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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
The completion of our mini project successfully was
possible only because of the people who guided us and
encouraged us whom we would like to acknowledgement.
We thanks to our beloved principal S.M.JAMEEL
BHASHA For providing all facilities to complete our project
successfully.
We express our gratitude and sincere thanks of our head of
the department .. for his encouragement and moral
support sundered and facilities provided towards completion of
our project work.
We express of sincere thanks to our project guide
for their Guidance suggestions, encouragement
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CONTENTS:-
Introduction.
Circuit diagram.
Block diagram explanation.
Component description.
Principle of operation.
Working principle.
Advantages.
Disadvantages.
Application.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Appendix.
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DESCRIPTION:-
The circuit diagram present here is that of a street light
that automatically switches ON when the night falls and turns
OFF when the sun rises. In fact you can this circuit for
implementing any type of automatic night light. When the
resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the POT
R2 to decrease below 0.6.This makes transistor Q1 OFF which
in turn makes Q2 ON.
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ABSTRACT
STREET LIGHT CONTRLOL SYSTEM USING LDR.
Automatic street light control using LDR system is simple
yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to
switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this
system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically
switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible
region of our eyes. By using this system energy
consumption is also reduced because now a days the manually
operated street light are not switched off properly even the
sun light comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.
In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ
significantly which is one of the major disadvantages of using
timer circuits or manual operation.
This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation
region and cut -off region to switch ON and switch OFF the
lights at appropriate time with the help of an
electromagnetically operated switch.
LDR are the main component of this project. The
resistance of light dependent resistor (LDR) varies according to
the light falling on it. The LDR is connected as biasing resistor
of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR, the
transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. By
makes use of the transistor switching condition controller
operates the light through relay. In this project LED has placed
in place of relay, by placing relay we can control the ON and
OFF of AC light. Moreover, the circuit is carefully designed to
avoid common problems like overload, relay and inductive kick
back in relay.
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INTRODUCTION

Automatically street light needs no manual operation of
switching ON and OFF. The system itself detect whether there
is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value
then automatically street light is switched ON and when there
is other source of light i.e. day time, the street light gets OFF.
The sensitive of the street light can also be adjusted. In our
project we have used Two L.E.Ds for indication of bulb but for
high power switching one can connect relay (electromagnetic
switch) at the output.
CIRCIUT DIAGRAM:-
Fig: Automatic street light control system.
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Explanation of block diagram:-

The circuit diagram of automatic street light control system
using LDR are as follows, LDR senses the illumination level and
gives the input signal as voltage drop. Amplifier: Darlington
circuit amplifies the input current to get maximum current
gain. Switch: Relay switch closes or opens electrically and
automatically, which is energized or de energized by the
Darlington pair. Street light: Street light is the output of the
circuit. In this circuit, it has been replaced by LED
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COMPONENTS:-
LDR
100 k preset
Resistors
9 v Regulated DC supply
LEDs
Diode
Variableresistance
(potentiometer)
PCB (printed circuit board)
Transistors (n-p-n type)..
LDR:-
LDR-light dependent Resistor
Fig: light dependent resistor
Fig : connection of LDR

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LDR is also called photoresist or a cadmium supplied (Cds)
cell. It is also called a photo conductor.it is basically a photocell
that works on principle of photoconductivity .the passive
component is basically a resistor whose resistance value
decreases when the intensity of light decreases. This is photo
electronic device is mostly used in light varying sensor circuit,
and light and dark activated switching circuits. Some of its
applications include camera light meters, street lights, clock
radios, light beam alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and
outdoor clocks.
STRUCTURE & WORKING OF LDR:-

