..

..

2012


1. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

11

2. . . . . . . . . . . .

12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

. . . .

22

3. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

. . . .

37

4. . .

39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

. . . .

47

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50



, ,

.
, ,
.
,

(, ,

,
-).

"
",
.
.

,
.

1. .
.

1. . .
{an }  .

a1 + a2 + . . . + an + . . . =

an .

(1)

n=1

1: (1)
, an  .
2: n- (1) n
. Sn , ..

Sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an =

n
X

ak .

k=1

3:

(1)

. S

{Sn } (1),
S=

an .

n=1

, {Sn } , (1) .
,
.

.
, ,
3 [1]. , 1 1 + 1 1 + . . . + (1)n1 + . . .
( 1, 0, 1, 0, . . .
), .
, 1/2 [2].
3.
4

2. .
.
,
1 ( ): (1)
, > 0

N , p n N

 X

 n+p

|Sn+p Sn | = 
ak  < .

(2)

k=n+1

1: (1) ,

rn =

ak

k=n+1

. rn n- (1).
2: (1) ,
{an } .

3. .

.
2: :
)

an )

n=1

a0n .

n=1

S S 0 .
)

(an + a0n )

n=1

, R, S + S 0 .
: ) , ) ,

, R, 6= 0 ) .
3: (
)
.
5


1. : ) ; ) n-
; ) ; ) .
2. : ) ; )
; )
, .
3.

:
.
4.
. ?
5. ?
.
6. , : )
, ; ) ? .

1. ,

X
n=1

1
.
(3n 2)(3n + 1)

4 n- :
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
=
Sn =
14 47
(3n 2)(3n + 1)

 





1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
=

1
+
+ ... +
=
1
.
3
4
4 7
3n 2 3n + 1
3
3n + 1
, {Sn } , 1/3.
, , 1/3. N

2. ,

X
n=1

(2n 1)(2n + 1)
6

4 ,
.

(2n 1)(2n + 1)

>

1
1 n+1
> ln
,
2n 2
n

, Sn :

1
1
1
1 1
1
+
+ ... + p
> + + ... +
>
2n
13
35
(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2 4


1
3
n+1
1
>
ln 2 + ln + . . . + ln
= ln(n + 1).
2
2
n
2
, {Sn } .
Sn =

, . N

3. ,

X
1
.

n
n=1

: ( = 1)
( > 1).

4 . n = 2k ,

 

1
1 1
1 1 1 1
Sn = S2k = 1 + +
+
+
+ + +
+ ...+
2
3 4
5 6 7 8


1
1
1
1
k
k
1
+ . . . + k 1 + + 2 2 + . . . + 2k1 k = 1 + > .
+ k1
2
+1
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
A > 0 n = 2k , Sn > k/2 > A
( k > 2A). , {S2k }
. ,
, .
.

Sn0 = 1 +

1
1
+
.
.
.
+
2
n

,
{Sn0 }. k n

<

2k . ,
7


, :

 


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=1+ +
+
+ ...+
<
+
+
+
+
2
3 4
5 6 7 8




1
1
1
1
+ . . . + k 1 + 1 +
+
+
+
(2k1 + 1)
2
2 2




1
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + ... +
+ . . . + (k1) =
4
4
4
4
2(k1)
2
1
1
1
1
.
= 1 + 1 + 2 + 4 2 + . . . + 2k1 (k1) 1 +
2
2
1 21
2
n. {Sn0 }, ,
Sn0

S20 k

, . N

1. n- ,
. , an 0
n ,
(1).

2. , 0
. 2 ,
0 < < 1.

4. :
)

X
p
n

0, 001;

n=1

X
n=1

n
;
2n 1

3n

X
n+1
n=1

sin n.

n=1

4 ), ) )
p
lim n 0, 001 = lim (0, 001)1/n = 1 6= 0,
n

1
1
n
= lim
= 6= 0,
n 2 1/n
n 2n 1
2

3n

3
n+1
lim
= lim (1 + 1/n)n = e3 6= 0.
n
n
n
{sin n} .
lim

, , , sin n = sin((n 1) + 1) =

= sin(n 1) cos 1 + sin 1 cos(n 1) 0, cos(n 1) 0 n ,

8

 sin 1 6= 0.
sin2 n + cos2 n = 1, {sin n}
{cos n} .
, )-) ,
. N

5. , :
)

X
cos n
n=1

n2

X
cos nx cos(n + 1)x
n=1

4 )
N [1/] + 1. p n N


 cos(n + 1)

1
cos(n
+
p)

|Sn+p Sn | = 
+
.
.
.
+
+ ...+
(n + 1)2
(n + p)2  (n + 1)2


1
1
1
1
1
+

+ ... +
=

+
(n + p)2
n(n + 1)
(n + p 1)(n + p)
n n+1




1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+

+ ... +

=
< < ,
n+1 n+2
n+p1 n+p
n n+p n
(2) .
) (n + p)- n- ,


 cos(n + 1)x cos(n + 2)x cos(n + 2)x cos(n + 3)x
|Sn+p Sn | = 
+
+. . . +
n+1
n+2
 
cos(n + p)x cos(n + p + 1)x   cos(n + 1)x
cos(n + 2)x

+
=
  n+1
n+p
(n + 1)(n + 2)

cos(n + 3)x
cos(n + p)x
cos(n + p + 1)x 

...


