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FISHERMEN:

The Life at Sea


Fishing: There are over 30 million fishers worldwide. Of these,
over 15 million are working full-time on board fishing vessels.
Fishing is one of the most challenging and hazardous
occupations.


Caught at Sea

Forced Labour and
Trafficking
in Fisheries Local and
International
Apparent Safety Crisis in the
Fishing Industry
Hazardous Occupation
Biological (overexploitation)
Of Low Income People
sub[ecLed Lo exLreme forms of human rlghLs
abuses, lncludlng forced
labour and human Lramcklng
Cn board shlng vessels
vlclous cycle of debL bondage
regularly LhreaLened wlLh vlolence
Hazardous Occupation
poor safety record of the global fishing
industry
The Document for Guidance took account of the
conventions and recommendations adopted by ILO and
IMO and the wide practical experience of FAO in the field
of fishermens training and covered training and
certification of small-scale and industrial fishermen. In 1995
a joint working group, in co-operation with FAO and ILO,
reviewed the Document for Guidance with particular
reference to relevant resolutions of the STCW-F
Convention.
IN1LkNA1ICNAL INS1kUMLN1S
lLC plays a cenLral role ln Lhe prevenuon of and ghL
agalnsL forced labour and human Lramcklng globally.
lotetoouoool loboot Otqoolzouoo 201J
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)
C188 - Work |n I|sh|ng Convennon, 2007 (No. 188)
Convennon concern|ng work |n the hsh|ng Sector Adopnon:
Geneva, 96th ILC sess|on (14 Iun 2007) - Status: Up-to-date
|nstrument (1echn|ca| Convennon).
CA1LGCkI2A1ICN & DIS1INC1ICN
SEAFARER:
seafarer (sl:fcoro) n
1. a Lraveller who goes by sea
2. (nauucal 1erms) a less common word for sailor
colllos oqllsb ulcuoooty - complete ooJ uoobtlJqeJ notpetcolllos lobllsbets 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 200J
n. A sallor or marlner.
2. Cne who Lravels by sea.
1be Ametlcoo netltoqe ulcuoooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe, loottb Jluoo copytlqbt 2000 by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. upJoteJ lo 2009.
lobllsbeJ by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. All tlqbts tesetveJ.
n. a sallor, a Lraveler on Lhe sea.
8andom Pouse kernerman WebsLer's College ulcuonary, 2010 k ulcuonarles LLd. CopyrlghL 2003, 1997, 1991 by 8andom Pouse, lnc. All rlghLs reserved.

llshermen

1. Cne who hshes as an occupanon or for sport.
2. A commerc|a| hsh|ng vesse|.
1be Ametlcoo netltoqe ulcuoooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe, loottb Jluoo copytlqbt 2000 by nooqbtoo Ml[lo compooy. upJoteJ lo 2009. lobllsbeJ by nooqbtoo
Ml[lo compooy. All tlqbts tesetveJ.
n, p| -men
1. a person who hshes as a profess|on or for sport
2. (Naunca| 1erms) a vesse| used for hsh|ng
colllos oqllsb ulcuoooty - complete ooJ uoobtlJqeJ notpetcolllos lobllsbets 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 200J
n., p|. -men,
ad[. n.
1. a person who hshes.
2. a sh|p used |n hsh|ng.
ad[.
3. A|so, hsh'er-man's. of or des|gnanng a kn|mng pauern pr|mar||y of
cab|e-sntches.
[1400-S0]
kooJom noose ketoetmoo webstet's colleqe ulcuoooty, 2010 k ulcuoootles ltJ. copytlqbt 2005, 1997, 1991 by kooJom noose, loc. All tlqbts tesetveJ.
AccesseJ Aptll 8, 2014 11.45 A.M.
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)
1hls secLor ls comprlsed of four sub-secLors: Shlpplng, shlng, porLs and lnland
waLerways.

!"#$$#%&: 8ecause of Lhe unlque characLer of seafarlng, mosL marlume counLrles
have speclc laws and regulauons coverlng Lhls occupauon. ConsequenLly, Lhe lLC,
slnce lLs foundlng, has had speclal "machlnery" for condluons of work of seafarers.
1hls lncludes Lhe !olnL Marlume Commlsslon, whlch advlses Lhe Covernlng 8ody
on marlume lssues, and speclal Marlume Sesslons of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour
Conference (ILC) whlch focus solely on Lhe preparauon and adopuon of marlume
labour sLandards." 1he recenL 94Lh Marlume Sesslon of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour
Conference adopLed Lhe Marlume Labour Convenuon, 2006.
1he maln focus of lLC's marlume programme ls Lhe promouon of marlume labour
sLandards uslng all of Lhe lLC's means of acuon. 1he lLC has also publlshed codes
of pracuce, guldellnes and reporLs addresslng seafarers' labour lssues. 1he lLC
cooperaLes wlLh oLher unlLed nauons agencles wlLh an lnLeresL ln Lhe marlume
eld, lncludlng Lhe lnLernauonal Marlume Crganlzauon (lMC) ln London.



ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)


The ILO is working to ensure decent work for all fishers. The ILO
website descrlbes Lhe work of Lhe SecLoral Acuvlues programme Lo lmprove
condluons of shers. lL llnks Lo oLher acuvlues underway ln Lhe lLC and descrlbes
work carrled ouL wlLh oLher unlLed nauons sysLem speclallzed agencles.

