Level 3 basic facts ANSWERS

Phases and phase changes

1 Sodium melts at 98 C and boils at 892 C. Its fusH is 3 kJ mol
1
and its vapH is 106 kJ mol
1
.
a Write the equation for fusH for sodium. Na(s) Na(l)
b Define fusH. The enthalpy change for melting 1 mole of Na (solid) to Na(liquid)
c Write the equation for vapH for sodium. Na(l) Na(g)
d Define vapH. The enthalpy change for converting 1 mole of Na (liquid) to Na(gas)
e Write an equation for subH for carbon dioxide. CO2(s) CO2(g)
2 Explain why vapH is always greater than fusH. The enthalpy of vaporisation refers to the total separation of
particles so there are no attractions, whereas the enthalpy of fusion requires only enough energy to loosen the
particles in a liquid there are still attractions between particles.

Heats of combustion and formation

1 Write the equation for the heat of combustion of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(l). CH3COOH(l)+2O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2 Define the term Standard enthalpy of combustion.The energy released when 1 mole of a substance is completely
combusted under standard conditions.
3 Write the equation for the heat of formation of ethanoic acid. 2C(s)+O2(g)+2H2(g)
4 Define the term Standard enthalpy of formation. The enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is formed from
its elements in their standard states.

Which of the following pairs of elements has the greater first ionisation energy?
a He or Ne? He (smaller radius, fewer shells)
b Be or B? Be (Be is 1s2 2s2, B is 1s2 2s2 2p1 so the e in the 2p shell in B is further from the nucleus, easier
to remove)
c N or O? N (O has one paired 2p e which has a greater repulsion for its partner, in N all 2p electrons are
unpaired)
d Ne or Na? Ne (fewer shells)
e Na or Mg Mg (same number of e shells, more protons

Electron configurations
Write the electron configurations of these atoms or ions using s p d notation. (Atomic numbers have been provided to
help you.)
115P 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
24Be 1s
2
2s
2
3 24Cr1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
434Se1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
4

5 27Co 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
4s
2
6 29Cu 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
7 26Fe
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
824Cr
3+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
3


Atomic and ionic radii

Write the atom or ion that is the larger of each pair.

1 B or C B (fewer protons, same shells) 6 Mg
2+
or S
2
S
2-
(more shells)

2 N or N
3
N
3-
(more e repelling in same shell)

7 Mg or Ca Ca (more shells)
3 Na or Cl Na (fewer protons, same shells) 8 Mg
2+
or Al
3+
Mg
2+
(fewer protons, same e)
4 Na
+
or Cl

Cl- (more shells)

9 Ar or K K (more shells)

5 Li or Na Na(more shells) 10 P
3
or S
2
P
3-
(fewer protons, same shells)

Drawing Lewis diagrams
Draw Lewis diagrams for these molecules and ions.

1 NO3 2 SF6 3 BF3 4 ClO2
+



Name the shapes

1
bent
6
linear
2
trigonal pyramid
7
Square planar
3
linear
8
Triangular planar
4
trigonal bipyramidal
9
linear
5
octahedral
10
tetrahedral
Bond angles
Estimate the bond angles of the bonds indicated.

1
120
6
90
2
109.5
7
180
3
180
8
90
4
90
9
109.5
NB: this can be solved with
one dative bond and
should have brackets
5
120
10
109.5



Melting and boiling points
Decide which member of these pairs has the higher boiling point.

1 pentane or propane 2 2, 2-dimethylpropane or pentane
3 4




5 a which has the higher melting point A or B?
b which has the higher boiling point A or B?



