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4
Elizabeth Autor
Keith Diaz de Rivera
Aprilyn Espere
Giernie Hachero
Celina Magallona
Anna Recy Malpaya
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Quantified Self
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
History
Early prototype of Quantimetric Self-Sensing apparatus,
1996 (body sensing apparatus with Digital Eye Glass for
realtime display of ECG, EEG, EVG, and other body sensing
apparatus output).
According to Riphagenet. al., The history of the quantimetric
self-tracking using wearable computers began in the 1970s:
The history of self-tracking using wearable sensors
in combination with wearable computing and wireless
communication already exists for many years, and also
appeared, in the form of sousveillance back in the 1970s
Quantimetric self-sensing was proposed for the use of wearable
computers to automatically sense and measure exercise and
dietary intake in 2002:
Sensors that measure biological signals, ... a personal data
recorder that records ... Lifelong videocapture together with
blood-sugar levels, ... correlate blood-sugar levels with activities
such as eating, by capturing a food record of intake.
The term quantifed self appears to have been proposed
in San Francisco, CA, by Wired Magazine editors Gary Wolf
and Kevin Kelly in 2007 as a collaboration of users and tool
makers who share an interest in self knowledge through self-
tracking.
In 2010, Wolf spoke about the movement at TED, and in May
2011, the frst international conference was held in Mountain
View, California. There are conferences in America and Europe.
Gary Wolf said Almost everything we do generates data.
Wolf suggests that companies target advertising or recommend
products use data from phones, tablets, computers, other
technology, and credit cards. However, using the data they
make can give people new ways to deal with medical problems,
help sleep patterns, and improve diet.
Today the global community has over a hundred groups in 34
countries around the world. With the largest groups in San
Francisco, New York, London, and Boston having over 1000
members each.

Technical Environment
Many devices and services help with tracking physical activity,
caloric intake, sleep quality, posture, and other factors involved
in personal well-being. This is to improve health and wellness.
Many of these self-tracking applications or technologies are
compatible with each other and other websites so people can
share information with one another. Each technology may
integrate with other apps or websites to show a bigger picture
of health patterns, goals, and journaling.
Tools and services are being used to help people keep track
of what they do during the workday, where they spend their
time, and who they interact with. This is to improve personal
or professional productivity.
Other application has been in the feld of education, with
wearable devices being used in schools so that students can
learn more about their own activities and related math and
science
Tools for tracking environmental factors are beginning to
appear, such as this visualization of air quality in a room created
by the Public Laboratory in collaboration with RISD.
Toolmakers, inventors, and entrepreneurs support the QS
movement by creating new instruments of self-tracking that
make discoveries possible. Many of them also contribute
directly to our community by supporting QS programs and
events.
Trends in the Technology
A recently movement in quantifed self is gamifcation. There
are a wide variety of self-tracking technologies that allow
everyday activities to be turned into games by awarding points
or monetary value to encourage people to compete with their
friends. People can pledge a certain amount of real or fake
money, or receive awards and trophies.
The growing market and self-tracking devices should increase
the range for large-scale data collection. This will allow users
to analyze their own fndings and combine them with those of
other people.
Research sensors, such as those funded by grants from NIH
and Qualcomms Xprize challenge, strive for accuracy and high
quality, but are expensive. The emergence of the wearables
marketplace is resulting in sensors as commodities, COTS
(commercial off the shelf) sensors that are relatively inexpensive
but not necessarily of suffcient quality (e.g. accuracy and
precision of measurement) to support environmental health
research. A trend is seen towards higher quality, low cost sensors
(Future bubble) that may be suited for baseline environmental
and population-level exposure assessment
Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifed_Self
http://www.biomedware.com/blog/2014/the-quantifed-self-and-crowd-sourcing-of-the-genome-
exposome-and-behavome-perspective-and-call-for-action/
http://quantifedself.com
http://www.huffngtonpost.com/joseph-bradley/cisco-quantifed-self-movement_b_3907545.html
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SWOT Analysis
The objective of SWOT is to not to simply list down strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, but to zero in on those
that directly relate to strategic choices that the organization will have to make.
APPLICATIONS
Recently, self-tracking has become rather popular. With
different devices that help you track your calories intake and
loss steps taken, sleep schedule and so on. Technology has
made it easier than ever to keep track of these things. Most
people track these things for health reason, but others are just
interested in knowing.
A major application of quantifed self has been in health and
wellness improvement. Many devices and service help with
tracking physical activity, caloric intake, seep quality, posture,
and other factors involved in personal well-being.
Fitbit is a small device to track your physical activity (what
you eat, exercises that you do, and your weight) or sleep. The
data collected is automatically synched online when the device
is near the base station. After uploading, you can explore
visualizations of your physical activity and sleep quality on the
website.
80 Bites is an iPhone app based on the science of conscious
eating. Research shows that 80 bites per day is all our bodies
need to feel full. 80 Bites is the perfect tool for raising awareness
about how much we are actually consuming an helping us make
incremental steps towards change.
Equanimity is a Meditation App which allows you to set
preparation time and sitting time andchimes at the beginning
and end of your session. It includes an interval timer, journal, a
graphical view of your sitting history and allows you to export
all your data to .csv fle.
DailyFeatsis a web app designed to reward users for good
feats by awarding points, badges and real world savings and
free items for performing specifc feats. For example, a user
would earn the Boot Camp badge and 23 points by completing
all of the following feats in three days: running, pushups and
workout. Then she could redeem them for point-prizes, like
$5 off an oil change or 10% off painting supplies.
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Quantifed self is also being used to improve personal and
professional productivity with tools and services being used to
help people track of what they do during the workday, where
they spend their time, and who they interact with. It helps
people feel motivated to keep moving because they can visually
see their progress.
Fluxtream is a personal analytics tool that helps you track
your daily habits, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and
get a comprehensive view on your self-tracking devices and the
services that you use to organize your life.
MoodPanda.com is a mood tracking website and iphone app.
Tracking is very simple: you rate your happiness on a 0-10
scale and optionally add a brief twitter-like comment on whats
infuencing your mood. MoodPanda is also a large community
of friendly people, sharing their moods, celebrating each others
happiness, and supporting each othe when theyre down.
MorningCoach.com is the worlds frst and largest Personal
Evolution System bringing you the best in: Personal
Development, self-help, goal setting, self-improvement,
positive thinking, and life coaching.
Honestly Now is a web mobile app to help you make
excellent personal decisions, by polling your friends and top-
fight experts: what should I do?. Your friends opinions are
quantifed and understood whether its about your relationships,
career, money, or home.
Google Latitude is a Google service that heps you track your
locationsover time. You can use it to checkin to different places
or you can use it to constantly check your location. Latitude
keeps a history of your locations, which you can explore on the
Latitude Dashboard. You can see where you spend the most
time: at work, at home, or out and about.
Mint is a web site to manage your money. Mint brings all
your fnancial accounts together in one interface online. It
automatically downloads data from your fnancial accounts
and categorizes your transactions (e.g. restaurants, gas, business
service). Mint has visualizations to help you explore where
and how you spend your money. You can see your transactions
in detail or see how you spent your money between different
categories. It also helps your set budgets and help you achieve
your saving goals.
RescueTime is a web-based automated time tracking and
management tool. All you need to do is intall the RescueTime
software and your can track your use of time usage (e.g.
applications opened, websited visited, and documents used).
You can pause tracking and selectively delete sensitive data.
The website has reports and analytics of your datawhich
days are productive.
MeetMoi is a location based mobile dating service. You create
a dating profle, and install an application on your iPhone
or Android phone. MeetMoi then makes introductions to
potential matches who are nearby by sending alerts in realtime.
Exact location and information is not shared by the service.
On other application has been in the feld of education, with
wearable devices being used in schools so that students can
learn more about their own activities and related math and
science.
Anki is a software package which supports a fashcard based
method for memorization used spaced repetition. It allows
you to create decks of fashcards containing information to
be memorized, and then schedules them for you to review.
The review schedule is automatically modifed based on your
performance on each item.
Khan Academy is an online school specializing in K-12
math, and also featuring lessons in basic sciences and is now
branching out into the humanities. The system is designed
for students to work independentlyfeaturing a gamelike
platform for practicing mathematics. Lessons are structured
in a knowledge webbuilding for basic arithmetic to algebra
and beginning calculus. Videos are available to teach material,
and data is collectable about a students progress so a parent or
teacher can help.
Similar to Khan Academy, Khawna(which comes from the
Filipino term, ikawna) is a locally-developed app that offers
online courses straight from industry professionals on skills
and techniques relevant in todays global market. Whether you
are looking for a job, wanting to start a business, or considering
a shift from one course to another, Khawna is the ideal tool
that will guide you in building your tomorrow.
Skritter is a web app that teaches you Chinese or Japanese by
writing the characters from scratch. The average Skritter user
learns a new character every 192 seconds!
Sources:
www.wikipedia.com
www.quantifedself.com
www.khawna.com
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COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Current Market and Industry Trends
In 2013, the Wearable Electronics Market with Products for
the Quantifed Self would hit $5 billion by the end of 2016,
but market estimations that cover all aspects of quantifed self
are rare.
