UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

FACULTATEA DE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAR CONTABIL

PROGRAMUL DE STUDII UNIVERSITARE DE MASTERAT
CONTABILITATEA AGENTILOR ECONOMICI SI A INSTITUTIILOR
PUBLICE ANUL I
REFERAT
LA
INFORMATICA DE GESTIUNE APLICATA
AL MASTERANDULUI
TUDOR COSTICA ( MOISE ) MARIA MIHAELA
CNP 2710119090022
POSIBILITATI DE UTILIZARE A MODELARII DIMENSIONALE , A
CUBURILOR OLAP SI ANALIZA DATELOR IN MEDIUL MS OLAP
PENTRU DOMENIU SPECIFICAT DIN ECONOMIE
OLAP On Line Analytical Prce!!in"
1. Definitie. C!"te!i#ti"i.
Te#nl"ia OLAP $OnLine Analytical Prce!!in"% e!te &n in!tr&'ent (&ternic)
(er*r'ant +i &+r acce!i,il -e a"re"are a -atelr !tcate .n ar#i/e 'ari -e -ate) care
(rintr a,r-are '&lti-i'en!inal0) a!i"&r0 acce! ra(i- la in*r'a1ii) iar (rintr
anali2a '&lti-i'en!inal0 *er0 r0!(&n!&ri cncrete) cn!i!tente) crecte +i
.n ti'( real la .ntre,0rile anali+tilr -e 'ar3etin" (ri/in- *en'ene) (rce!e +i acti/it01i
-e 'ar3etin"4
Te#nl"ia OLAP n& e!te &n cnce(t n&) -ar n&'ele e!te relati/ recent) *iin- intr-&!
in 1995 -e catre E4 64 C--) in/entatr&l '-el&l&i relatinal4 C-- a (re2entat) intr7&n articl)
12 re"&li care -e*inea& caracteri!ticile &nei a(licatii OLAP (e care) &lterir) le7a re!tran! la 8
re"&li "r&(ate intr7&n te!t care !e n&'e!te 6ASMI $ 6a!t Analy!i! S#are- M&lti-'en!inal
In*r'atin%4
6AST ra(i-itate $ca(acitatea -e a li/ra in*r'atiile in ti'( &til -e r-in&l !ec&n-elr%9
ANAL:SIS anali2a $ca(acitatea -e a e*ect&a anali2e n&'erice !i !tati!tice (rin a(licatii
(re-e*inite !a& create a-7#c -e catre &tili2atr%9
S;ARE< (arta=ata $&tili2ata in re"i' cnc&rent -e 'ai '&lti &tili2atri) *a(t ce i'(&ne
a!i"&rarea !ec&ritatii !i cn*i-entialitatii -atelr%9
MULTI<IMENSIONAL caracteri!tica e!entiala a OLAP9
IN6ORMATION acce! la rice -ate !i in*r'atii rele/ante (entr& anali2a) ri&n-e !7ar
"a!i !i in rice /l&'4
Te#nica OLAP (er'ite '-elare -i'en!inal0) (rin &tili2area c&,&l&i OLAP)
!tr&ct&r0 '&lti-i'en!inal0) &n #i(erc&,) care '-elea20 a!(ect&l c'(le> al &n&i
(rce! !a& *en'en) atat (rin re(re2ent0rile !ale cantitati/e) '0!&ra,ile ale
acti/it01ii) .n !tr?n!0 le"at&r0 c& a!(ectele calitati/e !a& -e cnte>t4 Cnte>t&l
e!te -e*init (rin -i'en!i&nile@(ara'etrii !0iA c?n- !a -e!*0+&rat) &n-e !a -e!*0!&rat)
cine a ini1iat) cine a e>ec&tat) cine a ,ene*iciat -e ea) c& ce re!&r!e) c& cine a *!t
e*ect&at0) -e la cine +i c0tre cine !a -e!*0+&rat4 Tr0!0t&ra e!en1ial0 a ace!tr .ntre,0ri
e!te caracter&l lr '&lti-i'en!inal4 E>i!t0 tt&+i c?te/a ti(&ri &2&ale -e .ntre,0ri)
care (t ar&nca l&'in0 a!&(ra c'(le>it01ii in!tr&'entelr care
tre,&ie !0 *&rni2e2e r0!(&n!&riA
B ra(arte '&lti-i'en!inale) ca -e e>e'(l&A /?n20rile ttale ale *ir'ei -in
(r-&!&l C) +i re!(ecti/ (n-erea /?n20rilr reali2ate (rin 'a"a2inele -in ra+&l : .n
(eria-a D4 E