Entropy


Reactions are spontaneous if G is negative
In the ENTHALPY term, exothermic reactions are favoured (H negative)
In the ENTROPY term, reactions with an increase in ENTROPY are favoured (S positive)
An INCREASE in entropy is seen if:
o solid liquid gas
o more particles are formed
o increased volume
o An increased temperature
If BOTH ENTROPY and ENTHALPY are favoured, G is negative and the reaction is spontaneous (mathematically, a negative
number minus a positive number is G negative)
If BOTH ENTROPY and ENTHALPY are NOT favoured, G is positive and the reaction is not spontaneous (mathematically, a
positive number minus a negative number is G positive)
If ONE is favoured and one not, temperature is the defining factor
HIGH TEMPERATURES favour endothermic REACTIONS (mathematically, a positive number minus a LARGER positive number
(multiplying by temperature to get larger) is NEGATIVE)
LOW TEMPERATURES favour exothermic REACTIONS (mathematically, a negative number minus a SMALLER negative number
(multiplying by a small temperature to get smaller) is NEGATIVE)
ENTROPY is an increase in disorder/randomness

Recognising organic compounds 1
State the family of compounds each of these belongs to.
Name each compound.
1
2-aminobutane,
amine
6
dimethylbutanone, ketone
1-aminopropane
G = H-TS
2
propanoic acid,
carboxylic acid
7
ethylpropanoate, ester
3
2-chloro-3-
methylbutane,
haloalkane
8
propanamide, amide
4
methylpropanoylchloride,
acylchloride
9
3-methylbutan-2-ol,
alcohol (2)
5
propene, alkene
10
pentanal, aldehyde

Optical isomers
Which of the following compounds will have optical isomers? (Hint: Draw the structure.)

1 HOCH2CH2COOH
2 CH3CH(OH)COOH
3 NH2CH2COOH
4 NH2CH(CH3)COOH
5 CH(CH3)2OH
6 CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3

Reactions of alkenes
Complete these equations showing some reactions of alkenes. State any necessary conditions and name the products.

1 CH3CH=CHCH3 + HCl CH3CH2CHClCH3
2 CH3CH=CH2 + H2O CH3CH(OH)CH3 (major) + CH3CH2CH2OH (needs H
+
)
3 CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3CH3 (needs Pt or Pd or Ni)
3
4 CH3CH=CHCH3 + Br2 CH3CHBrCHBrCH3

Reaction types
Complete these reactions and state the reaction type in each case. State any necessary conditions.

1 CH2=CH2+ Br2 CH2BrCH2Br, addition
2 CH3CH2CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2CH2Cl + HCl (needs time and UV), substitution
3 CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O (needs conc H2SO4), esterification (condensation)
4 CH3CHOHCH3 + conc H2SO4 CH3CH=CH2 elimination
5 CH3CH2CH2OH + Cr2O7
2-
/H
+

3

CH3CH2COOH , oxidation, needs heat

Reactions of alcohols
Complete the following reactions and name the organic products in each case. State any necessary conditions.

1 CH3CH2OH + MnO4
-
/H
+
CH3COOH, ethanoic acid
2 CH3CH2OH + conc H2SO4 CH2=CH2 ethene
3 CH3CHOHCH3 + MnO4
-
/H
+
CH3COCH3 propanone
4 (CH3)3COH

+ MnO4
-
/H
+
no reaction
5

CH3OH + PCl5

CH3Cl chloromethane
6 CH3CHOHCH3 + HCl (ZnCl2) CH3CHClCH3 2-chloropropane
Reactions of haloalkanes
Complete the following reactions and name the organic products in each case.
1 CH3CH2Cl + NH3(alc) CH3CH2NH2 aminoethane
2 CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH(alc) CH3CHCH2 propene
3 CH3I + NaOH(aq) CH3OH methanol

Reactions of amines
Complete the following reactions and name the organic products in each case.
1 CH3CH2NH2(g) + H2O(l) CH3CH2NH3
+
+ OH
-
, ethammonium ion
2 CH3NH2(g) + HCl(g) CH3NH3
+
Cl
-
methammoniumchloride
3 4 CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 + Cu
2+
(aq) Cu(CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2)4
2+


Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
Complete the following reactions and name the organic products in each case.

