Jan Tinbergen [Ideological Profiles of the Economics Laureates]

Daniel B. Klein and Ryan Daza

Econ Journal Watch 10(3), September 2013: 660-666
Abstract
Jan Tinbergen is among the 71 individuals who were awarded the Sveriges Riksbank
Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel between 1969 and 2012. This
ideological profile is part of the project called The Ideological Migration of the
Economics Laureates, which fills the September 2013 issue of Econ Journal Watch.
Keywords
Classical liberalism, economists, Nobel Prize in economics, ideology, ideological
migration, intellectual biography.
JELclassification
A11, A13, B2, B3
Link to this document
http://econjwatch.org/file_download/780/TinbergenIPEL.pdf
References
Deaton, Angus. 2008. /MHG>, &HAG .B<A:K= *B<AHE:L (1913d1991). %G The New
Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2G= >=., >=L. /M>O>G *. NKE:N? :G= (:PK>G<>
!. BENF>. B:LBG@LMHD>, 1': ,:E@K:O> ):<FBEE:G. Link
Johansen, Leif. 1985. .B<A:K= /MHG>iL CHGMKB;NMBHGL MH !<HGHFB<L. Scandinavian
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Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 1984. 0ABL 5>:KiL ,KBS> BG !<HGHFB<L
AP:K=>= ?HK ,BHG>>KBG@ 3HKD BG MA> >O>EHIF>GM H? /RLM>FL H? *:MBHG:E
A<<HNGML. ,K>LL K>E>:L>, +<MH;>K 18. Link
Stone, Richard. 1951. 0A> 1L> :G= >O>EHIF>GM H? *:MBHG:E %G<HF> :G=
!QI>G=BMNK> !LMBF:M>L. %G Lessons of the British War Economy, >=. . *.
CA>LM>K. C:F;KB=@>, 1': C:F;KB=@> 1GBO>KLBMR ,K>LL.
Stone, Richard. 1985. ANMH;BH@K:IAR. %G Les Prix Nobel: The Nobel Prizes 1984, >=.
3BEA>EF +=>E;>K@. /MH<DAHEF: *H;>E "HNG=:MBHG. Link
Wolfe, John N. 1968. .>OB>P H? A Programme For Growth: Vol. 4, Capital Output and
Employment, 19481960, and Vol. 5, The Model in Its Environment ;R .B<A:K=
/MHG>. Econometrica 36(2): 427-429. Link
Jan Tinbergen
;R :GB>E B. 'E>BG :G= .R:G :S:
BHKG BG MA> *>MA>KE:G=L, &:G 0BG;>K@>G (1903d1994) ;><:F> BGOHEO>= >:KER
PBMA LH<B:E-=>FH<K:MB< FHO>F>GML. 0BG;>K@>G ;><:F> : F>F;>K H? MA> /H<B:E
>FH<K:MB< 3HKD>KL ,:KMR (/A,) BG 1922, :G= A> P:L :<MBO> BG MA> (>:@N> H?
/H<B:E->FH<K:MB< /MN=>GM CEN;L (//C), ?HNG=BG@ : =>I:KMF>GM H? MA> //C BG
(>B=>G (BHNF:GL 2003). AL A> FHO>= BGMH ><HGHFB< FH=>EBG@, MA> FHMBO:MBHG
MHP:K= >JN:EBMR LM:R>= PBMA ABF. %G :G BGM>KOB>P E:M>K BG EB?>, A> L:B= MA:M A> A:=
@K>:M LRFI:MAR ?HK MA> NG=>K=H@ :G= <HGMBGN>= MH :=OH<:M> f=>FH<K:MB< LH<B:E-
BLFg (0BG;>K@>G 1992, 277; L>> :ELH 0BG;>K@>G :G= "BL<A>K 1987; 0>KA:E 1988, 264).
A?M>K @K:=N:MBG@ BG 1929 PBMA : =H<MHK:M> BG ,ARLB<L ?KHF(>R=>G 1GBO>KLBMR,
0BG;>K@>G PHKD>= LMN=RBG@ ;NLBG>LL <R<E>L ?HK MA> NM<A C>GMK:E BNK>:N H?
/M:MBLMB<L. $> K>F:BG>= MA>K> ?HK 16 R>:KL, PBMA : MPH-R>:K LMBGM :M MA> (>:@N> H?