B c'(ara1ii) ca -e e>e'(l&A care e!te 'e-ia a,aterii (rcent&ale -e la (lan&l
-e /?n20ri .n (ri'&l !e'e!tr& al ace!t&i an c'(arati/ c& /?n20rile -in (ri'&l
!e'e!tr& al an&l&i trec&t E
B cla!i*ic0ri +i (r*il&ri !tati!tice) ca -e e>e'(l&A care e!te /l&'&l /?n20rilr
+i 'e-ia a-a!&l&i (entr& (ri'ii 20 F -intre -i!tri,&itri +i care
e!te cntri,&1ia ace!tra la ttal&l /?n20rilr (e tri'e!tr&l trec&t E
B a"re"0ri li,ere) ca -e e>e'(l&A care !&nt /enit&rile reali2ate .n &lti'ele
-&0 tri'e!tre -e *ilialele =&-e1ene -in M&ntenia E
B e/al&0ri G#at I*) ca -e e>e'(l&A .n ce '0!&r0 ar in*l&en1a (r*it&l ttal al
*ir'ei cre+tere c& 18 F a /?n20rilr .n =&-e1ele -in Ml-/a E
Pentr& ricine care a *r'&lat inter"0ri .n ,a2ele -e -ate
'&lti-i'en!inale $en"l4 H&ery%) e!te e/i-ent c0 e>(ri'area &nr a!e'enea cereri
-e(0+e+te (!i,ilit01ile ric0r&i in!tr&'ent -e acce! +i ra(rtare4
Printre calit01ile (e care tre,&ie !0 le .n-e(linea!c0 &n ,&n in!tr&'ent OLAP !e
n&'0r0A
7 !0 (at0 !&!1ine anali2e !*i!ticate9
7 !0 (at0 *i &tili2ate e*icient -e -i/er!e cate"rii -e &tili2atri9
7 !0 *ie !cala,ile la /l&'e ric?t -e 'ari -e -ate9
7 !0 (er'it0 acce!&l cnc&rent al &n&i 'are n&'0r -e &tili2atri9
7 !0 *ie &+r -e intre1in&t +i -e cn*i"&rat9
7!0 *ie ,a2ate (e ar#itect&r0 -e!c#i!0 -earece e/l&1ia te#nl"iei in*r'a1iei
(ate a-&ce !c#i',0ri ra-icale .n !tr&ct&ra !i!te'&l&i in*r'atic care) .n!0)
n& tre,&ie !0 a*ecte2e in!tr&'enta1ia &tili2at0 (entr& anali204
O ,a20 -e -ate '&lti-i'en!inal0 &tili2at0 -e te#nl"iile OLAP e!te *r'at0
-in -&0 !tr&ct&riA
1% Str&ct&ra -atelr (rin care !e -e!cri& !tr&ct&rile (r(rii ale ,a2elr -e -ate re*erite)
c& c?'(&rile) atri,&tele +i caracteri!ticile a!ciate9
2% Str&ct&ra 'eta-atelr -e*init0 (rin -i'en!i&nile) !tr&ct&rile ierar#ice ale
-i'en!i&nilr) 'e',rii +i '&lti(li ace!tr !tr&ct&ri4 <i'en!i&nile OLAP !&nt i-enti*icate
.n ,a2ele -e -ate tran2ac1inale ca *iin- c.'(&rile ce cn1in caracteri!ticile &nei
tran2ac1ii) -atele -e i-enti*icare a tran2ac1iei re!(ecti/e +i care .n cele 'ai '&lte
ca2&ri !&nt c#eile e>terne &tili2ate .n ,a2ele re!(ecti/e4
<i'en!i&nile re(re2int0 (ara'etrii .n care !a -e!*0!&rat acti/itate)
n& !e inter!ectea20 c& alte -i'en!i&ni +i !&nt -e nat&r0 c'(let -i*erit0 $ti'() !(a1i&)
(r-&!e) *&rni2ri) clien1i) re!&r!e *inanciare) re!&r!e 'ateriale) re!&r!e &'ane%4
M&l1i'ea /alrilr (!i,ile (e care le (ate l&a -i'en!i&nea re!(ecti/0
(art0 n&'ele -e 'e',rii -i'en!i&nii4 Prin re"r&(area /alrilr !e "enerea20 '&lti(li
-e 'e',rii) "r&(e -e /alri ale -i'en!i&nii re!(ecti/e c& caracteri!tic0 c'&n04 <e
e>e'(l& !e (ate -e*ini lcalitatea ca '&lti(l& -e 'e',rii *r'a1i -in t1i clien1ii
r"ani2a1iei -in lcalitatea re!(ecti/04 <i'en!i&nile +i '&lti(li lr *r'ea20 !tr&ct&ri
ar,re!cente c&n!c&te .n OLAP !&, n&'ele -e ierar#ii4 M-elarea -i'en!inal0
*er0 &n '-el cnce(t&al) c&,&l OLAP) care (er'ite a"re"area -atelr .ntr
