Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
[#
O^HO
J< @ k
=`QOn 1904 ^H}Hx *<|~ #Oz
_~ < ~ } < ~. P# q`_ hH
QOnH *< ~ < ~zOz# 'J< @ k J< H x
}O K^ =H=_xH WK~. Dz# H O 1860
~# <Q "<~. H` x|O^# x XH huH^
P^~OQ DH O ~zOK|_Ok. 19= `| iqH
=[ q+ _# ~ < D huH^ `#^# "M<x
*_OK_. D HO =`QOn J`O` =O
KOk. D H x ~^ i@ QOn J#=kOK~.
JO^iH K =Oz K@ J< `x q=i,
J@=O\ #=HO PK~} ^ O H^x~O@, =`QOn
=[O x["# P#O^O K_O> J@_ Q ~ LO_
=H P#O^OQ LO>< Jk ^ =<~. JO^i OH = O<
=HH =Oz [~Q`O^x QOn #=~. QOn ukOz#
~* =# JO^ix H"< PK< =O.
~`^O `# *=xH JO^ih HH"<
@@=O\ Hx HeyOK= LOk. D O \` =#
[=~ <, JO^ ~ =O\ `=
JOKOKQ *=O ~O Q\ <^ "~.
D *= ^xH O \` `` O J< ~Hx ZHOKO>
Q\ `" [~Qe. Q_"# JOH` =O ^~<
Pq+iOK|_ #`# O KO =#QQ`=. *=O
J< HxH O\``O J< =O^=@ `O
J#= ~ O . * =O JO> < # [ O^ i
Q=O. J~` *=xH K=Ok K
x~K<# WK~. <\ OKO JO^iH F@
HeOK ~"O@s *= q^#O JO^i P"^O
OkOk. J~` D q^<xH Q= *=O HO>
ux^ *= H}
Z=.
ux^ *=xH *= ~O L#\H
=Y`^x, nxH =Y` aOKO> [,
~*xH =^ OkO Q qq^ ~# `yO Kx
q=~ K#.
[ U "~ "i q+` XH ~O W"x
q~ . * O Z@=O\ ~O W"#O\~,
"i HiH =O`OQ U q^O Q <~" ~ H"#O\~,
J^q^O Q `# K@ |^` # [ #Oz *= q^#O
~[O O^= LO@Ok.
2013 PQ
ux^ *=xH,
Q = * =xH
=^ O \`` O XH =O`#
= xK O k. O \`` O
J< =# qq^ ~
Q_ O Q #" ~#
u _ xK O k. =[O K`O =Ok q=H
Q~`#@~` PiH O\``xH `= =O_^.
J^q^OQ, O\` *=O qq^ =lH
=`~ " # =~ KQ x~
OQ "i =`K~#
\OK=K#. Wk H#QO> K, =#`O, HH
"^O, =lH <O =O\ H} }H K#
*= ~O J=~O .
~[O, =[O H JkH~ ~O O \`` O
^q H =~# zO ^#_O O^ O^ . `^~
J}Qi# =~ kH~` ^=`Ok. nx =# D
=~=^ O|O^ O^" # Z@=O\ JkH~H=xH
`= O_, =#OQ #~ x~zOK=K.
=# ~[H k x~ O K q= O \`` O
_ K~O>, =lH ^# ~`^ O
P^i` q^<x J=OaOk. W\= HO "Q K#
=K~ , q^, P~ , =`QOn *f
Qg} Lk g K@O =O\ K@ ~ " # K~ =lH,
PiH O\``x OOkOK_O [ kH~`
HeyOK_O J# =O K~.
<+# O ~ P~< * + < `* Q}OH H~O
200405, 201112 O =` ~` e ^ i H O
~`^ O 15% "~ `yO k. J~#\H =~ 25H@
=Ok [ ^iHO =y`<~. =#"a=$k zH
~`^O JO` Ja=$k kOK^. D zH XH ^
[ r=# =}# zO k. ~" # J}z"`,
yi[#, ^o` =^_, =lH JO \`` O =#
^~}OQ QKi~.
=#O K Ja=$k kOz#\H kOK=Ok ZO`
LOk. =# q +` =#O O \`O Q LO__O < LOk.
q +` JkH~O [^. =#O *Q`Q Q=x, =#
QKiOK ^=O> OKO |# "~` `Q
=~#Ok.
[#
Ja=$k =u H
PQ 2013
O\ : 41
p Z_@~
~*+ H .~
x~ Z_@~
Z_@~
*~O\ _~H~ (_H<)
H=~ _*<
}oH, Ja=$k H~H= QiOz#
=K~x JO^*O^ `Q, On,
WOw+ , Jq, OQe, `qO, L~, =~s,
Q[~f, =O, O*c, H#_, X_
+ "=_`# =u H.
2013 PQ
D OzH...
OzH : 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
O^H
O
[# O^H= ~O
2
qo` * =O QO^ "^ ^$H^O
^~ < JOQ~
4
HH` ` = =i JO`~ =[=
Z<K ~r" ~"
9
i~` kQ OKf~*
=}O H~ J~
14
~`` <Q ^ eH
q[# H>
19
P`qx xO# Qg} Lk g ^H O H .P~.H . ~ _
22
O K [< ~` [< XH ij# .K. ~=H$+
23
* = i< == ~^~ H` J~}~, ~H` q 26
PO^ ^ PiH == | |#` ZO.Z. =eH
28
P_t= =~O '|OQ~ `e
O ^
31
` < ^O` Hx JO _. l. t=~=~
32
K ~} `C }+ H+
34
q*# qOz
`i ` ~
38
[#~ _ H
r_Q O@ <Q~~=
41
= q ~ ~= x\ 43
q "~< =O
*=O LO`=
|n <~}
46
~` `O`^=O uH `
Hx Nx"
50
*`O HO Ja=`O
@OQ@i N~O
52
xH O ^o` * u x^ `
, zH ~q
54
Hq` ^~k H JH~ O[e
Z. [Q<^ q
58
=~ JH~ | y_Q
Q=_ H <~}
59
g `?
