Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP BASI C I NDUSTRI AL CHEMI STRY ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Introduction Acids are formed when non-metal oxides react with or dissolve in water. S + O 2 SO 2 SO 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 3 (acid) Bases are most metal oxides or hydroxides 2Mg + O 2 MgO (base)
MgO + H 2 O Mg(OH) 2 (base) Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Introduction (Con't) Alkali are formed when metal oxides react with water or dissolve in water. Na 2 O + H 2 O 2NaOH (alkali) Note: Not all metal oxides dissolve in water, eg: Copper (II) oxide does not dissolve in water. Salts are formed by reacting an acid with an alkali, the hydrogen atom of an acid being replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. Mg(OH) 2 + HCl MgCl 2 (salt) + H 2 O Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP General Properties of Acids and Bases ACIDS BASES Tastes sour Tastes bitter Turn litmus red Turn litmus blue React with a base in neutralization reaction React with acid in neutralization reaction Combine with active metals to produce Hydrogen gas Feel slippery when react with skin pH < 7 pH > 7 Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Definition of Acids and Bases 1. Arrhenius Definition Acids - release/increase H + in water Bases - release/increase OH - in water 2. Bronsted-Lowry Definition Acids - proton (H + ) donor Bases - proton (H + ) acceptor Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Arrhenius Definition Acids - Increase the number of H +
ion in solution. Bases - Increase the number of OH - ion in solution. HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - NH 3 + H 2 0 NH 4 + + OH - Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Bronsted-Lowry Definition Acids - proton (H + ) donor Bases - proton (H + ) acceptor H Cl + NH 3 NH 4 Cl acid base Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Relative Strength of Acids and Bases a) Strong Acids Acid that react completely with water (completely ionized to form ion hydronium H 3 O + ) eg : HCl (aq) + H 2 O ------> H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) b) Weak Acids Acid that react incomplete with water eg : H 2 CO 3 (aq) + H 2 O -----> H 3 O + (aq) + HCO 3 - (aq) c) Strong Bases Base that fully ionized in water to give hydroxide ion OH-. Alkali metal oxide which are ionic compound are strong bases eg : NaO (aq) + H2O ------> 2Na+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) d) Weak Bases Bases incompletely ionized in water to give hydroxide ion
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrofluoric acid HF Hydrobromic acid HBr Carbonic acid H 2 CO 3
Hydroiodic acid HI Phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4
Sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 Acetic acid CH 3 CO 2 H Nitric acid HNO 3 Hypochlorous acid HOCl Perchloric acid HClO 4 Boric acid H 3 BO 3
Hydrocyanic acid HCN Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Acid-Base Reactions A reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction. The reaction of an aqueous solution of HCl with an aqueous solution of NaOH is an example:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) --------> NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) salt water Another example is:
KOH(aq) + HBr(aq) --------> KBr(aq) + H 2 O(l) salt water Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP Classification of Salts a) Neutral salt : contain a neutral cation and neutral anion. b) Acidic salt : contain an acidic cation and neutral anion or neutral cation and acidic anion c) Basic salt : contain a neutral cation and a basic anion
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu Skim Latihan Juruteknik PETRONAS INSTEP CATIONS ANIONS Acidic NH 4 + , H 3 O + , Al 3+ , Fe 3+
HSO 4 - , H 2 PO 4 -
Neutral Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Ag +
NO 3 - , ClO 4 - , Cl - , Br - , I - , SO 4 2- Basic None SO 4 2- ,(very weak, almost neutral), PO 4 3- , CO 3 2- , SO 3 2- , F - , CN - , OH - , S 2- , CH 3 CO 2 - , HCO 3 -