(n + 2)(n + 3)
(n + p 1)(n + p)
n+p
1
1
1
1

+
+
+ ... +
+
n + 1 (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 2)(n + 3)
(n + p 1)(n + p)

 

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
+

+
+ ...+
n+p n+1
n+1 n+2
n+2 n+3


1
2
2
1
1

=
< .
+
+
n+p1 n+p
n+p n+1 n
> 0 N = [2/] + 1, p
n N |Sn+p Sn | < . 1 ,
. N
9

6. , :

X
1
;
)
n
n=1

n=1

n(n + 1)

4 1
. ,
(1) ,
> 0 , N p
n N , |Sn+p Sn | .
= 1/4. p = n )

|S2n Sn | =

1
1
1
+
+ ... + >
n+1
n+2
2n

1
1
1
1
1 1
+
+ ... +
>n
= > ,
n+1 n+2
2n
2n 2 4
) 
>

1
1
+p
+ ... + p
>
(n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + 2)(n + 3)
2n(2n + 1)

|S2n Sn | = p
>p

1
(n + 2)2

+p

1
(n + 3)2

+ ... + p

(2n + 1)2

1
1
1
+ ... +
> .
n+2
2n + 1 4

, ) ) . N

7. ,

an

n=1

,
{nan } .

4 1. ,
> 0 N , p n N

an+1 + an+2 + . . . + an+p < .

2
{an } ,

pan+p < /2.

10

 p = n, 2na2n < .

p = n + 1, (2n + 2)a2n+1 < , (2n + 1)a2n+1 < .

, nan < ( , ) n,

n > N = 2N . , {nan }
. N

1. , :
)

X
n=1

1
;
n(n + 1)
n

(2) ;

n=1



X
1
1
)
+ n ;
n
2
3
n=1

X
n=1

n + 22 n + 1+ n ;

1
;
2n 1
)

2n

n=1

X
(1)n

2n

n=0

n=1

X
2n 1

X
1
.
)
n
n=1

2. , :

X
n3 5
)
;
2 + 1)
n(n
n=1

p
X

+nn ;

n2

cos n;

n=1

n=1

n.

n=1

3. , :
)

X
1
n=1


1
)
arcsin ;
n
n=1

X
sin n
n=1

2n

X
n=2

1
.
n ln n

4. ,

an

n=1

a2n .

n=1

? , .

5. {nan }
, .

an .

n=1

11

2. .

1. .

an

n=1

, n
an 0. n an > 0,
.
, ,
pn ( an ).
.
4:
, .
4 
,
.
5 ( ):
:
a)

pn )

n=1

p0n .

n=1

, N , n N

pn p0n .

(3)

) ),
) ).
6 ( ): 5
, ) )
, (3)

p0n+1
pn+1
0 ,
pn
pn
.
12

(4)

 7 ( ):

pn

n=1

p0n

n=1

pn
= L 6= 0,
n p0n
.
lim

(5)

2. .

(6)

pn

n=1

, ,
.
8 ( ): , N ,
(6)

( n pn 1).

pn q < 1

(, ).
9 ( ): , N ,
(6)

pn+1
q<1
pn


pn+1
1 .
pn

(, ).
.
10 ( ):

lim

pn = L,

(6) L < 1 L > 1.

11 ( ):

pn+1
= L,
n pn
lim

(6) L < 1 L > 1.

13

. ,
, , ,
 (. 4). ,
, [1].
.
12 ( ):
(6)

lim

pn = L,

L < 1 L > 1.

3. , -.

, .
, ,
,
. ,
.
13 ( ):
(6), N , ,



pn
lim n
1 = L.
n
pn+1
(6) L > 1 L < 1.
11 13.
14 ( ): , N ,
(6) n N



pn

1
= + + O 1+ ,
pn+1
n
n

 . (6) > 1
< 1. = 1, > 1
1.
14

 13 14, ,

 , [2].

,
. .
15 ( -):

f (x) x m,
m  .

f (n)

n=m

{an },

Zn
an =

f (x)dx.
m

4. .
: ,
,
. :
( ),
?
, (
, , [1]).
.

1. : )
; ) .
?
2. .
, pn
pn cp0n , c > 0
.
15

p0n
 ?

3. ,
? .
4. .

pn q < 1 pn+1 /pn q < 1

, , n pn < 1 pn+1 /pn < 1?

.
5.
.
, , , ?

pn = 1/n2 .
6.
. ?
7.
.
8. -.
> 1.
9. ? ?

1.

X
1
n
n=1

, 0 < < 1.