[# O^H= ~O
61
H |@ "HH
~ + ^~ i
62
^O = kH~`: qo` * HO^ ^# _. =^ N ^ Q K@ s
63
yi[# |O*~ `Q ` H r=# q^#O
H~ D~, W. Nx"
65
`Q *#^ "` XH ij#
~O_ J~<
69
~[O [## =^_ QOQ^~ uH =k~ "<~_, `<~}~_ 71
=` i H_
~ =^q
73
uiy =z# ~ " = O
l.Z<. i
75
[#
qo` *=O
QO^
"^ ^$H^O
O K ~[H =xH g^ K ^O` HxOK~.
H` `|O WC_ `~KQ ~[H OQ
qx # kqo` *=O. Wk 1990 J=`iOzOk.
"Towards An Inclusive Democracy : The Crisis Of
The Growth Economy and the need for a new
O ^x ~K~ ` `H \
liberatory project " H
^~ < JOQ~
" K#~, Q[~` q^~, J^^
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
[#
JH`Q =#
$ HeyOk. ' JO>
k`# ~ "i
HO _=O_ K
LO^ x JO> ` Q
h\ , q^ ,
= u , Lk ,
P~Q
....W
KC O@ ` KO`_O`
J=`Ok. WqQH =lHOQ,PiHOQ |# =~
"i# ` H ~ . Ki`HO Q [iy# `C #
ik^_O Jx"~O, =O[" J~< H}O
Pz, ^` q+O OQ q^<
H_ OnQ ~OkOKH ` == `Ok. ~[H
=@ ^ifO k. PiHO Q _ _ xH, ~[H OQ
JkH~x KlHOKH=_xH ' ` E^O P_` O,
J~[H qQ`~. JO^iH `e# q+" H^....
HO^~ O " O# #=`~, PKi~ .
gik K ~ J~` JO`~ ^" H^!!! JO> Uq^O Q K<
W"g ''qo` *=x L^i OKqH=.
` OHxH = =~K@L<~. =H K,
=H Ouu < J`#` P^~ O LO^x `
|=v# OHxO\H J^ i~O JO@ \
` k ` ~ , "i q o` * = ^ O `
ukOK=K. J~` = J =x "~ iQ
QiOK_O ^ . qKq_Q , OHuH ~OQ i*#O`
Jiq`OQ PiH J #ux kOK_" D O KO
=#"o# J`#` ^ O Jx q# O`HO =HQ `
K, L=_ O uu JO@ ` H
H<K"Qh =# ^O =`O ^ _^ . =#O "ix
P =~O J#HiOKO _.J =#O "# ZO^
J#HiOKe? =`QOn WC_ H^, 1909< `#
'O^ ~* J< H O XH KiH K~. nxH P#
~` O#O~O^ ~* J# ^
"_~. =# ^O q= "#" =##,
O^"^ =## P# }OQ Kk"~. P
H O <Q J^O P# U=<~O>......
'' g zfH~}
Q< LOk. J^O K|`#^O>=
POQ
=^. Hh POQ
# H"e. e =^. Hh
e =# ` OH"e. JO> . ...g~ WO_ #
WOw+=OK~. Jk WOw+==~#`~"` ^x
O^< Jx Z J#QO ! WOw< J<e ^x. <#
2013 PQ
[#
ue O k. iqHH~ }
H^, @}
H ~ }
_
P# JOwHiOK^ . Qg} r=#" P^~ r=#O Jx
qOK~ . J" J O O =` x #=~ .
~`^ xH `O`O =K# =O _ P#
'~*(O#) ^O`x H #@ ^ .
5 JH|~, 1945# `# ^$H^x q=i < XH
Y ~ ^xH ["a==OkQ _ QOn H~~.
'' =O^Q =# ^$H^ L# `_# K ^K<#.
Jk =eH" J~` [ _ `ee. "ix pH\
LOK_O '~* HO K =# H$+H O QH~ = =`Ok.
O^ ~* <# K # `~ `xH H@|_ L<.
XH" ~`^ xH x[OQ `O`O aOKO>, ~`
^~ O KxH aOKO> WC_ HH` `~`~<
XH `x =`O Q~O KH"e [ @}
H^,
< LO_e. i < LO_e, = O` H^. @} ,
= O` H\k [ ~ ~O Y O`` Z#\H
LO_*~. J"" , O kQ_O ` "iH =~
` = O ^ .
JO, `O O_
=#"oH q^ OO `
=~H\ LO_^ .
'' D " =#O
K #
Qg}
rq` O O\ ^ < #
H~O@<#x J_= ^. < H <# K# Qg}
~`O < $^O +OQ LOk. <# K P^~
Q=O =#+ K `eq`@` LO\~. =Q
=iH , pH\ H @ LO_~ . O KOx qye#
"iQ"~ _ KQ LO\~. "iH _ O`
JaO\~. Q, H~O\q LO_=. Z=~
h \ O_ =~ Q LO_ ~ . M _
=xy`~. s~HO Q u"~ "i"\ = "~K~ .
JO` Q z#@ K#H=_O^ . ~ ,, >eQ
P _ f ~=K . =O^ J z` O
Pq+ $` = ~` qye# OQ h "@O` @ J"
=zK~`~.
QOn PK#, P [#=#O ZO`=~ J~O
K <~ ` e ^ Hh QOn =` O < g^
P^~_ ~ . ''h= <HO> K z#"_q. JO^H x# <
"~ _Q H\ O K. U^=~< < "~ _x <# J~O
K H"e LO@Ok. JQ <"~ _ _ ## J~O
K H"e Jx _ QOn, < ~# Y ~<~.
Hh < =`O QOn PK#x P#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
[#
HH `` = =i JO`~ =[=
D "xH Ou, K =i =#`= J< =_
q= =~^~#O K~. JO`~ =[=# D
q= =O^Q< TOK|_~. =Hb# O^~ O
'JO`~ =[O J< ^xH K, =#`` _#
=~= Hey# =[O Jx J~O . =# K~ Jk H
H=_O H^ Qh Jk WOH JO" .J~` KH x =i
=# x|O^# ` KO^ ~HOQ H_O . x*xH WH_
HH=_O J< ^xH K =#` ==` H" #
H}~` Ou J<k ^xH=~"# ~ x|O^#.
