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d
c
Steady state
effluent
NH
4
+
-N,
mg/L
Organic
removal
rate
lb BODrem/
lb MLVSS-day
Hydraulic
retention
time,
a
hours
BOD
5
loading
(volumetric)
lb/1000/cf/day
b
10
0.175
2.0
2.5
3.0
11.5
14.3
17.2
0.23
0.15
0.11
0.21
0.19
0.17
11.0
12.8
14.0
20.5
17.5
15.8
15
0.285
2.0
2.5
3.0
7.0
8.8
10.5
0.40
0.27
0.20
0.29
0.25
0.22
6.4
7.5
8.5
34.9
29.9
26.5
20
0.465
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.3
5.4
6.4
0.73
0.49
0.36
0.44
0.36
0.32
4.4
5.2
6.0
51.5
43.0
37.3
1,500
2,000
1,875
2,500
2,250
3,000
a
At ADWF
x
x x x x
x
x x
Q Q
Q
RS
x x
x x
x x x x
QR
b
62.4 lb/1000 cf/day = kg/m
3
/day
ZONE
PRIMARY
EFFLUEN
T
RAS
PRE-ANOXIC
ANAEROBIC
RECYCLE
ANOXIC
AEROBIC
CLARIFIER
2 3 4 SLUDGE EFFLUENT
D.O.
ORP.
BOD
TSS
TKN
NH3
Q
NO
X
Air Flow
T-P
Ortgho P
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN REMOVAL
A. Nitrification
2NH
4
+
+ 3O
2
2 NO
2
-
+ 4H
+
+ 2H
2
O
2NO
2
+
+ O
2
2 NO
3
-
Nitrosomonas
(Autotroph)
NH
4
+
+ 2O
2
1 NO
3
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
Nitrobacter
(Autotroph)
QUESTION: What happens to pH?
Let's say we have a wastewater with:
TKN = 35 mg/L as N
alkalinity = 250 mg/L as CaCO
3
moles/L TKN = 35 x 10
-3
g/L = 2.5 x 10
-3
14 g/gmm
equiv./L alkalinity = 250 x 10
-3
= 5 x 10
-3
100 g/g - eq.
2
If all alkalinity is present as HCO
3
-
(which will be essentially true at normal
pH of raw sewage [pH < 7.5]), then equiv./L = moles/L.
[HCO
3
-
] = 5 X 10
-3
m/L
From eq. , one mole NH
4
+
produces 2 moles H
+
H+ released during nitrification = 5 x 10
-3
m/L
If there was alkalinity present, what would pH drop to?
pH = log 1 = log 1
[H
+
] 5 x 10
-3
= 2.3 (pretty low!!)
With alkalinity of 5 x 10
-3
m/L of HCO
-3
, H+ will be used up to convert
HCO
-3
to H
2
CO
3
and CO
2
.
H
2
CO
3
= H
+
+ HCO
-3
K = 4.2 x 10
-7
(H+) (HCO
-3
) = 4.2 x 10-7
(H
2
CO
3
)
At sewage pH of, say, 7.0
(H
2
CO
3
) = (10
-7
) (5 x 10
-3
)
(4.2 x 10
-7
)
= 1.2 x 10
-3
After all this H
+
is added due to nitrification, the approximate
situation will be:
new (H
2
CO
3
) = 1.2 x 10
-3
+ 5 x 10
-3
= 7.2 x 10
-3
m/L
new (HCO
3
-1
) = 5 x 10
-3
- 5 x 10
-3
= 0
(in fact, it will not go to zero, because some H
+
will also react with OH
-
to
form H
2
O).