1he Work ln llshlng Convenuon, 2007 (no. 188) demonsLraLes Lhe renewed
commlLmenL by Lhe lLC Lo ensure decenL work ln shlng. Convenuon 188 alms Lo
ensure decenL condluons of work wlLh regard Lo mlnlmum requlremenLs for work
on board, condluons of servlce, accommodauon and food, occupauonal safeLy and
healLh proLecuon, medlcal care and soclal securlLy. A ma[or eorL ls underway ln
Lhe lLC Lo achleve wldespread raucauon and lmplemenLauon of Lhe Convenuon.


ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)
()*+,: 1he lmporLance of Lhe porL lndusLry for economlc and soclal developmenL
cannoL be oversLaLed.

As Lhe LransporL secLor has become lncreaslngly compeuuve and global, many
developmenLs have Laken place ln Lhe organlzauon of work ln Lhe porL lndusLry
durlng Lhe lasL decade, and Lhese developmenLs have also aecLed labour and
soclal condluons ln Lhe lndusLry.

1be lmpottooce of soclol Jloloqoe betweeo qovetomeots, employets ooJ wotkets
tepteseotouves fot e[ecuvely moooqloq oew Jevelopmeots ls oow wlJely
tecoqolzeJ, bowevet, tbete ls o oeeJ fot stteoqtbeoloq tbe losutouoos ooJ
copoclty fot soclol Jloloqoe betweeo tbe potues.

uue Lo lLs unlque LrlparuLe sLrucLure, Lhe lLC has a ma[or role ln Lhe collecuve
eorLs LhaL alm aL provldlng soclally responslble soluuons Lo Lhe challenges faced
by Lhe porL secLor.
resenLly, Lhe lLC's porL relaLed acuvlues, aL Lhe core of whlch ls soclal dlalogue,
cover: safeLy and healLh, securlLy, Lralnlng, gender lssues, Plv/AluS, and Lhe role
of porLs ln Lhe supply chaln.
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)
1he Ceneral Conference of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Crganlzauon,
Pavlng been convened aL Ceneva by Lhe Covernlng 8ody of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Cmce, and havlng
meL ln lLs nlneLy-slxLh Sesslon on 30 May 2007, and
kecogn|z|ng that g|oba||zanon has a profound |mpact on the hsh|ng sector, and
Noting the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998, and
1aklng lnLo conslderauon Lhe fundamenLal rlghLs Lo be found ln Lhe followlng lnLernauonal labour
Convenuons: Lhe lorced Labour Convenuon, 1930 (no. 29), Lhe lreedom of Assoclauon and roLecuon of
Lhe 8lghL Lo Crganlse Convenuon, 1948 (no. 87), Lhe 8lghL Lo Crganlse and Collecuve 8argalnlng
Convenuon, 1949 (no. 98), Lhe Lqual 8emunerauon Convenuon, 1931 (no. 100), Lhe Abolluon of lorced
Labour Convenuon, 1937 (no. 103), Lhe ulscrlmlnauon (LmploymenL and Cccupauon) Convenuon, 1938
(no. 111), Lhe Mlnlmum Age Convenuon, 1973 (no. 138), and Lhe WorsL lorms of Chlld Labour
Convenuon, 1999 (no. 182), and
noung Lhe relevanL lnsLrumenLs of Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Crganlzauon, ln parucular Lhe Cccupauonal
SafeLy and PealLh Convenuon (no. 133) and 8ecommendauon (no. 164), 1981, and Lhe Cccupauonal
PealLh Servlces Convenuon (no. 161) and 8ecommendauon (no. 171), 1983, and
noung, ln addluon, Lhe Soclal SecurlLy (Mlnlmum SLandards) Convenuon, 1932 (no. 102), and conslderlng
LhaL Lhe provlslons of Arucle 77 of LhaL Convenuon should noL be an obsLacle Lo proLecuon exLended by
Members Lo shers under soclal securlLy schemes, and
kecogn|z|ng that the Internanona| Labour Crgan|zanon cons|ders hsh|ng as a hazardous occupation
when compared to other occupanons, and
noung also Arucle 1, paragraph 3, of Lhe Seafarers' Identity uocumenLs Convenuon (8evlsed), 2003 (no.
183), and -./,0*12/30 4#,*0$*0,0%+25)%6
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
Mlndful of Lhe need Lo proLecL and promoLe Lhe rlghLs of shers ln Lhls regard, and
8ecalllng Lhe unlLed nauons Convenuon on Lhe Law of Lhe Sea, 1982, and
1aklng lnLo accounL Lhe need Lo revlse Lhe followlng lnLernauonal Convenuons adopLed by
Lhe lnLernauonal Labour Conference speclcally concernlng Lhe shlng secLor, namely Lhe
Minimum Age (llshermen) Convenuon, 1939 (no. 112), Lhe Med|ca| Lxam|nanon
(llshermen) Convenuon, 1939 (no. 113), Lhe llshermen's Arucles of AgreemenL Convenuon,
1939 (no. 114), and Lhe Accommodanon of Crews (llshermen) Convenuon, 1966 (no. 126),
Lo brlng Lhem up Lo daLe and Lo reach a greaLer number of Lhe world's shers, parucularly
Lhose working on board smaller vessels, and
lLC: Objective of Lhls Convenuon ls to ensure that fishers have decent conditions of
work on board fishing vessels wlLh regard Lo mlnlmum requlremenLs for work on board,
condluons of servlce, accommodauon and food, occupauonal safeLy and healLh proLecuon,
medlcal care and soclal securlLy, and
Pavlng declded upon Lhe adopuon of cerLaln proposals wlLh regard Lo work ln Lhe shlng
secLor, whlch ls Lhe fourLh lLem on Lhe agenda of Lhe sesslon, and
Pavlng deLermlned LhaL Lhese proposals shall Lake Lhe form of an lnLernauonal Convenuon,
adopLs Lhls fourLeenLh day of !une of Lhe year Lwo Lhousand and seven Lhe followlng
Convenuon, whlch may be clLed as Lhe Work in Fishing Convention, 2007.
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
of employmenL generauon." .ocean
sherles funcuon as a socleLy valve for surplus
labour .". ...
Lhe developmenL of Lhe baslc needs" model
ploneered by Lhe lnLernauonal Labor
Crganlzauon
(lLC) and ... poor usually suer from a low
level of soclo-pollucal organlzauon and LhaL ...
ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
1ype: Meeung
When: 13 - 17 May 2013
Where: Ceneva, SwlLzerland
ConLacL(s):
SecLoral Acuvlues ueparLmenL
(secLormeeungs[llo.org)
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ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
1he Clobal ulalogue lorum for Lhe romouon of Lhe Work ln
llshlng Convenuon 2007 (no.188) was held aL Lhe lnLernauonal
Labour Cmce ln Ceneva from 13 Lo 17 May 2013. 1he Covernlng
8ody had proposed Lhe convenlng of Lhe lorum aL lLs 310Lh Sesslon
(March 2011) and approved Lhe composluon of Lhe lorum aL lLs
316Lh Sesslon (november 2012). An lssues paper had been
prepared by Lhe Cmce Lo serve as a basls for Lhe lorum's
dellberauons.