1 CH3CH2CHO + MnO4
-
/H
+
CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid
2 CH3COCH3 + MnO4
-
/H
+
no reaction
3 CH3CH2COCH3

3
+ Cr2O7
2-
/H
+

3

no reaction
7
4 CH3CHO + Cr2O7
2-
/H
+

3
CH3COOH ethanoic acid



8
5 CH3CH2CH2CHO + Ag(NH3)2
+
CH3CH2CH2COOH butanoic acid (Tollens)



6 CH3CH2COCH2CH3 + Cu
2+
no reaction (Benedicts)

Reactions of carboxylic acids
Complete these equations showing some reactions of carboxylic acids.
1 HCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) HCOO-Na+
2 CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO
-
+ H3O
+

3 CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O
4 CH3COOH + PCl5(s) CH3COCl
5 CH3CH2COOH(aq) + Mg(s)

Mg(CH3CH2COO)2 + H2
6 CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(s)

NaCH3COO +H2O + CO2
7 HCOOH + SOCl2 HCOCl


Reactions of acyl chlorides
Complete these equations showing some reactions of acyl chlorides.
1 CH3COCl(l) + H2O(l) CH3COOH +HCl
2 CH3CH2COCl(l) + CH3OH(l) CH3CH2COCH3 + HCl
3 CH3COCl(l) + NH3(alc) CH3CONH2 + HCl
4 CH3COCl(l) + CH3NH2(alc)

CH3CONHCH3 + HCl

Ester formation
Complete the following description of the formation of an ester by filling in the blanks.

Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to make esters. The reaction is an esterification reaction.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to catalyse the reaction and to remove the water. A water bath is used to speed up
the reaction rate. Sodium carbonate solution is used to neutralise the excess acid, producing carbon dioxide gas. The
ester formed has a characteristic fruity smell quite different to the odours of the parent acid and alcohol.

Reactions of esters
Complete these equations showing some reactions of esters.
1 CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l) CH3COOH + CH3OH (NB needs acid catalyst)
2 CH3CH2COOCH3(l) + NaOH(aq) CH3CH2COO-Na+ CH3OH
3 HCOOCH2CH3(l) + NH3(alc)

HCONH2 + CH2CH3OH
4 CH3CH2COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) CH3CH2COOH + C2H5OH (NB needs acid catalyst)

Reactions of amides
Complete the following reactions and name the organic products in each case.

1 CH3CONH2(s) + H2O(l) CH3COOH + NH4
+
(NB needs acid catalyst)
2 CH3CH2CONH2 + NaOH CH3CH2COO- + NH2

Solubility product 1
For each of the following sparingly soluble compounds write the equilibrium equation and the equilibrium expression
for Ks in each case.

a AgCl (s) Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq) Ks = [Cl
-
][Ag
+
]
b CaF2 Ca
2+
(aq) + 2F
-
(aq) Ks = [F
-
]
2
[Ca
2+
]
c BaSO4 Ba
2+
(aq) + SO4
2-
(aq) Ks = [Ba
2+
][ SO4
2-
]
d Ag2SO4 2Ag
+
(aq) + SO4
2-
(aq) Ks = [Ag
+2
[SO4
2-
]

Solubility product 2
At a given temperature the solubility of CaF2 is 1.24 10
5
mol L
1
.
Calculate the solubility product of CaF2 at this temperature. 7.63 x 10-
15


Solubility product 3
20 mL of 0.1 mol L
-1
Na2CrO4 was added to 50 mL of 8.0 x 10
-3
mol L
-1
Sr(NO3)2. (Ks for SrCrO4 = 2.2 x 10
-5
)
Will a precipitate form? Apply dilution factors to the original concentrations (0.1 molL
-1
x 20/70 = 0.0286 molL
-1
and 8.0 x
10
-3
molL
-1
x 50/70 = 0.00571 molL
-1
), Kip = 0.0286 x 0.00571 = 1.63 x 10
-4
. KIP>Ks therefore a precipitate forms

Acidic, basic and neutral solutions
Write suitable equations to show whether solutions of the following salts are acidic, basic or neutral.
Na2CO3 : Na2CO3(s) 2Na
+
(aq) + CO3
2
(aq)
CO3
2
(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3

(aq) + OH

(aq) Hence solution is basic.

KCl: KCl(s) K
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq) No further reaction so solution is neutral.

