Fishing: There are over 30 million fishers worldwide. Of these, over 15 million are working full-time on board fishing vessels. Fishing is one of the most challenging and hazardous occupations.
Caught at Sea
Forced Labour and Trafficking in Fisheries Local and International Apparent Safety Crisis in the Fishing Industry Hazardous Occupation Biological (overexploitation) Of Low Income People sub[ecLed Lo exLreme forms of human rlghLs abuses, lncludlng forced labour and human Lramcklng Cn board shlng vessels vlclous cycle of debL bondage regularly LhreaLened wlLh vlolence Hazardous Occupation poor safety record of the global fishing industry The Document for Guidance took account of the conventions and recommendations adopted by ILO and IMO and the wide practical experience of FAO in the field of fishermens training and covered training and certification of small-scale and industrial fishermen. In 1995 a joint working group, in co-operation with FAO and ILO, reviewed the Document for Guidance with particular reference to relevant resolutions of the STCW-F Convention. IN1LkNA1ICNAL INS1kUMLN1S lLC plays a cenLral role ln Lhe prevenuon of and ghL agalnsL forced labour and human Lramcklng globally. lotetoouoool loboot Otqoolzouoo 201J lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC) C188 - Work |n I|sh|ng Convennon, 2007 (No. 188) Convennon concern|ng work |n the hsh|ng Sector Adopnon: Geneva, 96th ILC sess|on (14 Iun 2007) - Status: Up-to-date |nstrument (1echn|ca| Convennon). CA1LGCkI2A1ICN & DIS1INC1ICN SEAFARER: seafarer (sl:fcoro) n 1. a Lraveller who goes by sea 2. (nauucal 1erms) a less common word for sailor colllos oqllsb ulcuoooty - complete ooJ uoobtlJqeJ notpetcolllos lobllsbets 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 200J n. A sallor or marlner. 2. Cne who Lravels by sea. 1be Ametlcoo netltoqe ulcuoooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe, loottb Jluoo copytlqbt 2000 by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. upJoteJ lo 2009. lobllsbeJ by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. All tlqbts tesetveJ. n. a sallor, a Lraveler on Lhe sea. 8andom Pouse kernerman WebsLer's College ulcuonary, 2010 k ulcuonarles LLd. CopyrlghL 2003, 1997, 1991 by 8andom Pouse, lnc. All rlghLs reserved.
llshermen
1. Cne who hshes as an occupanon or for sport. 2. A commerc|a| hsh|ng vesse|. 1be Ametlcoo netltoqe ulcuoooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe, loottb Jluoo copytlqbt 2000 by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. upJoteJ lo 2009. lobllsbeJ by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. All tlqbts tesetveJ. n, p| -men 1. a person who hshes as a profess|on or for sport 2. (Naunca| 1erms) a vesse| used for hsh|ng colllos oqllsb ulcuoooty - complete ooJ uoobtlJqeJ notpetcolllos lobllsbets 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 200J n., p|. -men, ad[. n. 1. a person who hshes. 2. a sh|p used |n hsh|ng. ad[. 3. A|so, hsh'er-man's. of or des|gnanng a kn|mng pauern pr|mar||y of cab|e-sntches. [1400-S0] kooJom noose ketoetmoo webstet's colleqe ulcuoooty, 2010 k ulcuoootles ltJ. copytlqbt 2005, 1997, 1991 by kooJom noose, loc. All tlqbts tesetveJ. AccesseJ Aptll 8, 2014 11.45 A.M. ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC) 1hls secLor ls comprlsed of four sub-secLors: Shlpplng, shlng, porLs and lnland waLerways.
!"#$$#%&: 8ecause of Lhe unlque characLer of seafarlng, mosL marlume counLrles have speclc laws and regulauons coverlng Lhls occupauon. ConsequenLly, Lhe lLC, slnce lLs foundlng, has had speclal "machlnery" for condluons of work of seafarers. 1hls lncludes Lhe !olnL Marlume Commlsslon, whlch advlses Lhe Covernlng 8ody on marlume lssues, and speclal Marlume Sesslons of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Conference (ILC) whlch focus solely on Lhe preparauon and adopuon of marlume labour sLandards." 1he recenL 94Lh Marlume Sesslon of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Conference adopLed Lhe Marlume Labour Convenuon, 2006. 1he maln focus of lLC's marlume programme ls Lhe promouon of marlume labour sLandards uslng all of Lhe lLC's means of acuon. 1he lLC has also publlshed codes of pracuce, guldellnes and reporLs addresslng seafarers' labour lssues. 1he lLC cooperaLes wlLh oLher unlLed nauons agencles wlLh an lnLeresL ln Lhe marlume eld, lncludlng Lhe lnLernauonal Marlume Crganlzauon (lMC) ln London.
The ILO is working to ensure decent work for all fishers. The ILO website descrlbes Lhe work of Lhe SecLoral Acuvlues programme Lo lmprove condluons of shers. lL llnks Lo oLher acuvlues underway ln Lhe lLC and descrlbes work carrled ouL wlLh oLher unlLed nauons sysLem speclallzed agencles.
