Energy for myocard

SEVERAL MECHANISMS REPLENISH STORES

OF ATP IN HEART MUSCLE
The ATP required as the constant energy source for the
contraction-relaxation cycle of muscle can be generated :

1. By oxidative phosphorylation,
2. By glycolysis, using blood glucose or muscle
glycogen,
3. By Oxydation of ketone bodies
4. By Creatine phosphate hydrolysis
5. from two molecules of ADP in a reaction catalyzed by
adenylyl kinase.
The multiple sources of ATP in muscle
The multiple sources
of ATP in heart muscle
ADP
Katabolisme glukosa pd
keadaan aerobik
Glukosa-6P
Piruvat
O2
H
2
O

2CO
2
Siklus KREBs
Oksidasi Fosforilasi
2H 2H
Asetil-koA
Oksaloasetat
Ko-A
Glukosa
CO
2
NADH
3ATP
3ADP
2ATP
NAD+
ATP
Glikolisis, Oksidasi piruvat, Siklus Krebs
dan Oksidasi Fosforilasi
NAD+ NADH
koA

Katabolisme glukosa pd keadaan
aerobik
O2
H
2
O

2CO
2
Siklus KREBs
Oksidasi Fosforilasi
Asetil-koA
Oksaloasetat
Ko-A
Asam lemak
NADH
3ATP
3ADP
NAD+
ATP
Oksidasi asam lemak,
Siklus Krebs dan Oksidasi
Fosforilasi
FAD
FADH
2
2H 2H
Catabolism of
dietary
carbohydrate,
protein, and fat
Outline of the pathways
for the catabolism
of dietary carbohydrate,
protein, and fat. All the
pathways lead to the
production of acetyl-CoA,
which is
oxidized in the citric acid
cycle, ultimately yielding
ATP
in the process of oxidative
phosphorylation.
Overview of
carbohydrate
metabolism
Overview of carbohydrate
metabolism showing the major
pathways and end products.
Gluconeogenesis is not shown.
fatty acid
metabolism
Overview of fatty acid metabolism
showing the major pathways and
end products.

Ketone bodies comprise the
substances acetoacetate, 3-
hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
Overview of amino acid metabolism
overview of
major
metabolic
pathways
Intracellular location and
overview of major metabolic
pathways in a liver parenchymal
cell.

(AA , metabolism of one or
more essential amino acids; AA
, metabolism of one or more
nonessential amino acids.)
Ketogenesis and Ketolysis
Ketone Body Formation in Liver
Ketone Body Oxidation
Interrelationships of the ketone bodies
D()-3-hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase is a
mitochondrial
enzyme.
Formation, utilization, and excretion of ketone bodies
Production and utilization of ketone bodies
Transport of ketone bodies from the liver and pathways of utilization and oxidation in
extrahepatic tissues