1he purpose of Lhe lorum was Lo dlscuss challenges ln Lhe
Convenuon no.188's lmplemenLauon, Lo evaluaLe how lL could be
used as a Lool Lo address ma[or lssues ln Lhe secLor, Lo share good
pracuces and experlences, Lo reporL and revlew promouonal
acuvlues, and Lo provlde an updaLe on Lhe sLaLus of nauonal eorLs
Lo lmplemenL and raufy Convenuon no.188.

ln1L8nA1lCnAL lnS18uMLn1S
lnLernauonal Labor Crganlsauon (lLC)
Abstract
ln Lhls paper, we rsL look reLrospecuvely aL Lhe percepuons embraced by academlcs, lnLernauonal
agencles and pracuuoners of Lhe relation between fisheries and poverty in developing
countries and we Lry Lo ldenufy Lhe underlylng paradlgms whlch have sLrucLured Lhese
percepuons. 1he revlew reveals how Lhe debaLe has focused on Lhe economlc (low income) and
blologlcal (overexploitation) aspecLs of Lhe problem. We Lhen revlslL Lhese percepuons ln Lhe llghL
of Lhe recenL concluslons drawn from oLher secLors and ln parucular from Lhe new consensus" on
poverLy proposed by Lhe lnLernauonal communlLy. lncorporauon of Lhe recenL research on poverLy
helps Lo show how soclo-lnsuLuuonal mechanlsms governlng people's access Lo sherles
resources--raLher Lhan Lhe resources Lhemselves--play such a crlucal role ln vulnerablllLy Lo
poverLy. llnally, a Lypology ldenufylng four dlerenL caLegorles of lnLrasecLoral excluslon
mechanlsms ls developed and lllusLraLed Lhrough emplrlcal sLudles derlved from Afrlcan and Aslan
sherles.
keywords
small-scale sherles,
poverLy,
soclo-lnsuLuuonal excluslon,
Asla,
Afrlca
CopyrlghL 2003 Llsevler Sclence LLd. All rlghLs reserved.
1ype: ubllcauon
uaLe lssued: 01 SepLember 2010
8eference:
978-92-2-124027-3[lS8n]
978-92-2-124028-0[lS8n]
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lLC
1he ob[ecuve of Lhe Work ln llshlng Convenuon, 2007 (no. 188) ls
Lo ensure LhaL shers have decenL worklng and llvlng condluons
on board shlng vessels.

