Sexual Reproduction

Production of specialized cells

(gametes) and the fusion of their nuclei
(fertilization) producing a fertilized egg
(zygote)
 Reproduction and development in
Animals
 Each body cell is
diploid: contains two
sets of chromosome
characteristics of that
species.
 Presented as
homologous pairs
containing genes for
the same trait.
 Gametogenesis
 Process in which gametes or
sex cells are produced
– Involves meiotic cell
division and maturation
– Occurs in specialized
organs called gonads
– Results in sperm cells in
males and egg cells in
females which are
haploid, only one
chromosome for each
trait.
 Spermatogenesis
 Occurs in male gonads
or testes.
 Produces male
gametes or sperm
 Primary sex cell
undergoes meiosis
and produces 4
monoploid cells
– Each usually matures
into a motile sperm cell
called a spermatozoa
 Oogenesis
 Female gonad is the ovary
which produces the ovum
(egg)
 Ovum
– Larger then the egg and
contains stored nutrients in
the form of yolk.
 Only one egg cell usually
forms for each primary sex
cell. Other three cells are
called polar bodies which
cannot be fertilized and
degenerate
 Meiosis
 Split into two phases
 1st phase,
chromosomes are
replicated and then
separated.
 Interphase 1
 DNA replication forming duplicate chromosomes
 Prophase I
 Homologous
chromosomes pair up
and form tetrad.
 Crossing over occurs
here: This increase’s
genetic diversity.
– It is why your DNA is
not identical to your
parents.
 Metaphase I
 Spindle fibers attach to
chromosomes as they
are lined up in the
middle.
 Anaphase I
 Homologous
chromosomes are
pulled to opposite ends
 Telophase I
 Cell splits into two different cells
 Meiosis II
 No DNA replication
occurs
 Prophase II
 Centrioles and spindle
form
 Metaphase II
 Chromosomes line up
 Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids
separate and move
towards opposite ends
of the cells.
 Telophase II
 Cleaving results in 4
haploid cells
– Male – 4 sperm cells
– Female – 1 egg and 3
polar bodies.
Difference between mitosis and
meiosis I
 Meiosis
 Is strictly the process of making sex cells!
 Unlike Mitosis, you end up with half of what you
started