1he Work ln llshlng Convenuon, 2007 (no. 188) demonsLraLes Lhe renewed commlLmenL by Lhe lLC Lo ensure decenL work ln shlng. Convenuon 188 alms Lo ensure decenL condluons of work wlLh regard Lo mlnlmum requlremenLs for work on board, condluons of servlce, accommodauon and food, occupauonal safeLy and healLh proLecuon, medlcal care and soclal securlLy. A ma[or eorL ls underway ln Lhe lLC Lo achleve wldespread raucauon and lmplemenLauon of Lhe Convenuon.
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC) ()*+,: 1he lmporLance of Lhe porL lndusLry for economlc and soclal developmenL cannoL be oversLaLed.
As Lhe LransporL secLor has become lncreaslngly compeuuve and global, many developmenLs have Laken place ln Lhe organlzauon of work ln Lhe porL lndusLry durlng Lhe lasL decade, and Lhese developmenLs have also aecLed labour and soclal condluons ln Lhe lndusLry.
1be lmpottooce of soclol Jloloqoe betweeo qovetomeots, employets ooJ wotkets tepteseotouves fot e[ecuvely moooqloq oew Jevelopmeots ls oow wlJely tecoqolzeJ, bowevet, tbete ls o oeeJ fot stteoqtbeoloq tbe losutouoos ooJ copoclty fot soclol Jloloqoe betweeo tbe potues.
uue Lo lLs unlque LrlparuLe sLrucLure, Lhe lLC has a ma[or role ln Lhe collecuve eorLs LhaL alm aL provldlng soclally responslble soluuons Lo Lhe challenges faced by Lhe porL secLor. resenLly, Lhe lLC's porL relaLed acuvlues, aL Lhe core of whlch ls soclal dlalogue, cover: safeLy and healLh, securlLy, Lralnlng, gender lssues, Plv/AluS, and Lhe role of porLs ln Lhe supply chaln. ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC) 1he Ceneral Conference of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Crganlzauon, Pavlng been convened aL Ceneva by Lhe Covernlng 8ody of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Cmce, and havlng meL ln lLs nlneLy-slxLh Sesslon on 30 May 2007, and kecogn|z|ng that g|oba||zanon has a profound |mpact on the hsh|ng sector, and Noting the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998, and 1aklng lnLo conslderauon Lhe fundamenLal rlghLs Lo be found ln Lhe followlng lnLernauonal labour Convenuons: Lhe lorced Labour Convenuon, 1930 (no. 29), Lhe lreedom of Assoclauon and roLecuon of Lhe 8lghL Lo Crganlse Convenuon, 1948 (no. 87), Lhe 8lghL Lo Crganlse and Collecuve 8argalnlng Convenuon, 1949 (no. 98), Lhe Lqual 8emunerauon Convenuon, 1931 (no. 100), Lhe Abolluon of lorced Labour Convenuon, 1937 (no. 103), Lhe ulscrlmlnauon (LmploymenL and Cccupauon) Convenuon, 1938 (no. 111), Lhe Mlnlmum Age Convenuon, 1973 (no. 138), and Lhe WorsL lorms of Chlld Labour Convenuon, 1999 (no. 182), and noung Lhe relevanL lnsLrumenLs of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Crganlzauon, ln parucular Lhe Cccupauonal SafeLy and PealLh Convenuon (no. 133) and 8ecommendauon (no. 164), 1981, and Lhe Cccupauonal PealLh Servlces Convenuon (no. 161) and 8ecommendauon (no. 171), 1983, and noung, ln addluon, Lhe Soclal SecurlLy (Mlnlmum SLandards) Convenuon, 1932 (no. 102), and conslderlng LhaL Lhe provlslons of Arucle 77 of LhaL Convenuon should noL be an obsLacle Lo proLecuon exLended by Members Lo shers under soclal securlLy schemes, and kecogn|z|ng that the Internanona| Labour Crgan|zanon cons|ders hsh|ng as a hazardous occupation when compared to other occupanons, and noung also Arucle 1, paragraph 3, of Lhe Seafarers' Identity uocumenLs Convenuon (8evlsed), 2003 (no. 183), and -./,0*12/30 4#,*0$*0,0%+25)%6 ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S Mlndful of Lhe need Lo proLecL and promoLe Lhe rlghLs of shers ln Lhls regard, and 8ecalllng Lhe unlLed nauons Convenuon on Lhe Law of Lhe Sea, 1982, and 1aklng lnLo accounL Lhe need Lo revlse Lhe followlng lnLernauonal Convenuons adopLed by Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Conference speclcally concernlng Lhe shlng secLor, namely Lhe Minimum Age (llshermen) Convenuon, 1939 (no. 112), Lhe Med|ca| Lxam|nanon (llshermen) Convenuon, 1939 (no. 113), Lhe llshermen's