1he Pandbook has been developed Lo asslsL compeLenL
auLhorlues and Lhe represenLauve organlzauons of employers and
workers ln Lhe shlng secLor galn a beuer undersLandlng of
Convenuon no. 188 and 8ecommendauon no. 199. 1he
sumulauon of nauonal LrlparuLe dlscusslon wlll encourage SLaLes
Lo Lake concreLe sLeps Lowards Lhe lmplemenLauon and
raucauon of Lhe Convenuon.
1ags: decenL work, worklng condluons, lLC sLandards, lLC
convenuons, lLC recommendauons, economlc secLors, prlmary
secLor, shlng, occupauonal safeLy and healLh
8eglons and counLrles covered: Clobal
unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues
lLC
1he 'lrequenLly Asked Cuesuons' were developed as parL of Lhe
Acuon lan (2011-2016) Lo lmprove Lhe llvlng and worklng
condluons of shers Lhrough Lhe wldespread raucauon and
eecuve lmplemenLauon of Convenuon no. 188. 1hls Lool ls
deslgned Lo promoLe a greaLer undersLandlng of Lhe Convenuon
amongsL lLC consuLuenLs, parucularly Lhose from Lhe shlng
secLor. 1he Loplcs addressed lnclude Lhe scope of lLs appllcauon,
Lhe unlque exlblllLy mechanlsms for lLs lmplemenLauon, and
explanauons abouL Lhe advanLages of Lhe Convenuon for shers,
shlng vessels owners, and lLC member SLaLes.
1ags: lLC convenuons, shlng
8eglons and counLrles covered: Clobal
unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues
1he Work ln llshlng Convenuon no. 188, wlLh Lhe accompanylng
8ecommendauon no. 199, addresses Lhe parucular worklng slLuauons and
condluons faced ln Lhe shlng lndusLry. lL ls a response Lo Lhe need for
global labour sLandards whlch are relevanL Lo all shers, wheLher on large
vessels on lnLernauonal voyages or ln small boaLs operaung ln domesuc
waLers close Lo shore. 1he Convenuon ls exlble, relevanL Lo all Lypes of
commerclal shlng, and can be lmplemenLed by governmenLs ln whaLever
Lhelr clrcumsLances.

1hls brochure provldes furLher lnformauon on Lhe Convenuon's poLenual
Lo Lransform Lhe worklng condluons of all shers.
1ags: worklng condluons, soclal proLecuon, economlc secLors, prlmary
secLor, shlng, occupauonal safeLy and healLh
unlL responslble: SecLoral Acuvlues
1ype: 8rochure
uaLe lssued: 01 uecember 2007
8eference: 978-92-2-120869-3[lS8n]
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,zvz|;zz,;;,[zzzqqz,|;zz,99

1alwan Labor SLandard
1he Labor SLandard Salary of llshermen Plred lnLo
1alwan 1errlLory ls n1$ 19,273 (dlvlded by
30=642.433 uSu
MusL have Allen 8esldenL CerucaLe or (A8C)
Should have a PealLh Card
1wo ?ears ConLracL (Cne ?ear LxLenslon)
Migration Rgimes
Recruitment (Collaboration with CBCP, LGU,
POEA and SMC-Manila)
Exit (Coordination with NIA-Manila, Partner NGO)
Transport (Networking with Embassies and Partner NGO)
Entry (Coordination with Destination Airport Labor Assistance
Office)
Employment (Collaboration with Embassies and NGO
Units)
Stay (Lobbying-Advicacy works, Shelter, Guidance and
Counseling, Negotiation, Translation, Information-Awareness-
Education Drive through labor pliers and leaflets)
Victim Amelioration Schemes
Investigation (Close Coordination with Medical Professionals, Local
Police, Foreign Police, NIA and DOJ)
Identification (Collaboration with DOJ, Interpol, Coast Guard, NIA)
Protection (Collaboration with the Legal Aid Foundation, Para-legal
Assistance, Negotiation, Conciliation, Translation, Embassies, Partner NGO, Local and
Foreign Police)
Prosecution (Coordination with the Prosecutors Office, Embassies,
NIA, Employer and Broker Agencies)
Conviction (Penalty, Rtribution and Confiscation)
Reintegration (Rehabilitation with the Social Bureau, Briefing with
Embassies and Debriefing with Guidance and Counseling professionals and NGO Units for
Verification Purposes)
Transfer (Coordination with Broker Agencies, NIA, CLA, Employers (O/N),
BLA and Embassies)
Common Problems
Profound Stress
Non Payment of Salary
Emotional and Physical/Sexual Abuse
Hallmarks of Debt bondage
Highly Leveraged Debt to pay Usurious and
Exhorbitant Placement Fees
Deception on Part of Labor Brokers as to
Salary or Job Type
Illegal Salary Withholdings
Compulsory Overtime
Compromised Freedom of Movement
Risks & Safety
Lack of safety and protecnve gears
Lxp|red Iood Supp||es
No C|ean Water for tak|ng a bath
Invo|untary serv|tude
Abandonment
Subhuman uarters -7%80,+09 :#+" ;<,+ =<&,6
I||ega| art 1|me
Verba| Abuse and Ca|||ng of Names
L|tera| hys|ca| beanng and threat
work beyond normal hours without pay
Risks & Safety
ConLracL subsuLuuon
MlsrepresenLauon
MalLreaLmenL
Collecung 8rlbes (Lagay)
hys|ca| 8eanng
urposefu| Concea|ment of 1rave| Documents
Verba| Abuse
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
No NAT. NAME
PASSPORT
No.
GENDE
R
WORK
POSITION
CASE WORK PLACE
ARRIVAL
STM
DEPARTU. TIME No. DAYS
1 Phil MARLON BALLACILLO M FISHERMAN FOR TRANSFER PINGDONG 25-Nov-11 23-Mar-12 120
2 Mianma LIN NAING OO M SEAMAN Occupation al Accident KHH 12-Dec-11 6-Jan-12 26
3 Indian PUPINDER SINGH M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 17-Feb-14 799
4 Phil MARK ANTHONY DARANG M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 5-Feb-14 787
5 Phil ALVIN R.BASILIO M SEAMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 12-Dec-11 21-Jan-14 772
6 Indo UNTUNG SURAPATI M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84
7 Indo KAPIDIN M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84
8 Indo WIRSAD M FISHERMAN COURT CASE( witmess) PINGDONG 20-Jan-12 12-Apr-12 84
9 Indo TAKRUDIN M FISHERMAN WANT TO CHANGE JOB TAINAN 26-Jan-12 2-Feb-12 8
10 Indo SAWIN F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 6-Mar-12 4-Jun-12 91
11 Indo AGUS KOTIMAR M FISHERMAN SURRENDER LUUHE 20-Mar-12 22-Mar-12 3
12 Phil BALNEG RULAN BAGIO M