4 0 < < 1 n
1
1

.
n
n
, ,
, . N

.
0 < < 1 .
16

 , 1
, (4)
(3).

2.



ch n
ln
.
cos
n
n=3

4 n-
n :


 
 

 2 
ch n
2

pn = ln
=
ln
ch

ln
cos
=
ln
1
+
+
o

cos n
n
n
2n2
2n2

 2 
 
 2
 
2

2
1

1
ln 1 2 + o
=
+
o
+
o
+
o

2n
2n2
2n2
n2
2n2
n2
 

 
 

1
1
1
2
2
2
= 2 +o 2 .
2 +o 2 +o 2 +o 2
2n
n
2n
n
n
n

(5) pn p0n = 1/n2 ,

pn
L = lim 0 = lim
n pn
n

2
n2

+ o( n12 )
1
n2

= 2 6= 0.

n- p0n = 1/n2 .
, 7, . N

3. :
)

X
1000n
n=1

n!

X
3n n!
n=1

nn

4 .
) )

pn+1
1000n+1 n!
1000
lim
= lim
=
lim
= 0 < 1,
n pn
n 1000n (n + 1)!
n n + 1

n
n
3n+1 (n + 1)!nn
3
pn+1
= lim n
=
3
lim
> 1.
=
lim
n 3 n!(n + 1)n+1
n n + 1
n pn
e
, ) , )  . N
17

4. :
)

X
(1)n + 2
n=1

2n

n(n1)

X
n1
n=2

n+1

4 .
) )

p
n
(1)n + 2 1
(1)n + 2
= lim
= < 1,
lim pn = lim
n
n
n
2n
2
2


n1
n1
n

1
2
1

lim n pn = lim
= lim 1
= 2 < 1.
n
n n + 1
n
n+1
e

, ) ) . N
, ) 4
{pn+1 /pn }. ,
, .

5.

X
n3 ( 2 + (1)n )n
3n

n=1

4 .
, {(1)n }
n,

lim

2k
n3 ( 2 + (1)n )n
8k 3 ( 2 + 1)
2+1
=
lim
=
< 1.
k
3n
3
3

, 12, . N

6. :
)



X
p(p + 1) . . . (p + n 1)
n=1

q(q + 1) . . . (q + n 1)

X
n!en
,
)
n+p
n
n=1

p > 0, q > 0.

4 ) n
pn
=
pn+1

q+n
p+n


=

qp
1+
p+n
18

 
1
(q p)
+o
=1+
,
p+n
n

pn
1
lim n
n
pn+1


= (q p).

, (q p) > 1.
) n n- (n + 1)-


n+p



1
1
1
1
pn
n!en (n + 1)n+p+1
=
1+
= exp (n + p) ln 1 +
=
= n+p
pn+1
n (n + 1)!en+1
e
n
e
n


 

 
1
1
1
p 0, 5
1
= exp 1 + (n + p)
2 +o 2
= exp
+o
=
n 2n
n
n
n
 

 
 
1
p 0, 5
1
p 0, 5
1
p 0, 5
=1+
+o
+o
+o
=1+
+o
,
n
n
n
n
n
n
,


pn
lim n
1 = p 0, 5.
n
pn+1
, ,
p > 1, 5. N

7. :
)

X
n=2

1
,
n ln n

> 0;

X
n=2

1
.
ln(n!)

4 ) -,
m = 2 f (x) = 1/(x ln x). ,

f (x) 15

x 2. ,

{an },

Zn
an =
2

x=n
ln1 x 
1
ln1 n ln1 2
dx =
=
1 x=2
1
x ln x

6= 1,

Zn
an =
2

x=n

1

dx
=
ln(ln
x)
= ln(ln n) ln(ln 2) = 1.


x ln x
x=2
19

, {an } > 1 1.
, > 1
1.
) n! < nn , n 2,
f (x) = ln x, ln(n!) < n ln n,

1
1
<
.
n ln n ln(n!)

X
n=2

1
,
n ln n

5, .N

8. pn . ,
> 0, n,
N ,

ln p1
n
1+
ln n


ln p1
n
1 ,
ln n

().

4 , n N

0 < pn

1
n1+


1
pn
.
n

1/n1+
> 0 ( ),
5. N
.
,
( ).

9.

X
n=2

1
.
(ln(ln n))ln n
20

4 .
ln pn1
ln(ln(ln n))ln n
=
= ln(ln(ln n)) > 2
ln n
ln n
n,
e2

n > ee ,
, , . N

10.

pn ,

 Zn p
1
4
pn =
1 + x4 dx
.

n=1

4 n 1 f (x) =

1 + x4 g(x) = x

[0, n], f (x) > g(x).