*:MBHGL ?KHF 1936d38. 0BG;>K@>G P>GM HG MH ;><HF> =BK><MHK H? MA> *>MA>KE:G=L
C>GMK:E ,E:GGBG@ BNK>:N ?KHF 1945 MH 1955 ((BG=;><D 1992). A MKBI MH %G=B: BG
1951 BFIK>LL>= 0BG;>K@>G PBMA MA> G>>= ?HK K>L>:K<A BG ><HGHFB< =>O>EHIF>GM
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2+(1)! 10, *1)B!. 3, /!,0!)B!. 2013 660
(BHNF:GL 2003). "KHF 1966 MH 1975, A> P:L <A:BKF:G H? MA> 1GBM>= *:MBHGL
CHFFBMM>> HG >O>EHIF>GM ,E:GGBG@ (B>:N= :G= HLM:E>K 1997, 425).
0BG;>K@>GiL F:CHK <HGMKB;NMBHG MH ><HGHFB<L P:L BG F:<KH><HGHFB<
FH=>EBG@. 0BG;>K@>G >QI>KBF>GM>= PBMA >E:;HK:M> FH=>EL, LN<A :L : FH=>E H?
AF>KB<:G BGO>LMF>GM :G= ;NLBG>LL <R<E>L (0BG;>K@>G 1939) MA:M BG<HKIHK:M>=
LHF> 70 O:KB:;E>L :G= 50 >JN:MBHGL ("KB>=F:G 1940, 657). 3HKDBG@ MH =>O>EHI :
FHK> LM:MBLMB<:E ;:LBL ?HK '>RG>LB:G B=>:L, 0BG;>K@>G BG 1936 =>O>EHI>= : IKHMH-
,ABEEBIL CNKO> (B:<HG 1973).
0BG;>K@>GiL >:KER PHKD K>?E><M>= ABL OB>PL HG EB;>K:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<R: f%G BML
FHLM LI><B?B< :G= FHLM K>E>O:GM L>GL> MA> GHMBHG H? ><HGHFB< IHEB<R PBEE, AHP>O>K,
K>?>K MH @HO>KGF>GML. c 3A>K>:L BG MA> GBG>M>>GMA <>GMNKR @HO>KGF>GM:E ;>-
A:OBHK P:L I>KA:IL :EFHLM K>LMKB<M>= MH ?BL<:E :<MBOBMR, LBG<> MA>G MA> =>O>EHIF>GM
A:L >O>K ;>>G FHK> BGMH MA> =BK><MBHG H? :G :MM>FIM :M EHHDBG@ :?M>K MA> hgeneral
interesti, BG PA:M>O>K L>GL> MA:M F:R ;> M:D>Gg (0BG;>K@>G 1952, 1). $> <HGMBGN>= ;R
<HFI:KBG@ EB;>K:E :G= ):KQBLM ><HGHFB<L, :G= =BLFBLLBG@ ;HMA:
/HF> L<AHHEL H? MAHN@AM HG ><HGHFB< IHEB<R ;>EB>O> MA:M :G HIMBFNF
IHEB<R BL @N:K:GM>>= ;R : JN:EBM:MBO> <AHB<> HGER. +G> >Q:FIE> 7BL8c
MA> ):G<A>LM>K L<AHHE H? EB;>K:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<R; MA>BK <AHB<> ;>BG@
MA:M H? fE:BLL>S ?:BK>.g 0A>R ;>EB>O> MA>R <HNE= IKHO> MA:M MA> F:Q-
BFNF H? @>G>K:E P>EE-;>BG@ PHNE= ;> :NMHF:MB<:EER H;M:BG>= ;R
<HFIE>M> ?K>>=HF H? ><HGHFB< :<MBOBMR. AGHMA>K >Q:FIE> H? : <>KM:BG
:-IKBHKB ;>EB>? H? MABL MRI> BL MA> >QMK>F> LH<B:EBLM HIBGBHG MA:M HGER
LM:M> HPG>KLABI <:G ;> : @N:K:GM>> ?HK MA> F:QBFNF H? @>G>K:E P>EE-
;>BG@. 0ABL >Q:FIE> BL, AHP>O>K, HGER : I:KMB:E HG>, LBG<> IHEB<R PHNE=,
MA> LM:M> HPG>KLABI HG<> >LM:;EBLA>=, BGOHEO> : E:K@> GNF;>K H?
