
has potential energy, it sometimes has kinetic energy, and it
sometimes has both.
When a roller coaster reaches the top of a hill and stops
moving, it has potential energy. When a roller coaster starts
moving down, it has kinetic energy. As it moves down, it loses
potential energy and gains kinetic
energy. When it is at the bottom,
it has the most kinetic energy.
When the roller coaster is moving
back up, it loses kinetic energy and
gains potential energy. Eventually,
the roller coaster returns to the top
and stops. There it has no kinetic
energy, but it has the potential
energy to move down again.
A roIIer coaster can
have kinetic and
potentiaI energy.
5
Energy not only changes from one form to another but also
moves from place to place. The movement of energy from one
place or object to another is called energy transfer. For example,
a rolling marble has kinetic energy. If a moving marble hits a
stationary marble, it transfers some of its kinetic energy, and the
second marble begins to move.
C0MFAk AND C0N1kAS1 Picture yourseIf riding a bike on a
hiIIy path. how do your potentiaI and kinetic energy change as you
go up and down the hiIIs?
6
Ditterent Forms ot Energy
You have learned about two basic
forms of energy: potential energy and
kinetic energy. There are other ways to
classify forms of energy as well.
One familiar energy source is the
sun. Energy from the sun travels as
radiation. Light is visible radiation from
the sun. Other forms of radiation that
are produced by the sun include heat,
X rays, and ultraviolet rays. Another familiar form of energy is
electricity. Electrical energy is energy that comes from an electric
current. An electric current results from the movement of
electrons, one of the types of particles that make up atoms.
Some energy stations
produce eIectricity by using
the potentiaI and kinetic
energy of faIIing water.
1he chemicaI energy
stored in food you eat is
potentiaI energy. When
it's reIeased, it gives you
kinetic energy to move!

1his portabIe C pIayer

operates on batteries. 1hey
converts chemicaI energy
into eIectricaI energy and
eIectricaI energy into sound.
Sound and chemical energy are two other forms of energy.
Sound is energy in the form of vibrations that travel through
matter. Chemical energy is energy that can be released by a
chemical reaction, such as burning. An example of a substance
that releases energy in a chemical reaction is gasoline, a fuel used
to run cars and other machines.
You have learned that one form of energy often changes into
another form. Many machines and appliances convert potential
energy into other forms of energy that are useful to us. For
example, a lightbulb converts electrical energy into light and
heat. A portable music player that operates on batteries converts
chemical into electrical energy and electrical energy into sound.
MAlN lDA AND D1AlLS ldentify and describe four forms
of energy.
CXEFL07ARD503_OLR_p13.indd 7 1/7/10 6:01:30 PM
First Pass
8
1hermaI energy ows from the
fox's feet to the snow because
the snow is cooIer.
What Is Heat?
You cant hold or see energy. But you can see how energy
moves or changes matter. Remember that all matter is made up
of tiny particles that are always moving. These moving particles
have kinetic energy, called thermal energy. The faster the particles
move, the more thermal energy a substance has. When the
particles of one substance come in contact with particles of
another substance moving at a different rate, thermal energy is
transferred. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between
objects with different temperatures. Thermal energy always ows
from warmer objects to cooler objects.
9
A system is a group of parts that work together. Look at the
picture of the pot of water on the stove. The stove burner, the
pot, and the water are a system. The burner transfers thermal
energy to the pot. The pot transfers thermal energy to the water.
As the water receives more and more thermal energy, its particles
move faster and faster, and its temperature rises.
If you keep adding thermal energy to this system, a change of
state can occur. The more thermal energy transferred to the
water, the faster its particles move. Eventually, the particles have
so much thermal energy that they separate from each other and
rise into the air. The water boils and becomes water vapor.
MAlN lDA AND D1AlLS Write a dehnition of heat in your
own words.
heating a pot of water on a
stove is a famiIiar exampIe
of using a system that
transfers thermaI energy.
10
How Heat Noves
You step on hot sand in your bare
feet. Thermal energy transfers from
the sand to your feet. You step on
the cold tile oor in the bathroom at
night. Thermal energy transfers from
your feet to the oor. Both of these
examples of thermal energy transfer
are examples of conduction, or the
transfer of thermal energy from one
object directly into another.
1he water at the bottom of
a kettIe heats up hrst.
Warm water moves upward
by convection, transferring
thermaI energy throughout
the water in the kettIe.
Light and heat from
the sun must move
across 150 miIIion km
(93 miIIion mi) of
space to reach Larth.
11
In addition to conduction, heat moves in two other ways, by
convection and by radiation. Convection is the transfer of
thermal energy through the movement of a gas or a liquid. As a
gas or liquid is heated, it moves upward. As a result, the area
above a heat source gets warmer. You can feel the effects of
convection when you stand near a stove.
Radiation is the transfer of energy by means of waves that
move through matter and space. Radiation is the way heat and
light from the sun move across space to reach Earth.
MAlN lDA AND D1AlLS ldentify three ways thermaI energy
is transferred.
Lnergy is transferred
from the sun to Larth
by radiation.
12
What Are Energy Resources?
How many different ways do you use electricity each day?
Electricity helps us light, heat, and cool our homes. Electrical
appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, washing machines, and
dishwashers help us prepare foods and keep things clean.
Radios, computers, telephones, and televisions all rely on
electricity to work.
Where does all this electricity come from? Electricity is
produced at electric energy stations, mostly from coal, oil, or
natural gas. Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels. A fossil is
the remains or traces of past life found in sedimentary rock. Fossil
fuels, formed from the remains of things that lived long ago, take
millions of years to form. This is why fossil fuels are nonrenewable
resources. A nonrenewable resource is a resource that, once
used, cannot be replaced within a reasonable amount of time.
fossiI fueIs, such as coaI,
contain chemicaI energy.
8urning fossiI fueIs
reIeases heat, which is
used to produce eIectricity
at a pIant such as this one.
13
Some resources are renewable. A renewable resource is one
that can be replaced or renewed within a reasonable amount of
time. Examples of renewable resources include water, wind, and
energy from the sun. Falling water is used by some energy plants
to produce electricity. Wind can turn windmill turbines that
produce electricity. Energy from the sun, called solar energy, can
be changed directly into electric energy through the use
of solar cells.
C0MFAk AND C0N1kAS1 ldentify three energy resources.
how are they aIike? how are they different?
SoIar ceIIs can be
used to heat homes.
SoIar ceIIs are aIso
found on some
caIcuIators, road
signs, and sateIIites.
14
Using Resources Wisely
How can we use resources wisely?
One thing people can do is use less of
nonrenewable resources such as coal,
oil, and natural gas. This is called
conservation. Conservation means
using less of something to make the
supply last longer. Another thing people
can do is support the research and
development of alternative energy
sources such as the use of wind, water,
and solar energy.
Reducing the use of fossil fuels
reduces harm to the environment.
Burning fossil fuels produces air
pollution by releasing gases into the atmosphere. Pollution is
anything that dirties or harms the environment. By reducing our
use of fossil fuels, we help keep our environment clean.
1his car burns Iess fossiI
fueI than a reguIar car.
how? lt's a hybrid-a car
that uses both gasoIine
and eIectricity. At sIower
speeds, an eIectric motor
is run by batteries. At
higher speeds, the car's
other engine uses gasoIine,
just Iike other cars.