According to a report, the global market for wearable
technology will rise to 210 million unit shipments and $30
billion in revenue by 2018 from 96 million unit shipments
and $8.5 billion in revenues during 2012. Note that this report
includes infotainment, military and industrial markets as well
along with healthcare and ftness.
Another research frm, On World, predicts that in 2017, 515
million sensors for wearable, implantable or mobile health and
ftness devices will be shipped globally, up from 107 million
in 2012. Between 2012 and 2017, wearable health and ftness
device shipments will increase by 552% and make up over 80%
of the mobile sensing health and ftness device market at this
time.
The same frm also estimates that by 2017, 18.2 million health
and wellness WSN systemsexcluding sports/ftness devices--
will be shipped worldwide and annual revenues enabled by these
systems will reach $16.3 billion. Cloud connected services will
make up 53% of the revenues in fve years.
According to industry, estimated 500 million smartphone
users worldwide will be using a health care application by
2015, and by 2018, 50 percent of the more than 3.4 billion
smartphone and tablet users will have downloaded mobile
health applications. The market is valued at $6.6 billion in 2013
and is expected to touch $20.7 billion by 2018.
Source :
http://nuviun.com/digital-health/quantifed-self
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
Importance of data Privacy and Security.
- Led to the formation of an international
Quantifed Self movement. With Gary Wolf as
the Key note speaker founder of Quantifed Self
Labs. Lecture focused on data privacy and usage
as a Human Right.
The commercial value of user data is hard for the companies
that hold it to ignore, regardless of whether or not extracting
that value benefts the user. Are people being treated fairly?
Has a line been crossed, and if so, what can be done about it.
Algorithm Ethics - technologies have built in value judgments.
Much of the data collected by us or for us is inaccessible to us,
and the algorithms that parse the data can have real impact on
lives, such as our ability to open a bank account, get housing,
or qualify for reasonably-priced health insurance. Individuals
need to demand access to their own data in order to maintain
agency in their digital lives.
Moral Issues
Sources:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/blog/2014/06/qs-ethics-of-data
http://quantifedself.com/ethics/
http://www.getsaga.com/blog/quantifed-self-and-philosophy-at-qseu14
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NATION-BUILDING IMPLICATIONS
Quantifed self is not limited to just wearable technology and apps. The fact that a person shares his personal information such
as health statistics, lifestyle and habits via technology, particularly over social media impacts the world. Mike Gotta of Garnter
illustrates this impact very well as posted on his blog.
Figure 1.Expanded view of Quantifed Self
The impact of quantifed self covers a broader sphere in terms
of nation-building as follows:
1) Health-care reforms - the fact that wearable gadgets and
apps such as ftbit, cardiio, myftness pal tracks health statistics
for the individual as well as comparing it with others promotes
healthy lifestyle.
From a legislative perspective, the data collected from
quantifedself media can also be used as part of an ethnographic
research to supplement census data of DOH on actual
incidence of morbidity cases. This can be a basis to lobby for
healthcare care reforms such as increasing Philhealth coverage
for top morbidity cases.
2) Access to education - sites like the Khan Academy, as well
as a recently launched app by a local start-up tech company
(OrangeApps which is led by a 20-year old CEO ), Khawna
makes it possible to disseminate knowledge on certain subject
matters through the internet.
3) Shared governance and democracy - Senate Bill 73 or :The
Crowdsourcing Act of the Philippines (also known as The
Guingona Project) aims to bring legislation at the grassroots
level instead of just being concentrated on the elected
congressmen and senators. It would allow citizens to voice out
their opinion on every bill by posting it online via social network
which breaks barriers of time, geography and relationships. All
these comments will be part of the offcial document when
signed into law. The bill is still pending possibly due to its
unpopularity among traditional politicians.
Another crowdsourcing website, change.org, promotes
democracy in action as it enables anyone to lodge a petition
on any issue.
4) Promotion of social entrepreurship websites like The Spark
Project uses the power of crowdsourcing to fund projects that
will help communities. It helps budding entrepreneurs start up
their projects through crowdfunding where people can chip in
via online payments and deposits. To date, the Spark project
has raised capital for projects as low as less than ten thousand
pesos to as high as almost half a million pesos.
5) Employment opportunities crowdsourcing websites such
as amazonmechanicalturk.com, crowdsource.com enables more
employment opportunities that are otherwise not accessible
without internet technology. It does not discriminate on
educational background, geography and background as long
as the task defned is accomplished, which enables work from
home arrangements and those with physical disabilities equal
chance of earning a living.
Source:http://blogs.gartner.com/mike-gotta/fles/2014/01/Figure1.jpg
Source:
www.gartner.com; http://theguingonaproject.com/; http://www.thesparkproject.
com/; www.change.org; http://www.khawna.com
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Juan Miguel Bautista
Michelle Fababaer
Ma. Michaela Garcia
Merch Domingo King
Katherine Lopez
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Human Augmentation
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN AUGMENTATION
Human augmentation, is a feld that focuses on creating
improvements, that can be cognitive and physical or both, and
that can enhance human productivity or capability or somehow
add or be an integral part of the human body.
There are so many stories and movies using human
augmentation in some way. From RoboCop, the policeman
who was murdered by criminals and then revived as a cyborg
law enforcer out to save human lives; to the very popular and
current Iron Man that was built and used by genius billionaire,
Tony Stark, to save the world. Even anime and cartoons, have
stories about the subject of human augmentation such as the
Gundam series that uses mobile humanoid robots piloted by
people as weapons of war, or Ghost in a Shell, which is about
the use of prostheses or cyborg bodies for fghting terrorism.
For years, the use of these machines and technology seems like
a far-off dream. However, in the not too distant future, all of
these equipment may soon become reality.
HISTORY OF HUMAN AUGMENTATION
Armor has been used by warriors, fghters and soldiers
throughout history to protect and enhance a persons body.
However, in science fction, the idea of a body with mechanical
muscles only started relatively recently in the year 1868, when
Edward Sylvester Ellis published a dime novel called The
Steam Man of the Prairies. The book portrayed a giant
humanoid-shaped steam engine created by its resourceful
inventor, Johnny Brainerd, that pulled along a cart at speeds
of 60 miles an hour (96.5 kilometers per hour), while it dashed
after buffaloes and terrifed Indians [source: Landon].
The fctional Iron Man created by Marvel Comics has enjoyed
great popularity in recent years due to the blockbuster movies
starred by Robert Downey Jr. Iron Man was actually created
in 1963. However, in 1961, two years before Iron Man was
even created, the Pentagon had actually invited proposals for
real-life wearable robots. An Associated Press article reported
on the quest to develop the servo soldier, which it described
as a human tank equipped with power steering and power
brakes that would be able to fun faster and lift heavy objects,
and which would be immune to germ warfare, poison gas and
even heat and radiation from nuclear blasts [source: Cormier].
Around 1965, Neil Mizen, a Cornell University engineer
had developed a 35-pound (15.8-kilogram) wearable frame
exoskeleton, christened the superman suit or the man
amplifer, that Popular Science magazine optimistically
foretold would in due course allow a user to lift 1,000 pounds
(453.6 kilograms) with each hand. Meanwhile, General Electric
developed plans for an 18-foot-tall (5.5-meter) device, the
Promotional art for The Invincible Iron Man vol. 5, #25
(second printing) (June 2010) by Salvador Larroca.
pedipulator, that would allow its operator to be carried
around inside the machine [source: Cloud]. These ideas would
later prove to be unfeasible, but the research persisted.
In the 1980s, scientists from the Los Alamos National
Laboratory produced a design for called the Pitman suit. This
was a full-body powered exoskeleton for the usage of the
infantrymen of the Army of the United States of America.
However, this design was never implemented. Then, in the
1990s, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving
Ground studied the possibility of creating a suit that had some
similarity to Iron Mans, but that plan was not executed as well.
[source: Guizzo].
The restrictions of technology hindered the development of
practical exoskeletons for many years. The computers at that
time were too slow and not up to the task to do the processing
necessary to enable a suit to move in accordance with a wearers
instructions or actions. In addition, the energy needed to
power the machines and equipment were not portable enough
to be useful. The actuators these are electromechanical
muscles that would allow an exoskeleton to move, were also
too pathetic and massive to effectively work like a human body.
Nonetheless, the concept of a mechanical, armored super-
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soldier was still very appealing to Military generals. As such,
and scientists and designers unrelentingly continued to labor
and come up with new plans. [source: Guizzo].
Developments in the 21st Century
The pursuit for an actual Iron Man ensemble fnally started to
become a more realistic possibility in 21st Century.
The U.S. Pentagons unit for unique, pioneering technology -
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),
came up with the capital for a $75 million program, about
Exoskeletons for Human Performance Augmentation, helped
move things forward. DARPAs dreams for a powered armored
suit were rather ambitious. DARPA sought out an equipment
that would permit a soldier to carry hundreds of pounds of
gear untiringly for days on end, manage massive and weighty
weaponry that would usually necessitate two operatives, and be
able to move injured combatants on its back away from the feld.
In addition, DARPA wanted the machine to be impenetrable
to gunfre, with the capability to hurdle great heights. More
skeptic researchers dismissed the program as impossible, but
there were those who were more willing to envision the future
on a bigger scale [source: Mone].