FISHERMAN COURT CASE PINGDONG 25-Mar-14 8-Apr-12 -715
LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn
13 Indo RAUDI M FISHERMAN WANT TO TRANSFER KHH 14-May-12 20-Jun-12 38
14 Indo RIANTO M FISHERMAN WANT TO TRANSFER KHH 14-May-12 20-Jun-12 38
15 Phil SUTOYO M FISHERMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM PENGHU 18-May-12 20-Sep-12 126
16 Indo RUDI HARTONO F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 22-Jun-12 10-Oct-12 111
17 Viet HO SYNANG M FISHERMAN SURRENDER LUUHE 5-Jul-12 9-Jul-12 5
18 Indo WARID M FISHERMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIM KHH 6-Jul-12 8-Nov-12 126
19 Indo AMSORY M FISHERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 30-Jul-12 3-Aug-12 5
20 Indo HAMDAN ROMADONA M FISHERMAN SURRENDER KHH 6-Aug-12 13-Sep-12 39
21 Indo HERMANTO M FISHERMAN TRAFFIKING VICTIM KHH 11-Sep-12 29-Oct-14 779
22 Phil CATIBOG FLORENCIO CABALLES M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 1-Nov-12 52
23 Phil COSTALES NESTOR TABERNA M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 16-Nov-12 67
24 Phil AGCAOILI ALLAN MARK GARCIA M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER TAITUNG 11-Sep-12 1-Nov-12 52
25 Indo MADUN F FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER PENGHU 26-Nov-12 28-Nov-12 3
26 Mianma SAW LIN OO F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35
27 Mianma PE LIN F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35
28 Mianma ZIN MIN LATT F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35
29 Mianma NAYMYO HLAING F FISHERMAN UNPAID SALARY GANGSHAN 13-Dec-12 16-Jan-13 35
30 Phil RAMONDAVIAWILMOR DADAP M FISHERMAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER PENGHU 22-Feb-13 29-Mar-13 36
31 Phil RANDYD.TORRES M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 14-Jul-13 19-Aug-13 37
32 Phil RICHARD S. MONTANO M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 14-Jul-13 5-Aug-13 23
33 phil JOMAR T. RABUSA M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER MECO 5-Sep-13 15-Oct-14 406
34 Indo PONIMAN M FISH ERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 11-Oct-13 25-Oct-14 380
35 Indo SIGIT M FISH ERMAN SURRENDER GANGSHAN 11-Oct-13 25-Oct-14 380
36 Phil TANGONAN SHERMAN BAGAIN M FISHER MAN WAIT FOR TRANSFER KHH 26-Dec-13 25-Feb-14 62
LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn
16 lndo 8uul PA81CnC l llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 kPP
22-!un-12 10-CcL-12 111
17 vleL PC S? nAnC M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 LuuPL 3-!ul-12
9-!ul-12 3
18 lndo WA8lu M llSPL8MAn 18AlllCklnC vlC1lM kPP
6-!ul-12 8-nov-12 126
19 lndo AMSC8? M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 30-!ul-12
3-Aug-12 3
20 lndo PAMuAn 8CMAuCnA M llSPL8MAn Su88LnuL8 kPP
6-Aug-12 13-Sep-12 39
21 lndo PL8MAn1C M llSPL8MAn 18AlllklnC vlC1lM kPP
11-Sep-12 29-CcL-14 779
22 hll CA1l8CC lLC8LnClC CA8ALLLS M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 1-nov-12 32
23 hll CCS1ALLS nLS1C8 1A8L8nA M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 16-nov-12 67
24 hll ACCAClLl ALLAn MA8k CA8ClA M llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
1Al1unC 11-Sep-12 1-nov-12 32
23 lndo MAuun l llSPL8MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8 LnCPu
26-nov-12 28-nov-12 3
26 Mlanma SAW Lln CC l llSPL8MAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12
16-!an-13 33
LlS1 Cl llSPL8MLn & SLAMAn
27 Mlanma L Lln l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12
16-!an-13 33
28 Mlanma ln Mln LA11 l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn 13-uec-12
16-!an-13 33
29 Mlanma nA? M?C PLAlnC l llSPMAn unAlu SALA8?CAnCSPAn
13-uec-12 16-!an-13 33
30 hll 8AMCnuAvlA WlLMC8 uAuA M llSPMAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
LnCPu 22-leb-13 29-Mar-13 36
31 hll 8Anu? u.1C88LS M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
MLCC 14-!ul-13 19-Aug-13 37
32 hll 8lCPA8u S. MCn1AnC M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
MLCC 14-!ul-13 3-Aug-13 23
33 phll !CMA8 1. 8A8uSA M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
MLCC 3-Sep-13 13-CcL-14 406
