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Transgenic crops with herbicide tolerance traits, especially glyphosate tolerance, have been widely adopted in major crops like soybeans, cotton, and corn in the US. Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS, stopping the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, but certain modified EPSPS enzymes are insensitive to glyphosate. Expressing these insensitive enzymes in chloroplasts confers glyphosate tolerance to transgenic crops. Glyphosate's low cost, low toxicity, broad-spectrum weed control, and the availability of tolerant crops have made it the world's most valuable agrochemical.
Transgenic crops with herbicide tolerance traits, especially glyphosate tolerance, have been widely adopted in major crops like soybeans, cotton, and corn in the US. Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS, stopping the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, but certain modified EPSPS enzymes are insensitive to glyphosate. Expressing these insensitive enzymes in chloroplasts confers glyphosate tolerance to transgenic crops. Glyphosate's low cost, low toxicity, broad-spectrum weed control, and the availability of tolerant crops have made it the world's most valuable agrochemical.
Transgenic crops with herbicide tolerance traits, especially glyphosate tolerance, have been widely adopted in major crops like soybeans, cotton, and corn in the US. Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme EPSPS, stopping the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, but certain modified EPSPS enzymes are insensitive to glyphosate. Expressing these insensitive enzymes in chloroplasts confers glyphosate tolerance to transgenic crops. Glyphosate's low cost, low toxicity, broad-spectrum weed control, and the availability of tolerant crops have made it the world's most valuable agrochemical.
A NEW STRATEGY FOR GLYPHOSATE TOLERANT CROP PLANTS
Linda A. Castle and Michael W. Lassner
September, 2004 Introduction Transgenic crops are integral to modern agriculture. In 2003, 81% of U.S. soybean, 73% of cotton, and 40% of maize acres were planted with genetically engineered varieties. Herbicide tolerance is the most widely planted transgenic crop trait, followed by insect tolerance. Nearly all transgenic soybeans are engineered for tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. A large proportion of transgenic cotton, maize, and canola crops are also tolerant to glyphosate. Glyphosate acts by inhibiting enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme in the pathway leading to biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids 1 . Because this enzyme and pathway is unique to plants and microbes, glyphosate is not toxic to animals. Certain EPSPS enzymes are insensitive to glyphosate inhibition. When expressed in chloroplasts of transgenic plants, the insensitive enzymes confer tolerance to the herbicide. This mode of action accounts for all the commercial glyphosate-tolerant crops. Low cost, low toxicity, effective broad-spectrum weed control and availability of transgenic crop tolerance have resulted in glyphosate becoming the world's most valuable agrochemical.