A company called Sarcos -- managed by Steve Jacobsen,
a robot-maker, whose previous tasks involved an 80-ton
mechanized dinosaur -- came up with an ground-breaking
system in which sensors can distinguish the contractions of
a humans muscles and use them to activate a series of valves,
which in turn controls the fow of high-pressure hydraulic fuid
to the joints. These mechanical joints then move cylinders with
attached cables to mimic the tendons attached to the muscle
of a human. The outcome was an experimental model named
the XOS, which looked similar to a fusion of a human and
an insect out of a science fction movie. By the year 2005, the
XOS arose as the machine that was the nearest to the armys
dream, and the project moved out of the drawing board and
into the development phase. Sarcos in due course was acquired
by Raytheon, which moved forward with the work previously
done [source: Mone].
While these were all going on, other companies, such as Berkeley
Bionics, worked on decreasing the energy supply that is needed
by artifcial limbs. This is necessary so as to make to enable the
use of a powered exoskeleton in the feld to be feasible; as this
will allow the device to work long enough to be useful for real-
life application. The Human Load Carrier, one of the designs
made sometime in the mid-2000s, was reportedly capable of
functioning for around 20 hours without the need of a renewal
of the battery or energy supply [source: Mone].
In the late 2000s, a Japanese company called Cyberdyne created
the Robot Suit HAL, which was an even more original idea.
Instead of depending on the contractions of a human users
muscle to work the limbs, HAL integrated sensors that were
able to detect the electrical signals sent by the operators brain.
Hypothetically, an exoskeleton based on the HAL-5 concept
would allow a human to do whatever he or she wanted merely
by thinking about it without even the necessity of moving
[source: Cyberdyne].
Challenges of Development
By 2010, DARPAs exoskeleton project had generated some
encouraging technology. Network World reports that present
systems, which weigh about 55 pounds (25 kilograms), can
permit humans to carry 200 pounds (91 kilograms) of weight
with practically no exertion and signifcantly reduced weariness.
Furthermore, the most up-to-date exoskeletons are more silent
than the typical offce printer, and can run at speeds of 10
miles per hour (16 kilometers per hour), as well as accomplish
squats and crawls, in addition to lifting [source: Heary].
The exoskeleton apparatuses in question would also be
furnished with sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers. Militaries could use this technology to get data
about the territory theyre passing through and the technology
can even help the military how to steer their way to certain
destinations and places. In addition, DARPA is also trying to
develop computerized fabrics that in combination with the
exoskeletons may be utilized to monitor the human operators
heart and breathing rates.
An artists concept of how
future soldiers will look when
wearing exoskeletal machines.
Photo courtesy of DARPA
13
TRENDS IN THE TECHNOLOGY
The following trends are leading the way for human
augmentation, which now being called human enhancement
technology. As we will see in the next descriptions, they can
fundamentally alter not just the lives of people who need to
replace their bodily appendages, but it can even affect how
normal people will live in the future.
1. Pharmaceutical Enhancements
Drugs can also be considered as new technologies
that push the abilities of human beings in augmenting or
enhancing their physical or mental capabilities. The use of
growth hormones promotes lean muscle growth and are used
as boosters of physical activity and performance. Mental
performance can also be improved through cholinergic drugs
can be used to improve memory retention.
Also, even a persons personality and moods can be
augmented or improved with smart drugs to control adverse
or aggressive behavior as well.
2. Powered Exoskeletons
This technology primarily involves having an
additional extension of the human body without necessarily
replacing limbs. Their primary purpose would be to increase a
persons endurance and strength. The advanced form of this
would be what we see in the Iron Man movies. Their current
applications would be more along the lines of military use for
combat. This industry is seen to have a compounded annual
growth rate of 68% up to 2020.
3. Nano-Robotics
Though this technology is in its infancy, the concept
of nano-robots or small artifcial devices that can conduct
various roles has many applications from conquering disease
to repairing dead tissue. However, in terms of human
augmentation, they are envisioned to improve the natural
abilities of our human systems. A potential example of this
would be the respirocytes, which are artifcial red blood cells
which can carry 236 times more oxygen than normal red blood
cells, which would make for a much more effcient respiratory
system.
4. Genetics and 3D Printing Technology
This technology which allows for the creation of
prosthetic limbs from highly technical, complex and beautiful
designs made from computer programs. This has created the
following trends:
Greater customization. People are having limbs
created with intricate designs, shapes and colors that match
their personalities. This increases their comfort level with the
new appendage and some even view it as a source of pride and
part of their identity as well.
Lower costs and greater availability. As the printing
technology becomes more and more affordable, this technology
is being made more accessible to a greater number of people,
than traditional prosthetics which were expensive and some
were even made of very expensive material like titanium.
Augmentation of organs. Specially made body
parts like tubes, skeletal support could trump their natural
counterparts in pricing. Also, organs could also be genetically
engineered to be healthier and more effcient that the parts
they are replacing. For example, a liver that can take a much
greater amount of alcohol abuse or a heart that could beat at a
stronger and longer rate than its current organic original.
5. Myoelectric Prosthetics to Neural Interfacing
Most advanced prosthetics are currently operated
this way. This means the limbs are controlled by signals in
muscles. This limits the range of motion and is quite slow
and a bit tiring. This is now shifting towards research in neural
interfacing which involves the ability of the limb to receive
14
input from the users nervous system to be able to perform
activities. Also, this could potentially give people the ability to
experience sensation from their limbs in the future. Currently,
these technologies also involve the users abilities to control
peripherals like artifcial robotic limbs. An example would be
BrainGate which implants a chip in the patients brain that
helps paralyzed people grasp objects with a robotic arm.
Advance prosthetics now are also integrated with
applications on a mobile phone that can change your grip
pattern, as developed by Touch Bionics, a Scottish company.
6. Sensory Augmentation
The early predecessors of this technology were reading
glasses and hearing aids. It then moved up to laser eye surgery
which repairs eyes which have worse then 20/20 vision. As of
2013, the Argus II, a bionic eye was approved by US regulators
and is now available in Europe and can restore a large amount
of an impaired persons sight. The technology also depends on
the remaining ability of the human beings biological situation.
Artifcial retinas can now be attached to functioning optic
nerves.
7. New Advanced Materials
Very light weight but extremely durable materials can
now make the new prosthetic limb much tougher than any
other part of the human body. It can absorb trauma, resist wear
and tear, carry more weight and absorb greater impact than any
human limb can. This was shown by the world records broken
in the 2008 Paralympics by WojtekCzyz, a German athlete. In
addition, artifcial skins are also being developed to mimic the
physical appearance of current limbs.
8. New Interfaces
The vision of a cyborg or people walking the streets
with an interface that analyzes the surroundings is now
becoming a reality with technologies like Google Glass. Its
sales are expected to hit the 21 million annual sales by 2018
according to Business Insider and by then its expected to be
an 11 billion dollar industry. This does not necessarily augment
the human being physically but it does augment the reality and
perception of humans.
9. Going Beyond Replacement
Human augmentation frst began as the simple ways
technology helped us compensate for the shortcomings of our
physical bodies. Eyeglasses and false teeth are simple examples.
Now, people are starting to view technology as possibly giving
superhuman abilities.
It is possible that in the future people will start
considering actually replacing their current limbs and body
parts with machine parts if these will lead to greater strength,
health, durability, ability and performance. This will all boil
down to the acceptability in society of these technologies but
since the technologies are becoming more and more natural,
easy to use and even affordable, the acceptability of these
developments is on the rise.
10. Law of Accelerating Returns
It is important to note that these trends and
advancements cannot be viewed separately. Ray Kurzweil, a
technologist, explained the Law of Accelerating Returns which
basically states that technology evolves at an exponential rate
because as new technology becomes available, that in turn is
used to build new and better solutions, creating a snowball
effect. A good example would be price performance of
computing which 40 years ago took more than 3 years to
double, by 2005 it doubled in just a year.
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SWOT ANALYSIS
To better understand the advantages and disadvantages of human augmentation, an assessment of this matter was made. Please
see below a SWOT analysis of human augmentation discussing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this
subject.
16
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN AUGMENTATION
To better understand the advantages and disadvantages of human augmentation, an assessment of this matter was made. Please
see below a SWOT analysis of human augmentation discussing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this
subject.
1. Military Use
The XOS exoskeleton by Raytheon, a US Defense
contractor is a great example of this military uses. This is
because this technology allows for people to carry loads up
to 17 times more than the perceived load. That means a 100
pound load can actually be 1,700 pounds. This device uses high
pressure hyrdraulics.
Another example would be the DARPA Warrior
suit which is made of lightweight materials that reduces the
soldiers fatigue while increasing agility and performance since
it increases the torque in the legs, all while using just 100 watts
of electricity in a lightweight battery pack.
Human Universal Load Carrier (HULC) by Ekso
Bionics with Lockheed Martin can help people carry loads of
up to 200 lbs.
2. Health and Medicine
3. Sports
4. Utility
17
Exoskeletons in Medicine
The medical feld is another prime area for exoskeleton technology development and use. For example, it could be used to assist
nurses in moving heavy patients. It could also be used by patients with major physical disabilities, missing limbs, and many who
are currently wheelchair-bound.
The HULC System developed by Ekso Bionics for the military
is also working on a modifed version of the system for medical
use. The EksoExoskeleton Lower Gait System (eLEGS) is a
hydraulically powered exoskeleton system that helps paraplegics
to stand and walk. A variant of the system known as Mantis is
being developed for use in other industries.