JN:GMBM:MBO> =><BLBHGL MH ;> M:D>G BG <HGL>JN>G<>. BHMA MA>L> <:L>L
:K> >Q:FIE>L H? :G faprioristic policyg, ;:L>= HG MA>HKB>L K:MA>K MA:G HG
>FIBKB<:E K>L>:K<A. (0BG;>K@>G 1952, 1-3)
%G MA> 1960L, 0BG;>K@>G <HGMBGN>= ABL =BLFBLL:E H? EB;>K:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<R
PABE> IKHFHMBG@ : <>GMK:EER IE:GG>= F:<KH><HGHFR:
(HG@ :@H, PA>G MA> PHK= IE:GGBG@ A:= GHM R>M ;>>G BGO>GM>=, MA>
>E>F>GML H? IE:GG>= IHEB<R CNLM >GNF>K:M>= P>K> GHM PAHEER :;L>GM.
0ANL, >O>G B? GH ?HKF:E ?HK><:LML P>K> F:=>, IHEB<R F:D>KL A:= LHF>
B=>:L HG PA:M MA> ?NMNK> <HNKL> H? >O>GML FB@AM ;>. %G F:GR <:L>L
MA>R F:R A:O> NL>=, <HGL<BHNLER HK NG<HGL<BHNLER, PA:M P> GHP <:EE
HG> H? MA> fG:]O>g F>MAH=L H? ?HK><:LMBG@e?HK BGLM:G<>, ;R LBFIE>
>QMK:IHE:MBHG H? K><>GM FHO>F>GML HK ;R :LLNFBG@ GH FHO>F>GM :M
IDEOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE ECONOMICS LAUREATES
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2+(1)! 10, *1)B!. 3, /!,0!)B!. 2013 661
:EE. AL BL P>EE DGHPG, <R<EB<:E =HPGMNKGL P>K> GHM ?HK>L>>G, E>:=BG@ MH
HO>KIKH=N<MBHG HK, HG<> MA>R A:= H<<NKK>=, MH HO>KI>LLBFBLMB< OB>PL
HG ?NMNK> =>O>EHIF>GM.
0A> ?HKFNE:MBHG H? :BFL H? IHEB<R ;><:F> FHK> G><>LL:KR :?M>K
MA> ;>EB>? BG E:BLL>S ?:BK> P:L @BO>G NI. B>?HK> MA:M MBF> MA>K> P:L
GH G>>= ?HK IE:GGBG@, LBG<> BM P:L ;>EB>O>= MA:M ?K>> ><HGHFB< ?HK<>L
PHNE= E>:= MH MA> ;>LM =>O>EHIF>GM <HG<>BO:;E>. 3A>G MABL ;>EB>? =B>=
BM ;><:F> G><>LL:KR MH ?HKFNE:M> GHKFL ?HK HIMBFNF =>O>EHIF>GM.
+G> H? MA> <NKK>GM =B??B<NEMB>L BL MA:M :FHG@ F:GR IHEBMB<B:GL, IKH;:;ER
:L : <HGL>JN>G<> H? HNK >=N<:MBHG LRLM>F, : IK>?>K>G<> >QBLML ?HK
MABGDBG@ BG JN:EBM:MBO> M>KFL HGER. BNM :G ><HGHFB< IHEB<R FNLM ;>
;:L>= HG JN:GMBM:MBO> :L P>EE :L JN:EBM:MBO> ?HKFNE:MBHGL. (0BG;>K@>G
1964, 43)
BR 1966, 0BG;>K@>GiL OB>PL HG <>GMK:E IE:GGBG@ ?NKMA>K =>O>EHI>= BGMH PHKE=
IE:GGBG@:
3> <:G L:R MA:M P> A:O> LHF> ;>@BGGBG@L :EK>:=R H? LN<A PHKE=
IE:GGBG@ :G= % PHNE= EBD> MH LM:KM PBMA MA> MK>:MF>GM H? FR LN;C><M ;R
CNLM K>FBG=BG@ RHN H? PA:M ;>@BGGBG@L P>, BG ?:<M, A:O>. +? <HNKL>,
MA>K> :K> : PAHE> L>M H? BGM>KG:MBHG:E HK@:GBS:MBHGL, F:BGER MA> F>F-
;>KL H? MA> 1GBM>= *:MBHGL ?:FBER, ;NM :ELH HMA>KL MA:M =H >G@:@>
:EK>:=R BG LHF> ><HGHFB< IE:GGBG@. +G<> PA>G, :L % AHI>, MA>
BGM>KG:MBHG:E IHEBMB<:E LMKN<MNK> PBEE ;><HF> LMKHG@>K, MA:M IE:GGBG@
PBEE ;> MA> ;:LBL ?HK : K>:EER BGM>KG:MBHG:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<R. c AEE MA>
7IHEB<R8 F>:LNK>L % :F JNHMBG@ :K> BG ?:<M F>:LNK>L MA:M A:O> MH ;>
M:D>G :M MA> PHKE= E>O>E. %M BL, H? <HNKL>, <HG<>BO:;E> MA:M MA>R ;> M:D>G
;R LHF> LHKM H? :@K>>F>GM ;>MP>>G :NMHGHFHNL <HNGMKB>L ;NM BM
PHNE= ;> FN<A FHK> >??B<B>GM B? MA>R <HNE= ;> M:D>G ;R LHF>MABG@
<HFI:K:;E> MH : 3HKE= #HO>KGF>GM. c % MABGD MA> @>G>K:E BGM>K>LM
=H>L K>JNBK> MA:M P> A:O> : LMKHG@ C>GMK> PBMA : LMKHG@ IHEB<R.