JO^=#, =Hb# q"K<^= D ~[H , =lH
^ O $uH "~` OHO =`" [ XH ~
HeOK H O` Qx ^ [@ O`H q^<
H O`Qx LO_=.K= #` HH=_O =<
JO^iH a < qO` =O^ Q_O [~Q`Ok.
J~` ^= =i =#` x|O^# q^#O
HH=_x ~ O_ q^Q K~= K#. H q^#O
=#`O J<k O~O Q O} x|O^# ` _Hx
= =#~# O} =#`xH H|^Q fO@Ok.
D=#~ ` =<=H aOK_O P@OH
H =_O^~ Qh ^ `"O`Q< H~# }oH#
O^_xH D =#~# qxyOKH=_O =
=~O ^~Qx, `=## K aOk. nxx
x~HiOK O_<, q $`" # , ZO` <QiH" # q^#=,
Oz` ^$+x _K = H=H`# x~kOk.
D<QsH q^<xH hu^H" # =#`O, =#=O^~
=# J< =#=` ^$H^O ZO` ^ #O. Wk PiH
= #`xH =` " i q` O H^ .=#=O` Uk
O^_xH~< =#OQ Q~qOK|_x, ^ KQ
J~=O`"# }oH# kOKx q=` _#
[#
2013 PQ
10
[#
~O_=k, q= P^i` ~ ^. Jq
=`=` =~ =_ ~, K@ ~ O Q ~q^#~O Q
Uq^O Q `=`=s` J~O K < Uq^O Q "~@
=## q_n, J<^x P^~_ XH^xHH\
qa # OQ LO\~. D ~ " ~ @ J< ^ xx
| + ~ } Q<, ` @ O Q< ^ ^ ~ O Q< J~ O
K H"e.WOH KO> q#~O J<k UHH O Q<
^ ~~OQ ^~OQ<, J=H"^OQ< ^
^O`~ O Q< LO_=K#. g@xO\h ^$+ @ x
~[H i[O HhO S^ q^<<xZ=~<
J#=K#.
"^\ "_, Hx ^ =_= ~=^
=`x ^x ~ ~ q#~O# gHeOK "~@#
Hi#`~O KO^ H@|_=<~. J@=O\ ^
Hi#"# O~"# "~@ q^<x x~~.WH_,
=`O J<k ^ ==~#O_ q#~OK|_~k. Hx
^ O _ =` = = ~#O_
q#~OK |_~k. ^xH =`=`
J#"# O^=OQh u
O|O^OQh ^.JO> =`~"#
O QO@ q_^K q^#O
^# =@.^= qkOz# q=#
Jq JuHqOz #\H, =`~ " #
==~ ^O *HOK <O^
^ H~ H P i k
LO_=.<>_ \ "_ H
Pk ` J=Q #K D " _
L^iOK|_~k.
~ O_= "_ ^ O~O Q
q#~O# x~HiOz ^xH `=OQ ~+O #O_
UHH O Q =`x q#~OK q^<x J#i< ~.
J@=O\ ^ xOuOK@ Qx ^ H=|nHi OK@
Qx XHi #tOK
_xHQx =`# q#~~.D
xO`} =`# J@H~OK_O ^~Qh, ^ XHi
"\H O K_O^~Qx [~Q`Ok.Hh ~O_
JO# "\ x x OuOK _ " ^ <^ "
LO@Ok.ZO^HO> =`= J<k J+" # ^h, ^ =_
#=H=h ^ "~ =`x, J}z"`# "~`OQ
H#y#^h qOK_".Pq^OQ =`O q+O
*Hx `O`= =i =#` ukHg^
=iOKH==K#.J@=O\ ~ ^ L^~}
O z ~ ^= Yz`OQ =`xH =u~H" # ^.
~[H OQ ~ J~# ^ i~ ~, U
XH =`xH H# iq`O K HO_, ^ Pq+ O
H =O =`xH iq`O HO_ =`= #O_ `=# `=
"~ K<~.(XH@= ~)"~ ==Q` "~@#
_ J=Oa~. L^Q|$O^O =i OQ`
x~}O, L^Q |$O^O =i =`OH OQ`
x~}O _ "~@ K |_~. (~O_=~). U=~<
Qh |`xH ~ O_ H~}<~.
"^\ k, OKO ZH_< i[O JO>
` H " # q=` Ln # K |_ # H = |^ " #
~[H kH~= #O_ H=|^" # =`= H "~@.
"~@ O_ i[O #@Q<, q= Oz#
"~@ i*xH [#O H<~^.D =#
i[O J<k q"" # ^~} ^O`=. Hh Jk
D =Hh PkOK|_#=h, ^ U^ XH =~O
XH ^ x` XH \ O |O^ = #=h ^ XH ^ xHH \
PkO|_# ^ O|O^= # U^
XH P^~ "# UHH = ~= #^h
nxx J# i OK ^ .D =#
Pk ` O L# Z< =~
"\` O|O^= # qa# =~.
u XH i[O =# "~@
=## " ~ ~ Q K O K H
=K#. ^ L# q=#O_
"~@ XH =~x zOK "~ ~
=# ZOK H=K #.J"
q= qq^ ~# LOK=K#.
Ou, #=, =`
` O ` = =i ~ `
J< q= ^xHk ` HOQQx ` H` O_
Qx ^ ~ O_q^Q# J#~OK_O [~Q`Ok."
HH
q=# H_O^ ^ = =^ Oux XH
x|O^#Q PzOK_OQx, XH=HH W`~ =`
O|O^= #_ #= QiOz XH ` H q^#=
JzOK_OQx, =``O`x =i ~`
# "HHOQ HO_ XH PQ K__OQx
K==O@Ok.W" q=# "HH "^xH
qa#OQ JzOK_O JO> Ou, <# =~=^
O|O^OQ#, =` `O`x, `= J#OQ
=H r=#O Q_ O^ =`=~ ` H `O`O
Q#, ~` # `= =~O `O H~}OQ
^~ ^Y _# Q# qO= =O@Ok.