Without doing a more complex calculation, lets say new (HCO
-3
) = 10
-5
m/L.
new (H
+
) = (4.2 x 10
-7
) (7.2 x 10
-3
)
(10
-5
)
= 3 x 10
-4
m/L
or pH = 3.5 (still pretty low)
B. Denitrification
Empirical total effect of conversion to:
1. ammonia for cell synthesis
2. nitrogen gas during use as an elector acceptor in place of oxygen
NO
-3
+ 1.08 CH
3
OH + H
+
.065 C
5
H
2
O
2
N
+ .47 N
2
+ .76 CO
2
+ 2.44 H
2
O
(assuming methanol as carbon source)
o one mole NO
-
3
uses up one mole H
+
loss of alkalinity if use denitrification after nitrification is
only about 50% of what it would be under nitrification
MANUAL DESIGN EXAMPLE
Skavinge, Denmark
des. population = 10,000
Q avg. = 4830 m
3
/d
Qpk DWF = 9450 m
3
/d
Qpk WWF = 1040 m
3
/hr
BOD
5
(DWF) = 140 mg/L
Tot.N (DWF) = 30 mg/L
Tot.P (DWF) = 12 mg/L
SS (DWF) = 95 mg/L
alkalinity = 180 mg/L as CaCO
3
B
ecause of low BOD/N, don't remove primary solids.
BOD
5
to bioreactor ~ 140 mg/L
Assumptions and design decisions:
1. MLVSS = 0.7 MLSS = 1800 mg/L
2. Winter mixed liquor T = 6
o
C
3. Design for complete nitrification and denitrification
4. Nitrified recycle = 4 Q avg.
5. RAS = 0.75 Q avg.
Design effluent quality:
1. Complete nitrification
2. Total N < 6 mg/L
a) Check adequacy of alkalinity when denitrification not occurring
avg. NH
4
+
conversion = 30 - 1.5 = 28.5 mg/L as N
alkalinity consumed = 7.1 mg CaCO
3
/mg N ox.
or, 7.1 (28.5) = 202 mg/L alkalinity as CaCO
3
plus, better allow for
peaking loads
standby alkalinity feed = (202 - 180) + 50 = 72 mg/L as CaCO
3
b
) When denitrification is occurring - say 5 mg/L NO
3
-N not denitrified
denitrification = 30 - 1.5 - 5 = 23.5 mg/L
alkalinity recovered = 23.5 (.5) (202)
28.5
= 83 mg/L
Since have pre-denitrification, alkalinity increases before it decreases
residual alkalinity = 180 + 83 - 202
= 61 mg/L as CaCO
3
This might be adequate, but will have to have pH monitor in aerobic
zone.
c) Process schematic
Q
Qr
aerobic
anoxic
RAS = 0.75 Q
d) Nitrifier growth rate
assume non-limiting DO & pH conditions (Kn < N)
Kn = half-saturation coef. for Nitrosomonas (~ 1.0 for sewage)
N = ammonia N concentration
NITROGEN & ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL IN A SINGLE SLUDGE SYSTEM
In this type of system we will generally get a mixed culture of organisms that
includes:
1. heterotrophs that require oxygen
2. denitrifying heterotrophs
3. nitrifying autotrophs
The kinetics of growth and decay of these groups have been found by various
investigators to be dis-similar, and changing environmental conditions affect each
group differently. This makes the design of a bioreactor-clarifier system fairly
complicated, since trial and error solutions are required to satisfy the
requirements for carbonaceous assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification.
In designing such a plant for a community in the Okanagan Valley, for instance, it
will be important to check both summer and winter designs, because:
1. summer loads for BOD and TKN are generally higher than winter
2. winter kinetic rates are lower than summer, especially for denitrification
Let's look at an example:
FREDERIKSWAERK, DENMARK
Design ADWF - 12,700 m
3
/d
Design PDWF - 810 m
3
/hr
Design PWWF - 1900 m3/hr
win er t sum er m
BOD
5
128 mg/L 170 mg/L
TKN 28 mg/L 36 mg/L
Tot.P 8.7 mg/L 11.4 mg/L
anticipated mixed liquor temperatures:
coldest month - 5
o
C
warmest month - 20
o
C
Initial design assumptions:
1. primary clarifier removes 25% of BOD
2. MLVSS = 0.7 MLSS (high SRT)
3. Nitrified recycle = 4 times Q
in
4. Return activated sludge = 0.75 times Q
in
A. Nitrification (winter)
N
itrogen assimilated ~ 3% of BOD5 utilized
N
ass.