You can help conserve energy and reduce pollution in simple

everyday tasks. Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Fix
leaky faucets. Walk, ride a bike, or take public transportation
instead of using a car.
C0MFAk AND C0N1kAS1
Suppose you and a parent couId either take the bus or drive to the
Iibrary. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each mode
of transportation.
WindmiIIs are an easy and
inexpensive way to produce
eIectricity from moving air.

Energy is the ability to cause change in matter. One way to

classify energy is according to two basic forms: potential energy
and kinetic energy. Another way to classify energy is to identify
and describe forms such as electric energy, thermal energy, light
energy, sound energy, and chemical energy. Every day, you use
energy in many ways. You can use energy resources wisely by
conserving nonrenewable resources and supporting the use of
new sources of energy.
CXEFL07ARD503_OLR_p13.indd 15 1/7/10 6:13:29 PM
First Pass
16
Glossary
conduction (kuhn

DUK

shuhn) The transfer of heat from one

object directly to another (10, 11)
conservation (kahn

ser

VAY

shuhn) The use of less of something

to make the supply last longer (14)
convection (kuhn

VEK

shuhn) The transfer of heat through the

movement of a gas or a liquid (10, 11)
energy (EN

er

jee) The ability to cause changes in matter

(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
energy transfer (EN

er

jee TRANS

fer) Movement of energy from

one place or object to another (5, 10, 11)
fossil (FAHS

uhl) The remains or traces of past life, found in

sedimentary rock (12)
heat (HEET) The transfer of thermal energy between objects with
different temperatures (8, 9, 10, 11, 12)
kinetic energy (kih

NET

ik EN

er

jee) The energy of motion

(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15)
nonrenewable resource (nahn

rih

NOO

uh

buhl REE

sawrs) A
resource that, once used, cannot be replaced in a reasonable
amount of time (12, 14, 15)
pollution (puh

LOO

shuhn) Anything that dirties or harms the

environment (14, 15)
potential energy (poh

TEN

shuhl EN

er

jee) The energy an

object has because of its condition or position (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15)
radiation (ray

dee

AY

shuhn) The transfer of energy by means

of waves that move through matter and space (11)
renewable resource (rih

NOO

uh

buhl REE

sawrs) A resource
that can be replaced within a reasonable amount of time (13)
system (SIS

tuhm) A group of separate elements that work

together to accomplish something (9)
Ihink and Write
1. Describe ways you see the effects of energy around you
each day.
2. NAIN IDEA AND DEIAIL5 How do your hands feel if
you hold a cup of hot apple cider? Why?
3. CONPARE AND CONIRA5I Picture a skateboarder on
a ramp. How do the skateboarders potential and kinetic
energy change as she or he goes up and down
the ramp?
4. Expository Writing Suppose you are writing a
textbook. Using what you know about conduction and
convection, write a paragraph that explains, step by step,
how heat is transferred when you boil a pot of water.
Hands-On Activity
Work with a partner to create a poster that illustrates your
favorite sport or physical activity. Use information learned from
the reader to write captions identifying the forms of energy
used in the game. Explain how energy changes form or gets
transferred to different objects.
5chool-Home Connection
Explain to a family member what you have learned about using
energy wisely. Together, make a list of ways you use energy in the
home each day. Then make another list that identies ways you
can work to conserve energy daily.


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