(0BG;>K@>G 1966, 70-71)
$BL OB>PL HG EB;>K:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<B>L K>F:BG>= MA> L:F>: fAL : KNE>, MH=:R
P> PHNE= :BF :M K>=N<BG@ MA> BG>JN:EBMB>L ;>MP>>GcK>@BHGL. "HKF>KER, BG MA> MBF>
H? laissez-faire, P> =B= GHM <:K> FN<A :;HNM MABLg (0BG;>K@>G 1966, 7).
%G 1967 0BG;>K@>G PKHM> : ;HHD ?HK NL> BG fNGBO>KLBMB>L :L P>EE :L ?HK LHF>
H? MA> IE:GGBG@ >QI>KML BG @HO>KGF>GML,g :G= A> <HGMBGN>= MA> <HG=>FG:MBHG H?
EB;>K:E ><HGHFB< IHEB<R:
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2+(1)! 10, *1)B!. 3, /!,0!)B!. 2013 662
,HEB<R-F:D>KLi LH<B:E P>E?:K> ?NG<MBHGL :K> H?M>G BG?EN>G<>= ;R LHF>
general theories HK fprinciplesg <HG<>KGBG@ ><HGHFB< IHEB<R, MA>L> M>G=BG@
MH LNFF:KBS> >QI>KB>G<> PBMA, HK L<B>GMB?B< BGLB@AM BGMH, MABL <HF-
IEB<:M>= F:MM>K, :G= FHK> HK E>LL LMK>:FEBGBG@ BM. (B;>K:E IHEBMB<B:GL,
?HK >Q:FIE>, M>G= MH >FIA:LBS> MA> BFIHKM:G<> H? ><HGHFB< ?K>>=HF
H? MA> BG=BOB=N:E, LBG<> MA>R MABGD MA>R <:G K>ER HG : GNF;>K H? L>E?-
:=CNLMBG@ ?HK<>L BG MA> ><HGHFR ?HK E>MMBG@ BM :=:IM BML>E? MH <A:G@>L :G=
;EBG=ER ?BG= BML HIMBFNF LM:M>. (0BG;>K@>G 1967, 12)
0A> :BFL H? ><HGHFB< IHEB<R A:O> <A:G@>= : @HH= =>:E BG MA> <HNKL>
H? ABLMHKR. 0ABL A:L IKH;:;ER ;>>G I:KMER =N> MH <A:G@>L BG BG=BOB=N:E
:BFL @>G>K:EER, ;NM ?EN<MN:MBHGL BG ><HGHFB< <HGOB<MBHGL A:O> ;>>G
FHK> BFIHKM:GM. %G I:KMB<NE:K, MA> ;>EB>? MA:M MA> ><HGHFB< F><A:GBLF
FB@AM A:O> LN??B<B>GM BGA>K>GM ?HK<>L H? L>E?-K>@NE:MBHG =B=, BG MA>
GBG>M>>GMA <>GMNKR, >Q>KM <HGLB=>K:;E> BG?EN>G<> HG IN;EB< HIBGBHG.