Arucles of AgreemenL Convenuon, 1939 (no. 114), and Lhe Accommodanon of Crews (llshermen) Convenuon, 1966 (no. 126), Lo brlng Lhem up Lo daLe and Lo reach a greaLer number of Lhe world's shers, parucularly Lhose working on board smaller vessels, and lLC: Objective of Lhls Convenuon ls to ensure that fishers have decent conditions of work on board fishing vessels wlLh regard Lo mlnlmum requlremenLs for work on board, condluons of servlce, accommodauon and food, occupauonal safeLy and healLh proLecuon, medlcal care and soclal securlLy, and Pavlng declded upon Lhe adopuon of cerLaln proposals wlLh regard Lo work ln Lhe shlng secLor, whlch ls Lhe fourLh lLem on Lhe agenda of Lhe sesslon, and Pavlng deLermlned LhaL Lhese proposals shall Lake Lhe form of an lnLernauonal Convenuon, adopLs Lhls fourLeenLh day of !une of Lhe year Lwo Lhousand and seven Lhe followlng Convenuon, whlch may be clLed as Lhe Work in Fishing Convention, 2007. ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S of employmenL generauon." .ocean sherles funcuon as a socleLy valve for surplus labour .". ... Lhe developmenL of Lhe baslc needs" model ploneered by Lhe lnLernauonal Labor Crganlzauon (lLC) and ... poor usually suer from a low level of soclo-pollucal organlzauon and LhaL ... ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S 1ype: Meeung When: 13 - 17 May 2013 Where: Ceneva, SwlLzerland ConLacL(s): SecLoral Acuvlues ueparLmenL (secLormeeungs[llo.org) (}z|}[;}z_(z[z;(q[z;|jz[;zqz|;zz[|jz\z;|;[;,j;_ ,zvz|;z,007(z,;;) |jz[z;(q,;,z(,,zj}}z_z,;|jz;qp}zqz||;zz[,zvz|;z;;,
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S 1he Clobal ulalogue lorum for Lhe romouon of Lhe Work ln llshlng Convenuon 2007 (no.188) was held aL Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Cmce ln Ceneva from 13 Lo 17 May 2013. 1he Covernlng 8ody had proposed Lhe convenlng of Lhe lorum aL lLs 310Lh Sesslon (March 2011) and approved Lhe composluon of Lhe lorum aL lLs 316Lh Sesslon (november 2012). An lssues paper had been prepared by Lhe Cmce Lo serve as a basls for Lhe lorum's dellberauons.
1he purpose of Lhe lorum was Lo dlscuss challenges ln Lhe Convenuon no.188's lmplemenLauon, Lo evaluaLe how lL could be used as a Lool Lo address ma[or lssues ln Lhe secLor, Lo share good pracuces and experlences, Lo reporL and revlew promouonal acuvlues, and Lo provlde an updaLe on Lhe sLaLus of nauonal eorLs Lo lmplemenL and raufy Convenuon no.188.
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC) Abstract ln Lhls paper, we rsL look reLrospecuvely aL Lhe percepuons embraced by academlcs, lnLernauonal agencles and pracuuoners of Lhe relation between fisheries and poverty in developing countries and we Lry Lo ldenufy Lhe underlylng paradlgms whlch have sLrucLured Lhese percepuons. 1he revlew reveals how Lhe debaLe has focused on Lhe economlc (low income) and blologlcal (overexploitation) aspecLs of Lhe problem. We Lhen revlslL Lhese percepuons ln Lhe llghL of Lhe recenL concluslons drawn from oLher secLors and ln parucular from Lhe new consensus" on poverLy proposed by Lhe lnLernauonal communlLy. lncorporauon of Lhe recenL research on poverLy helps Lo show how soclo-lnsuLuuonal mechanlsms governlng people's access Lo sherles resources--raLher Lhan Lhe resources Lhemselves--play such a crlucal role ln vulnerablllLy Lo poverLy. llnally, a Lypology ldenufylng four dlerenL caLegorles of lnLrasecLoral excluslon mechanlsms ls developed and lllusLraLed Lhrough emplrlcal sLudles derlved from Afrlcan and Aslan sherles. keywords small-scale sherles, poverLy, soclo-lnsuLuuonal excluslon, Asla, Afrlca CopyrlghL 2003 Llsevler Sclence LLd. All rlghLs reserved. 1ype: ubllcauon uaLe lssued: 01 SepLember 2010 8eference: 978-92-2-124027-3[lS8n] 978-92-2-124028-0[lS8n] [,|zz|[z;;qp;zv;_};v;_zz,;|;z,z|z;,[;,j;_vz,,z},
lLC 1he ob[ecuve of Lhe Work ln llshlng Convenuon, 2007 (no. 188) ls Lo ensure LhaL shers have decenL worklng and llvlng condluons on board shlng vessels.