!tr&ct&r0 ierar#ic0) !i'(la +i *arte *le>i,il0) *0r0 a '-i*ica !tr&ct&ra -e ,a20 a
clec1iilr .ncr(rate .n -e(2it) c& (0!trarea le"0t&rilr c& !&r!ele ini1iale -e
-ate +i c& (!i,ilitatea -e -e!c'(&nere a -atelr centrali2ate (e ni/el&ri
ierar#ice in*eriare (.n0 la !et&l -e tran2ac1ii ini1iale4 Mtr&l OLAP *l!e+te ca
'- -e /i2&ali2are a -atelr .n -e(2it&l -e -ate) re(re2entare .ntr&n !(a1i& n
-i'en!inal) (rin care a>ele -a& -i'en!i&nea l"ic0 a c&,&l&i4
A!&(ra c&,&rilr n -i'en!inale 'tr&l analitic e>ec&t0 !erie -e (era1ii
care !e inte"rea20 .n a(lica1ii OLAP 'ane/rate -e &tili2atr&l *inal4 Pentr& e>ec&1ia
ace!tr (era1ii e!te nece!ar0 Ina/i"area li,er0J -ea l&n"&l ni/elelr ierar#ice -e*inite
(entr& -e(2it&l -e -ate4
Princi(alele (era1ii OLAP care !e (t e*ect&a !&ntA
B S(eci*icarea criteriilr -e !elec1ie e!te (ri'&l (a! .n rice anali204
Utili2atr&l tre,&ie !0 (at0 e>(ri'a c& &+&rin10 criterii !i'(le) ,a2ate (e /alri ale
atri,&telr +i@!a& (e /alri ale 'etricelr4 Ace!te criterii !i'(le tre,&ie !0 (at0 *i a(i
c',inate (rin (eratri l"ici +i tre,&ie !0 (at0 *i !al/ate .n ,i,liteci
(entr& e/ent&ale re&tili20ri4
B Rta1iile !&nt (era1ii care (er'it &tili2atrilr !0 "0!ea!c0 (er!(ecti/a care7
l intere!ea20 !(eci*ic.n- -i'en!i&nile +i -irec1iile -e rta1ie !a& in-ic?n- &n (i/t4 B
Sc#i',area ni/el&l&i -e a"re"are (er'ite "0!irea ni/el&l&i -e a"re"are (ti' (entr&
anali204 Se (ate a-?nci anali2a !(re ni/ele -e -etali& (rin (era1ii -e !c#i',are
a !en!&l&i na/i"0rii -ea l&n"&l ni/elelr &nei ierar#ii9 (rin -rill -Kn
!e (ate na/i"a (e ni/elele c& &n "ra- -e -etali& 'ai 'are) iar (rin rll &(
!e /a na/i"a (e ni/elele ierar#ice !&(eriare ca ni/el -e a"re"are4 B
S(eci*icarea '-&l&i -e (re2entare tre,&ie !0 (er'it0 anali!t&l&i !0 "0!ea!c0
'-alit01ile (ti'e -e /alri*icare /i2&al0 a -atelr e>tra!e4 Ln a*ar0 -e
(!i,ilit01ile "ra*ice ti(ice (entr& (re2entare) e!te i'(rtant ca &tili2atr&l !0
(at0 /i2&ali2a -ate '&lti-i'en!inale .ntr 'anier0 ta,elar04 Ln ace!t !en! !e (t
&tili2a ta,ele c'(le>e) care !0 (at0 "r&(a clane +i linii e>(ri'?n- -i'en!i&ni
-i*erite $-e (il-0) ti'(&l +i -i!(&nerea .n !(a1i&% +i ni/ele -e a"re"are -i*erite4
Per!(ecti/a '&lti-i'en!inal0 a!&(ra -atelr !e *ace (rin (era1ii care (er'it
,1inerea -e /e-eri $/ieK% ,i-i'en!inale -intr&n c&, n -i'en!inal) care !e 'ai
n&'e!c !lice&ri) *elii -e in*r'a1ii care !er/e!c &nr an&'ite !c(&ri !i -eci2ii
'ana"eriale4
<e e>e'(l& /i2i&nea 'ana"er&l&i -e (r-&! intere!ea20 -ar /?n20rile an&'itr
(r-&!e) .n tat0 re"i&nea +i .n tat0 (eria-a -e ti'( cn!i-erat0
Alte ti(&ri -e !lice&ri (t *elia c&,&l (e tate cele trei cr-nate carte2iene4
Pentr& (re2entarea cn/ena,il0 a re2&ltatelr !e *ac racr-0ri ale /e-erilr
,i-i'en!inale c& ,a2a -e -ate '&lti-i'en!inal0) (rin 'a(0ri -e -ate) cr,rate c&
&tili20ri -e "ra*ice +i ta,ele c'(le>e
6iin- te#nl"ie relati/ n&0) '-el&l -e ar#itect&r0 OLAP care !a i'(&!