0H MA> >QM>GM MA:M MABL ;>EB>? BL LMBEE <HKK><M, ><HGHFB< IHEB<R F:R ;>
HG> H? :;LM>GMBHG. (B;>K:E IHEBMB<B:GL, HG MA> ;:LBL H? MA> EB;>K:E L<AHHE
H? ><HGHFB< L<B>G<>, A>E= MABL ;>EB>? O>KR LMKHG@ER :G= <HGL>JN>GMER
K>=N<>= MA> K:G@> H? ><HGHFB< IHEB<R. (0BG;>K@>G 1967, 15)
+G> H? MA> ?NKMA>K EBFBM:MBHGL MH MA> K>E>O:G<> H? MA> <>GMK:E IKHI-
HLBMBHG H? ?K>>->GM>KIKBL> ><HGHFB<L BL <:NL>= ;R MA> static <A:K:<M>K
H? MA> :LLNFIMBHGL ?KHF PAB<A BM BL =>KBO>=. *H :<<HNGM BL M:D>G H?
MA> =B??B<NEMB>L MA:M F:R :KBL> ?KHF MA> IKH<>LL H? :=:IM:MBHG, ?HK MABL
G><>LL:KBER K>JNBK>L : =RG:FB< :G:ERLBL. (0BG;>K@>G 1967, 35)
C>KM:BG IABEHLHIA>KL A:O> :=OH<:M>= <HFIE>M> ?K>>=HF :L MA>
@HO>KGBG@ IKBG<BIE> H? ><HGHFB< IHEB<R. CHFIE>M> ?K>>=HFA:L A:K=ER
>O>K >QBLM>= BG :GR K>@NE:K LH<B>MR PHKMAR H? LMN=R. BNM BM A:L ;>>G
:IIKH:<A>= ?KHF MBF> MH MBF>, :G= BG PB=>ER O:KRBG@ =>@K>>L, >BMA>K
BG LF:EE <HFFNGBMB>L ?HKF>= A:IA:S:K=ER, HK BG <>KM:BG ><HGHFB>L
I:KMB<NE:KER =>OHM>= MH MA> B=>: H? ?K>>=HF. cBKB>?ER LM:M>=, <HFIE>M>
?K>>=HFM>G=L MH K>L>F;E> MA> LM:M> H? :??:BKL BG MA> CNG@E> :G=, :L ?:K :L
P> DGHP, BG <>KM:BG :GBF:E <HFFNGBMB>L, PA>K> MA> LMKHG@ :G= ;KNM:E
KNE>. (0BG;>K@>G 1967, 211)
0BG;>K@>G <HG<EN=>=: f%M BL ABL 7MA> :NMAHKiL8 ;>EB>? MA:M LHF> H? MA> K>?HKFL EBLM>=
LAHNE= K:GD AB@A BG ><HGHFB< IHEB<R IKH@K:FL, :G= LAHNE= ;> INKLN>= PBMA FHK>
>G>K@R MA:G BL MA> <:L> :M IK>L>GM. 0A>L> :K> BGM>KG:MBHG:E BGM>@K:MBHG, MA>
BGM>KG:MBHG:E MK:GL?>K H? BG<HF>L, MA> BGMKH=N<MBHG H? ;NBEM-BG LM:;BEBS>KL :G= MA>
K:P F:M>KB:E LM:G=:K= BG MA> BGM>KG:MBHG:E ?B>E=, :G= MA> :IIEB<:MBHG H? ?:FBER
IDEOLOGICAL PROFILES OF THE ECONOMICS LAUREATES
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2+(1)! 10, *1)B!. 3, /!,0!)B!. 2013 663
IE:GGBG@, H? BG=NLMKB:E =>FH<K:<R :G= MA> >JN:EBS:MBHG H? HIIHKMNGBMB>L, BG MA>
G:MBHG:E ?B>E=g (0BG;>K@>G 1967, 208).