1he Pandbook has been developed Lo asslsL compeLenL auLhorlues and Lhe represenLauve organlzauons of employers and workers ln Lhe shlng secLor galn a beuer undersLandlng of Convenuon no. 188 and 8ecommendauon no. 199. 1he sumulauon of nauonal LrlparuLe dlscusslon wlll encourage SLaLes Lo Lake concreLe sLeps Lowards Lhe lmplemenLauon and raucauon of Lhe Convenuon. 1ags: decenL work, worklng condluons, lLC sLandards, lLC convenuons, lLC recommendauons, economlc secLors, prlmary secLor, shlng, occupauonal safeLy and healLh 8eglons and counLrles covered: Clobal unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues lLC 1he 'lrequenLly Asked Cuesuons' were developed as parL of Lhe Acuon lan (2011-2016) Lo lmprove Lhe llvlng and worklng condluons of shers Lhrough Lhe wldespread raucauon and eecuve lmplemenLauon of Convenuon no. 188. 1hls Lool ls deslgned Lo promoLe a greaLer undersLandlng of Lhe Convenuon amongsL lLC consuLuenLs, parucularly Lhose from Lhe shlng secLor. 1he Loplcs addressed lnclude Lhe scope of lLs appllcauon, Lhe unlque exlblllLy mechanlsms for lLs lmplemenLauon, and explanauons abouL Lhe advanLages of Lhe Convenuon for shers, shlng vessels owners, and lLC member SLaLes. 1ags: lLC convenuons, shlng 8eglons and counLrles covered: Clobal unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues 1he Work ln llshlng Convenuon no. 188, wlLh Lhe accompanylng 8ecommendauon no. 199, addresses Lhe parucular worklng slLuauons and condluons faced ln Lhe shlng lndusLry. lL ls a response Lo Lhe need for global labour sLandards whlch are relevanL Lo all shers, wheLher on large vessels on lnLernauonal voyages or ln small boaLs operaung ln domesuc waLers close Lo shore. 1he Convenuon ls exlble, relevanL Lo all Lypes of commerclal shlng, and can be lmplemenLed by governmenLs ln whaLever Lhelr clrcumsLances.
1hls brochure provldes furLher lnformauon on Lhe Convenuon's poLenual Lo Lransform Lhe worklng condluons of all shers. 1ags: worklng condluons, soclal proLecuon, economlc secLors, prlmary secLor, shlng, occupauonal safeLy and healLh unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues 1ype: 8rochure uaLe lssued: 01 uecember 2007 8eference: 978-92-2-120869-3[lS8n] [zzz|\z;|;_,z,;|;z,,$[z|y,$zz;}[;z|zz|;z\z;|;[;,j;_ ,zvz|;zz,;;,[zzzqqz,|;zz,99
1alwan Labor SLandard 1he Labor SLandard Salary of llshermen Plred lnLo 1alwan 1errlLory ls n1$ 19,273 (dlvlded by 30=642.433 uSu MusL have Allen 8esldenL CerucaLe or (A8C) Should have a PealLh Card 1wo ?ears ConLracL (Cne ?ear LxLenslon) Migration Rgimes Recruitment (Collaboration with CBCP, LGU, POEA and SMC-Manila) Exit (Coordination with NIA-Manila, Partner NGO) Transport (Networking with Embassies and Partner NGO) Entry (Coordination with Destination Airport Labor Assistance Office) Employment (Collaboration with Embassies and NGO Units) Stay (Lobbying-Advicacy works, Shelter, Guidance and Counseling, Negotiation, Translation, Information-Awareness- Education Drive through labor pliers and leaflets) Victim Amelioration Schemes Investigation (Close Coordination with Medical Professionals, Local Police, Foreign Police, NIA and DOJ) Identification (Collaboration with DOJ, Interpol, Coast Guard, NIA) Protection (Collaboration with the Legal Aid Foundation, Para-legal Assistance, Negotiation, Conciliation, Translation, Embassies, Partner NGO, Local and Foreign Police) Prosecution (Coordination with the Prosecutors Office, Embassies, NIA, Employer and Broker Agencies) Conviction (Penalty, Rtribution and Confiscation) Reintegration (Rehabilitation with the Social Bureau, Briefing with Embassies and Debriefing with Guidance and Counseling professionals and NGO Units for Verification Purposes) Transfer (Coordination with Broker Agencies, NIA, CLA, Employers (O/N), BLA and Embassies) Common Problems Profound Stress Non Payment of Salary Emotional and Physical/Sexual Abuse Hallmarks of Debt bondage Highly Leveraged Debt to pay Usurious and Exhorbitant Placement Fees Deception on Part of Labor Brokers as to Salary or Job Type Illegal Salary Withholdings Compulsory Overtime Compromised Freedom of Movement Risks & Safety Lack of safety and protecnve gears Lxp|red Iood Supp||es No C|ean Water for tak|ng a bath Invo|untary serv|tude Abandonment Subhuman uarters -7%80,+09 :#+" ;<,+ =<&,6 I||ega| art 1|me Verba| Abuse and Ca|||ng of Names L|tera| hys|ca| beanng and threat work beyond normal hours without pay Risks & Safety ConLracL subsuLuuon MlsrepresenLauon MalLreaLmenL Collecung 8rlbes (Lagay) hys|ca| 8eanng urposefu| Concea|ment of 1rave| Documents Verba| Abuse SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL No NAT. NAME PASSPORT No. GENDE R WORK