(entr& !i!te'ele rientate !(re anali20 '&lti-i'en!inal0 e!te &n&l -e ti(
client@!er/er .n trei !trat&ri4
a% <ata Gare#&!e *r'ea20 ni/el&l cel 'ai -e =!) re!(n!a,il c& !tcarea
+i re"0!irea -atelr4
<e re"&l0 a(lica1iile tran2ac1inale &tili2ea20 !i!te'e rela1inale -ar (entr&
-e(2itele -e -ate !e *l!e!c !i!te'e '&lti-i'en!inale4 <at *iin- /l&'&l
'are -e -ate) e!te rec'an-a,il ca SGB<7
&rile *l!ite !0 *ere !&(rt (entr& (rel&cr0ri (aralele +i -i!tri,&ite) !0 -i!(&n0 -e
'ecani!'e (er*r'ante -e in-e>are +i -e (ti'i2are) !0 *ere &n .nalt ni/el
-e !i"&ran109
,% Mtr&l analitic OLAP $OLAP en"ine% are !arcina -e a (rel&a cererile
e>(ri'ate -e &tili2atri +i) (e ,a2a cn!&lt0rii 'eta-atelr) !0 "enere2e
cererile nece!are (entr& ,1inerea -atelr ce /r *i re-irectate c0tre clien1i4 Ln (l&!)
-atelr ,1in&te li !e /r a(lica la ace!t ni/el !erie -e (rel&cr0ri -e "enerarea
-e inter"0ri) 'ani(&l0ri -e -ate +i -e !inteti2area re2&ltatelr9
c% Meta-atele .n care !&nt !tcate -i'en!i&nile) 'e',rii +i '&lti(li lr) (rec&' +i
!tr&ct&rile ierar#ice ale -i'en!i&nilr) in*r'a1ii care a(ar (e a>ele c&,&rilr +i !&nt
(re2entate &tili2atr&l&i ca n&'e -e r.n-&ri !a& -e clane $(i/t ta,le%9
-% A(lica1iile OLAP !&nt re(re2entate -e in!tr&'ente '?n&ite -e &tili2atr&l *inal4
E>i!t0 a(lica1ii "enerale care r0!(&n- !&*icient -e ,ine ne/ilr &nei cate"rii lar"i -e
&tili2atri) e>i!t0 in!tr&'ente !(eciali2ate (e -'enii $c&' ar *i -e (il-0
anali2e re"re!inale) anali2e ANOMA) anali2e SGOT) anali2a *inanciar0% +i) .n *ine)
e>i!t0 (!i,ilitatea -e a -e2/lta in!tr&'ente *arte !(eci*ice4 <in (&nct -e /e-ere al
&tili2atr&l&i *inal) a(lica1ia (e care *l!e+te tre,&ie !0i a!i"&re -&0 *&nc1inalit01i
i'(rtanteA na/i"area li,er0 (rin -e(2it&l -e -ate .n c0&tarea in*r'a1iilr
rele/ante +i (!i,ilit01i -i/er!e -e (re2entare a -atelr4 Ace!te *&nc1inalit01i !&nt !tr?n!