NH4NO3: NH4NO3(s) NH4
+
(aq) + NO3

(aq)
NH4
+
(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O
+
(aq) Hence solution is acidic.

Strong acids and bases
A solution is labelled 0.500 mol L
1
HCl.
What is the [H3O
+
] of this solution? 0.500 mol L
1

What is the pH of this solution 0.301

A solution is labelled 0.450 mol L
1
NaOH

What is the [OH

] of this solution? 0.450 mol L

1

What is the pOH of this solution? 0.347
What is the pH of the solution? 13.7

Species in solution
List the species in solution, from highest to lowest concentration, for each of the following aqueous solutions.
NaCl(aq) H2O >> Na
+
= Cl
-
>> H3O
+
= OH
-

CaCl2(aq) H2O >> Cl
-
> Ca
2+
>> H3O
+
= OH
-
(NB Cl
-
is 2x greater than Ca
2+
)
KF(aq) H2O >> K
+
> F
-
> HF = OH
-
>> H3O
+
(NB HF is a weak acid (weaker than HCl anyway and in an
exam they would give you some information around this to help you)
CH3COOH(aq) H2O >> CH3COOH >> H3O
+
= CH3COO
-
>> OH
-

C12H22O11(aq) H2O >> C12H22O11 >> H3O
+
= OH
-



Titration curves 1

This is the typical shape of a strong acid versus strong base titration curve.
[Fill in the blanks.]










Titration curves 2

This is the typical shape of a weak acid versus strong base titration curve. [Fill
in the blanks.]


What is the pH at the beginning?
1.5
What is the pH at the end? 12
What volume of base was added at
the equivalence point? 26-27 mL
What is the pH at equivalence? 7
Name a suitable indicator for this
titration. Phenolphthalein/methyl
orange (etc)

What is the pH at the
beginning? 3.5
What is the pH at the end?
13ish
What volume of base was
added at the equivalence point?
16-17mL
What is the pH at equivalence?
8.1-8.5
Name a suitable indicator for
this titration. phenolphthalein


Titration curves 3

This is the typical shape of a weak base versus a strong acid titration
curve. [Fill in the blanks.]



Titration curves 4
A 0.1 mol L
1
solution of propanoic acid has a pH of 2.94. 10 mL of this solution is titrated with a 0.1 mol L
1
solution of
sodium hydroxide. Draw a titration curve on the grid to show the change in pH as the titration proceeds.


See me for this answer



Buffers

1. A buffer is made from methanoic acid (HCOOH) and sodium methanoate (NaHCOO). If K
a
(methanoic acid) =
1.8 x 10
-4
and the solution contains equal concentrations of methanoic acid and sodium methanoate, what
is the pH of the buffer? At this point pH = pKa, so log (1.8 x 10-4) = 3.74
2. Calculate the new pH if enough strong acid (HCl) was added to make the methanoic acid concentration twice
the methanoate ion concentration. pH = 3.44
3. Write the equation for the reaction that takes place when HCl is added to the buffer. HCOO
-
+ H
3
O
+
H
2
O + HCOOH
4. Write the equation for the reaction that takes place when NaOH is added to the buffer. HCOO
H
+ OH
-
H
2
O + HCOO
-

5. What would happen to the pH of the buffer if it was diluted with water? The pH would remain the same (as both acid
and base are diluted equally), but the buffer would be effective over a lower concentration of externally added
acid/base
6. Calculate the mass of solid ammonium chloride that must be added to one litre of 0.1 mol L
-1
ammonia to make a buffer
of pH 9.4.
(Given, M(NH
4
Cl) = 53.5 g mol
-1
, Ka (NH
4
+
) = 5.75 x 10
-10
)

0.0692 molL
-1
NH
4
+
required in 1 L. Therefore, 0.0692 mol x 53.5 g mol
-1
= 3.70 g
What is the pH at the beginning? 11
What is the pH at the end? 1.8
What volume of base was added at the
equivalence point? 13-14 mL
What is the pH at equivalence? 5.5-6
Name a suitable indicator for this
titration. Methyl orange