2013 PQ
11
[#
2013 PQ
[#
P~=k, = ^ =`q= ^ [ ,
~"@ O =^ Hi#"# J_Q_ xiOK_.O
Dq^O Q ~OO #Op ^xH JOwH~x W=O_ ~`
~*OQ i[O, PJO *= ~[H
^ H~ O^~z` x~# fH=_O =O\
x~
# J#=uO k.
U_=k, Wk qq^ q= H@|_=O__O , =i
^ OuH ^~O J#Q ^O qq^ ~H# ^ #"# q=
q =#"# ^#`# =`#O` JOkOK_O
KOk.WO^=# nx ~ P^~O O^~z`OQ,
<u H" # x`` O`, ~[H OQ `y# U~@` LO@Ok
` H~ H # ^O`` ~Ok H =O ~[H U*O@`
=iOK XH
"# ^O`O LO_^ .
XHq^" # |b"# , ~` ~OkOK|_#
~` i[O W^ q^OQ y`Ok.=#OQ
[#H~"#(J__ q"^^"#)Ou^H"#
q= xq`O , WOH D OzH == , Q~==, K
=i =#`= (`# Jxq^# =i` =HQ ` ,
^ =H Jf` q^<`)^= Jx *, ~"@, =HQ `
^ =~ =`O #O_ ^O`~ " # ^~x J=OaOK
==Ok. ~` i[O J_ qq^ =~ =i
qa# q==^ <uHOQ x`OQ ~OkOz# XH
XO^= J=`Ok.
D ~*OQ|^" # i[O QiOz ~` Qx
t=OQx H=OQ J~O K H|__" ^ "kOK
|__" [~Q^x <# q<#. i[O +=
=_xH =i Ja#O^# ^~O H=_xH ^x ^ <#
P`=Q# XH H~}O.` i*xH XH=Oz
^O`~"# P`=Q# J=~"#> ` ^
`=`= O` ~ J# "~Q~K H=#
J=~O ZO`< LOk.`= Ki`, Z_ XH<H =O
"~ ~OkOK# "_ JO@~ LO_ |^Q
"~ ~f "q ^ ` #O_ ZO`Q< <~ H= =Ok.
JQ i[O `=O``=Q J#iOK"~, ^xK`
=~O ` # =u~ W^~ _ ~f "q ^x sHO z
ZO`Q< <~ H==Ok. ^~xH ~f i*x
q=iOK ZO^~ q=~ ^x "x , q+ x Q
J~O K x ` O_ "KO\~x < Q_ #=HO.
XHi Q#H "~ K ~` "~ =iO` JO`~
=*x xiOK_O ZO`Q< H$`H$ ` HQQ`~.
J#"^O: ~_ "OH@ ` <~}
~fq^#O Wq_~# U_ H} \Q
LO__" QH, q $` K~ _ ZO` J#"# q.
``Q, a#a#=` J<q J#O`~ PK#=#
Ki#q =`OH^, WH_ =`OH ~O= < JO^
QOQ L#".
~O_=k, Wk =`H *=H`xH iQ
=u~HO H^.=#^O U XH =`O`< H ~ ^~}
=`O`< QiOK|_#\H,(=`O H O# J<k
^ ) Jk H iH " # O^ # =` = ~ * Q i O
=OE~~Ok.
=_=k, J<H q= H@|_ LOk.JO> K
^/ =#`=,JO> Oz`OQ = =`O iq`O
HO_ =`=~ O|OkOz# K#, =[O
=#` ~x ~HO K@ =~=^ Ou, < =O\
^qH q=# i~HOK@ J#~OK|_~k.
=`=^ O [i O_ D q^#= ZO` x`=,
=~=O`"#k.
<=k, Wk ^xH, =`xH =^ J_Q_#
xiOK^. K@ sQ_#\H Jq ~^~HOQ<
LO\~.WO^= "\x #tOK
_xH xOuOK_xH
HO_ HiOK@ ^O =`=^ *HO K HQ^.
JO^~ = ^ = =#`x
JOkOK x`" # J=Q#`_# "x P^~O K x
^O Z< `# +OK==Ok.JO> =`=~
O|OkOz# q^O ZOH ^u # HO_ QO@
x=_O, `= ^ W`~= ` Qx =# Q~"x
~x W=_xH x~HiOz# =lH =`~ " # O
q+O *HO KH=_O, (L^~}, J $`
x+^=, =`` O|O^OO_ JO^ih O^
^"xH "tOKh_O, =~=O`OQ eOQ
q=H`# JiH@_O=O\q), Hi Hi#"# |+~}
HO_ ^ Hi#"# `@`` HO_ H=O ^O`
^H" # ^~x LOK` "~@# J#~O k.
S^=k, D "_ =# =`= @ K~H#
Pu^xH =i =O^"# `__ =^Qx ^
JQ~=~H"# Pu^O =i Q~=^"# =uiH`
Qx ZOKH=# J=~O ^x K O k.D ~ O_~\h
=# Q~=O L#O`=~ J=~" # Pu^x O^O^
=#O qo`O K=K#.JQ W`~=`q#
Q~qOKO^ |~OQOQ "iH HiOKO^ Hx
J# J=~K <O^ *HO K H=K#.
2013 PQ
13
[#
i~`
kQ OKf~*
D"xH LO__O ^$ zHO H^. QOnr H Q#
`O` ~`^ O H~O H"x qOK "~O^iH =
x"kH# D "O ^~ iK O K < O. `# PtOz#
'`O` ~`=x O J< JOO J_y#
=^#OQ QOnr `# uH OQ WO_ 1930 O |~
10 OzH W ["aK~.
'^ Wk < ^O Jx qOK ~`^ O HO
<# x K#. J ^x ~OkOK_O ^"x "}H
^#` LO_e.
x"kH =Yz`x D ^$+` ~OkOK_O ` @,
x"kH JO`\ W^ =O Hx O k.