Cyberdyne has developed the Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL-5),
a wearable exoskeleton cyborg-type suit that allows the wearer
to lift 10 times as much as they normally could. It is expected
to be applied in various felds such as rehabilitation support
and physical training support in medical feld, activities of
daily living (ADL) support for disabled people. Cyberdynes
HAL-5 system could also provide support for rescue workers
at disaster sites.
18
Honda has been working on their Walk Assist & Body Support
systems that are now being readied for the marketplace. It is
designed for use in activities requiring extended standing or
repetitive lower-body tasks.
Honda has unveiled a new walking assist device that supports
bodyweight and could reduce muscle and joint fatigue for
people who stand for long periods of time or perform repetitive
tasks that put strain on the lower body.*
The new device reduces the load on leg muscles and joints in
the hips, knees, and ankles by supporting a portion of the users
bodyweight when bending and stretching the knees during
actions like walking, going up and down stairs and crouching.
M.I.T. Biomechatronics Group is also actively working
on exoskeleton technology and the development of smart
prostheses that can mimic or exceed the capabilities of
biological limbs.
The First Powered Ankle-Foot Prosthesis is capable of
propelling the wearer forward and varying its stiffness over
irregular terrain, successfully mimicking the action of a
biological ankle, and, for the frst time, providing amputees
with a truly humanlike gait. Herr created the device through
the Center for Restorative and Regenerative Medicine, a
collaborative research initiative that includes the Providence
VA Medical Center, Brown University, and MIT.
Hospitals may initially want to introduce robots to
replace repetitive, necessary, and time-consuming tasks such as
some pharmacy operations and pill dispensing. Some hospitals
and specialists in remote care are using telepresence robots to
deliver specialists to rural or under-served regions. Doctors are
asking for surgical robots that eliminate large incisions, reduce
patient pain, and minimize the need for more medication and
longer hospital stays, allowing the person to return home and
start therapy sooner. Simultaneously -- and not surprisingly --
patients want, if not demand, minimally invasive surgeries.
Intuitive Surgical developed the da Vinci robotic system to perform minimally invasive surgeries through superior visualization,
enhanced dexterity, greater precision, and ergonomic comfort. With incisions of only 1 or 2 centimeters, surgeons can perform
even complex procedures such as open-heart surgery, according to Intuitive Surgical. The system reduces hospital stays by half,
reducing costs by about one-third, because of less pain and speedier recovery, according to the company.
19
Exoskeletons in Medicine
The medical feld is another prime area for exoskeleton technology development and use. For example, it could be used to assist
nurses in moving heavy patients. It could also be used by patients with major physical disabilities, missing limbs, and many who
are currently wheelchair-bound.
With regard to exoskeletons, the cost of these equipment are still very expensive at this time such that it may be a few more years
before it will become more widely used. Presently, the government, particularly the U.S. Military however, is very interested in
this technology as will result in stronger soldiers and better protection for its combatants.
We chose not to make a traditional cost beneft analysis because the beneft of gaining a limb for patients cannot be quantifed.
The creation of these prosthetics are actually a restoration and increase of a persons basic abilities, self-esteem, confdence,
dignity and ability to work.
In addition, since 3D printers are now becoming available to anyone online and the technology that creates the designs of the
limbs are now being shared online, it can potentially become a personal use tool for anyone who needs a limb. It may reach the
point that anyone missing a limb can have a 3D printer at home and he or she can design dozens of different colors, designs and
materials and even have it as a fashion accessory.
The important thing to note here is how widespread the technology is now becoming. The rapid decrease of the cost of the
technology is also affected by Moores Law so the cost for the software and hardware is rapidly dropping.
The considerable business potential here would only come from the more advanced functionalities and versions of this
technology. Examples of this would be the advanced exoskeletons for military or industrial use for construction and dangerous
jobs in mining, oil and construction as well.
20
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
If our fascination with legendary heroes in epics and with gods in mythologies is an indication of our desire to be superhuman,
then I have to say, yes, we dream of overcoming the limitations of being human. We have since graduated from these superior
forms of literature, as academic snobs would put them, to a lesser form called movies, where stories of mutants and cyborgs
proliferate and never fail to earn millions. I cannot be certain though whether these fantasies are the inspiration of modern day
science, or it is the other way around.
Since ancient times, man has proven to be a creature of discontent. At that time, the attribute was a result of the need to survive;
nothing more, nothing less. It led to many useful inventions and discoveries that enabled the world to prosper into everything
that it is today. But somewhere between then and now, something went wrong. Mans intellect and resourcefulness went beyond
serving his basic needs. It has gone into overdrive.
Since the birth of the frst test-tube baby, Biotechnology has reached the point where any kind of genetic manipulation, if
not already viable, is about to happen. Who knows how advanced researches are now in some unknown private laboratories
somewhere? The gap between science fction and the real world may no longer exist.
Human enhancement in simple terms is the application of technology to overcome physical or mental limitations of the body
resulting in temporary or permanent augmentation of ones abilities and features. That said, human enhancement requires
treatment of disease and disability, as well as upgrading of human capacity. For ethicists, if its purpose could have been limited
only to the treatment part, then there would be no cause for alarm. Not surprisingly though, due to mans endless search for
perfection and happiness, the scope that expanded was the part that can override the nature of things. Immortality, fountain
of youth, sky-high IQ, ability to leap tall buildings without breaking a bone, disease eradication imagine all you want, they are
imminent. These breakthroughs have opened Pandoras Box. There are questions, issues, and dilemmas, particularly moral ones
that we have to address.
- Would the regulation of enhancements violate our fundamental right to freedom of choice?
- Who will initiate the regulation? How can it be done? When should it be done?
- Is it fair? Not everyone can afford to avail of the technology. How would the enhanced be treated compared to the unenhanced,
say, in school or at the offce?
- How do we deal with the consequences it would bring to the society in general?
- Does it pose a threat to human dignity?
- How do we prevent exploitation of the technology?
- Where do we stop?
These are only a few of them. As endless as the possibilities science can do now are its implications. It is a frightening realization
that what was once thought to be the exclusive realm of a higher power is now within the grasp of man. Should we play God?
21
NATION-BUILDING IMPLICATIONS
In the very near future, all of these developments discussed above may well allow militaries all over the world to have battalions
of super soldiers that can hurdle great heights, run faster, and lift enormous weight by putting on the relevant exoskeletons.
These exoskeletons will also improve the safety of the soldier in the feld as it will offer better protection against bullets and
bombs. These developments in technology may well help save more lives and better protect soldiers and combatants.
The use of powered exoskeletons are also not limited for use in war zones. These equipment may be advantageous in more
peaceful and ordinary settings such as in the medical feld as the technology may enable people with grave injuries, missing limbs,
spinal injuries or restricting neuromuscular illnesses to lead more normal lives by allowing them to move around with the same
capability as people with no handicaps. Berkeley Bionics, for example, is testing eLegs, an exoskeleton powered by a rechargeable
battery, which is intended to allow a disabled person to walk, to get up from a sitting position without aid, and to stand for a
protracted period of time [source: Berkeley Bionics].
There are now developments in prostheses as well that allow people with missing limbs to have replacement bionic limbs that
move almost as well as biological limbs, some even have additional advantages that biological limbs may not offer, such as the
capability to rotate a limb 360 degrees that biological limbs are unable to do.
In addition, with the advent of 3D Printers, artifcial limbs are now more affordable and more widely accessible. Granted these
limbs are not as sophisticated and effective as the traditional prosthetics that can now work almost as effectively as biological
limbs; as these 3D limbs are only able to do the very basic functions of grasping and probably liftingan object. However, these
3D printed limbs are also signifcantly cheaper than traditional limbs and certainly much better than having no limbs at all.
In a business setting, there are also advantages and benefts in human augmentation. Construction work for example will
become easier to manage, with construction workers using exoskeletons that are able to move more effciently and lift heavier
loads. In the future, construction frms will not need to depend solely on the big, bulky machinery to do the heavy lifting. These
technology will also be very useful for industries that offer an element of risk such a mining, as it may offer better protection for
the users, as well as allow them to carry weightier objects.
The areas of human augmentation is a fast evolving and improving feld. Technology that we used to view only in the movies
and far fung concepts are now becoming reality. It will be very interesting to see what else will take place in the near future.