POSITION CASE WORK PLACE ARRIVAL STM DEPARTU. TIME No. DAYS 1 Phil MARLON BALLACILLO M FISHERMAN FOR TRANSFER PINGDONG 25-Nov-11 23-Mar-12 120 2 Mianma LIN NAING OO M SEAMAN Occupation al Accident KHH 12-Dec-11 6-Jan-12 26 3 Indian PUPINDER SINGH M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 17-Feb-14 799 4 Phil MARK ANTHONY DARANG M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 5-Feb-14 787 5 Phil ALVIN R.BASILIO M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 21-Jan-14 772 6 Indo UNTUNG SURAPATI M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84 7 Indo KAPIDIN M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84 8 Indo WIRSAD M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84 9 Indo TAKRUDIN M FISHERMAN WANT TO CHANGE JOB TAINAN 26-Jan-12 2-Feb-12 8 10 Indo SAWIN F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 6-Mar-12 4-Jun-12 91 11 Indo AGUS KOTIMAR M FISHERMAN SURRENDER LUUHE 20-Mar-12 22-Mar-12 3 12 Phil BALNEG RULAN BAGIO M
FISHERMAN COURT CASE PINGDONG 25-Mar-14 8-Apr-12 -715 LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn 13 Indo RAUDI M FISHERMAN WANT TO TRANSFER KHH 14-May-12 20-Jun-12 38 14 Indo RIANTO M FISHERMAN WANT TO TRANSFER KHH 14-May-12 20-Jun-12 38 15 Phil SUTOYO M FISHERMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM PENGHU 18-May-12 20-Sep-12 126 16 Indo RUDI HARTONO F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 22-Jun-12 10-Oct-12 111 17 Viet HO SYNANG M FISHERMAN SURRENDER LUUHE 5-Jul-12 9-Jul-12 5 18 Indo WARID M FISHERMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 6-Jul-12 8-Nov-12 126 19 Indo AMSORY M FISHERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 30-Jul-12 3-Aug-12 5 20 Indo HAMDAN ROMADONA M FISHERMAN SURRENDER KHH 6-Aug-12 13-Sep-12 39 21 Indo HERMANTO M FISHERMAN TRAFFIKING VICTIM KHH 11-Sep-12 29-Oct-14 779 22 Phil CATIBOG FLORENCIO CABALLES M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 1-Nov-12 52 23 Phil COSTALES NESTOR TABERNA M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 16-Nov-12 67 24 Phil AGCAOILI ALLAN MARK GARCIA M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 1-Nov-12 52 25 Indo MADUN F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER PENGHU 26-Nov-12 28-Nov-12 3 26 Mianma SAW LIN OO F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35 27 Mianma PE LIN F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35 28 Mianma ZIN MIN LATT F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35 29 Mianma NAYMYO HLAING F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35 30 Phil RAMONDAVIAWILMOR DADAP M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER PENGHU 22-Feb-13 29-Mar-13 36 31 Phil RANDYD.TORRES M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 14-Jul-13 19-Aug-13 37 32 Phil RICHARD S. MONTANO M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 14-Jul-13 5-Aug-13 23 33 phil JOMAR T. RABUSA M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 5-Sep-13 15-Oct-14 406 34 Indo PONIMAN M FISH ERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 11-Oct-13 25-Oct-14 380 35 Indo SIGIT M FISH ERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 11-Oct-13 25-Oct-14 380 36 Phil TANGONAN SHERMAN BAGAIN M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 26-Dec-13 25-Feb-14 62 LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn 16 lndo 8uul PA81CnC l llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 kPP 22-!un-12 10-CcL-12 111 17 vleL PC S? nAnC M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 LuuPL 3-!ul-12 9-!ul-12 3 18 lndo WA8lu M llSPL8MAn 18AlllCklnC vlC1lM kPP 6-!ul-12 8-nov-12 126 19 lndo AMSC8? M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 30-!ul-12 3-Aug-12 3 20 lndo PAMuAn 8CMAuCnA M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 kPP 6-Aug-12 13-Sep-12 39 21 lndo PL8MAn1C M llSPL8MAn 18AlllklnC vlC1lM kPP 11-Sep-12 29-CcL-14 779 22 hll CA1l8CC lLC8LnClC CA8ALLLS M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 1-nov-12 32 23 hll CCS1ALLS nLS1C8 1A8L8nA M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 16-nov-12 67 24 hll ACCAClLl ALLAn MA8k CA8ClA M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 1-nov-12 32 23 lndo MAuun l llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 LnCPu 26-nov-12 28-nov-12 3 26 Mlanma SAW Lln CC l llSPL8MAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12 16-!an-13 33 LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn 27 Mlanma L Lln l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12 16-!an-13 33 28 Mlanma ln Mln LA11 l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12 16-!an-13 33 29 Mlanma nA? M?C PLAlnC l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12 16-!an-13 33 30 hll 8AMCnuAvlA WlLMC8 uAuA M llSPMAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 LnCPu 22-leb-13 29-Mar-13 36 31 hll 8Anu? u.1C88LS M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 MLCC 14-!ul-13 19-Aug-13 37 32 hll 8lCPA8u S. MCn1AnC M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 MLCC 14-!ul-13 3-Aug-13 23 33 phll !CMA8 1. 