Zn p
4

Zn
1+

x4 dx

>

n2
xdx = ,
2

, ,

2
.
n2
,
0 < pn <

, 5, . N

11. {xn },

1
1
xn = 1 + + . . . + 2 n.
n
2
4 .
xn

xn = x1 + (x2 x1 ) + (x3 x2 ) + . . . + (xn xn1 ) = 1 +

n1
X

(xk+1 xk ),

k=1

xk+1 xk :

xk+1 xk =

1
kk1
1
+2 k2 k+1=
+ 2
=

k+1
k+1
k+ k+1
21

k k+1
k+ k+1
1
=
=

2

2 .
k+1 k+ k+1
k+1 k+ k+1
, {xn }

X
1

2 .
k
+
1
k
+
k
+
1
k=1
, .
3

1/k 2 ,
3

1
=
6= 0.
p
p


3
2
k
k k 2
2
k+1 k+ k+1
1 + 1/k 1 + 1 + 1/k
7 .
lim

k2

k2

2 = lim

, {xn } ,

lim xn = 1

k=1

k+1

1
k+

k+1

2 . N

6. , ,
:

X
(n!)2
)
;
(2n)!
n=1

X
(n!)2
n=1

2n2

X
2n n!
n=1

nn

n=1

nn1
;
(2n2 + n + 1)n+1/2

X n5
1

;
)
)
)
)
.
n
n + 3n
2
ln
n
n=1
n=1
n=2
n=1
7. ,
n2
;
(2 + 1/n)n

nn+1/n
;
(n + 1/n)n

:
)

X
2 + (1)n
n=1

2n

2nln n

X
1 + cos n
n=1

2 + cos n

X
cos2 (n/3)
n=1

2n

8. ,
:
)

X
p(p + 1) . . . (p + n 1)
n=1

n!

1
q;
n

p

X
1 3 5 . . . (2n 1)
n=1

22

2 4 6 . . . (2n)

1
.
nq

9. -,

X
n=3

1
.
n(ln n)p (ln(ln n))q

10. ,
:
)

ln x

x > 0;

n=2

X
n=2

1
.
(ln n)ln(ln n)

11.
, :
)

n=2

)
)


X

n=1




p
n1
n + 1 n ln
;
n+1


1
e 1+
n

n1/(n

+1)

n p

1 ;

n=1


X
n=2

1
ln ln
n

1
sin
n


;

n2n
;
)
, a > 0, b > 0;
n+b (n + b)n+a
(n
+
a)
n=1



X
X


n
n

ctg
; )
nn 1 .
)
sin
4n 2
2n + 1
n=1
n=1

12. :
Z1/n
)pn =
0

x
dx;
1 + x2

(n+1)
Z

)pn =
n

sin x
dx;
x

Zn+1
)pn =
e x dx.
n

13. {xn },
xn =

n
X
ln k
k=1

ln2 n

.
k
2

23

3. .
.

1. .
() ,
, .

. .
4:

an

(7)

n=1

|an |.

(8)

n=1

5: (7) ,
, (8) .
, (7),
5, 4.
16: , .

2. . ,
.
:
, ?
, ,
,
.
17 ( ): (7) ,
, ,
, (7).
24

 18 ( ): (7) ,

L ( L = ).

3. .
, (7)
,
(8).
, 2,
(7).
,
(7) , .
6: (7) ,
. an

an = (1)n1 bn ,

(9)

bn 0 n.
7: (7) ,
{bn } (9) .
19 ( ): ,
n

|Sn S| bn ,
{Sn }  , S  .

an bn .

(10)

n=1

20 ( ): (10) ,

an ,

(11)

n=1

{bn } .
25

 21 ( ): (10) , (11)
,

{bn } .

. 19 21.
, (11) an = (1)n1 ,
11+11+. . . .

1. : ) ;
) , .
2. ?
,
( ).
3. : )
; ) , ?
4. ?
? .
5. ? ?
6. .

1. :
)1 1 +

1 1 1 1
+ +...;
2 2 3 3

)1

1 1 1
+ +...;
2 3 4

)1

3 5 7
+ +...
2 4 8

, .

4 )
1
1
1
1, 0, , 0, , 0, . . . , , 0, . . . ,
2
3
n
, , .
,
26

|an | = 1 + 1 +

n=1

1 1 1 1
+ + + + ...
2 2 3 3

( ,
, ). ,
5 .
) n- Sn .
ln(1 + x)
n
x2 x3 x4
n1 x
+

+ . . . + (1)
+ Rn+1 (x),
ln(1 + x) = x
2
3
4
n

1
0 x 1
n+1
( . [1]).
|Rn+1 (x)| <

x = 1,






1
1
1
1
n1
 1 + + . . . + (1)
 = |Sn ln 2| = |Rn+1 (1)| < 1 ,

ln
2


2 3 4
n
n+1
{Sn }, ,
. ,
, , , . ,
, ln 2.
)

|an | = 1 +

n=1

3 5 7
2n 1
+ + + . . . + n1 + . . . ,
2 4 8
2

,
.