34 lndo CnlMAn M llSP MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 11-CcL-13
23-CcL-14 380
33 lndo SlCl1 M llSP MAn Su88LnuL8 CAnCSPAn 11-CcL-13
23-CcL-14 380
36 hll 1AnCCnAn SPL8MAn 8ACAln M llSP MAn WAl1 lC8 18AnSlL8
kPP 26-uec-13 23-leb-14 62
DECEITFUL AND FRUADULENT SCHEMES
Workers Sign a contract with their Sending Country
Agency
Take Off Point Countries and Territories (Singapore, Macau,
and Hong Kong should also be held responsible)
Philippine Broker Agency Contract with Taiwan Employer
Only (Workers are no longer included in the transaction)
Seaman in Philippines but Fishermans ID in Taiwan
Misrepresentation of Job Qualification and Identification
CLA S1uulLS
8ecenL ln-depLh sLudles have descrlbed and analysed severe cases of
forced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor. Whereas
Lhe sherles secLor counLs among Lhe mosL lmporLanL economlc secLors
provldlng food securlLy and employmenL worldwlde, Lhese sLudles reveal
LhaL, on board shlng vessels, shers - many of Lhem mlgranL workers -
are sub[ecLed Lo exLreme forms of human rlghLs abuses, lncludlng forced
labour and human Lramcklng.
1hls reporL examlnes recenL llLeraLure on forced labour and human
Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor, wlLh Lhe focus on shlng vessels engaged
ln commerclal marlne sherles. 1he reporL conslders lnsuLuuonal and
legal frameworks as well as mulusLakeholder lnluauves LhaL have Lhe
poLenual Lo lmpacL shers' safeLy and worklng condluons.
SENDING & RECEIVING COUNTRY
MonLhly 8aslc Salary n1$ 19,047 (1 uSu = n1$ 30) no Cver 1lme
Allen 8esldenL CerucaLe
PealLh Check lee n1$ 1,300 Lach 1lme (3 Lvery 2 ?rs. 4 Lvery 3 ?ears)
PealLh lnsurance n1$ 281 a MonLh
Labor lnsurance n1$ 303 a MonLh
MonLhly 8roker Servlce lee (lltst eot 1,800, 2
oJ
eot 1,700, JtJ eot
1,500)
lree lane 1lckeL upon ueploymenL and Lnd of ConLracL
lree lood and Accommodauon
1be obove lobot tetms ooJ cooJluoos ote oqteeJ betweeo McO, 8lA ooJ
lOA, bot teollty tells os tbot o lot of employets ooJ btokets Jo oot oJbete
to tbese scbemes ooJ meosotes.
BROKER SYSTEM
key noLe Suggesuon:
Clarlfy-Lhe naLure of force labor rlsk LhaL ls llnk
Lo labor brokers,
Lxamen-Lhe characLerlsucs and role of labor
brokers ln a range of secLors, buslness and
reglons, and
ldenufy-where labor brokerage mosL oen
leads Lowards compound vulnrablllLs Lo
force labor
VULNERABILITY
Recent trends within the fisheries sector, including overfishing, illegal
fishing and a shift in sourcing the workforce from developed to
developing
States mean that more relatively low cost migrant workers are employed
by the fisheries sector,
Lack of training, inadequate language skills, and lack of enforcement of
safety and labour standards make these fishers particularly vulnerable to
forced labour and human trafficking
There are also strong indicators that forced labour and human trafficking
in the fisheries sector are frequently linked to other forms of crime, such
as transnational organized fisheries crime and corruption.
Flag State
Responsibilities
MosL SLaLes, and consequenLly mosL ag SLaLes, have commlued Lo
crlmlnallze and combaL forced labour and human Lramcklng as members
of Lhe lLC, and raufylng parues Lo Lhe lLC lorced Labour Convenuon
or Lhe unlLed nauons 1ramcklng ln ersons roLocol. AL sea, ag SLaLes
have prlmary responslbllLy under lnLernauonal law Lo ensure compllance
wlLh lnLernauonal and nauonal laws on board vessels ylng Lhelr ag.
Some SLaLes are however unable or unwllllng Lo meeL Lhelr ag SLaLe
responslblllues.
1hese acL ln breach of Lhelr obllgauons under lnLernauonal law, and may
also acL ln breach of fundamenLal human rlghLs lnsLrumenLs.
SAFETY AND DECENT WORKING
CONDITIONS
lorced labour and human Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor are complex
and mulu-faceLed problems. 1allor-made measures are requlred Lo
eecuvely prevenL and combaL Lhese crlmes. Whlle Lhls reporL presenLs
some useful enLry polnLs on Lhe way forward, lL also ralses lmporLanL
quesuons LhaL should be consldered for furLher analysls and debaLe:
Pow could ag SLaLes beuer exerclse Lhelr auLhorlLy and
responslblllLy Lo enforce regulauons over sherles secLor vessels
reglsLered under Lhelr ag