^O x~^ ~f_# P" Pn(=# ~_)H
`# O\ 1520 H =OkH ux^ O =# ZO
LO_ ~" O@ @ `#^< =# ^ . JO` HO_ ^~
~+ ~[^#< ^ _b < ^ JO^@ x
HH~ H~< f< x~ `# "}H
^#`^ < =# _ P" Pn LOk. `O`O
=z# 65 U `~"` _ ^^Q ~fO^~
`= ~[H , i# H #O_ "~ K |_#@Q
q< ~. D =# PiH, =lH H=#Qu HOkH
" # Hk Z=Q LO@Ok. JO` HO_ `= q +`
O|OkOz# x~
# QoHOQ ^~OQ LO_ '= <
`= ~^` << =# _ LOk. P~#~ ^
*=O ^x Q KH=_O =# [
"}H ^#` J<k ^~ OQ< qyeOk. <\
= # `= `e^ O _, ``, =`` Q< `=
iu _ LO^< =# =# <Hx LOk.
=}O H~ J~
~[
2013 PQ
14
[#
2013 PQ
15
[#
=~ HO^O` OkOK_O` @, Zx =~
K#\H HO^ l` H~H= OKf~*
O HO^OQ f ~+O @O ~OkOKH=_O
`xi.
D
"# qHOnH~}
^u ^~ ~+ [<,
OKf~*O [< #_= ~} `=
O_ LO@Ok. P~ ~ _ ^H q[=O`xH
H~Q LO__O ` =Oz e ` kOK=K. Z=~
_ =ke" |_~ . JO^~ Ja=$k Q==`~.
`^~ QOn O H=OQ "= ~O ^O k.
Hq\ zOz# ^u J= K OKf~* ==
q+ O ~+ `^ ^ ` Jx, H O^O D q+ O
Uq K^< =# `y`Ok. J~` OKf
|`xH ~[H OHO ^< ^~} JaO LOk.
Jk ~ O k H^. ~[H OH" #@~` ~*OQxH
n~" # , q=~}`H =~}# ~" O@ L
UHw=OQ P"kOK" H=. ~[H OH" O>
~*OQ =~} ~+ u P"^xH =O^ <Q <<
QO ~ # =`O ~Hk. ~[H
OH" O> OKf~* == O|OkOz
`xiQ \OKe# ~*OQ JO "Q K"
H=. `^~ ~ K\xH P"^O, H=O ` O_
OKf ZxH x~}, xH, HQ, =lH `xv
[iQ" H=. JO` HO_ 15 ~ = 33
`O #O_ 50 `O =~ xH O i[~+<
OK"~ H^.
~xH ~xH =^ J= f="# `_ L#\H
OKf~* O JkH~ qHOnH~}
q+ O H ~,
H~@H, `*Q =~+, `k`~ ~ =O^<~.
D q+ O L`~ ^ , *~O _ "#H|_ L#@ Q_z #
~O_ ^ OKf~* x~Oz# ~
`eOk. JkH~ qHOnH~}
Hx ~ "#H|_<, Hx
~ K =O^O_, =Oz e ` kOK~. WO^
J<H L^~} =k "^`<~: H~ ~+O
O K f~* x i u #O_ 1990= ^ H O
kf~O XHiQ ^= <xH KiOk. u~ _
Q` ^|O WQ s =O^_ Q "O k. W\= HO
c~ x $ #O_ P= u kQ xOk. ~<,
=K^ , ~[< ~ =Oz ~Qux kOK~.
~ ` ~# H O, L`~ YO_ _ Wk ^ "#x
x~`"Ok. Q" =O\ z# ~ _ =Oz
xf~# H#|iK~. JO, PO^ ^ , =^ ^ , Q[~`
H^ . q + # x O ^ ~ O Jx"~ OQ
JkH~ O`OQO P^~_ e =O k. `^~ Ja=$k
H# kOK_O [ Q=O LO_^ .
Q_z # ^|O H O^ lH H~H= J=
OKf~* == `, qHOnH~} =O\ JO#
JkH~ O`OQO iQ J~O K HH ~# q+ x
= x"kH <H KO. JO^H ZZ J= J<H
K~ q =~. = x"kH ^ #OQ OKf~*
O # }oH ~H # "^ J= =~ x^ ,
q^ , JkH~# qHOnHiOKx zOK_O ` @,
Zxqk =Y H O^ l` H~H= O|OkOz#
"_ Hq \ =(#=< H~K~}
@O)# _
~OkOzOk. g\x
OQ, * i# J< =eH
^O` P^~OQ ` ~ KO.
HOk ~ K =Ok, P~< K `
L#` ~ H^<k nx L^ O . JQ HOk ~ ^ O
Hxk, O|Ok` L#` ~< K ` HOk ~
H^. U^< x~t ` H~H=xH ~ # ~x QiOKx,
qq^ H@ys# ~OkOKx, ~# ~ i_
qHOnH~}
[~x = L^ O .
x"kHx <Q= QO H~K~}
\# K~=.
WO^ =iO` `Q fH"e# K~ # q=iOKO.
JO> OKf~* O x^ , q^ , JkH~#
qHOnHiOK_O ^~ HO^ l` ^H J=
^ `# "\H ` xiQ JyOK_O =O\q. L^~}
~ tH Ja < =~^ ~ H# Hq\ ijeOKQ,
JH~ = <~ O^ =O^ 325 H~H x~OKe
LOk. JO^ 200 # ` xiQ H O^O ^ ~+O
~ K =#q HQ, =O^ # l ^ L l
^ ~ ~ K =#q. Hq\ ~ tH Ja <
J= ~OkOz# #=< H~H @O H~O
`O x q[# P~ ~ (HO^O, ~+O, l
OKf, =^ O`~ OKf, Q= OKf, ~ )
LO_Q, "@x\h OKf~* O ~H f~=K.