1
2n + 1 2n1
|an+1 |
= lim

=
<1
lim
n
n |an |
2n
2n 1 2
, . ,
, , 16.
S . n-

3 5 7
2n 1
+ + . . . + (1)n1 n1
2 4 8
2
{Sn }
Sn = 1

27




1 1 1
(1)n1
1 1 1
(1)n1
Sn = 1 + + . . . +
+2 + +...+
+
2 4 8
2n1
2 4 8
2n1




1 1
(1)n1
(1)n1
+2
+ ... +
+ ... + 2
.
4 8
2n1
2n1
n ,
,
1/2,









2
(1)n
1 (1)n
4
4 1 (1)n
(1)n1
Sn = 1 n + n + n +. . .+2
=
3
2
3
2
2
3 4
2
2n1


1 1 1
4 (1)n
(1)n1
2 2 (1)n 4
= n + + + . . . n (n 2) + 2 n1 =
3 3 2
3
2 4 8
3 2
2


n
n2
n
2 2 (1)
(1)
4
4 (1)
(1)n1
=
1

(n 2) + 2
.
3 3
2n
9
2n2
3
2n
2n1
, :
2 4 2
S = lim Sn = = . N
n
3 9 9
2. ,

X
(1)n+1

n
n=1
, .

4 , , .
,
= 1/2 (. 1 2). ,
, ,
, .
,
:

 

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
an = 1 + +
+ + +
+ ... =
3
5
2
7
9
11
4
n=1


X
1
1
1
1

=
+
+

.
6n

5
6n

3
6n

1
2n
n=1

, .
28

1
1
2
+
>
6n 3
6n 1
6n 1

2
1
>
6n 1
2n

1
1
1
+
> 0,
6n 3
6n 1
2n
, n-
1
1
1
1
1
an =
+
+
>
.
6n 5
6n 3
6n 1
6n 5
2n
,

X
1

6n 5
n=1

; ,
, . N

3. :

n
)
(1)n
;
n
+
100
n=1

X
cos n
2

n=1

4 )

2n

X
cos
n=2

n2
n+1
.
2

ln n

x
.
x + 100
(100; +),

x+100

0
x
( x) (x + 100) x(x + 100)
2 x
f 0 (x) =
=
< 0 x > 100.
(x + 100)2
(x + 100)2
,

n
bn =
,
n + 100
, . ,
f (x) =

, ,
19 (,
, 3 1,
).
) (10),

n
1
bn =
.
2
2n

an = cos

29

an

n=1

0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, . . .
, , . {bn }
, ,
, .
)



n2
n2

n
cos
= (1) cos
n = (1)n+1 cos
n+1
n+1
n+1

(10) :

X
cos
n=2

n2
n+1
2

ln n

(1)n+1
an =
ln2 n

an bn ,

n=2

bn = cos

.
n+1

{bn }
1. ,

an =

n=2

X
(1)n+1
n=2

ln2 n

, (

0
2
1
=
< 0,
2
ln x
x ln3 x
x > 1). , ,
, .N

4. :
)

sin

n2 + k 2 ,

k 6= 0;

n=1

X
sin n
4

n=2

ln n

30

arctg n
(1)n .
n
n=1

4) n
 r

 
 
2
p
2


k
1
k
=
sin n2 + k 2 = sin n 1 + 2 = sin n 1 + 2 + o 2
n
2n
n

 
 2
 
k 2
1
k
1
= sin n +
+o
= (1)n sin
+o
=
2n
n
2n
n
 2
 
 2
 
 2
 
k
1
k
1
k
1
= (1)n
+o
+o
+o
= (1)n
+o
,
2n
n
2n
n
2n
n
(
, ,
, k 6= 0).
, n-

= (1) sin n2 + k 2 n =

2 + k2 n
2 + k2 + n

n
n

= (1)n sin
=
n2 + k 2 + n
k 2
n
= (1) sin
(1)n bn ,
2
2
n +k +n
{bn }, ,
sin

n2

k2

. , .
, 19 , .
) (10),

n
1
bn =
.
4
ln n
{bn }, ,
an = sin

. , ,

{Sn }

an .

n=1

k
cos
+
4
8

cos
4
8

= 2 sin

k 1 n,
31

k
sin .
4
8

 
 

3

5
3
7
5
cos
cos
+ cos
cos
+ cos
cos
+ ...+
8
8
8
8
8
8





n
n
n
X
k
+ cos
+
cos

= 2 sin
sin ,
4
8
4
8
8
4
k=1

X
cos 8 cos( n
k
4 + 8)
Sn =
sin
=
.
4
2 sin 8
k=1

, n




 


 cos  +  cos( n + )
   cos 8 cos( n
+
)
2
1
4
8
8
4
8
S n  =

=
2 sin 8
2 sin 8
2 sin 8
sin 8

, {Sn } , .
, :



X
sin n 
4

n=2

ln n

()

n 2


n 
n
n > ln n  sin
sin2
,
4
4



 sin n 
4

ln n

>



 sin n 
4

sin2 n
1 cos n
4
2

=
.
n
2n



X
1 cos n
2

n=2

X
1
2n
n=2

()

2n

X
cos n
2

n=2

()

2n

, 
3-). 2 1,
, ( ) . (),
, (). ,
.
32

) arctg n /4 n 1,

arctg n

.
n
4 n
,

4 n
n=1
, ,
, , .
,

X
(1)n

an =
n
n=1
n=1

, ,

{bn } = {arctg n} /2.