Pow Lo fosLer raucauon and/or lmplemenLauon of blndlng legal
lnsLrumenLs ensurlng shers' safeLy and decenL worklng condluons
Pow Lo fosLer coordlnaLed porL SLaLe conLrol over shlng vessels
Pow Lo regulaLe and conLrol prlvaLe recrulLmenL agencles so as
Lo avold slLuauons where mlgranL workers are recrulLed Lo work
on vessels under false preLences and hlghly abuslve worklng condluons

QUESTIONS TO BE
ADDRESSED
- now to ensure that States deve|op hsher|es management and
conservanon po||c|es that pos|nve|y |nuence work|ng cond|nons
on hsh|ng vesse|s engaged |n commerc|a| hsh|ng operanons |n the|r
waters and thus he|p prevent forced |abour and tramck|ng of hshers?
- now to set up a coord|nated |nterna| and cross-border mu|n-agency
|aw enforcement cooperanon, |nte|||gence gather|ng and |nformanon
shar|ng, as a comprehens|ve [usnce sector response to forced |abour
and human tramck|ng at sea?
- now to encourage transparency |n the hsher|es sector across the
va|ue cha|n, from persons consum|ng the hsh back to the hshers who
produced or captured |t?
- now to deve|op mu|n-agency po||cy and techn|ca| ass|stance for
States |n need, |n order for them to |mp|ement |ega| frameworks
perta|n|ng to the hsher|es sector |n the most eecnve manner?
- now to conduct comprehens|ve and coord|nated research that w|||
he|p to beuer understand the prob|em of decepnve and coerc|ve
|abour pracnces |n the hsher|es sector?
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
Introducnon
1he sherles secLor makes a cruclal conLrlbuuon Lo global food
securlLy, human welfare and economlc prosperlLy, and ls parucularly
lmporLanL Lo coasLal communlues ln many developlng SLaLes (lAC,
2012a). 8egreuably, a sLrlng of recenL reporLs have lndlcaLed LhaL
cerLaln segmenLs of Lhe secLor harbour some of Lhe worsL forms of
human rlghLs abuse, forced labour, and human Lramcklng (SurLees,
2012, SLrlnger eL al., 2011, 8oberLson, 2011, de Conlng, 2011, L!l, 2010,
uerks, 2010, 8rennan, 2009, unlA, 2009, unlA, 2007, earson eL
al., 2006ab).
CLA ISCLA1LD WCkk LACL
1hese reporLs suggesL LhaL forced labour and
human
Lramcklng Lake place on board shlng vessels
because of Lhe lsolauon
of Lhe workplace, sLrong compeuuon wlLhln
Lhe lndusLry and Lhe ready
supply of vulnerable workers, many of Lhem
mlgranL labourers.
lack of coordination and
attention
1he reporLs also demonsLraLe Lhe urgency of
Lhe problem and Lhe currenL lack of
coordlnauon and auenuon LhaL would help
prevenL and combaL forced labour and human
Lramcklng ln Lhe sherles secLor.

1ramcklng llshlng vessel
AC1C8S
Part I of the desk review provides a background
to the main actors, activities and trends affecting fishers working
conditions and reviews and consolidates the literature on forced
labour and human trafficking in the fisheries sector, particularly that
taking place on board fishing vessels.
lnLernauonal lrameworks
ouLllnes lnLernauonal
and lnsuLuuonal legal frameworks perLalnlng Lo forced
labour, human
Lramcklng, and shers' safeLy and worklng condluons, as well
as markeL
measures ln Lhe form of lnLernauonal lnsLrumenLs whlch
provlde
guldance Lo buslness on respecung workers' rlghLs and
volunLary
mulusLakeholder lnluauves Lo encourage soclal responslblllLy
ln Lhe
secLor
1erms & Legal SupplemenLs
Auached Lo Lhe desk revlew are four appendlces. Appendlx l
denes and explalns Lhe key Lerms forced labour', human
Lramcklng',
and slavery', as well as Lhe way ln whlch Lhese Lerms and
Lhelr legal
and lnsuLuuonal frameworks supplemenL one anoLher.
Appendlx ll
conLalns a llsL of mulusLakeholder lnluauves, lncludlng
ecolabels and
cerucauon schemes Lo ensure envlronmenLal susLalnablllLy
ln Lhe
sherles secLor.
LllL C?CLL Cl CCL8ClCn Anu
uL8lvA1lCn
Accordlng Lo lLC's mosL recenL counL (2012, p. 13), abouL 20.9 mllllon
people are caughL up ln forced labour, coerced and decelved by Lhelr
recrulLer or employer and Lrapped ln slLuauons from whlch lL ls dlmculL
Lo escape. 8esldes Lhe human cosLs, lLC esumaLes LhaL vlcums of forced
labour and human Lramcklng are underpald wages LoLalllng uS$19.6
bllllon (lLC, 2009, pp. 31-32), lncome LhaL could oLherwlse have helped
lmprove Lhe prosperlLy of vlcums, Lhelr famllles, and local communlues.
CCnvLn1lCn:
1978 lnLernauonal
Convenuon on SLandards
of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon
and WaLchkeeplng for
Seafarers (S1CW)
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
lorced labour and human Lramcklng can be combaued Lhrough lmproved
regulauon and conLrol Lhrough lmplemenLauon of safeLy and labour
sLandards. lLC and Lhe lnLernauonal Marlume Crganlzauon (lMC) have
esLabllshed a number of blndlng legal lnsLrumenLs LhaL wlll lmprove shers'
safeLy and worklng condluons (Lhe lLC's Work ln llshlng Convenuon
(no. 188), Lhe lMC's 1orremollnos roLocol and Lhe lMC's Convenuon
on SLandards of 1radlng, Cerucauon and WaLchkeeplng for llshlng
vessel ersonnel (1CW-l), as well as non-blndlng recommendauons
and codes, some of whlch were developed [olnLly beLween lLC, Lhe lood
and AgrlculLure Crganlzauon (lAC) and lMC. WlLh Lhe excepuon of Lhe
S1CW-l, as of March 2013 none of Lhe blndlng legal lnsLrumenLs are ln
force. 1he slow pace of raucauon of convenuons lnhlblLs eecuve ag
and porL SLaLe conLrol of safeLy and labour sLandards ln Lhe sherles
secLor, and undermlnes lmporLanL opporLunlues Lo prevenL and deLecL
lnsLances of forced labour and human Lramcklng on board shlng vessels.
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
1he absence of blndlng legal frameworks also
conLrlbuLes Lo a lack of
Lransparency wlLh respecL Lo lnformauon on
vessel ldenuLy, ownershlp
and movemenL. 1hls undermlnes eecuve
lnvesugauon and prosecuuon
of crlmes commlued on board shlng vessels.
lorced labour
Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Fishing
Internanona| Convennon on Standards of 1ra|n|ng, Cernhcanon and
Watchkeep|ng for I|sh|ng Vesse| ersonne| (S1CW-I)
Adopnon: 7 Iu|y 199S, Lntry |nto force: 29 September 2012
1he Convenuon wlll apply Lo crews of seagolng shlng vessels generally of
24 meLres ln lengLh and above.
1he lnLernauonal Convenuon on SLandards of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon and
WaLchkeeplng for llshlng vessel ersonnel, 1993 (S1CW-l 1993), ls seL Lo
enLer lnLo force on 29 SepLember 2012, aer Lhe requlred 13 raucauons
were reached on 29 SepLember 2011, wlLh raucauon by Lhe 8epubllc of
alau.