+G MA> @EH;:E E>O>E, 0BG;>K@>G IK>L<KB;>= : FBQ H? ?K>> MK:=> :G= IKH-
M><MBHGBLF: f0A> HO>KLBFIEB?B>= MA>HKB>L H? BGM>KG:MBHG:E MK:=> >O>G M>EE NL MA:M
LBFNEM:G>HNLER MA> P>EE;>BG@ H? :EE <HNGMKB>L H? MA> PHKE= PBEE ;> F:QBFBS>= ;R MA>
:;HEBMBHG H? :EE H;LM:<E>L MH MK:=>. /N<A : LM:M>F>GM @H>L MHH ?:K; HG MA> HG> A:G=,
LHF> IKHM><MBHG H? BG?:GM BG=NLMKB>L BG RHNG@ <HNGMKB>L BL @>G>K:EER K><H@GBS>=
MH ;> =>LBK:;E>. +G MA> HMA>K A:G=, MA> MA>HKR H? MA> HIMBFNF M:KB?? M>EEL NL MA:M
F:QBFNF P>EE;>BG@ ?HK : <HNGMKR A:OBG@ : O>KR E:K@> LA:K> BG PHKE= MK:=> F:R
;> H;M:BG>= ;R BFIHLBG@ MA:M M:KB??, MH MA> =>MKBF>GM H? MA> K>LM H? MA> PHKE=g
(0BG;>K@>G 1970, 6). 0BG;>K@>G MA>G IKHIHL>= MA:M FNEMBG:MBHG:E >GM>KIKBL>L L>>D
HNM MA> fHIMBF:E BGM>KG:MBHG:E =BOBLBHG H? E:;HK.g 0H <A><D IHLLB;E> :;NL>L ;R E:K@>
<HKIHK:M> ;NLBG>LL, 0BG;>K@>G K>JNBK>= fLNI>KOBLBHG H? FNEMBG:MBHG:E >GM>KIKBL>L
;R LNIK:G:MBHG:E ;H=B>L, LN<A :L MA> 1GBM>= *:MBHGLg (0BG;>K@>G 1970, 8).
AM : 1GBM>= *:MBHGL %GLMBMNM> ?HK 0K:BGBG@ :G= .>L>:K<A E><MNK> BG 1971,
0BG;>K@>G LM:M>=: fA?M>K MA> IK:<MB<:E >QI>KB>G<> H? MA> AB@AER NG>JN:E BG<HF>
=BLMKB;NMBHG BG : <HFIE>M>ER ?K>> LH<B>MR MA> G><>LLBMR H? BGLMBMNMBHGL I>K?HKFBG@
BG<HF> K>=BLMKB;NMBHG ;><:F> >OB=>GM. 0A> =BL<HO>KR H? MA> F:GB?HE= >QM>KG:E
>??><ML H? : GNF;>K H? :<MBOBMB>L A:L @K:=N:EER F:=> BM <E>:K PAR hMA> LM:M>i FNLM ;>
:FHG@ MA> BGLMBMNMBHGL H? :G HIMBF:E HK=>K. A EHG@ EBLM H? :<MBOBMB>L <:G ;> @BO>G
PAB<A <:GGHM ;> E>?M MH ?K>> >GM>KIKBL>: MA> IKHOBLBHG H? L><NKBMR, H? LHNG= FHG>R,
H? : LN??B<B>GM E>O>E H? MHM:E =>F:G= :G= H? MHM:E L:OBG@L, MA> K>@NE:MBHG H? NGLM:;E>
F:KD>ML, >=N<:MBHG, MA> F:BGM>G:G<> H? MA> KH:= LRLM>F :G= LH HGg (0BG;>K@>G
1971, 8).
%G 1975, 0BG;>K@>G PKHM> : <A:IM>K HG MA> IKH;E>F H? =>?BGBG@ CNLMB<> :G=
>JNBMR: f0A> IK>L>GM :MMBMN=> H? :@GHLMB<BLF OBL-V-OBL : =>?BGBMBHG H? >JNBMR HK
CNLMB<> PAB<A BL :ELH IK>?>KK>= ;R FHLM ><HGHFBLML P:L IK><>=>= ;R : I>KBH= BG
PAB<A F:GR ><HGHFBLML PAHF P> BG !NKHI> <:EE EB;>K:EBLMeHK ):G<A>LM>K
EB;>K:ELe=B= A:O> : =>?BGBMBHG H? CNLMB<>. &NLMB<> P:L <HGLB=>K>= MH <HGLBLM H? MA>
>JN:EBMR ;>MP>>G :G BG=BOB=N:EiL income received ?KHF LH<B>MR :G= ABL contribution MH
LH<B>MR ;R F:DBG@ :O:BE:;E> I:KM H? MA> IKH=N<MBHG ?:<MHKL A> HPG>=. 0A> =>?BGBMBHG
BL MRIB<:EER BG=BOB=N:EBLMB< BG MA:M BM =>:EL PBMA MA> K>E:MBHGLABIL H? >:<A BG=BOB=N:E
MH LH<B>MR :L :G :;LMK:<M >GMBMR :G= =H>L GHM <HFI:K> BG=BOB=N:EL MH >:<A HMA>K.g
0BG;>K@>G =>EBO>K>= ABL OB>P: f%G BG<K>:LBG@ GNF;>KL F>F;>KL H? HNK LH<B>MR :K>
=HN;MBG@ MABL BGM>KIK>M:MBHG H? PA:M P> ?>>E PA>G P> LI>:D :;HNM CNLMB<> HK >JNBMR.