, , , . N

5. p
)

X
sin n
4

n=1

np

X
n=2

(1)n

p
n + (1)n

,  ?

4) , p 0 ,
.
p > 0. {1/np }
, , 4-), n

X

 n

k

 1 .
sin

4  sin 8
k=1

, 21, .
, p
,



 sin n 
sin2 n
1 cos n
cos n
1
1
4
4
2
2

=
= p
,
p
p
p
p
p
n
n
n
2n
2n
2n
.
, ,
, p > 1.
33

 0 < p 1,

X
1
2np
n=1

X
cos n
n=1

2
p
2n

(
3-)).
2 1, ,



X
1 cos n
2

n=1

2np

. , ,
. ,

0 < p 1 .
) p 0 ,
.
n-
, p > 0.
, n :


p
(1)n
(1)n
(1)n

p =
=
1+
np
n
n + (1)n

 


(1)n
1
(1)n
p
1
(1)n+1
=
1+p
+o
=
p+1 + o p+1 .
np
n
n
np
n
n





X
X
p
1
(1)n

+ o p+1
p
p+1
n
n
n
n=2
n=2
p > 0 (, ,
,

). 2 1

X
n=2




X
(1)n
p
1
(1)n

p =
p+1 + o p+1
,
p
n
n
n
n + (1)n
n=2

, p > 0.
34

 ,
. p > 0 n 1 n + (1)n n + 1,

1
1
1

p
(n + 1)p
(n 1)p
n + (1)n

1
(n 1)p

n=2

p > 1,

1
(n + 1)p

n=2

0 < p 1. ,
, p > 1,
0 < p 1 . N

6.

(1)n bn ,

bn 0,

n=1

bn 0 n ?

4 , .

X
n=1

(1) bn ,

2 + (1)n
.
bn =
n

, . n-

(1)n
,

2 1
+ ,
n n

(1)n

n=1

2
n

X
1
n=1

.
2 1, , . N
35

. 6
{bn }
. , ,
, , .

7.

an

bn .

n=1

n=1

, ,

bn
= 1.
n an
lim

, ?

4 , . ,



X
X
X
X
(1)n 1
(1)n

+
an =

bn =
.
n
n
n
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
, ;



bn
(1)n
lim
= lim 1 +
= 1.
n an
n
n

, n- n-

X
(1)n

n
n=1

X
1
n=1

2 1, ,
. N

. 7 ,
, 2
, , .

8.

X
(1)n1

n2 + 1
n=1

, 106 ?
36

4 , , .
, 19,

bn = 1/ n2 + 1 106 , n 106 . N

14. , ,
, ,
m, m  .

15. ,

X
(1)n1
n=1

=1

1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ...
2 3 4 5 6

ln 2 (. 1-)), :
) 1 +

1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ...;
3 2 5 7 4

1 1 1 1 1
+ + ....
2 4 3 6 8
( ) ,
) 1

, )  ,
.)

16. :
)


n

(1)

n=1

X
n=2

2n + 100
3n + 1

n
;

(1)n

;
n + (1)n

(1)

n sin

n=1

X
ln100 n

n=1

X
(1)n

)
;
n
n
n=1

X
sin n sin n2
n=1

sin

17. :

X
n1
1
;
)
(1)n
100
n+1
n
n=1

X
sin n
12

n=2

37

ln n

X
(1)n
)
.
n2
n
n=1

n
;
4

18. p
)

X
n=1

sin n
4
np + sin n
4

(1)n
)
ln 1 +
np
n=2

,  ?

19. ,

X
(1)n1
n=1

np

p > 0 1/2 1.

20.

X
sin n

n
n=1

, 106 ?

38

4. .
.

1. .

, ,
, ()
, .
.

.
22 ( ):

an

n=1

,
(, ).
. .
8:
)

an )

n=1

bn

n=1

cn ,

n=1

cn = a1 bn + a2 bn1 + . . . + an b1 =

n
X

ak bnk+1 .

k=1

23 ( ): ) A
, ) B , )
( ) AB .
39

 1. 23 ,
) B , )
AB .

2. ) ) ,
) . ,
( )
, (. 3).

3. ), ) ) ,
A, B C , AB = C .

2. . S

un

n=1

n- un = vn+1 vn .
vn+1 = Sn + v1 , {Sn } 
. , vn v n ,

S = lim Sn = v v1 .
n

, n-

1
,
(12)
an an+1 . . . an+m
an+k = an + kd, d = const, k = 0, 1, . . . , m, n
1
1
vn =
.
(13)

md an an+1 . . . an+m1
, n-
un =

n. ,

, .
n- (,
) , 2.
, :

1)

X
(1)n+1
n=1

= ln 2;

X
2
1
2)
= ;
2
n
6
n=1

40

3)

X
(1)n+1
n=1

n2

2
= .
12

(14)


1. ?
2. , ,
, , .
3. , ,
? .
4. ?
5. .
: )
; ) ?
6.
?

