Infancy and toddlerhood

1. Explains at least two physical developmental milestones that typically developing

children should attain during this period of development
When newborns are held upright under the arm, they show a reflexive stepping response, which
forms the basis for later walking (Berk, 2013). At three to six weeks old, an infant is able to turn
head around. When an infant who is being breast fed is about to eat and one strokes the cheek
near corner of his/her mouth, he/she can turn head to the direction of the cheek and that is how to
find nipple of breast. Four to five months olds are able to sit and play with toys like rattling keys.
At 12 to 17 months old, a toddler is able to walk alone and is also able to climb stairs (berk,
2013).
2. Explains at least two language developmental milestones that typically developing
children should achieve in this period of development
Infants begin their first communication by crying when they are in need of attention. This lets the
parent or caregiver know, and determine whether the infant need food, diaper change, is sleepy,
or just wanted to be held. At seven to 12 months infants are beginning to babble word like
sounds when they engage in conversation with others. As an adult is having a conversation with
an infant, the infant is very engaged with the babbling to show understanding. A 24 months child
is able to actively engage in conversation with an adult. A typical toddler should have at least 50
words.
3. Explains at least two cognitive developmental milestones that typically developing
children should achieve in this period of development
At about seven months, infants begin to realize that when the mother steps out of the room, she
still exists. At 20 to 24 months toddlers want to do things for themselves even though they might
do them wrong. They will want to put their clothes and shoes on by themselves, try to zip their
jackets up by themselves, and even try to feed themselves. They begin to develop the self-help
skills.

4. Explains at least two social-emotional milestones
Can be comforted by a familiar adult. When an infant is cry and the parent or a caregiver that he
is familiar with picks him up and begin to talk to him, he immediately stops crying showing that
he can recognize the person that had just picked him up. Smile and show pleasure in response to
social stimulation. When familiar adult smiles to an infant, he smiles back and some times, he
might kick his arms and legs to show excitement. Toddlers can recognize themselves in pictures
or in the mirror, and they smile or make faces at themselves. They can also imitate adult
behaviors in play. For example, during dramatic play they might choose to do the job of mother
by pretending to cook and clean and take care of the house, or can choose to do the job of father
by being the father of the play.
5. Explains at least two moral reasoning/self regulation milestones
Infants demonstrate the ability to perceive depth (Berk, 2013). For example, a crawling child can
crawl to a staircase and just sit at the edge because he knows that he will fall if he tries to crawl.
Because he has not learned the skill to be able to crawl down the stairs using his tummy, he will
either sit at the edge of the staircase or crawl back to a different direction. Infants are able to
remember the locations of objects. A crawling seven month old in a child care center remembers
that there are toys for him to pull down from the shelves in the classroom. When he arrives, he
will crawl to the shelves and begin to pull toys down.
6. Explains at least two signs that may signal atypical development during this period of
development
When a five month old is not able to hold head up when held, kick legs and arms while on back,
or stand on the floor with feet pushing down on the ground when held by an adult, there could be
a great problem of cerebral palsy. This is a permanent disorder of the development of movement
and posture, causing activity limitation in a child. Babies born with severe cerebral palsy often
have an irregular posture; their bodies may be either very floppy or very stiff (cerebralpalsy.org,
2014).
7. Identifies at least one social factor that influences this stage of development
Birth complication is a social factor that influences the development of children in this stage of
development. According to Berk, they develop long-term learning disabilities (2013). More so,
children who are exposed to poverty, family disorganization, and mentally ill parents often
develop serious learning difficulties, behavior problems, and emotional disturbance (Berk, 2013).
8. Identifies at least on cultural factor that influences this stage of development
Parenting style can influence the development of children in this developmental stage.
9. Describes at least one strategy that families can use to influence their childrens learning
and development during this period of development
One strategy that can be used to influence children in this developmental period is to have them
around other children of their age so that they can learn from other child. Parents and caregivers
need to provide stable and supportive environment that is conducive for the well-being of the
children in this developmental stage.
10. Incorporates at least two images that relate to physical, language, or cognitive
development for this period of development to enhance the visual appeal of your fact
sheets


These are infants with fetal alcohol syndrome.


This is a child with cerebral palsy.
These are typically developing
toddlers.



Reference:
Berk, L.E. (2013). Child development. Boston: Pearson Education
My child at Cerebralpalsy.org, (2014). The ultimate cerebral palsy: Everything Cerebral Palsy.
Retrieved from
http://cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/sign-and-symptoms/