c +NK IHLBMBO> LN@@>LMBHG <HGLBLML H? :=A>KBG@ MH MA> =>?BGBMBHG MA:M >JNBMR LM:G=L
?HK equal welfare for all individualsg (0BG;>K@>G 1975, 129-130).
%G MA> L:F> ;HHD, 0BG;>K@>G <HGMBGN>= MH =BL<K>=BM FH=>KG EB;>K:EBLF HG
: FHK:E E>O>E :G= >LIHNL> @HO>KGF>GM BGM>KO>GMBHG: f3> PBEE =>?BG> :L BG<HF>
=BLMKB;NMBHG IHEB<B>L :EE BGM>KO>GMBHG BGMH MA> IKH<>LL H? BG<HF> ?HKF:MBHG PBMA MA>
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@>G>K:E H;C><MBO> H? <A:G@BG@ BG<HF> =BLMKB;NMBHG. c 70A> :=O:GM:@>L H? BG=BK><M
IHEB<B>L, PAB<A A:O> :G BFI:<M ;>ABG= MA> F:KD>M8 BL MA:M MA>R =H GHM =BLKNIM ;NM
K:MA>K LAB?M MA> >JNBEB;KBNFc. %G HG> P:R HK :GHMA>K BG<HF> =BLMKB;NMBHG IHEB<B>L
:K> F>:GM MH <A:G@> MA> ?K>> F:KD>M HK=>K HK laissez-faire, >Q:<MER ;><:NL> MA>
HNM<HF> H? LN<A : <HFIE>M>ER ?K>> LRLM>F BL <HGLB=>K>= MH ;> >MAB<:EER
NG:<<>IM:;E>. 0ABL MA>R A:O> BG <HFFHG PBMA : EHG@ EBLM H? FH=>KG IN;EB<
BGM>K?>K>G<>L, ?KHF IKHAB;BMBHG H? <ABE= E:;HNK MH BFIHLBMBHG H? ><HEH@B<:E
LM:G=:K=Lg (0BG;>K@>G 1975, 137).
BR 1985, 0BG;>K@>G MNKG>= MH :<:=>FB< ):KQBLF MH =BL<NLL fMA> =>>I>K
:BFL H? : LH<B:EBLM HK=>Kg: f):KQ >QIEB<BMER <E:BF>= MA:M P> LAHNE= :BF :M scientific
LH<B:EBLF; :G= L<B>G<> BL : <HGMBGNBG@ IKH<>LL H? posing questions, :G= MKRBG@ MH :GLP>K
MA>F, M>LMBG@ MA> :GLP>KL ;R empirical research :G= MA>G IHLBG@ new questions. c %G
HMA>K PHK=L, : MKNER ):KQB:G :MMBMN=> BL MH CHBG MA> IKH<>LL H? scientific research, NLBG@
:EE G>P >OB=>G<> :O:BE:;E>, MH =>O>EHI G>P BGLB@AMLg (0BG;>K@>G 1985, 175).
References
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Beaud, Michael, and Gilles Dostaler. 1997. Economic Thought Since Keynes: A
History and Dictionary of Major Economists. (HG=HG: .HNME>=@>.
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socialisme en de arbeidersbeweging in Nederland, >=L. )B>L C:FI?>GL, #>K
$:KFL>G, &:GG>L $HND>L, BD *:L, BH; .>BG:E=:, 5ID> ). /GH>D-)NE=>K,
:G= &HA:GG: ). 3>E<D>K. %GM>KG:MBHG:E %GLMBMNM> H? /H<B:E $BLMHKR
(AFLM>K=:F). Link
Friedman, Milton. 1940. .>OB>P H? Business Cycles in the United States of America,
19191932 ;R &:G 0BG;>K@>G. American Economic Review 30(3): 657-660.