1. 22 ( ).
4

an ,

n=1

A. , ,
,

(a1 + . . . + ak1 ) + (ak1 +1 + . . . + ak2 ) + (ak2 +1 + . . . + ak3 ) + . . . =

bs ,

s=1

bs = aks1 +1 + . . . + aks s = 1, 2, 3, . . . k0 = 0.
, {Bs }
, {Aks }
.
,
[1], Bs = Aks A s .
,
. N
41

2. ,

X
1
)
n!
n=0

X
(1)n

n!

n=0

4 : 1)
; 2) .
1)

X
X
1
1
=
n! n=1 (n 1)!
n=0

X
(1)n

n!

n=0

X
(1)n1
n=1

(n 1)!

, 8, n- ) )

cn =

n
X

1
ak =
(k 1)!

ak bnk+1 ,

k=1

(1)k1
bk =
.
(k 1)!

, n N

cn =

n
X
k=1

X
(1)nk+11
(1)k
1
n

= (1)
,
(k 1)! (n k + 1 1)!
(k 1)!(n k)!
k=1

, c1 = 1. , (n+1)-
n+1

cn+1 = (1)

n+1
X
k=1

n+1

= (1)

(1)k
=
(k 1)!(n + 1 k)!

n
n
X
X
(1)k+1
(1)k
n
= (1)
,
k!(n k)!
k!(n k)!
k=0

n N.

k=0

(1 1)n ,
n
n
X
X
(1)k n!
(1)k
(1 1) =
= n!
= 0.
k!(n k)!
k!(n k)!
n

k=0

k=0

, cn+1 = 0 n N.
, c1 = 1 cn = 0 n 2,

cn = 1.

n=1

2) ) ) ( ,
).
,
, ) ).
42

 n- An Bn ) ).
ex

x x2
xn
e =1+ +
+ ... +
+ Rn+1 (x),
1! 2!
n!
x

3
1 x 1
(n + 1)!
( . [1]).
|Rn+1 (x)| <

x = 1 x = 1,






1
3
1
1
 1 + + + ... +
 = |An e| = |Rn+1 (1)| <

e


1! 2!
n!
(n + 1)!




n


1
3
1
(1)
1
1 
 1 + + ... +
=
|B

e
|
=
|R
(1)|
<

e
,
n
n+1


1! 2!
n!
(n + 1)!

, ) ) e e1 , .
, , ,
e e1 = 1. N

3. ,

X
(1)n+1

n
n=1

, .

4 8, n-

n
n 
X
X
1
(1)k+1 (1)nk+2
n+1

p
= (1)

cn =
.
n

k
+
1
k
k(n

k
+
1)
k=1
k=1
, |cn | 1 n. k
1 n

1
k(n k + 1)

1
,
n

k = 1, 2, . . . , n

( ).

|cn | =

n
X
k=1

1
k(n k + 1)

n
= 1,
n

n N.

, ,
. N
43

4. S
1
1
1
+
+
+ ...
123 234 345
4 , n-
1
un =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
(12), an = n, d = 1 m = 2.
(13),

1
1
,
vn =
2 n(n + 1)
,

S = lim vn v1 = 0
n

1
= . N
4

5. S :
)

1
1
1
1

+ ...;
12 23 34 45
4 ) n-

1
1
1
+
+
+ ....
123 345 567

(1)n+1
un =
n(n + 1)

(1)n+1 (1)n+1
(1)n+1 (1)n+2
un =

=
+
.
n
n+1
n
n+1
1)-(14)

X
(1)n+1
n=1

=1+

X
(1)n+2
n=1

n+1

= ln 2,

, 2 ,
ln 2 + (ln 2 1) = 2 ln 2 1.
) ), ,

1
1
1
+
+
+ ... =
123 345 567

 
 



1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 X (1)n+1
=

,
+
+
+. . . =
2
12 23
34 45
56 67
2 n=1 n(n + 1)
S = ln 2 1/2. N
44

6. S :
)

X
n=1

1
,
n(n + m)

m N;

X
n=2

n2

1
.
1

4 ) n-


1 1
1
un =

,
m n n+m
n- Sn :

Sn =

n
X
k=1


n 
1
1 X 1
uk =

=
m
k k+m
k=1

 n

 n
n
n+m
X 1
1 X1 X 1
1 X1
=

.
m
k
k+m
m
k
k
k=1

k=1

k=1

k=m+1

m  , S
n , , n > m.

 m
 m
n
n
n+m
n+m
X
X
X 1
X 1
1 X1
1 X1
1
1
Sn =
=
.
+

m
k
k
k
k
m
k
k
k=1

k=m+1

k=m+1

k=n+1

k=1

k=n+1

n m
n+m
X
k=n+1

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... +
k
n+1 n+2 n+3
n+m

, n . ,

1
S = lim Sn =
lim
n
m n

X
m
k=1




n+m
m
1 X 1
1 X1
1
1
1

=
=
1+ +. . .+
.
k
k
m
k
m
2
m
k=n+1

k=1

) ), ,

X
n=2

X
X
1
1
1
=
=
,
n2 1 n=2 (n 1)(n + 1) n=1 n(n + 2)