^O > OKf~* O , xH =xH Q= /
"~ ^~ *"|^s `#O HeOK su O|O^O
<H=K. JO` HO_ D @O x^ , U*h, JkH~
O`OQO ^ x} Q=O U "~ LO_<
q+ x _ q=iOzOk. J Q H O^ l`
H~H= O|OkOz ~ J#Q}OQ #=<
@O# ~OkOz, "\x ~ J#Q}OQ =~
K < J=HO LO_x x"kH ~ KO k. J~`
2013 PQ
16
[#
2013 PQ
17
[#
2013 PQ
[#
~``
<Q ^ eH
Hj =[O< XH *= ^ ~Qu
_qxH
#=O|~ 3, 1978
k QOa
|=i 18, 1965
Q<_
|=i 7, 1974
Q <
" 26,1966
~`^O
PQ 15, 1947
W~H
JH|~ 3, 1932
["H
PQ 6,1962
*~<
" 25 ,1946
H<
_O|~ 12,1963
"\
|=i 25,1961
`
JH|~ 4, 1966
=q
E 6, 1964
=b=
E 26, 1965
=
O |~ 21,1964
=i+
=~ 12,1968
<ri
JH|~ 1, 1960
<~ i
PQ 31 ,1963
H<
PQ 14, 1947
~O\ H\ JO_ <q
O |~ 19, 1983
~O\
|=i 22, 1979
~O\ q<O\ JO_ k y<_< JH|~ 27, 1979
~"H
E 22, 1963
+
E< 29, 1976
~ e<
U 27, 1961
` PH
_O|~ 11, 1931
jOH
|=i 4, 1948
rO_
O |~ 6, 1968
\x__ JO_ \Q
PQ 31, 1962
<> _ J~ Zq~\
_O|~ 2, 1971
"<
#=O|~ 30, 1967
*Oa
JH|~ 24, 1964
lO
U 18, 1980
q[# H>
< ~K~ u
2013 PQ
19
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
K\ T O ^ #> WH _
TO^H=_O = 1948
a\+ `O #O_ q=H
OkOk. ~O_#~ H@ #
L# [< JH~ ` 94.2
`O. 1948 `O`O =zOk. 22 " 1972#
Q}`O`OQ H\ OK |_Ok. Q}`O`OQ H\ OK|_H
=O^ #Q =|_# D ^O , qq^ <QiH` ,
O $` \x . JO^H W^H =Oz ~@H O`OQ
k QOzOk. WH_ H$ u D ^xHH P~ } =x KK.
W_ Z< =` WH_ L#\H, jOH ^= `xH
Mu QOzOk. O^ ==^O XH nq J~# D
^O O, `q =^ L# n~" # ~\ =,
K # ^ =, ~[H OQ X_^ _# Z^~Ok.
Hx ""
[<- ^ [< J<k P ^O H J``=
=#~. =#= =#~# qOz#k Un ^ . <\ O K [<
6986 qe#. JO^ ~`^ [<-121 H@ = >!
Hh WO@~+# =<@s O _ (2011) H~O, J"iH
OH ~ l_ H\ H qe< _~. O K
^xO\H< gi l_ < Z=. `~ "u #O K< k.
~` #O ^H O_. =# l_ ^ ~ H _~
z =`" ! l_ ~ H \ H~O KO> H`~
^O JxO\ H< =O^ LOk. J"iH OH ~
P~= #O L<~. Z= kQ=u K < ^ =#O
^= #O L<O. J"iH K^ = xq`O q^~ #
O ^ K< "^\ #O LO>, =#O ~ O_ #O
L<O. OK ~@H O (Z<) x"kH H~O
~ @HxH J` ` = ^ O Q < " ^ \ < x
PHqOzOk. OH ~ ~ O_= #O.
FK S x"kH
PH ~ ^iH =#= Ja=$k H~H=O (FK
S), O_< qq^O PH ~ J^ #O H~O Ja=$k
zH P^~OQ [i# ~ ~`^ ^iHO <,
|OQ^ H< "~Q Jx `eOk. g~ Zxq^ @
(1999-2006) K# J^#O |O ^iHO
`yO K_O ~`^ O Q}h ~Qu kOz#^x `eOk.
( `O H< Z") =lH @|_- =lH
@|_ q+ O ~` =O^O[ LOk. q^, P~O,
`Qh~, Q$, i~H}
, *= q=#
H__O Ou, `$`O, Lk, P~QO, <O,
kH~`, ~`O q+ <~"#
q+O ~` u O=`~O H` ^H NH~O
K_`, Ja=$k" ^$+ iOk.Jqhux JO`" OkOz,
~[H # ~O Q ~ J~# ^H # \OK_O
W_ J`=~O .
21
[#
P`qO xO`# Lk g ^H O
jO =eHk KO^. H$l, "=~O =O_O
\Q# =~O O`xH KOk# z# Q=O. =eH D U_k
" =~O ` H _w iK O k. aW_ K #k
`# HiH. =eH `O_ =`
^~} == e.
`# K^= `O_H ~O H_^#Ok =eH. "q
= kxQO K H"#Ok. =`QOn *f
Qg} Lk g ^H O HO^ xHO ^~M K Ok.
P" lh\ [=# O *H~ *sK,J^
Q=O [~Q`# K~ =H@ Ja=$k ## H \~OzOk.
WC_ =eH ~E xH "`Ok. ~AH Q@#
~. 100 OkOKO\Ok. Q e xK O@
~u " aW_ " s H ^= =`Ok. Q` U_k _w
i K# h`, D U_k 10= `~Q u sH~ # ~=
_ xH " `<~. q +` <k " O@<~.
J^ =O_O "_O Q=xH KOk# "= <QH
D U_k WO@~ sH ~Ok. =K U_k _w K~_ xH
#^= =`, D = Lk g # [~=`Ok.
~AH ~. 103 #O_ 110 ~. =~ OkOKO\Ok.
J^ Q=xH KOk# H O^ D U_k >Hr
H~ _= iK , =K U_k aZ >Hr
H~ K~#O@Ok. "q = Lk g #
" ` ~AH Q@ # ~. 130 =~ OkOKO@Ok.
L#` q^# OK# L`H`Q x~^ q^~
=`QOn *f Qg} Lk g ^H O XH =~OQ
=iOk. `= x= # Q=O< `= @O| `
He e # [~ H=_O = K =
i~=x =eH, <QH , O^ K|`<~
g~H^ J^ =O_O +_ , `Q KOk#
^^ 50 =Ok q^~ ` "q = Lk
g ^H O HO^ J= [~Q`# # [~=`,
H.P~.H. ~_
x~ uH, q["_
2013 PQ
22
[#
O K [<
~` [< XH ij#
~`^O [<~OQ OKO XH qt+ <x
PHqOzOk. QoH q~ O ^$ ~`^ O O K ^
U_= #O LOk. *< ~O Q K ae< [<
^\# ^ K< "^\ #O LO_Q, ~` ~ O_=
#O =Ok.