SOURCES
Human Augmentation Defnition: (http://blogs.gartner.com/it-glossary/human-augmentation/) (http://www.techopedia.
com/defnition/29306/human-augmentation)
History of Human Augmentation Source: How Exoskeletons Will Work by Kevin Bonsor and Patrick J. Kiger(http://science.
howstuffworks.com/exoskeleton.htm)
Steward, John. Human Enhancement November 19, 2013
http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/fall-2013/human-enhancement#.U8nM9rH1iTN
Noble, Graham. From Human to Cyborg? Custom-designed, Enhanced Prosthetics Are in Our Future
February 5, 2014. http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/from-human-to-cyborg-custom-designed-enhanced-prosthetics-are-in-our-
future/
volving Human Enhancement http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/futurium/en/content/evolving-human-enhancement
Niman, John. Prosthetic Technology and Human Enhancement: Benefts, Concerns and Regulatory Schemes P1 May 2, 2013.
http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/Niman20130502
Humans Next Great Prowess, Human Augmentation http://www.mbaskool.com/business-articles/operations/8242-
humans-next-great-prowess-human-augmenatation.html
Honigsbaum, Mark, The Future of Robotics, in a Transhuman World, the disabled ones will be the ones without prosthetic
limbs. June 16, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/16/future-robotics-bionic-limbs-disabled
Application of Human Augmentation: Source: (readwrite.com) and (informationweek.com)
22
Dahlia Aberde
Teresa Grace Bermudez
Leslie Gonzales
Jerey Pundanera
Arvin Rafol
Czarina Khamille Sacaguing
23
Holographic Display
I. Technology Description
Holographic Display is one of the most promising technologies
we have today. Companies across different industries can
beneft from holographic display by using it in their daily
operations. Some of the uses of holographic display are
through telepresence, education, television, movies, and
marketing of products and services, among others.
One may have seen several examples and uses of holographic
displays either in the movies (Star Wars, Iron Man, Edge of
Tomorrow), in news reporting (ABS-CBN TV Patrol news
anchors providing news using holograms), conferences and
meetings (Former vice president Al Gore, Microsoft founder
Bill Gates and British airline and media mogul Richard
Branson), concerts (Black Eyed Peas performance at an award
show in France), and marketing of products and services (AV
Concepts). Indeed, we are seeing more and more of this
emerging technology in different areas in our industry.
What is Holography and Holographic Display then?
Holography comes from the Greek words (hlos;
whole) and (graph; writing or drawing). It
is a technique which allows three-dimensional images or
holograms to be created. What sets holograms apart from
ordinary photographs is that the image appears life-like or
three-dimensional. The image changes as the position and
orientation of the viewing system changes in such a way that
the image appears as if it is still present. To make a hologram,
there must be laser, interference, diffraction, light intensity
recording and suitable illumination of the recording. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography)
Holographic display, on the other hand, is a type of display
technology that has the ability to provide all four eye mechanisms
of Binocular disparity, Motion parallax, Accommodation and
Convergence. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_
display)
a. Binocular Disparity
Binocular disparity refers to the difference in image location
of an object seen by the left and right eyes. This results from
the eyes horizontal separation or parallax. It is said that the
human eyes are horizontally separated by about 5075 mm
(interpupillary distance) depending on each individual which
enables each person to have a slightly different view of the
world around.
b. Motion Parallax
Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position
of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is
measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between
those two lines.
Common example of motion parallax is the view one see due to
the angle of viewing as shown in the illustration below. Using
Viewpoint A, one can see the object to be in front of the blue
background. On the other hand, when using Viewpoint B, one
can see the object to be in front of the red background. Thus,
the view of the object changes because of the perspective
shift.
c. Accommodation
Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye
changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an
object as its distance varies. As an example, a younger person
will have clearer vision but as he or she ages, the ability to
have clear vision declines (thus, most of older people requires
eyeglasses or lenses to see clearly). Also, people may be
nearsighted or farsighted and thus, would have different vision
requirements.
24
d. Convergence
Convergence is the simultaneous inward movement of both
eyes toward each other, usually in an effort to maintain single
binocular vision when viewing an object. It is one of three
processes an eye does to properly focus an image on the retina.
In each eye, the visual axis will point towards the object of
interest in order to focus on it.
As can be seen in the fgure below, the eyes converge to focus
on the object:
b. Trends in the Technology
History of Holographic Display (http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Holographic_display)
a. Technical Environment
Holography is a technique that enables a light feld, which is
generally the product of a light source scattered off objects, to
be recorded and later reconstructed when the original light feld
is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects.
Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound
recording, whereby a sound feld created by vibrating matter
like musical instruments or vocal cords, is encoded in such a
way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of
the original vibrating matter. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Holography)
To understand Holography better, below shows the main
differences of holography and photography: (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography)
25
Even though the use of high-tech holographic displays such
as those that we see in movies like Star Wars and Iron Men
are recent advancements and are not very commonly seen at
present, the history of holography in general started years
before.
Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-British physicist, started the
holographic method in the late 1940s. His discovery was
an unexpected result of his research in improving electron
microscopes at the British Thomson-Houston Company
in England. Consequently, the company fled a patent for
this discovery in 1947. His discovery is known as electron
holography and at present, this is still being used in electron
microscopy. However, Optical holography did not progress
until the development of laser in 1960 wherein the frst practical
optical holograms that recorded 3D objects was created. This
particular development in optical hologram was made by Yuri
Denisyuk in the Soviet Union and by Emmett Leith and Juris
Upatnieks at the University of Michigan, USA in 1962. (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography)
At present, the creation of holograms is more accessible and
used by companies and individuals because of the low cost semi-
conductor or diode lasers unlike before wherein holography
requires high-power and expensive lasers. In particular, the
use of holographic displays is gaining a lot of attentions
from companies nowadays either for use in telepresence, in
advertising, and its other potential uses.
The fgure below shows the progress of the display devices.
It shows the progression of spatio-temporal resolution
(pixels/second) of display devices from the late 1980s to
2010. The square dots represent examples of commercialized
or prototyped display devices while the horizontal lines
denote the resolutions required for holographic displays of
several specifcations. (http://guchi.gsic.titech.ac.jp/holo/
holography_when.html)
Indeed, similar to Moores law which states that as years passed
by, technological devices becomes more and more advanced
and also cheaper and thus, more available for people. In
the fgure below, it is suggested that the display devices are
becoming more and more advanced that in the mid-2020s,
devices suitable for holographic display will become available.
Even though this is just an estimate, we can see that the
trend is really pointing to more advanced technologies with
Holographic display as one of the most promising in the
display technology advancements. (http://guchi.gsic.titech.
ac.jp/holo/holography_when.html)
Below shows the history of display devices for non-military
purposes (http://guchi.gsic.titech.ac.jp/holo/holography_
when.html):
26
c. SWOT Analysis
i. Strengths
Advantages of using the Holographic Display technology include having life-like meetings and improving telepresence. It also
enables one to interact real-time instead of the need for travel which incurs a lot of cost. The use of holographic display can
also be a form of differentiation for companies especially when doing presentation or advertising of their products. Thus, all
of these benefts can give a company competitive advantage.

ii. Weaknesses
The major weakness of using holographic display at present is the high investment required to use it. The technology is in its
infancy and has limitations, including high cost and elaborate setup. Musion says a simple setup can cost $20,000 to $30,000,
which is more than a frst-class round-trip airline ticket for a live appearance. (http://travel.usatoday.com/news/2011-02-24-
holograms23_ST_N.htm)
iii. Opportunities
The opportunities of using Holographic display are tremendous since there is a huge potential for it to be used in virtual meetings,
in medicine, in education, and in business. It can also save cost to the company in the long run since the technology is a form of
investment. Instead of sending people all the time on business travel, one may just use telepresence with the use of holographic
display or projections. Another opportunity is the use of on-demand managed service at off-site locations for companies which
do not have the capacity to invest in their own systems. There are several companies now who are investing in holographic
display technology which can offer these services later on to other companies without the high setup cost involved.
iv. Threats
Because of the high investment required for holographic display at present, companies may just use traditional methods of
communication like face to face meeting or video conferencing. There are also several alternatives for holographic displays such
as use of telephone or video conferencing, etc.
27
II Business/Industry/Education Applications
Example Uses of Holographic Displays at present and in the
future:
1. Holographic Projection - Scalable Holographic Displays
Scalable Holographic displays are fully integrated 3D projection
platform that uses cutting-edge technology to enhance product
and display it in a way that will garner attention. These displays
can combine physical objects with 3D imagery and lend an
aspect of virtual reality to any viewing experience. Unlike their
life-sized counterparts, these holographic illusions are smaller
in size, allowing for simple, small-scale presentations. (http://
www.avconcepts.com/holographic-projection/)
This technology can be used in Product launches, Trade shows,
Exhibitions, Museums, Show windows, Showrooms, and Retail
stores. Since these are scalable holographic displays, it is cost
effective while ensuring the visitors will be engaged and will
surely notice the companys products.
2. Interactive Holographic Display Technology
According to the news, Apple was awarded a patent for
interactive holograph display which would project infrared
light through a non-linear crystal. This will then convert the
signal into a three-dimensional image and Users will be able
to interact with this foating image. A sensor would detect any
missing lightfrom, say, a hand in the projection areaand
the processor would fgure out how to adjust the position.
(http://www.imaging-resource.com/news/2014/04/28/
interactive-holograph-display-patent-awarded-to-apple)
3. Telepresence, Holograms in Virtual Meetings, Hologram
Video Projection
Another important development in holographic display is its use
in telepresence and virtual meetings. Developers are looking
into a technology which will enable speakers and performers to
deliver speeches and entertain an audience without physically
being in the same location through hologram video projection.
This would certainly improve how people traditionally conduct
meetings which at present are via face-to-face meetings and
video conferencing. (http://travel.usatoday.com/news/2011-
02-24-holograms23_ST_N.htm)
Android 3.0, also known as Honeycomb, is the next version
of the Android platform from Google which is designed
especially for devices that have larger screens like tablets. A
new virtual and holographic user interface comprises the
new platform that allows for activities such as Web meetings.