1he 1993 S1CW-l Convenuon seLs Lhe cerucauon and mlnlmum Lralnlng
requlremenLs for crews of seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh
and above. 1he Convenuon conslsLs of 13 Arucles and an annex conLalnlng
Lechnlcal regulauons.
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
resenLly, lL ls esumaLed LhaL annually more Lhan 24.000 llves are losL
world-wlde durlng shlng operauons whlch ls a mosL deplorlng record
lndeed.
1he lMC recognlses Lhe need for a response Lo Lhe safeLy crlsls ln Lhe shlng
lndusLry and has a number of lnsLrumenLs addresslng Lhe lssue. Cne of Lhese
lnsLrumenLs ls Lhe lnLernauonal Convenuon on SLandards of 1ralnlng, Cerucauon
and WaLchkeeplng for llshlng vessel ersonnel (S1CW-l), whlch was adopLed by
lMC ln 1993, and ls expecLed Lo brlng conslderable beneLs and advanLages Lo Lhe
shlng lndusLry l.e. lmprovlng Lhe quallLy of educauon and Lralnlng provlded Lo
personnel employed ln shlng vessels, and enhanclng Lhe sLandard of Lralnlng and
safeLy ln Lhe shlng lndusLry and shlng vessel eeLs.
Casualty Incident of Abuse Reduction: Victim
Amelioration
1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe reducuon of casualues, and
wlll go a long way Lo lmprove Lhe presenL poor safeLy record of Lhe global
shlng lndusLry. 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll apply Lo crew onboard
seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above.
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe reducuon of casualues, and
wlll go a long way Lo lmprove Lhe presenL poor safeLy record of Lhe global
shlng lndusLry. 1he S1CW-l Convenuon wlll apply Lo crew onboard
seagolng shlng vessels of 24 meLres ln lengLh and above.
SLnulnC CCun18?
L8SLC1lvL
1errlLorles LhaL refuse Lo adhere Lo lnLernauonal labor lnsLrumenLs should
be deprlved of Lhe rlghL and prlvllege Lo hlre forelgn labor workers by Lhe
sendlng counLrles. 1he sendlng counLrles should proLecL Lhe rlghLs and
promoLe Lhe welfare of Lhelr nauonals worklng ln forelgn lands aL all cosL.
1he absence of blndlng legal frameworks also conLrlbuLes Lo a lack of
Lransparency wlLh respecL Lo lnformauon on vessel ldenuLy, ownershlp
and movemenL. 1hls undermlnes eecuve lnvesugauon and prosecuuon
of crlmes commlued on board shlng vessels.
8evlew Lhe legallzauon of Lhe 1alwanese labor brokerage sysLem wheLher
lL ls faclllLauve ln Lhe overall proLecuon of Lhe rlghLs and welfare of Lhe
worker or lnsLead, scrupulously aggravaung Lhe burden hurled agalnsL Lhe
workers.
Conunue Lo suspend a mannlng agency LhaL allegedly defrauds seafarers
deployed as shermen Lo 1alwan.
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
few are lnLeresLed ln pursulng legal acuon cases agalnsL Lhelr former
employers and recrulLers.
RISK AND INCIDENT OF ABUSE REDUCTION
1hank ou!

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