#nf~ O`, "^ <, _ =i #Q~
[< qi Oz#k. ==xH J#"# O`
iqHOQ =$kKOk# #Q~ =i ~"}
H~ Ja=$k KOk# O` JkH [< H^.
H~ [< i}= ^O`x S^ ^Q
qlOK_.
O K *< ~O :
O K [< 1 ae< 1830 ^H O
2= ae<
1930 ^H O
3= ae<
1960 ^H O KiOk
4= ae<
1975
5= ae<
1987 KiOk.
H =O 12 O.~ XH ae< [< iy, 1987
E 11 <_ S^ ae# t= Qq [xOK_.
H|\ A 11# O K [< k<` =OQ
[~O@<=.
1996 <\H O K *< 5.77 ae# K~ #k.
O K [< 12 JH|~ 1999# P~ ae# K~ #k.
H|\ SH~[qu JH|~ 12= `nx P~= ae< ~AQ
H\ O zOk. (Z<Z Z H~O) O K [< 2010
<\H U_ ae# 2022 <\H Zxqk ae#
K~ O@Ok Jx JOK<" < ~. O K [< K<
.K. ~=H$+
s~ ~, _~" O\ P aH J_x+ <
Lx x=i\, ^~^
2013 PQ
23
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
8= r `~ "~...
[#
*= i< ==
~^~ H`
*=i< == Hey# ^ K@ ,
xH O ux^ # Z#< Hey# [,
`= Z#H# `= OH=O HO Uq K~
f<~x tOK , ~ # O`$H ~ " # *"|#
O^ [ L<~. Hx O, =`O, =~O
P^~OQ#, , ~+ ^ `# [ Q D ^q H
OQO "\`#k. `=# ^= Z##
^~} [ @, `= ZxH =O "iHz#
"Q< # < ~ " ~ _ O Qx, "iH ~ # =K~O
W=_OQx H O^, ~R xH ` \ + " # K~
fH=_O ^ . nx` QOnr HQ# [ Q=O
Hey# *qH i< == H~~O ^^ .
=K~O H~< # ~*OQO JO^iH HeOz<
D ~[H<, JkH~O`OQO `@
_<~.
~` On [~e ~ xHQ# s
*+ , D u H f=OQ OkOz [ = K~
#HeOK_xH XH L^=x ~OaOK~. `< XH
^ # xQ, P# ~OaOz# '<+# HO~< ~
~ \ @ W#~ +< (Z< P ~S) O, =K~
K@O ~OkOz, J= K < x<^O` ^" O Q
K~O, PO^# ~OaOK~. =~ , =~
L^=O` @}
[`@ Qg} [ _
D PO^# <~. ` H~H Q" #
x^ =xH O|OkOz# J<H J=H`= H, JH=
"Q K__O `, [O^iH ` xf~@ JO`$
"^~Ok. i# ~^~H` ["|^s`#O
OK~. Z="` x^ H\~Oz<, e`O
O_ ~, =$k~ @ _ ~Ok.
` < ==~`@, x^ =O
q+O_ ~^~H`OzOk. [ [#O
HeyO@ ` K# Hx K\, ^xH
J~}~, ~H` q
Z<...P~.S.
2013 PQ
26
[#
a, ~[ =_ a K~ [iQ~. H =O
i< JO =`" HO_ i# =~^ ~ HOQ
xeK K\ }oH, OH = H~H= q+ O _
~^~H` LO_x, K\ ~H# =O^ [iQ
'l\ " q+O _ ~^H` H"h
Z< P ~S _=O_ K ^" O Q * K~ "kH#
x~OzOk. D<^ O =K~ K@O , 2005x
4= H< # iQ J= K JOO# , K\ ~H #
~^~H`# "@_xH, _~"O\ P ~#
@~xOQ qx P ~# @~xOQ, XH \ ~#
x qOzOk. K @ O J= ` y # =~ ^ ~ H#
~OkOK=#kQ HiOk. D <^ O< =iOQ Q
P JHO@ae\, \<~ h Q=~ <, <+# J_~[s
Hx (Z<Z) =O^ l \ " # LOK~. D
Q x~Oz# *K~ "kH J<H =Ok O H
L^=H~, PiH" ` , qq^ ` YKOk# `
JkH~, =r [_ , ~, <i^ , uH
~OQ =Y [~ ~. ~O ~Q [iy# K~"kH
[iy# K~ P^~OQ ^~H x <+# x~Oz#
=Y"# i^< x"kH P^~OQ Z<Zx =iOK
=# =iOQ Q K## ~OkOK~. Hx #`#
K\, ~ ~H # =`" l \ " H#h H
Z<Z JOwHiOzOk. nx`@ ` K\, x|O^#
=~} q+ O _ JOwH~O `eOk. Hx
~H # =`O H#\ " K~ J#=uOK^ .
PO`~O yH K~ J#O`~O Z<Z XH _ <\#
"=iOzOk. l \ " JOO "\ LOz#
=~^ u *O^## H_Hi Oz, _ `y#
=~,K~ K, Z<Z ~OkOz# \H# `
`kx~
xH Q# 2013 " =iOK~.
K\ ~H ##, x= x|O^# # ~O
kOK_O # Jx ` M, =Ou` Y J#iO
K=# qq^ \H# D =~^ O^iK~.
JkH ~^~H`, ["|^s`#O LO_x x~tOK~.
=MO# kQ=# ~<=.
Z. < _H [~ P \ " O\ P PH s[< :
#`#OQ K\ x=x|O^# J=H `=_xH,
` O J= L# K\x=x|O^# =~
`=_xH, ukOK =~^ O|OkOz# P=H` #,
PiH =lH [<#O^~, u Y XH
\ " O\ P PH s[< ux On#, WOw+ #
2013 PQ
27
[#
PO^ ^
PiH ==
| |#`
PO^ ^ `O K iOz# ~R =lH PiH ~
2012-13, ~` `O ~OkOz# ~` PiH ~
2012-13 P^~OQ PO^ ^ PiH == ||#`# JOK< " =K.