Lindbeck, Assar, >=. 1992. &:G 0BG;>K@>G. %G Nobel Lectures: Economic Sciences,
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Terhal, P. 1988. 0BG;>K@>G HG 3HKE= ,>:<>: A CHFI:K:MBO> $BLMHKB<:E
,>KLI><MBO>. Review of Social Economy 46(3): 255-269.
Tinbergen, Jan. 1939. Statistical Testing of Business-Cycle Theories: Business Cycles in the
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Tinbergen, Jan. 1952. On the Theory of Economic Policy. AFLM>K=:F: *HKMA-$HEE:G=
,N;EBLABG@ CHFI:GR.
Tinbergen, Jan. 1964. Central Planning. *>P $:O>G, CHGG.: 5:E> 1GBO>KLBMR ,K>LL.
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Tinbergen, Jan. 1967. Economic Policy: Principle and Design. AFLM>K=:F: *HKMA-
$HEE:G= ,N;EBLABG@ CHFI:GR.
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Tinbergen, Jan. 1971. Towards a Better International Economic Order. *>P 5HKD:
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$HEE:G= ,N;EBLABG@ CHFI:GR.
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James Tobin
;R :GB>E B. 'E>BG :G= .R:G :S:
&:F>L 0H;BG (1918d2002) P:L HG> H? MA> @>G>K:MBHG H? ><HGHFBLML
BG?EN>G<>= ;R @KHPBG@ NI =NKBG@ MA> #K>:M >IK>LLBHG. 0H;BG L:RL ABL BGM>K>LM BG
F:<KH><HGHFB< IKH;E>FL <:F> ?KHF ABL FHMA>K, : LH<B:E PHKD>K =>:EBG@ PBMA MA>
NG>FIEHR>=, :G= ABL ?:MA>K, PAH P:L BGM>EE><MN:E :G= : fEB;>K:E HG ABL HPGg (0H;BG
1999;, 868). 0H;BG L>>FL MH A:O> ;>>G ?:BKER <HGLM:GM BG ABL OB>P, ?:OHKBG@ IKBO:M>
F:KD>ML LN;C><M>= MH K>@NE:MBHG :G= '>RG>LB:G F:G:@>F>GM ('KN@F:G 2002).
0H;BG (1999;, 870-871) AB@AEB@AML '>RG>LiL BG?EN>G<> =NKBG@ ABL RHNMA:
f'>RG>L P:L ?:L<BG:MBG@ ;><:NL> BM EHHD>= EBD> A> A:= : ?KNBM?NE G>P P:R H? @HBG@
:;HNM ><HGHFB<L. 0H F>, BM EHHD>= EBD> ?NG. AG= MA>G HG MA> HMA>K A:G= MABL P:L
:ELH : K>OHEM. % MABGD K>OHEML :@:BGLM HE= >LM:;EBLA>= PBL=HF :K> >Q<BMBG@ MH RHNG@
I>HIE>. %M P:L >Q<BMBG@ MH F> >O>G MAHN@A % A:= GHM ;>>G K>:EER M:N@AM MA> HE=
><HGHFB<L >GHN@A MH DGHP PA:M '>RG>L P:L K>OHEMBG@ :@:BGLM. c '>RG>L P:L :
D>>G H;L>KO>K H? MA> K>:E PHKE=. %M A:= MA> KBG@ H? MKNMA MH FR >:KL ;:<D MA>G.g
0H;BG P>GM MH $:KO:K= 1GBO>KLBMR ?HK NG=>K@K:=N:M> :G= @K:=N:M> PHKD. %G
<HEE>@>, 0H;BG P:L : *>P >:E>K (0H;BG 1986, 118) :G= K><:EEL MA:M "K:GDEBG .
.HHL>O>EM P:L ABL IHEBMB<:E A>KH (0H;BG 1996, 661). %G ABL *H;>E :NMH;BH@K:IAB<:E
GHM>L, 0H;BG PKHM>: f0A> FBL>K:;E> ?:BENK>L H? <:IBM:EBLM ><HGHFB>L BG MA> #K>:M
>IK>LLBHG P>K> KHHM <:NL>L H? PHKE=PB=> LH<B:E :G= IHEBMB<:E =BL:LM>KLg (0H;BG
1982:).
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