le"ate .ntre ele +i e!te "re& -e !(&! care (era1ie e!te -e na/i"are +i
care e!te -e (re2entare4 Cerin1ele -e a-'ini!trare +i -e2/ltare (entr& OLAP) -e+i
!i'ilare c& cele (entr& in!tr&'entele -e inter"are +i ra(rtare) !&nt .n "eneral '&lt
'ai c'(le>e4 P&nerea .n *&nc1i&ne a &n&i !i!te' OLAP +i a !*t&l&i -e acce!
la -ate nece!it0 .n1ele"ere clar0 a '-el&l&i -e -ate al .ntre(rin-erii +i a *&nc1iilr
analitice cer&te -e cn-&cerea e>ec&ti/0 +i !trate"ic04 Pr-&!ele c'erciale (t *i
-e 'are *l!) -ar rareri e>i!t0 !l&1ii ))la c#eieJ (entr& OLAP9 ar#itect&ra tre,&ie
re"lat0 a!t*el .nc?t !0 !&(rte !&r!ele -e -ate *l!ite +i !0 *ac0 *a10 cerin1elr4 Ln
!c#i',) -at0 ce !i!te'&l OLAP e!te *&nc1inal) !&(rt&l te#nic (entr& &tili2atr
e!te 'ini'al4
$. O%e!tii OLAP #&%! 'i%e!"&(&)&i
Priectarea #i(erc&,&l&i tre,&ie !a tina !ea'a -e ni/el&l -e -etali& nece!ar la
anali2a) ni/el -e -etali& -en&'it "ran&laritate !i care e>(ri'a n&'ar&l -e 'e',rii ai
&nei -i'en!i&ni4 <e e>e'(l&) -aca !e -re!te anali2a la ni/el -e client) tti clientii
!cietatii /r *i 'e',rii ai -i'en!i&nii client) *a(t care (ate *ace i'(!i,ila
re(re2entarea lr intr7 *r'a (erce(ti,ila (e ecran4 <e re"&la ace!t ni/el -e -etali&
e!te cer&t -e 'ana"erii -e ni/el (eratinal care l&crea2a -irect c& &n n&'ar 'ic -e
clienti (rintr7&n n&'ar 'ic -e a"enti4 Pentr& a /i2&ali2a -atele la acea!ta "ran&laritate)
tre,&ie reali2ata !electie -in #i(erc&, (e ,a2a &n&i criteri& ierar#ic care ar (&tea *i
!tr&ct&ra r"ani2atinala (e care cn-&ce 'ana"er&l re!(ecti/4 <aca "ran&laritatea
-in !tart e!te (rea 'are) -atele !&nt (rea centrali2ate !i n& !e (ate *ace anali2a *ina4
OLAP a=&!tea2a ni/el&l -e "ran&laritate (rin e>(latarea ierar#iilr -i'en!i&nilr
e*ect&an- c'a!ari !i -e!c'(&neri ale 'a!&rilr (rin (rce-&rile -en&'ite rll7&( !i
-rill7-Kn4 Ace!te (rce-&ri -e(la!ea2a (riectia c&,&l&i in !&! !i in =! (e ni/elele
ierar#ice ale *iecarei -i'en!i&ni e*ect&an- -e *iecare -ata centrali2ari ale 'a!&rilr
!tcate la cea 'ai 'ica "ran&laritate) -&(a criteriile ierar#ice cer&te4 S&, ni/el&l initial
-e "ran&laritate n& !e (ate 'er"e) -e aceea e!te i'(rtant ca -i'en!i&nile -e ,a2a
!a *ie -e!t&l -e *ine !a& !a !e cree2e -ata 'art! in care #i(erc&,&rile !a *ie (riectate
la ni/el&l -e -etali& cer&t -e 'ana"e'ent&l (eratinal) iar (entr& 'ana"e'ent&l
ni/elelr !&(eriare) !a !e cn!tr&ia!ca &n -e(2it c& #i(erc&,&ri centrali2atare c&
"ran&laritate 'ai 'are4 O(eratia -rill7-Kn *era 'ai '&lte -etalii) (eratia rll7&( *era
-ate 'ai !intetice4
Un alt "r&( -e (eratii (e care OLAP le (ate e>ec&ta !&nt !ectinarea $!licin"%
!i -e*alcarea $-icin"%4 Sectinarea e!te (!i,ilitatea -e a !electa) (entr& /i2&ali2are)
-ar &n 'e',r& al &nei -i'en!i&ni $&n (lan -in c&,&l tri-i'en!inal%4 Secti&nea