In addition, another development which is expected to
improve how we do meeting is through 3D holograms in
real time during Web meetings. According to offcials from
IBM, improvements in 3D technology and holographic
cameras and their miniaturization to ft into cell phones will
help achieve this maybe in the next fve years. (http://www.
projectormeetings.com/2011/02/28/googles-honeycomb-
could-bring-us-3d-holographic-web-meetings-in-the-future/)
Although this technology is already available, the technology
used in the holographic communications is not yet very
advanced. Developers are still looking for ways to minimize
power useage and increase computer power in a device to
enable this. It is said that a very small pico projector will be
needed in addition to fnding a venue to incorporate this into a
hand-held device that works.
4. Other Business Applications
a. Holographic Data Storage- a technique that can store
information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers.
The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind
of media is of great importance, as many electronic products
incorporate storage devices.
b. Holographic telepresence - means we can record a three
dimensional image in one location and show it in another
location, in real time, anywhere in the world,
c. Holographic imaging technology - the image is recorded
using an array of regular cameras, each one viewing the object
from a different angle. The more cameras that are used, the
more granular the holographic image will be.
d. Holographic nondestructive testing - For quality control in
production and fracture testing. A laser sensing technique for
observing, with great detail, the changes in the surface of a part
as it deforms under stress. The stress can arise from the gentle
application of heat, pressure, mechanical stress, or vibration
28
http://features.techworld.com/sme/3247536/holograms-
could-change-business-forever/
Application Examples:
Examination of stress concentration when bolting two or
more parts together (i.e., cylinder heads and engine casings)
Leak testing of sealed devices (i.e., hermetically sealed
batteries)
Identifcation of disbonding or delamination faws (i.e.,
laminated honeycomb panels, tires, multi-layer printed circuit
boards, composites, painted surfaces, etc.)
Detection of thermal deformation in a precision casting (i.e.,
computer disk drives)
The location of solder joint failures (i.e., electronic
components on a PC board)
Non-contact vibrational analysis (i.e., automotive disk brakes
and jet engine turbine wheels)
http://www.metrolaserinc.com/non-dest.htm
http://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?content=1&id=10922
5. Holographic Arts
Holographic Art is a technique which enables three-dimensional
images to be made. It involves the use of a laser, interference,
diffraction, light intensity recording and suitable illumination
of the recording. Artists, directors, technical visual artists, and
Scientists collaborate to make images alive through art and is
seen in art galleries, tv shows and movies. http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Holographic_art
6. Hologram on Education
a. Experts illustrating the processes live, in person, in 3D.
Examples include:
i. Surgeon demonstrating a surgical procedure to
medical students in person, without having to actually be there
(or expose the operating room to all those germs).
ii. Automotive engineers demonstrating engine
features, or fuid dynamics engineers conducting an experiment
in 3D.
b. Connect geographically remote classrooms. Example
include:
i. Connect a room full of Spanish speaking students
with a room full of English speaking students, so they can
engage in real conversations and 3D show-and-tell as an
immersive Foreign Language course experience, without
having to fy across the ocean.
c. Deliver lectures to multiple classrooms, anywhere, at the
same time. Example include:
i. Holographic technology could allow an in-demand
lecturer to present to multiple lecture halls full of students at
the same time. Highly sought-after experts and edutainers
could provide their expertise to a much wider audience,
breaking down time and distance barriers.
d. Remote attendance
i. Taking the above idea a step further, if
and when the technology becomes affordable enough, small
personal holographic projectors could enable students
at home to participate in a lecture with a teacher projected
into their living room in 3D. One can envision some sort of
interface so that a teacher could take questions and engage in
dialogue with outlying students through chats or voice systems,
since having dozens of student projected for the instructor to
see would be impractical.
e. Remote access be there in 3D
i. As holographic technologies continue to evolve,
one could envision the day when teachers and students will be
able to feel like they are actually in a remote location. Imagine
studying the Coliseum by taking a virtual, live trip there. Even
if 3D technologies were used to capture and package a remote
trip to a far geographic location, this would be powerful, and is
a logical step forward from technologies available today.
http: //www. emergi ngedtech. com/2012/11/7-ways-
holographic-technology-will-make-learning-more-fun/
29
III. Cost-Beneft Analysis
The following table shows the result of cost-beneft analysis
of two specifc applications of Holography / Holographic
Display
While the initial cost or total cost of ownership is signifcantly
high on the frst year as also presented in the below chart,
annual savings can be achieved and savings signifcantly exceeds
cost. Holographic technology therefore proves to be a worthy
investment for enterprises particularly to those enterprises
which are geographically dispersed.

The following assumptions were used to arrive at the above
cost-beneft analysis:
Telepresence
Key Assumptions:
Discount Rate 2014 8.00%
Useful life of technology (years) 15 years
The main direct strategic benefts of use of holographic
technology stems from its distinct attraction from customers,
partners to be recognized as techonologically innovative
enterprise which also brings competitive advantage through the
apparent innovative approach to common business processes.
It also enhances productivity and promotes collaboration.
30
IV. Ethical Implications
An ethical consideration with the use of Holographic display is
the tendency to lose the human touch. An example is when
Business meetings are just conducted using holographic display
all the time instead of the traditional face-to-face meetings.
Of course, one can see the benefts of using this technology
since it makes operations more effcient and can also save cost,
but one must also ensure human relationship is still built and
one way to do that is through face-to-face meetings.
On the other hand, displaying holographic images and videos
basically has no serious ethical implications especially if it will
be used for business and educational purposes. Although is
some countries, there is a cultural inclination with regard to
dishonoring the dead, however with due permission and consent
of the family to display the image of the dead individual, then
there will not any problems or ethical issues on producing
holographic images.(http://blog.oregonlive.com/parade/
print.html?entry=/2012/08/holograms_of_dead_celebrities.
html) (http://12ah2whs.wikispaces.com/Ethical+Issues+-+S
tudy+and+Display+of+Human+Remains)
In the context of business, organizations are now inclined and
favoring distant communications so business can be conducted
as usual despite the geographic and time zone differences.
In the feld of education and science, holographic display has
been a great aid in the learning and development process as we
improve our knowledge and technology. It makes visualization
much easier for leaners of various felds of science and
information technology to develop new innovations that would
be benefcial for us especially in the treatment of diseases (of
the human body), space explorations, etc.
Overall, holographic display brings a multitude of benefts
to our civilization today as it is one of the modern aids in
communication, and when there is clear and uninterrupted
communications, business, academes, and basically common
households can do business and their work more effciently
and effectively. One just needs to ensure that there is still
human touch in our dealings and relationship as the use of
holographic displays may direct us to just use the technology
instead all the time. (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_
of_artifcial_intelligence)
V. Nation-Building Implications
Holographic Display is truly a promising technology which
can beneft various sectors in our community. The technology
is now being used not only in other countries like USA but also
in the Philippines. As the technology becomes more accessible
and cheaper, we expect to see more of this technology being
applied in different businesses and companies here in our
country. This is because this technology can be used in a variety
of industrial and commercial applications which includes
Engineering Design (CAD), Architecture, Simulation, Medical
Imaging, Computer Graphics and Scientifc Visualization.
Some of the emerging markets include cinema, gaming and
advertising.
In terms of Advertising, studies have shown that holograms
used in Advertising have up to six times more impact than
traditional means of advertising. Holographic display provides
an edge in delivering better results.
In terms of emerging cinematographic effects being used
nowadays, the sci-f fans know that the best way to make true
3D images is by the use of holographic technology. Movies are
even more engaging and lively when holographic displays are
added just like in the movies Star Wars, Ironman, Edge of
Tomorrow and others. Due to this technology, Apple patent
recently reveals a plan to produce television and cinema screens
that produce holographic images without the need for special
glasses. Another plan is to use the holographic displays for
computers to allow users to walk around an object without ever
having to go behind a screen. It proposes using holographic
acceleration where the image moves faster relative to the
observers own movement so they would only need to walk
in a small arc to see all the way around the holographic object.
Indeed, a lot more is coming because companies are investing
on the improvement of this Holographic Display Technology.
In the media industry, this is being used by networks like for
instance when CNN used Holographic Interview System
Works in one of their election coverage. They were able to
send a 3D 360 degree footage of virtual correspondent Jessica
Yellin from Chicago all the way to the stations election center
in New York. In the Philippines, one news episode of TV
Patrol also used the same technology. This particular use of
the holographic display resulted to positive feedbacks since it
allowed real-life, face to face encounter of the person delivering
the news from the other side of the world. For campaign
procedure, this technology will be very useful in delivering
message to everyone no matter how far they are located.
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A scalable Holographic Display is perfectly suited to any event where you need a striking and cost-effective way to engage visitors
and display items that might be too large or costly to implement at full scale like product launches, trade shows, exhibitions,
museums, show windows, showrooms and retail stores.
Indeed, Holographic Display is an emerging technology worth investing due to its role in the society and nation-building. Its
impact is signifcant as it enables faster and more effcient means of communication and can provide competitive advantage to
companies using it.
