Problem 4.

10-2
Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations

A loaf of bread having a surface temperature of 373 K is being baked in an oven
whose walls and air are at 477.4 K. The bread moves continuously through the
large oven on an open chain belt conveyor. The emissivity of the bread is
estimated as 0.85 and the loaf can be assumed a rectangular solid 114.3 mm
high x 114.3 mm wide x 330 mm long. Calculate the radiation heat-transfer rate
to the bread, assuming that it is small compared to the oven and neglecting
natural convection heat transfer.


Given: Tb=373 K
Ts=477.4 K
e=0.85
h=114.3 mm
w=114.3 mm
l=330 mm


Required: Q


Solution: Q= e A [Ts
4
Tb
4
]

Where e, emissivity
, Stefan-Boltzmann constant
A, surface area
Ts, temperature of surrounding
Tb, temperature of body considered







A in this problem is the surface area of a rectangular solid.
A=
A={[ ]}mm
2
(

)
2

A=0.17700498 m
2



Q = (0.85) (5.67x10
-8

)

(0.17700498 m
2
) [(477.4K)
4
(373K)
4
]
Q = 277.9869 W
Problem 4.10-3
Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations

A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD of 0.1683 m
has a surface temperature of 374.9 K and is exposed to air at 297.1 K in a large
enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for 0.305 m of pipe from natural convection
plus radiation. For the steel pipe use an of 0.79.

Given: OD = 0.1683 m
Tb = 374.9 K
Ts = 297.1 K
L = 0.305 m
e = 0.79

Required: Heat loss due to natural convection and radiation

Solution: Q
t
= Q
nc
+ Q
r

Where Q
t
, total heat
Q
nc
, heat in convection
Q
r
, heat in radiation











Q
nc
= hA(T
b
-T
s
)

h=6.12 W/m-K obtained from natural convection correlation for h

Q
nc
= 6.12

(374.9-297.1)K
Q
nc
= 76.78295945 W

Q
r
= e A [Ts
4
Tb
4
]
Q
r
= 0.79 (5.67x10
-8

) [(374.9K)
4
(297.1K)
4
]
Q
r
= 86.41394471 W

Q
t
= 76.78295945 W + 86.41394471 W
Q
t
= 163.1969042 W