re!(ecti/a a(are ca ta,ela (i/t c& /alrile -i'en!i&nilr) (e lat&ri) ! c& 'entinerea
/alrii ale!e (entr& -i'en!i&nea !&(ri'ata4
<e*alcarea in!ea'na (riectarea &nei -i'en!i&ni (e alta -i'en!i&ne) in "eneral &na
-in -i'en!i&nile -in (ri' (lan !e c',ina c& -i'en!i&ne -in a-anci'e4
<i'en!i&nile &n&i c&, (t *i (ri/ate) ceea ce in!ea'na ca a(artin &n&i !in"&r c&,
!a& (t *i &tili2ate in c'&n -e 'ai '&lte c&,&ri $(r/enin- -in -e(2ite c& !c#e'a ti(
cn!talatie%4
6iecare 'e',r& al &nei -i'en!i&ni (ate a/ea an&'ite (r(rietati a!ciate care
!e !tc#ea2a in atri,&te !(eci*ice ale ni/el&l&i ierar#iei4 <e e>e'(l&) an&'ite 2ile -in an
!&nt !ar,atri9 calitatea re!(ecti/a /a *i e/i-entiata (entr& 2ilele care in-e(line!c4 Ni
'e',ri ai -i'en!i&nii re!(ecti/e (t *i a-a&"ati re!(ectan- an&'ite re"&li) 'ai ale! ca
e!te -i'en!i&ne c'&na 'ai '&ltr c&,&ri4
Priectarea !tr&ct&rilr -e(2itelr -e -ate OLAP e!te &n (rce! care cntin&a
(e (arc&r!&l intre"ii /ieti a a(licatiei) -i'en!i&nile c&,&rlr *iin- !tran! le"ate -e -etaliile
acti/itatii (rec&' clienti) (r-&!e) etc4 Orice n& client !a& n& (r-&! /a i'(lica
'-i*icare -e !tr&ct&ra4
*.D+,enii -e &ti)i.!e )e OLAP
In!tr&'entele OLAP !i a(licatiile cn!tr&ite c& acea!ta te#nl"iei !i
"a!e!c '&lti(le -'enii -e &tili2are in acti/itatea intre(rin-erilr) -e la /an2ari !i
'ar3etin" la *inante !i (r-&ctie) ca !a n&'i' n&'ai cate/a4 A!t*el) -e(arta'entele
*inanciar !i cnta,ilitate (t *l!i in!tr&'ente OLAP (entr& cn!tr&irea ,&"etelr)
anali2a (er*r'antelr *inanciare !i '-elare *inanciara9 -e(arta'ent&l /an2ari (ate
,ene*icia -e anali2e c'(le>e ale /an2arilr !i -e (re/i2i&ni9 -e(arta'ent&l 'ar3etin"
(ate *ace cercetari !i anali2e -e (iata) anali2e ale ca'(aniilr (&,licitare) anali2a
clientilr !i a !e"'entelr -e (iata4 Acti/itatea -e (r-&ctie (ate *i !&!tin&ta -e a(licatii
OLAP -e (lani*icare a (eratiilr) -e a!i"&rare !i cntrl a calitatii (r-&!elr) -e anali2a
a re,&t&rilr) -e (ti'i2are a ra(rt&l&i c!t7(er*r'anta4
Tti ace!ti &tili2atri (tentiali (t e>tra"e) (rin te#nl"ia OLAP) in*r'atii
(ertinente) (er!nali2ate) re*eritare la -'eni&l (r(ri& -e acti/itate (entr&
*&n-a'entarea -eci2iilr c&rente !i -e (er!(ecti/a4 Ti'(&l 'ic -e ra!(&n!) critic (entr&
ace!t "en -e a(licatii) e!te &n *actr i'(rtant -e !&cce! al OLAP) reali2at (rin te#nici
inteli"ente -e (ti'i2are4
Bi,li"ra*ieA
Na!ta!e P4 !i clecti/) Tehnologia bazelor de date. Acces 2000) e-it&ra Ecn'ica)
B&c&re!ti) 2000
M4 Melican&) M4 M&ntean) I4 L&n"&) S4 Ine!c&) Spre noua economie digital prin
inteligena afacerii) Re/i!ta In*r'atic0 Ecn'ic0) /l4 M) nr4 N) B&c&re+ti) 20029
<4 Oa#arie) 64 al,e!c&4 I4 B=an) M4 I/ancenc) C4 Ma!ile!c&) Sisteme informatice pentru
asistarea deciziei) e-it&ra <&al Tec#) 20019
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