3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES 3.1. Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions 1. (a) eis the number such that tim “—1 = 1 mh o 2 [@r-)je = [Qe -Dje =oo0r | 0.9928 —o.001 | 1.0291 —0.0001 | 0.9932 0.0001 | 1.0296 o.oo | 0.9987 0.01 | 1.0301 0.0001 | 0.9933, 0.001 | 1.0297 From the tables (to two decimal places), tim 27" = — 99 and tim 28°=2 — 1.93, 5 com the tables Jeimal places, im, 21 Jim, 23 = = 1.03. since 0.99 <1< 103,27 f(x) ~055 6. F(z) = —42"° —4(102"°-) = —a02% 7 f(t) =27 +824 > f(z) = 207-1 43-0 = 2743 8 g(z) = 52° — 22° +6 = g'(x) =5(82*~') — 2(52°-) 4.0 = 402" — 1024 SFO = MO +8) > f= Het +8)! = 140 40) = 8 WF) = gat te = F(e) = Hor) — 9(4t8) 41 = 30 — 128 41 =a = 222/12 _ap-1/s_ Wy > y=-# sopra 8 Wy=5e+3 > y/ =5(e*) 40= 50° 13. V(r) = gar V(r) = $n(3r2) = dar? MRO =SB= 5[-BO 1] = a9 151_—_—_—— DH 162 OCHAPTER3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES BY) =6r° = Y"(t)=6(-9)t- 16. R(z) ot vir? > Riz) 17. G(a) = Va - 2c? = 2? —2* > G(x) = 3, 2 2V? 44(B)a-¥? + 3(—B)a-? {note tha 29/2 = 7 2/8] ave 2 ay aoe = yf =1-2(-})r? = 14-1 /(eyz) Bi yan? > yf =Osince dr? is a constant 26. ou) = Vut V5u=V2utVaVu > ow Vi(a) + V3 (gu-¥?) = v24 v9/2 Va) 2. y=ar?+br+e > yi =2ar+b 2 ie" — by? — Bev’ yaar h + Sma ste? > wont art = eam (-9e wu VE 42VB =e 42? = aR + 2(Q)E? Wz= a 4 Be! = Ay + Bel > 2 = -10Ay + Be’ = 104, Bev Y y myst place ticee+1 + yee eh‘SECTION 3.1 DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 153, 30° — 202% +502 = f(z) Six) = 152 ~ 600? +50. o f 5| s 3 3 £ L os = Notice that f"(z) = 0 when f has a horizontal Notice that f"() = 0 when f has a horizontal tangent, f" is positive when J is increasing, and f" tangent and that f” is an even function while f is an is negative when f is decreasing. odd function. 3. f(a) = 40" — e543 = BW fl)=r4ienatet = f(a) = 450" — 1522 f@)=1-2 4 -12 12 ~6 6 a) L Notice that f“(zr) = 0 when f has a horizontal tangent, f" is positive when f is is negative when f is decreasing. 6 increasing, and f” Notice that f"(e) = 0 when f has a horizontal tangent. f' is positive when f is increasing, and f is negative when f is decreasing. 437. To graphically estimate the value of (1) for f(x) = 32* ~ 2°, we'll graph f inthe viewing rectangle [= 0.1,1 + 0.1) by [f(0.9). f(1-1)}.as shown inthe figure. (When assigning values to the window variables, it is convenient to use Yi (0.9) for Yinin and Ys (1-1) for Yinax-] If we have sufficiently zoomed in on the graph of f, we should obtain a graph that looks like a diagonal line: if not, graph again with 1 — 0.01 and 1 + 0.01, etc. Estimated val 2299 11) my 2:299— 1.701 f) yf = 6r— 307 AL(1,2).y/ = 6-3 = s so an equation of the tangent line is y ~ 2 = 3(z ~ 1). or y = 30-1. -4| 4 Wy=ryeae? = yf = $2? (4,8), 2 yf = $(2) = 3, so.an equation of the tangent line is y-8=3(@—4), ory =30—4. 8 (a) ea (o) it appears that f" is zero at From the graph in part (2 ay © —1.25, x2 F2 0.5, and ats ~ 3. The slopes are negative (so #' is negative) on (—o0, 21) and (2,19). The slopes are positive (60 fis positive) on (21,22) and (23,00). 