8A8uSA M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 MLCC 3-Sep-13 13-CcL-14 406 34 lndo CnlMAn M llSP MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 11-CcL-13 23-CcL-14 380 33 lndo SlCl1 M llSP MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 11-CcL-13 23-CcL-14 380 36 hll 1AnCCnAn SPL8MAn 8ACAln M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 kPP 26-uec-13 23-leb-14 62 DECEITFUL AND FRUADULENT SCHEMES Workers Sign a contract with their Sending Country Agency Take Off Point Countries and Territories (Singapore, Macau, and Hong Kong should also be held responsible) Philippine Broker Agency Contract with Taiwan Employer Only (Workers are no longer included in the transaction) Seaman in Philippines but Fishermans ID in Taiwan Misrepresentation of Job Qualification and Identification CLA S1uulLS 8ecenL ln-depLh sLudles have descrlbed and analysed severe cases of forced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor. Whereas Lhe sherles secLor counLs among Lhe mosL lmporLanL economlc secLors provldlng food securlLy and employmenL worldwlde, Lhese sLudles reveal LhaL, on board shlng vessels, shers - many of Lhem mlgranL workers - are sub[ecLed Lo exLreme forms of human rlghLs abuses, lncludlng forced labour and human Lramcklng. 1hls reporL examlnes recenL llLeraLure on forced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor, wlLh Lhe focus on shlng vessels engaged ln commerclal marlne sherles. 1he reporL conslders lnsuLuuonal and legal frameworks as well as mulusLakeholder lnluauves LhaL have Lhe poLenual Lo lmpacL shers' safeLy and worklng condluons. SENDING & RECEIVING COUNTRY MonLhly 8aslc Salary n1$ 19,047 (1 uSu = n1$ 30) no Cver 1lme Allen 8esldenL CerucaLe PealLh Check lee n1$ 1,300 Lach 1lme (3 Lvery 2 ?rs. 4 Lvery 3 ?ears) PealLh lnsurance n1$ 281 a MonLh Labor lnsurance n1$ 303 a MonLh MonLhly 8roker Servlce lee (lltst eot 1,800, 2 oJ eot 1,700, JtJ eot 1,500) lree lane 1lckeL upon ueploymenL and Lnd of ConLracL lree lood and Accommodauon 1be obove lobot tetms ooJ cooJluoos ote oqteeJ betweeo McO, 8lA ooJ lOA, bot teollty tells os tbot o lot of employets ooJ btokets Jo oot oJbete to tbese scbemes ooJ meosotes. BROKER SYSTEM key noLe Suggesuon: Clarlfy-Lhe naLure of force labor rlsk LhaL ls llnk Lo labor brokers, Lxamen-Lhe characLerlsucs and role of labor brokers ln a range of secLors, buslness and reglons, and ldenufy-where labor brokerage mosL oen leads Lowards compound vulnrablllLs Lo force labor VULNERABILITY Recent trends within the fisheries sector, including overfishing, illegal fishing and a shift in sourcing the workforce from developed to developing States mean that more relatively low cost migrant workers are employed by the fisheries sector, Lack of training, inadequate language skills, and lack of enforcement of safety and labour standards make these fishers particularly vulnerable to forced labour and human trafficking There are also strong indicators that forced labour and human trafficking in the fisheries sector are frequently linked to other forms of crime, such as transnational organized fisheries crime and corruption. Flag State Responsibilities MosL SLaLes, and consequenLly mosL ag SLaLes, have commlued Lo crlmlnallze and combaL forced labour and human Lramcklng as members of Lhe lLC, and raufylng parues Lo Lhe lLC lorced Labour Convenuon or Lhe unlLed nauons 1ramcklng ln ersons roLocol. AL sea, ag SLaLes have prlmary responslbllLy under lnLernauonal law Lo ensure compllance wlLh lnLernauonal and nauonal laws on board vessels ylng Lhelr ag. Some SLaLes are however unable or unwllllng Lo meeL Lhelr ag SLaLe responslblllues. 1hese acL ln breach of Lhelr obllgauons under lnLernauonal law, and may also acL ln breach of fundamenLal human rlghLs lnsLrumenLs. SAFETY AND DECENT WORKING CONDITIONS lorced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor are complex and mulu-faceLed problems. 1allor-made measures are requlred Lo eecuvely prevenL and combaL Lhese crlmes. Whlle Lhls reporL presenLs some useful enLry polnLs on Lhe way forward, lL also ralses lmporLanL quesuons LhaL should be consldered for furLher analysls and debaLe: Pow could ag SLaLes beuer exerclse Lhelr auLhorlLy and responslblllLy Lo enforce regulauons over sherles secLor vessels reglsLered under Lhelr ag