The snake like track shown below is the cadmium
supplied film which also passes through the sides .on the top
and bottom are metal films which are connected to the
terminals leads. It is designed in such a way as to provide
maximum possible contact area with the two metal films. The
structure is housed in clear plastic or resin case, to provide free
access to external light. As explained above, the main
component for the construction of LDR is Cds (cadmium
supplied), which is used as the photo conductor and contains
no or very few electrons when not illuminated. In the absence
of light it is designed to have a high resistance in the range of
mega ohms. As soon as light falls on the sensor, the electrons
are liberated and the conductivity of the materials increases.
When the light intensity exceeds a certain frequency.
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The photons absorbed by the semiconductor give the band
electrons the energy required to jump into the conduction
band. This causes the free electrons or holes to conduct
electricity and thus dropping the resistance dramatically (< 1
kilo ohms).
The equation to show the relation between resistance and
illumination can be written as
R=A.E^a
Where E-illumination (flux)
R Resistance (ohms)
A, a-constant
The value of a depends on the Cds used and on the
manufacturing process. Values usually range between 0.7 and
0.9.
ADVANTAGES:-
1. LDRs are cheap and are readily available in many sizes
and shapes.
2. Practical LDRs are available in a variety of sizes and
package styles, the most popular size having face
diameter of roughly 10mm.
3. They need very small power and voltage for its operation.
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DISADVANTAGES:-
Highly inaccurate with a response time of about tens or
hundreds of milliseconds.
DIODE:-
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that
conducts electric current in only one direction. A semiconductor
diode is a crystalline piece of semi conductor material
connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a
vacuum tube with two electrodes a plate and a cathode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an
electric current to pass in one direction while blocking current
in the opposite direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of an
electronic version of a check value. This unidirectional behavior
is extract modulation from radio signal in radio receivers.
When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with
each other, the junction is depleted of charge carries and
behaviors very differently than either type of materials.
LED:-[light emitting diode]
Fig : light emitting diode
Schematic diagram of working of an LED Light emitting
Diode and its circuit symbol the main advantage of Light
emitting diode over other light sources is its increased
efficiency. LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow,
green, and blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much
more expensive than the other colors. We have employed low
cost Red LED in our electronic circuit. LEDs are elements for
light signalization in electronics. The basic Principle behind the
working of LED is electro luminescence. The light emitting
diode should be forward biased to get light.
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In LEDs, electrons are injected from low work function cathode
to the conduction band of the n-type semiconducting material
and holes are injected from high work function anode to the
valence band of the p-type semiconducting material.When the
electrons in the conduction band combines with the hole in the
valence band, energy is released. In case of indirect band gap
semiconductors. Photon will be released to conserve of both
energy and momentum. But in case of direct band gap
semiconductors, light will be emitted whose wave length
depends on the band gap of the semiconductors. LED has two
connections, an anode and cathode. The cathode is the end of
the schematic line. In other words, the triangle points to words
that cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end.
Current flows from the anode to the point of the triangle
pointing towards a cathode light emitting diodes.
PCB :-( PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)
With the help of P.C.B it is very easy to assemble circuit with
neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with
surface pasted with copper track layout. For each components
pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.
TRANSISTORS:-
(A) Fig: Schematic diagram of transistor
(B) Fig: Types of transistors

NPN and PNP, which basically describes the physical
arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor materials
from which they are made. A transistor is made of a solid piece
of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. Bipolar Junction basic
construction consists of two PN-junctions producing three
connecting terminals with each terminal being given a name to
identify it from the other two. These three terminals are known
and labeled as the Emitter (E), the Base (B) and the Collector
(C) respectively. Bipolar Transistors are current regulating
devices that control the amount of current flowing through
them in proportion to the amount of biasing voltage applied to
their base terminal acting like a current-controlled switch.
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:-
The principle of operation of the two transistors types NPN and
PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in their
biasing and the polarity of the power supply for each type.
Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations since Bipolar Junction
Transistor is a three terminal device, there are basically three
possible ways to connect it within an electronic circuit with one
terminal being common to both the input and output. Each
method of connection responding differently to its input signal
within a circuit as the static characteristics of the transistor
varies with each circuit arrangement.
Common Base Configuration has Voltage Gain but no
Current Gain.
Common Emitter Configuration - has both Current and
Voltage Gain.
Common Collector Configuration - has Current Gain but no
Voltage Gain.
NPN transistor configuration the construction and
terminal voltages for an NPN transistor are shown above. The
voltage between the Base and Emitter (VBE) is positive at the
Base and negative at the Emitter because for an NPN
transistor, the Base terminal is always positive with respect to
the Emitter. Also the Collector supply voltage is positive with
respect to the Emitter (VCE). For an NPN transistor to conduct,
the Collector is always more positive with respect to both the
Base and the Emitter. The voltage sources will be connected to
an NPN transistor as shown above. The Collector is connected
to the Supply voltage VCC via the load resistor, RL which also
acts to limit the maximum current flowing through the device.
In this project we will discussed about the transistor BC 107 &
SL100 type of N-P-N transistors are used. These transistors are
explained are as follow,

BC 107 TYPE OF N-P-N TRANSISTOR:-
SL 100 TYPE OF N-P-N TRANSISTOR:-
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FIXED RESIST0RS:-

1K ohm, this resistor provides fixed resistance we cannot
vary the resistance, we can get any range of resistances.
Typically 1K ohm, watt resistor that can be used with
various circuits. The color band on the resistor is Brown, Black,
Red and Gold.
VARIABLE RESISTANCE:-
Resistors are one of the most common electronic
components. A resistor is a device that limits, or resists
current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in
ohms, represented by the Greek symbol measured
FEATURES:-
1K ohm resistance
watt,
Flexible leads
RESISTORS:-
9-VOLTS BATTERY:-
Fig: - 9-volts battery