Works Cited
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_display.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://guchi.gsic.titech.ac.jp/holo/holography_when.html.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.imaging-resource.com/news/2014/04/28/interactive-holograph-display-patent-awarded-to-
apple.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://travel.usatoday.com/news/2011-02-24-holograms23_ST_N.htm.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.avconcepts.com/holographic-projection/.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.imaging-resource.com/news/2014/04/28/interactive-holograph-display-patent-awarded-to-
apple.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.projectormeetings.com/2011/02/28/googles-honeycomb-could-bring-us-3d-holographic-
web-meetings-in-the-future/.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://travel.usatoday.com/news/2011-02-24-holograms23_ST_N.htm.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://blog.oregonlive.com/parade/print.html?entry=/2012/08/holograms_of_dead_celebrities.html.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://12ah2whs.wikispaces.com/Ethical+Issues+-+Study+and+Display+of+Human+Remains.
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_artifcial_intelligence.
Marakas, O. a. (n.d.). Management Information Systems, 10th Edition.
http://www.dresden3d.com/en/holography/holography_technology.php
http://www.holoxica.com/applications
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8224930/Apple-patent-reveals-plans-for-holographic-display.html
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Sander Densing
Vivien Macasaet
Sheila Pinlac
Cristina Raagas
Reyann Rodriguez
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Wearable User Interface
Google Glass
I. Technology Description
Google Glass is a type of wearable technology with an optical head-mounted display (OHMD). It was developed by Google
with the mission of producing a mass-market *ubiquitous computer.Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like
hands-free format. Wearers communicate with the Internet via natural language voice commands.
Google started selling Google Glass in the USA on April 15, 2014 for a limited period of time for $1500 before it later became
offcially available to the general public on May 15, 2014 for the same price. Before that, users were required to receive invitations
before they could try Google Glass.
Google Glass, classifed under the Body Wearable Electronics, was product featured by the World Economic Forum as one
of Ten Emerging Technologies in frst quarter 2014. Clearly, World Economic Forum underscores the signifcance of this
breakthrough. It hopes to raise the level of awareness of these products for the public, regulatory agencies and the ethical issues
surrounding such.
*Ubiquitous computer - is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear
everywhere and anywhere.
II. Features of the Google Glass
a. Touchpad: A touchpad is located on the side of Google Glass, allowing users to control the device by swiping through a
timeline-like interface displayed on the screen.Sliding backward shows current events, such as weather, and sliding forward shows
past events, such as phone calls, photos, circle updates, etc.
b. Camera: Google Glass has the ability to take photos and record 720p HD video.
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c. Display: The Explorer version of Google Glass uses a
Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS), feld-sequential color, LED
illuminated display. The displays LED illumination is frst
P-polarized and then shines through the in-coupling polarizing
beam splitter (PBS) to the LCoS panel. The panel refects the
light and alters it to S-polarization at active pixel sites. The in-
coupling PBS then refects the S-polarized areas of light at
45 through the out-coupling beam splitter to a collimating
refector at the other end.
d. Beam splitter (which is a partially refecting mirror, not a
polarizing beam splitter) refects the collimated light another
45 and into the wearers eye.
III. Technical Specifcations
a. Fit: Adjustable nose pads and durable frame fts any face.
Extra nosepads in two sizes.
b. Display: High resolution display is equivalent of a 25 inch
HD screen from 8 feet away.
c. Camera: Photos 5MP / Videos-720p
d. Audio: Bone Conduction Transducer
e. Connectivity: WiFi 802.11b/g / Bluetooth
f. Storage: 12GB of usable memory, synched with Google
cloud storage. 16GB total.
g. Battery: One day of typical use. Some features like video
recording, are more battery intensive.
h. Charger: Included micro USB cable and charger.
i. Mobile compatibility: MyGlass companion application lets
you set up contacts, Glassware, and other features. It is available
for Android and iOS.
j. MyGlass for Android requires Android 4.0.3 (Ice cream
Sandwich) or higher.
k. MyGlass for iOS requires iOS 7 or later. (iPhone 4 and
above, iPad 2 and above with cellular connection).
l. Glass can be used as a Bluetooth headset with any Bluetooth
compatible phone.
IV. Trends in Technology
The next wave of hardware innovation in mobile is going to
come from the rise of wearable technology. The big players
in this space, companies such as Google, Samsung, Apple and
Sony, are all investing their time and money on the next big
thing in smart mobile technology.
The frst few waves of smart devices (hardware) have focused
on the wrist as a logical place for a display and controls to be
used, but its not the only location which will be smart from now
and beyond. Clips for your waistband, sensors in your pocket,
connected trainers, and using a glasses frame were already in
works if not available already for the consumer. Way ahead of
everybody else is Samsungs Gear, a smart watch wearable that
works perfectly with the Samsung Galaxy S4 and S5. Apple
has still to respond to this with its mythical iWatch which up
to now is nowhere close to launching. Sony is also way behind
with its Android SmartWatch, which is just recently been
released in the stores. A small company in the U.S. announced
a similar product ahead of Samsungs Gear called Pebble but
delayed selling to consumers because it could not fnance mass
production of the product. Pebbles is Android base but works
thru bluetooth with both Android and iPhone phones. These
wearables act as an information companion to a smartphone
where except for the time function, the other functions have
limited use without synching with the smartphone.
Fitness is a huge area for wearables, with heart rate monitors,
exercise trackers, step counters, being popular items to help
measure and potentially improve your lifestyle choices. Examples
are Nikes Fuelband and the Fitbit range of trackers.
And then, of course there is the Google Glass which is by far a
wearable computer by itself which has far advance technology
with the ability to take the very most recent communications
from your smartphone or Google accounts and show them to
you in a head-up display. They take phone calls. They send texts,
take photos and video, and show maps. They deliver search
results. If youve played with Google Now , the Glass interface
is strikingly similar. Glass runs on Android, but can connect to
both iOS and Android devices. It can connect via Bluetooth or
Wi-Fi to a phone, a laptop, or a home Wi-Fi network, or even
work alone as a disconnected offine camera.
With all these smartphone hardware mostly settled in the
minds of the consumer, a smart device would not be smart
without the brains that runs it. Software will be the driving force
Google and Apple have both recently released their Wearable
Technology Software platform in software development kits
(SDK) for application developers in both their respective
Developers Conference earlier this year.
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Googles Android Wear will provide hardware partners with
access to frameworks for mobile notifcations, OK Google
digital assistant support, built-in health and ftness tracking, and
two-It is part of a broader effort by Google to expand Android
beyond phones and tablets, a project that also includes taking
the operating system into cars. Google is expected to talk more
about those efforts at next weeks Google I/O conference in
San Francisco.
Some features of the Android Wear SDK include:
A simplifed interface that shows just the weather and
a G icon, for voice and text search, on the home screen
Useful information the moment you need it, and in
a glance, a clear nod to Google Now on Android phones, the
idea being that it currently takes users too long to dig their
phones out of their pockets and interact with them
Simple notifcations, as well as pages with more
data
Voice command capabilities
The ability to gather sensor data and display it in real
time on the wearables (a feature thats pretty much expected, at
this point)
Apples Worldwide Developers Conference, or WWDC, which
took place in early June in San Francisco. There, Apple showed
a host of new software features for developers, spanning
desktop, mobile, home and wearable devices. Apple also
showed HealthKit, a new platform for consolidating health
and ftness data culled by third-party apps and hardware.
a. Strengths
i.Innovative / Unique new to the market and with
cutting edge technology
ii. Google is a strong and reputable brand. It has
established its credibility.
iii. Market Leadershipand Competitive Edge a more
popular global brand compared to competitors
b. Weaknesses
i. High cost at USD 1500 per piece
ii. As a newly launched product, target market is not
established yet
iii. Limited Consumer Base because of the high
introductory price. Target market are upper
and middle class and mostly from frst-world
countries.
iv. Health risks that may include visual impairment,
eye strains and headaches, and not to mention
diseases like cancer which may be discovered after a
few years of usage.
v. Safety issues because it may cause distractions and
accidents. This is a particular concern when one is
driving while using the Glass.
The new platform displays a dashboard of all the ftness and
health data of the user, including the heart rate, calories burned,
blood sugar, cholesterol etc. Users can create, from within the
application or from the lock screen, an emergency card with
medicinal details.
It has been reported that an Apple wearable device is expected
to be unveiled in the fall this year with the launching of the
new IOS 8.
V. SWOT Analysis
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c. Opportunities
i. Possible use in other industries like in healthcare,
education, construction, architecture, manufacturing,
etc.
-Some educational institutions are already
developing the use of Google Glass
to help visually impaired people through
the use of the feature of text to
speech translation which would help them in
faster learning.
ii. Online market penetration
- Google and companies may beneft from
Google Glass for revenue generation when it
is used for advertisements and business
applications.
d. Threats
i. Competition / Price Wars Google Glass is
currently the market leader but competitors
may always come up with similar technology but with
lower price
ii. Competitor Products include:
- Lumus (available in the market)
- Meta (online order available for release Jan.
2015)
- Samsung Gear Glass (rumored to be out
fall of 2014)
- Amazon Kindle Glass (under development)
Lumus:
Meta Space Glass
Samsung Gear Glass
VI. Business Industry / Education Applications
a. Healthcare
i. Philips Healthcare and Accenture Technology Labs
are currently partnering with leading medical practitioners in
the US to develop an application for Glass that will enable
doctors to keep tabs on patients vitals and receive alerts when
anomalies or medical issues are detected, wherever they
or the patient are. Combined with location-based tracking
and integrated with electronic medical health record data
warehouses and live-feed vital sign monitors, the application
holds promise for hospitals and medical clinics looking to
improve the effectiveness and effciency of medical care.
ii. Deaf Google Glass can display conversations
in real time, giving the deaf the ability to read ongoing
conversations and respond with ease
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b. Education
i. The technology also holds promise in education.