Pow Lo fosLer raucauon and/or lmplemenLauon of blndlng legal lnsLrumenLs ensurlng shers' safeLy and decenL worklng condluons Pow Lo fosLer coordlnaLed porL SLaLe conLrol over shlng vessels Pow Lo regulaLe and conLrol prlvaLe recrulLmenL agencles so as Lo avold slLuauons where mlgranL workers are recrulLed Lo work on vessels under false preLences and hlghly abuslve worklng condluons
QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED - now to ensure that States deve|op hsher|es management and conservanon po||c|es that pos|nve|y |nuence work|ng cond|nons on hsh|ng vesse|s engaged |n commerc|a| hsh|ng operanons |n the|r waters and thus he|p prevent forced |abour and tramck|ng of hshers? - now to set up a coord|nated |nterna| and cross-border mu|n-agency |aw enforcement cooperanon, |nte|||gence gather|ng and |nformanon shar|ng, as a comprehens|ve [usnce sector response to forced |abour and human tramck|ng at sea? - now to encourage transparency |n the hsher|es sector across the va|ue cha|n, from persons consum|ng the hsh back to the hshers who produced or captured |t? - now to deve|op mu|n-agency po||cy and techn|ca| ass|stance for States |n need, |n order for them to |mp|ement |ega| frameworks perta|n|ng to the hsher|es sector |n the most eecnve manner? - now to conduct comprehens|ve and coord|nated research that w||| he|p to beuer understand the prob|em of decepnve and coerc|ve |abour pracnces |n the hsher|es sector? SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL Introducnon 1he sherles secLor makes a cruclal conLrlbuuon Lo global food securlLy, human welfare and economlc prosperlLy, and ls parucularly lmporLanL Lo coasLal communlues ln many developlng SLaLes (lAC, 2012a). 8egreuably, a sLrlng of recenL reporLs have lndlcaLed LhaL cerLaln segmenLs of Lhe secLor harbour some of Lhe worsL forms of human rlghLs abuse, forced labour, and human Lramcklng (SurLees, 2012, SLrlnger eL al., 2011, 8oberLson, 2011, de Conlng, 2011, L!l, 2010, uerks, 2010, 8rennan, 2009, unlA, 2009, unlA, 2007, earson eL al., 2006ab). CLA ISCLA1LD WCkk LACL 1hese reporLs suggesL LhaL forced labour and human Lramcklng Lake place on board shlng vessels because of Lhe lsolauon of Lhe workplace, sLrong compeuuon wlLhln Lhe lndusLry and Lhe ready supply of vulnerable workers, many of Lhem mlgranL labourers. lack of coordination and attention 1he reporLs also demonsLraLe Lhe urgency of Lhe problem and Lhe currenL lack of coordlnauon and auenuon LhaL would help prevenL and combaL forced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor.
1ramcklng llshlng vessel AC1C8S Part I of the desk review provides a background to the main actors, activities and trends affecting fishers working conditions and reviews and consolidates the literature on forced labour and human trafficking in the fisheries sector, particularly that taking place on board fishing vessels. lnLernauonal lrameworks ouLllnes lnLernauonal and lnsuLuuonal legal frameworks perLalnlng Lo forced labour, human Lramcklng, and shers' safeLy and worklng condluons, as well as markeL measures ln Lhe form of lnLernauonal lnsLrumenLs whlch provlde guldance Lo buslness on respecung workers' rlghLs and volunLary mulusLakeholder lnluauves Lo encourage soclal responslblllLy ln Lhe secLor 1erms & Legal SupplemenLs Auached Lo Lhe desk revlew are four appendlces. Appendlx l denes and explalns Lhe key Lerms forced labour', human Lramcklng', and slavery', as well as Lhe way ln whlch Lhese Lerms and Lhelr legal and lnsuLuuonal frameworks supplemenL one anoLher. Appendlx ll conLalns a llsL of mulusLakeholder lnluauves, lncludlng ecolabels and cerucauon schemes Lo ensure envlronmenLal susLalnablllLy ln Lhe sherles secLor. LllL C?CLL Cl CCL8ClCn Anu uL8lvA1lCn Accordlng Lo lLC's mosL recenL counL (2012, p. 13), abouL 20.9 mllllon people are caughL up ln forced labour, coerced and decelved by Lhelr recrulLer or employer and Lrapped ln slLuauons from whlch lL ls dlmculL Lo escape. 8esldes Lhe human cosLs, lLC esumaLes LhaL vlcums of forced labour and human Lramcklng are underpald wages LoLalllng uS$19.6 bllllon (lLC, 2009, pp. 31-32), lncome LhaL could oLherwlse have helped lmprove Lhe prosperlLy of vlcums, Lhelr famllles, and local communlues. CCnvLn1lCn: 1978 lnLernauonal Convenuon on SLandards of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon and WaLchkeeplng for Seafarers (S1CW) SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL lorced labour and human Lramcklng can be combaued Lhrough lmproved regulauon and conLrol Lhrough lmplemenLauon of safeLy and labour sLandards. lLC and Lhe lnLernauonal Marlume Crganlzauon (lMC) have esLabllshed a number of blndlng legal lnsLrumenLs LhaL wlll lmprove shers' safeLy and worklng condluons (Lhe lLC's Work ln llshlng Convenuon (no. 188), Lhe lMC's 1orremollnos roLocol and Lhe lMC's Convenuon on SLandards of 1radlng, Cerucauon and WaLchkeeplng for llshlng vessel ersonnel (1CW-l), as well as non-blndlng recommendauons and codes, some of whlch were developed [olnLly beLween lLC, Lhe lood and AgrlculLure Crganlzauon (lAC) and lMC. WlLh Lhe excepuon of Lhe S1CW-l, as of March 2013 none of Lhe blndlng legal lnsLrumenLs are ln force. 