Discussion:

From the table, there is a difference between the initial and final coordinates of the last
station.
The errors are possibly caused by:
Circle eccentricity
Circle eccentricity exists when the theoretical center of the mechanical axis of the
theodolite does not coincide exactly with the center of the measuring circle. The
amount of error corresponds to the degree of eccentricity and the part of the circle
being read.
Horizontal collimation error
Horizontal collimation error exists when the optical axis of the theodolite is not
exactly perpendicular to the telescope axis.
ointing errors:
ointing errors are due to both human ability to point the instrument and
en!ironmental conditions limiting clear !ision of the obser!ed target. The best way
to minimize pointing errors is to repeat the obser!ation se!eral times and use the
a!erage as the result.
ositioning error:
Due to the limitation of humans senses of sight and touch, the theodolite cannot be
placed exactly o!er the succeeding stations without slight de!iation in placement.
The closing error of the sur!ey is due to the accumulation of errors along each draft of the
tra!erse.
Therefore, the closing error is distributed throughout the tra!erse in proportion to the
lengths of the !arious drafts.
"t is separated to eastings errors and northings errors. The magnitude of the errors are:
#asting error: $%.%%& m
'orthing error: $%.%(& m
The error correction schemes are:
#astings correction ) *length of line+total sur!ey length, x total correction for eastings
'orthings correction ) *length of line+total sur!ey length, x total correction for
northings
The area of the tra!erse is calculated through the coordinate method. This method uses *x,y,
coordinates for all the corners in the tra!erse. The procedure is -to multiply the x$coordinate
of each corner by the difference between ad.acent y$coordinates, add the resulting products,
and ta/e half the absolute !alue of the sum.-
The formula are: 0 ) 1x
2
*y
(
$ y
n
, 3 x
(
*y
4
$ y
2
, 3 ... 3 x
n
*y
2
5 y
n
$2,6+(.
0rea of tra!erse ) *2+(,1%*$2(.7%8, 3 9.&9:*$(7.7%8, 3 %.74*$27.(74, 3 *$2%.:9&,*$
%.%(7, 3 *$2;.&(2,*%, 3 %*%, $ %*%, $ 9.&9:*%, $ %.74*$2(.7%8, $ *$2%.:9&,*$(7.7%8, $ *$
2;.&(2,*$27.(74, 5 %*$%.%(7,6 ) 4;;.:84 m
(