= (128 (.75) - 5) .03 = 2.7 mg/L
eff. BOD
Organic nitrogen that will not be oxidized ~ 1 mg/L
(average for domestic sewage)
QPE
QRS/QPE = 0.75
aerobic anoxic
QIR/QPE = 4.0
AN AR
Q eff.
N oxidized by autotrophs = 28 - 2.7 - 1 = 24.3 mg/L
f
raction of nitrifiers in active mass:
f
n
= 0.15 Nox.
0.15 Nox. + aSr
a = cell yield for heterotrophs
= 0.6 mg MLVSS/mg BOD
5
removed
Sr = mg/L BOD5 removed in bioreactor
f
n
= 0.15 (24.3)
0.15 (24.3) + 0.6 (128) (.75)
= .06 g nitrifiers/g MLVSS
nitrification rate
20
at a DO
concentration
of 2 mg/L
k
n
= 1.04 mg NH
3
-N/mg. nitrifiers - d.
T 20 T-20
k
n
= k
n
(1.05)
T T-20
R
n
= f
n
X
v
(1.04) (1.05) (DO) mg/L-d
2
Lets try X
v
= 3000 mg/L and DO = 2.5 mg/L
N to be oxidized by autotrophs = 28 - 2.7 - 1
= 24.3 mg/L
fraction of nitrifiers in "active" solids
fn = 0.15 Nox.
0.15 Nox. + aSr
where a = Y = cell yield for heterotrophs
= 0.6 mg/ MLVSS/mg BOD
5
removed
Sr = BOD
5
removed
= 128 (.75) = 96 mg/L
f
n
= fn = .15 (24.3) = .06
.15 (24.3) + 0.6 (96)
aerobic SRT
m = maximum specific growth rate @ bioreactor conditions
.098 (T-15)
= [0.8 e ] [ DO ]
Ko
2
+ DO
(Table 11 - 15, Metcalfe & Eddy)
where KO
2
= half velocity constant for DO 1.3 (Table 11 - 15, Metcalfe & Eddy)
let's use a design DO of 2 mg/L
-1
= 0.23 d (growth rate of nitrifiers)
k = rate of NH
3
-N removal = m
Y
where Y = 0.15 for nitrifiers
.098 (5-15)
f m = 0.8 e [ ] [ 2 ]
1.3 + 2
-1
k = 0.23 = 1.52 d
0.15
Now can calculate minimum SRT using equation 8 - 54 (Metcalfe & Eddy)
1 = Y k - k
d
c
m
where k
d
= endogenous decay rate .05
1 = .15 (1.52) - .05 = 0.18
c
m
c
m
= 5.6 d. (1.75) = 9.8 days
to determine design
c
, apply an appropriate safety factor (1.5 < s.f. < 2.5)
depending on importance of maintaining nitrifier population at all times
I generally use 1.75 or 2.
d
= 5.6
c
Aerobic HRT
The design substrate utilization rate for NH
3
-N can be calculated from:
1 = Y U - k
d
(U = design utilization rate)
c
(eq'n. 8 - 46, Metcalfe & Eddy)
1 = .15 U - .05
9.8
U = .152 = 1.01 d
-1
.15
HRT = N
o
-N (Assuming zero order reaction)
UX
nitrification
If make design decision for MLSS = 3500
then X
nitrification
= 3500 (.75) (.06) = 160 mg/L
HRT
den
= 3.5 = .053 d
.027 (3500)(.75)(.94)
Nominal HRT
den
= .053 (24) (5.75) = 7.3 hr.
What would bioreactor look like?
Design depth for fine bubble aeration = 4.5 m
= 6.3 mg/L