1
1
3
S=
1+
= . N
2
2
4
45

7. S :
)

X
n=1

n
;
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

X
n=1

2n 1
.
n2 (n + 1)2

4 )
n- un n-
:

un =

n
A
B
=
+
=
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (n + 2)(n + 3) (n + 1)(n + 2)

(A + B)n + A + 3B
.
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
,
(
A+B =1
,
A + 3B = 0
=

, A = 3/2 B = 1/2. , 2

S=

X
n=1

n
3X
1
1X
1
=

.
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 2 n=1 (n + 2)(n + 3) 2 n=1 (n + 1)(n + 2)

, 6-),

X
n=1

1
= 1,
n(n + 1)

, ,

X
n=1

X
X
1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
=
=
= 1 = ,
(n + 2)(n + 3) n=3 n(n + 1) n=1 n(n + 1) 2 6
2 6 3

X
n=1

X
X
1
1
1
1
1 1
=
=
=1 = .
(n + 1)(n + 2) n=2 n(n + 1) n=1 n(n + 1) 2
2 2

S , S = 1/4.
) 7-),
n- :

2n 1
A
B
C
D
= +
+ 2+
=
2
+ 1)
n n+1 n
(n + 1)2

n2 (n

(A + B)n3 + (2A + B + C + D)n2 + (A + 2C)n + C

.
n2 (n + 1)2
,
=

46

A+B =0

2A + B + C + D = 0
,

A
+
2C
=
2

C = 1
, A = 4, B = 4, C = 1 D = 3.
n-

2n 1
4
1
1
4
3
4
3

n2 (n + 1)2
n n + 1 n2 (n + 1)2
n(n + 1) n2 (n + 1)2
2,

S=

X
n=1

X
X
X
2n 1
1
1
1

=
4

3
.
2
2
n2 (n + 1)2
n(n
+
1)
n
(n
+
1)
n=1
n=1
n=1

,
, 2)-(14):

X
X
1
1
2
=
+
1
=
.
2
2
n
(n
+
1)
6
n=1
n=1

2
S =41
3
6

2
1
6

2 2
=7
. N
3

21. :
)

X
(1)n
n=1

X
1
;
n
3
n=1

X
n=1

1
n(n + 1)

X
1
.
n!
n=1

22. ,
1

 n
X
3
n=1

1+

 n1 
X
3
n=1

.
47

2n +

1
2n+1

23. :


X
1
(1)n
)
+
;
n
n
2
3
n=1

X
n=1

1
;
n(2n + 1)

X
n2
n=1

n!

X
n=1

X
n=1

X
cos 2n
3

n=1

2n

X
n=1

1
;
2
n (n + 1)2 (n + 2)2

1
;
2
n (n + 1)2

X
2n (n + 1)
n=0

48

n!

1
;
(2n 1)(2n + 1)

X
n=2

(1)n
;
n2 + n 2

X
(1)n n
)
.
(2n
+
1)!
n=0


1. ) , S = 1; ) , S = 3/2; ) ; )
, S = 3; ) ; ) , S = 1

2; )

, S = 2/3; ) .

3. ) ; ) ; ) ; )
(: |Sn+p Sn |, n = 2k n + p = 22k ).

4. : a21 +. . .+a2n < (a1 +. . .+an )2 .

5. : , n- .
6. , ) ), .
7. .
8. ) , q > p; ) , p/2 + q > 1.
9. p = 1, q > 1 p > 1 ( q  ).
10. ) x < 1/e; ) .
11. ) p > 0; ) > 1/2; )
p > 1; ) a + b > 1; ) ; )
; ) < 1.

12. ) ; ) ; ) .
13. (: {xn }
, 11).

15. ) 32 ln 2; ) 12 ln 2.
16. ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ;
) ; ) .

17. ) ; ) ; ) .
18. ) p > 1
1/2 < p 1; )

p > 1 1/2 < p 1.

19. : S2n < S < S2n1 S4n1 > 1S2n /2p

,
{S2n }, {S2n1 } {S4n1 }

S , {S2n } , {S2n1 }  .
49

20. 1, 32 106 .
21. ) S = 12 ln 2; ) S = e 1.
23. ) S = 3/4; ) S = 2/7; ) S = 1/2; ) S = 2(1 ln 2); ) S =
= 2 /4 39/16; ) S = (4 ln 2 1)/6; ) S = 2e; ) S = 2 /3 3; ) S = 3e2 ;
) S = (cos 1 sin 1)/2.

[1] .., .. . .1. .

4-, . . .: , 1982.
[2] .., .., ..
. . 3-, . . .: , 2003.
[3] ..
. .: , 1990.

50