100 (©) f(z) = 24 = 329 — 62? +72 +30 = f(x) = 4x? = 92? = 122 +7SECTION 3.1 DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 155 44. (a) 8 (b) ’ From the graph in part (a. it appears that j’ is zero at ry ~ 0.2 and 22 © 2.8. The slopes are positive (so f" is positive) on (00,21) and (2,00). The slopes are negative (s0 f" is negative) on (21.22). © a(x) — 3x? = g(x) 8 45. The curve y = 22° + 32* ~ 12 + 1 has a horizontal tangent when y’ 62? +2-2)=0 4 6(2+2)(e-1)=0 & 2=-2ore and (1, -6). ia? +6r-12=0 4 1. The points on the curve are (~2, 21) 46. f(x) = 2° + 3x” +x +3 has a horizontal tangent when f’(x) = 3e2+62-+1=0 4 £VB= “1416 2 41. y= 629 +52-3 > m= 182° + 5. but 2* > 0 forall x. som > 5 forall x 48. The slope of y = 1 + 2e* — 32 is given by m The slope of 8r—y=5 4 y=3r—Sis3 m=3 > 2*-3=3 + e=3 + 2=In3. This ‘oveurs atthe point (In 3,7 — 31n3) = (1.1, 3.7) 26? ~ 3. volte ae 6 3 4 yo3r+7-6m3 <1 years Let (a,a) bea point on the parabola at which the tangent line passes through the point (0, —4). The tangent line has slope 2a and equation Y= (-4) = 2ae—0) y= 2a ~ 4. Since (a, a2) also lies on the tine. @? = 2a(a) = 4, or a? and (—2, 4) Soa = 42 and the points are (2, 4)15 CHAPTER DIFFERENTIATION RULES 50. If y =? +a, then y’ = 2x + 1. Ifthe point at which a tangent meets the parabola is (a, a” + a), then the slope of the tangent is 2a + 1. But since it passes through (2, ~3), the slope must also be # =orer @+at3 Therefore, 2a + 1 = =>. Solving this equation for a we get @ +a4+3=2a°—3a—2 da —5=(a—5)(a+1)=0 4 a=Sor—l. Ia = —1, the point is (~1,0) and the slope is —1. so the Lita ‘equation is y — 0 = (~1)(e + 1) ory 5. the point is (5,:30) and the slope is 11, so the equation isy~ 90 = 11(~ 5) ory = Ne ~ 25, BL. y= f(x) = 1-22 > f"(@) = —2x.so the tangent line at (2, —3) has slope f'(2) = —4. ‘The normal line has slope ~t; = } and equation yt3=He—2)ory=de-F 82. y= f(c)=2—22 > fi(e) =1— 2x. So f'(1) = —1, and the slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal ofthat of the tangent line, that is, ~1/(—1) = 1. So the equation of the normal line at (1,0) is y—0=1(z—1) 4 y=—1. Substituting this into the equation of the parabola, we obtain ¢ ~ l=e-27 1 into the equation of the parabola to 4 @= 41. The solution 2 = —1 is the one we require, Substituting 2 find the y-coordinate, we have y = ~2. So the point of intersection is (~1, ~2), as shown in the sketch, aa(z+h) = jim Le +4) ~f@) = lim £2 @+h) h Mey hawt h) ca) 53. f"(x) bey eth) = in aetm wx? + be gives us a+b = 1 (1). The slope of the tangent line y = 3x ~ 2 54. Substituting 2 = Land y = 1 intoy = is Band the slope ofthe tangent tothe parabola at (x,y) is/ = 2ar-+b. Atr=Ly'=3 > 3=2a+b Q) Subtracting (1) from (2) gives us 2 = a and it follows that 9 = —1. The parabola has equation y = 2s" — x‘SECTION 3.1. DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 157 58. f(z) =2—aif'x < Land f(x) 20+ 2ife > 1, Now we compute the right- and left-hand derivatives defined in Exercise 2.9.46 a fO+A)~-fQ) 2-(1+h =! = lim SES = tim SEEM) tim = - eee h sao ih wT = Kan AR fU+h) ~ f(0) (+a)? - 20 +h)+2—-1 Pe Fe) = lin, h = i Thus, #"(1) does not exist since f* (1) # f'.(1). y so f isnot differentiable at 1. But f(z) y forx < Land f'(x) = 2x —2ife>1. 7 if2<-1 if-1. g(-1 +h) ~ 9-1 (1-2-1 +h))-1 lim AAA = = im (-2) = —2 an hate h a h AM TR = hig. (2) = —2 and Jim, nade g(-1 +h) = g(-1) siya) = h nap t=h = lim, sat ‘Thus. gis differentiable except when = 1, and -2 ife<-1 g(e)={ 2 if-1<2<1 1 ife>1 57. (a) Note that 2? 93 2 if'e<-3 S()=) 2 if -3<0<3 {% Talos oe fans 22 if jal <3 Toston hat (8) os net weep jn LE 10) oy camping te ea and derivatives defined in Exercise 2.9.46