1he slow pace of raucauon of convenuons lnhlblLs eecuve ag and porL SLaLe conLrol of safeLy and labour sLandards ln Lhe sherles secLor, and undermlnes lmporLanL opporLunlues Lo prevenL and deLecL lnsLances of forced labour and human Lramcklng on board shlng vessels. SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL 1he absence of blndlng legal frameworks also conLrlbuLes Lo a lack of Lransparency wlLh respecL Lo lnformauon on vessel ldenuLy, ownershlp and movemenL. 1hls undermlnes eecuve lnvesugauon and prosecuuon of crlmes commlued on board shlng vessels. lorced labour Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Internanona| Convennon on Standards of 1ra|n|ng, Cernhcanon and Watchkeep|ng for I|sh|ng Vesse| ersonne| (S1CW-I) Adopnon: 7 Iu|y 199S, Lntry |nto force: 29 September 2012 1he Convenuon wlll apply Lo crews of seagolng shlng vessels generally of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above. 1he lnLernauonal Convenuon on SLandards of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon and WaLchkeeplng for llshlng vessel ersonnel, 1993 (S1CW-l 1993), ls seL Lo enLer lnLo force on 29 SepLember 2012, aer Lhe requlred 13 raucauons were reached on 29 SepLember 2011, wlLh raucauon by Lhe 8epubllc of alau.
1he 1993 S1CW-l Convenuon seLs Lhe cerucauon and mlnlmum Lralnlng requlremenLs for crews of seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above. 1he Convenuon conslsLs of 13 Arucles and an annex conLalnlng Lechnlcal regulauons. SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL resenLly, lL ls esumaLed LhaL annually more Lhan 24.000 llves are losL world-wlde durlng shlng operauons whlch ls a mosL deplorlng record lndeed. 1he lMC recognlses Lhe need for a response Lo Lhe safeLy crlsls ln Lhe shlng lndusLry and has a number of lnsLrumenLs addresslng Lhe lssue. Cne of Lhese lnsLrumenLs ls Lhe lnLernauonal Convenuon on SLandards of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon and WaLchkeeplng for llshlng vessel ersonnel (S1CW-l), whlch was adopLed by lMC ln 1993, and ls expecLed Lo brlng conslderable beneLs and advanLages Lo Lhe shlng lndusLry l.e. lmprovlng Lhe quallLy of educauon and Lralnlng provlded Lo personnel employed ln shlng vessels, and enhanclng Lhe sLandard of Lralnlng and safeLy ln Lhe shlng lndusLry and shlng vessel eeLs. Casualty Incident of Abuse Reduction: Victim Amelioration 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe reducuon of casualues, and wlll go a long way Lo lmprove Lhe presenL poor safeLy record of Lhe global shlng lndusLry. 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll apply Lo crew onboard seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above. SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe reducuon of casualues, and wlll go a long way Lo lmprove Lhe presenL poor safeLy record of Lhe global shlng lndusLry. 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll apply Lo crew onboard seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above. SLnulnC CCun18? L8SLC1lvL 1errlLorles LhaL refuse Lo adhere Lo lnLernauonal labor lnsLrumenLs should be deprlved of Lhe rlghL and prlvllege Lo hlre forelgn labor workers by Lhe sendlng counLrles. 1he sendlng counLrles should proLecL Lhe rlghLs and promoLe Lhe welfare of Lhelr nauonals worklng ln forelgn lands aL all cosL. 1he absence of blndlng legal frameworks also conLrlbuLes Lo a lack of Lransparency wlLh respecL Lo lnformauon on vessel ldenuLy, ownershlp and movemenL. 1hls undermlnes eecuve lnvesugauon and prosecuuon of crlmes commlued on board shlng vessels. 8evlew Lhe legallzauon of Lhe 1alwanese labor brokerage sysLem wheLher lL ls faclllLauve ln Lhe overall proLecuon of Lhe rlghLs and welfare of Lhe worker or lnsLead, scrupulously aggravaung Lhe burden hurled agalnsL Lhe workers. Conunue Lo suspend a mannlng agency LhaL allegedly defrauds seafarers deployed as shermen Lo 1alwan. PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE few are lnLeresLed ln pursulng legal acuon cases agalnsL Lhelr former employers and recrulLers. RISK AND INCIDENT OF ABUSE REDUCTION 1hank ou!