The most common form of nine-volt battery is commonly
called the transistor battery which was introduced for the
early transistor radios.
It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top.
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This type is commonly used in pocket radios and other small
electronic devices. They are also used as backup power to keep
the time in certain electronic clocks. This format is commonly
available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
9-volt batteries power our smoke alarms, household items
and toys. They can be found in most homes. But these
batteries can be a fire hazard if not stored safely or disposed of
with care.
The positive and negative posts are close together. If a
metal object touches the two posts of a 9-volt battery, it can
cause a short circuit. This can make enough heat to start a
fire. Weak batteries may have enough charge to cause a fire.
9-volt batteries should not be stored loose in a drawer. Do
not store them in containers with other batteries.
Disposal:-
9-volt batteries should not be thrown away with trash.
They can come in contact with other batteries or pieces
Of metal.
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PRNCIPLE OF OPERATION:-
The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V
DC supply. The automatic streetlight controller has a
photoconductive device whose resistance changes proportional
to the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED
with the use of transistor as a switch. Light dependent resistor,
a photoconductive device has been used as the transducer to
convert light energy into electrical energy. The central dogma
of the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across the light
dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the
transistor between cut-off region or saturation region and
switches OFF or ON the LED.
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WORKING OF STREET LIGHT:-
This is a design for circuit diagram of a street light that
automatically switches ON when the night falls and turns OFF
when the sun rise. In fact you can this circuit for implementing
any type of automatic night light. This circuit is based on the
operation of an LDR system. This is the figure of the circuit.
For operation this circuit, it is use an LDR to sense the
light. The LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this
case the voltage drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V. This
voltage is more sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation
region. In saturation region, IC (Collector current) is very high.
Because of this IC, The relay gets energized, and switches ON
the lamp.
LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case
the voltage drop across the LDR is more than 0.7V.When there
is light the resistance of LDR will be low. So, the voltage drop
across POT R2 will be high. This keeps the transistors Q1 ON.
The collector of Q1 (BC 107) is coupled to base of Q2 (SL 100).
So Q2 will be OFF and so do the relay. The bulb will remains
OFF. When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make
the voltage across the POT R2 to decrease below 0.6V. This
makes transistor Q1OFF which in turn ON Q2. The L.E.D will
glow.
The high collector current flowing through the relay,
diode, LED and resistor makes the LED glow. When a light of
suitable intensity is incident on the light dependent resistor,
the resistance decreases and the voltage drop across the light
dependent resistor is low
In POT R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the
circuit. In this project we have used one L.E.D for indication
bulb but for high switching one can connect
relay(electromagnetic switch) at the output.
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We Can use bulb of any wattage, provided with relay should
have the sufficient rating. The circuit can be powered from a
regulated 9V DC power supply. The resistance of LDR will be
low. So, the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This
keeps the transistor Q1 ON. The collector of Q1 (BC 107) is
coupled to base of Q2 (SL100). So Q2 will be OFF. The bulb will
remain OFF.
NOTE:-
POY R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.
You can use bulb any wattage, provided that relay should
have the sufficient rating.
The circuit can be powered from a regulated 9V DC power
supply.
The relay K1 can be a9V SPDT relay.
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ADVANTAGES:-
1. LDRs are highly sensitivity.
2. It works accordingly to the light intensity.
3. Fit and forget system.
4. Low cost and reliable circuit.
5. To complete elimination of man power.
6. It can handle heavy loads up to 7A.
7. This system can be switched into manual mode whenever
required.
8. Good power and voltage handling capabilities with high
accuracy.
DISADVANTAGES:-
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APPLICATIONS:-
1. In this project photo sensors are used which have wide
range of applications in real life for detecting day.
2. Photo sensors (LDR) are used in camera design for auto
detecting light and adjusting automatically for better
image quality.
3. Other applications are smoke detection, auto light control
system, watches, electronics equipments.
4. Balcony / stair case/ parking lightings.
5. Street lights and garden light
USES OF THIS PROJECT:-
By employing this circuit, energy consumption can be
reduced considerably as the light switches ON or OFF
automatically in appropriate time. Moreover, errors which occur
due to manual operation also can be eliminated completely.
The Automatic street light controller unit fabrication is cost-
effective with good sensitivity and high reproducibility.
Moreover, the construction of the circuit is also simple
so that it can be done easily as it involves locally available
components. The circuit is designed in such a way that the
extent of darkness at which the light has to switch ON or OFF
also can be tailored whenever it is needed. It can be used for
other purposes like garden lighting, balcony lighting etc.
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CONCLUSION:-
The uses of automatic street light control using LDR have many
advantages. Since we are using LDR it consumes low power,
we dont to turn off the street light, and automatically it will
turn off by depending on day and night. By this we can save
the power and no need of ON/OFF the switches without man
power.
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APPENDIX:-
S/NO. COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 LDR - 1
2 TRANSISTORS
BC 107
SL 100
1
1
3 PRESET 100K

1
4 RESISTORS 1K ohms 2
5 BATTERY 9V 1
6 LED 2mA 1
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BIBLOGRAPHY:-
Electronics magazines.
www.ciciutstoday.com.
www.Electronics components.com