In August, Dr. Christopher Kaeding of Ohio State University
performed knee ligament reconstruction, broadcasting the
surgery live to medical students in a conference room on
campus. The live broadcast enabled students to gain better
visibility of the procedure than if they were huddled around
the operating area, and Kaeding said he could switch between
conversations with students and performing the surgery with
relative ease.
ii. The technology can be used to deliver an integrated
digital and personal learning experience and not just
e-learning.
c. Manufacturing / Construction / Architecture
i. The Google Glass can monitor power status, alarms
and machine-generated alters, as well as override mechanical
feed rates and implement emergency stops. The group says it
could lead to signifcant enhancements in machine operator
safety.
d. Work Force
i. Admin and Secretarial Workspeech to text
translation which can be used by secretaries and travelers
ii. Law Enforcement Provide instant information
about suspects through face recognition features. May also be
used for visual and audio recordings.
iii. Fire Fighting has developed applications to include
blueprints of building, hazards and contact information of
owners.
iv. Field Service very useful in mobility.
VII. Financials
Google Glass made its way to the public in March 2013 by
way of a limited invitation to select individuals, sort of a
privilege or an exclusive club, named Explorer program. The
privilege given after an application has been approved and a
payment of USD1,500 made. In April 2014, Google Glass
was made available to anyone who wants it, at the same price
of USD 1,500 a pair. On day one, Google Glass was sold out
as predicted.
In article in Wall Street Journal dated May 2014, it was noted that
the actual hardware cost of Google Glass is only US$152.00,
representing 10% of the total product price. The rest of the
90% are composed of nonmaterial expense, non-recurring
engineering expenses, tooling costs and extensive software and
platform development
Source:
http://blogs.wsj.com/numbers/how-much-of-google-glasss-
1500-price-tag-is-hardware-costs-1365/
Larry Page, CEO and Founder of Google, in a call with
investors in 2013, defends Googles investments in projects
for the future, not just on incremental improvements as
they will be obsolete in time. Thus his team focuses on
speculative projects such as Google Glass. These projects
maybe money losing at this time but continues, there are so
many opportunities to create technology that makes peoples
lives better. Were still just getting started.
Googles revenue is driven by online ads, search ads and display
ads. None of the major Google products has made it as their
major revenue base. There are no available data yet on Google
Glass revenue nor any research material on the companys total
spent on this augmented reality (AR) glass.
In a research by BI Intelligence, Google Glass is expected to
reach 21 million in annual sales by year 2018. This is roughly
US$10.5B in annual market opportunity assuming a US$500
per unit.
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same study, BI Intelligence cites product price as the most
signifcant factor in driving sales growth of Glass. From
US1,500 today, it will be US$600 in two years and then lower
(at USD 500). BIs model proved that the lower the price of
Glass, sales grew faster. Glass sales growth however will be
moderate at a high product price.
The following is a compilation of data based on information
gathered from Business Insider (http://www.businessinsider.
com) and Statista Inc. (http://www.statista.com) in projecting
Google Glass annual sales vis--vis worldwide shipments of
wearable technology, and its assumed market value relative to
the wearable device market over the next 5 years (2014-2018).
Google Glass Sales and Market Value Projection
2014-2018
We list below certain assumptions based on the mentioned
project data:
1. Google Glass sales are expected to be 21Million units by
2018.
2. Wearable technology worldwide shipment is expected to be
at 134.27Million units.
3. Google Glass percentage share on total wearable technology
worldwide by 2018 is projected to be at 15.8%. Wearable
technology includes all wearable device. There is no specifc
data on augmented reality (AR) glass.
4. Market value by 2018 for wearable device is projected to be
US$12.64Billion.
5. Out of the total project market value, Google Glass estimated
projected market value share is US$1.99Billion.
VIII. Ethical Implications
With the introduction of google glass, or glass as google
calls it, comes a number of ethical issues. The most concerning
ones were captured below based on what we have learned so
far from a number of readings:
a. Privacy
Because of its digital memory capability, some people are
uncomfortable that their conversations or interactions are
being recorded by someone wearing the glass. This is perceived
as breach of their privacy. At this point in time, audio & visual
recordings of personal happenings without ones consent and
permission is still unacceptable.
Monitoring someone in public and private means being
intrusive of someones life. Imagine, a teenager being tracked
by his parents in just about everything that he does. Or a
manager, closely keeping an eye on his people as to how they
are doing in the work place.
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b. Social and Character Stigma
A person using glass may be perceived as rude and inattentive
because of the fact that he may get distracted since the device
constantly beams with alert notices in the retina display. This
causes divided attention and may affect or hurt interpersonal
relationships. How would you enjoy being with someone, whom
you dont feel is giving you the necessary attention during your
conversations, simply because the person is engaged with his
device all day round.
Furthermore, the face recognition ability of the device, allows
the user to google and learn about someone in real time even
though it is the frst time that you are meeting the person.
Obtaining information in the internet about someone, even
though it is published, for purposes of striking a conversation
does not necessarily show sincerity, but superfciality.
c. Health & Safety Concerns
Wearing google glass while driving is banned in some states
in the United States. It is claimed that it is not safe to use
this in navigating simply because one would have to read the
instructions in the retina display, as opposed to the GPS, which
is giving out verbal directions. This may lead to road accidents
and casualties.
Some claim they have experienced headaches and migraines
using google glass. This may be the case if one is not near-
sighted, who are generally fnding this device as benefcial to
them.
d. Moral Issues
Some people may take advantage of this device in carrying
out their bad or malicious intentions towards others. It
is feared that it can be used to damage a person or a frms
reputation. Anything that is taken out of context can harm the
subject.
IX. Nation Building Implications
In spite of the ethical implications tackled above, the glass
is undoubtedly making and is intending to make a change
or improvement in the lives of people around the world as
discussed in the business / industry applications section
above. Real life examples of its impact in the United States are
provided below:
a. Causing a Breakthrough in Medicine
Surgeons have begun using Google Glass to stream their
operations online, foat medical images in their feld of view
and consult with colleagues who can see the operation via
video. He, (Dr. Chris Kaeding, an orthopedic surgeon at Ohio
State Universitys Wexner Medical Center), became the frst in
the country last fall to bring the wearable computer into the
operating room, wore the device as he repaired Paula Kobalkas
anterior cruciate ligament. The 47-year-old Westerville woman
hurt her knee playing softball. Google Glass live-streamed
Kaedings vantage point via Google Hangout so he could
talk to a colleague and several medical students could watch.
Wexner Medical Center has used Google Glass during one
other surgery to record an interventional kidney procedure
in January to teach surgeons in India. Another OSU doctor
wants to develop a pre-surgery checklist that would foat into
view. A second wants to incorporate the Glass into EMS
services to transmit video and patient information while en
route to the emergency room.9
b. Innovation in Education
Based on the Ohio Wesleyan University Information Services
Department, which purchased Google Glass in March, 2014
and started brainstorming about ways to use it with a cross
section of campus groups, there 14 ways that Google Glass
can improve higher education. An example of which is
incorporating Glass into college athletics. Football, baseball,
basketball players, for example, can wear Glass during practice.
The coach can give them real time instructions. Players can
view recordings to understand their head and body movements.
Also, spectators can join the hangout to experience the sport
from the players frst person perspective. Tennis and football
QB examples. While their list does not necessarily apply to all,
there is no denying that this device will defnitely transform
learning now and in the near future.10
c. Firefghting can be made faster, safer, smarter
A North Carolina frefghter is developing Glassware that could
one day help people everywhere. He is working on a Glass app
that could help him and fellow frefghters save more lives. The
software would provide instant heads-up information such as
foor plans, locations of nearby hydrants and vehicle data.11
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References:
1. http://www.wikipedia.com/GoogleGlass
2. Ahead of I/O, Google Reveals More Details Around Android Wearables- June 20, 2014, By Lauren Goode
3. Google unveils Android Wear software platform for smart watches and wearables. Mar. 18, 2014, AppleInsider.com
4. Hands-on with Google Glass: Limited, fascinating, full of potential - May 1, 2013, By CNET
5. 2014 Will Be The Year Of Wearable Technology Forbes.com By Ewan Spence
6. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2014/06/29/your-health/surgeons-seek-ways-to-utilize-google-
glass.html
7. http://www.businesscloudnews.com/category/topic/datacentre-topic/
8. http://youblisher.com-804804-Google_Glass_Strategic_Marketing_Plan/
9. http://www.businessinsider.com/google-glass-sales-projections-2013-11#ixzz37jCMemiP
10. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2014/06/29/your-health/surgeons-seek-ways-to-utilize-google-
glass.html
11. http://www.huffngtonpost.com/vala-afshar/14-google-glass-innovativ_b_5410893.html
12. http://gigaom.com/2014/01/21/watch-this-frefghter-creating-google-glass-app-to-help-save-lives/
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