PO^ ^ ~+O 2,75,045 K.Hg. q~ O ` ^O
q~~OQ <Q= Ju ^ ~+OQ LOk. 8.47 H@
[<` ^O [<~O Q S^= Ju ^ ~+O Q LOk.
~+O Q^=i, H$, <, =O^ ~`@ 36 W`~
#^ = < ~. O @ O _ _ xH J#" #
~=O`" # q, J#"# j`+ u x ~+O Hey LOk.
~+O ^ #OQ S^ ~H <<~. g\x `qk
== j`+ u =O_Q ql OK~. PO^ ^
974 Hg. =^f~O` ^O =^f~O Hey L#
~ ~O_= ^ =^f~O Hey# ~+OQ LOk.
~+O 63,814 K.Hg. J@g q~ O LOk. ~+ q~ O
J@g q~O 23.2 `OQ LOk. "`O ^ [<
PO^ ^ [< U_ `O.
PO^ ^ PiH == |
1. ~+ ^j`u (lZ_ )
~ " # ^~ (2004-05)H~O PO^ ^ ~+
^j`u 2012-13 ~.4,26,470 H@. 2011-12
~.4,05,046 H@. ^O x qq^ ~ ^j`` #
Q=xOz#C_ PO^^ ~+O HO> Z=
^j`ux Hey L#q ~ O_ ~. Jq XH\ =~+
HQ ~O_=k L`~^. PO^^ ~+O q~~OQ
<Q= #O, [< ~O Q J~^= #O L#\H
^j`u q+O =_= #O LOk. JO` H^
PO^ ^ HO> =O^# ~ =~+ =`" Ja=$k
H~}OQ Z= ^j`ux Hey LO_Q L`~ ^
=`O q~ O H~}OQ Z= ^j`ux Hey LOk.
2. ~+ ^j`u =$k ~ @
^HO_= OK=~ }oH (2007-2012) HO
PO^ ^ ~+O kOz# Q@
"iH =$k ~ @ *f
Q@ "iH =$k~ @ HO> Z=Q LO_@O Q=<~O. ~ " #
^~ ^HO_= OK=~ }oH ^j`u
Q@
"iH ~Q^ 8.02 `O HQ PO^ ^ ~+
^j`u Q@ "iH ~Q^ 8.18 `O.
^| Q@
"iH =$k~ @# Q=xOz#C_ PO^ ^
^^ ^ Q@
"iH =$k~ @ ^Q~ Q LOk. 2001-02
#O_ 2010-11 =~ ^j`u "iH ~Q^
7.75 `O LO_Q PO^ ^ ~+ ^j`u Q@
"iH =$k~ @ 7.54 `O. J~` 2012-13 =`O
PO^ ^ ~+ ^j`u 5.29 `xH _ ~Ok.
^ ^j`u _ 5.0 `O =$k ~ @# #"^
K _x Q=xOKe. JO`~f PiH =O^O, ^jOQ
~Q`# ^~ # xOuOK _xH J#i# Hi# ^=
q^#O ` = =$k ~ @ ^ # H~}Q KC H=K.
3. `i P^O
` ^~ H~O 2012-13 OII ~+ [ `i
P^ O ~ .77,277Q LOk. 2011-12 O II
~.68,970Q LOk. P ~HO Q 2012-13 OII ~+ `i
P^O 12 `O =$k~ @# #"^ KO k. ~ " # ^~
(2004-05) H~O ~+ `i P^O 2011-12
~.42,119 LO_Q 2012-13 ~.44,110Q LOk. P
~HO Q 2012-13 ~+ `i P^O 4.7 `O =$kx
#"^ KOk. 2012-13 ~+ `i P^O ^
`i P^O HO> ^^ ~.8,500 Z=Q LOk.
ZO.Z. =eH
x~ J^ , ZH#qH,
` _w H, Q*
2013 PQ
28
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
30
[#
O ^
s~ ~, HHf x=i\, =~OQ
2013 PQ
31
[#
` < ^O` Hx JO
P^xH QO ` # =[O ^#"#
` # J^ #O
< _ `
## J^#O
K =# P=H`
ZO` L#k. Hx
^~^$+=` nx
J= ~ xH ` Q @
J^<xH
=Y` W=|__O
^ . ` < = XH J_<_ H . Wk XH
J#=i` O H O . O H h XH^xg^ XH\
P^~_ ` ~. J~` ` ## J^ #O K K
OH q+ =# ^_ J=HO LO^x
K =K. Wk XH WO@~ _ # s H <\ q^~
~ \ , =lH i^ , ^ J<
q+ O ~ =~^. H#H ` # J^ #O q`~
ZO` ^^_ `O^#_= U =`O O^ O ^ .
` < i}=O
` # XH ^# Ok# q+ OQ <QiH` "^ \
#O_ H#Q`#k. J~` XH J^ # q+ OQ =O^
O=`~ | _# Ki` =`" nxH LO^x K =K.
# ~[H ==xOK Pq~qOzOk. ` #
= p#HO #Oz L<~. J~` XH O Q
1887 L_q< '<^#O J< "O `
# XH |~ i H \Q K|`~. D "O #
J<k ~[H ik |@O@O^x q< K_. q<
< = ~[H = H= Jx J<_. <
q^ x~O ~[H ` L< "\x J=
K _O ~[H " O LO_ _^< _. nxx =iO`
Ja=$k K# Mu OHQ_<" ^`Ok. W`_
~[H # =^ Yz`" # `_ KOK_.
Z_` ` ## `H JOOQ QiOK<
=# q< Q_ <" ~K# ^~ =zO^ nxx XH
=Q QiO fHx ~=_xH P~@O "^Ok.
_. l. t=~=~
s_~, ` < = , N J#O`^ < H
qH~^, ~OQ~_ l
2013 PQ
32
[#
31= r `~ "~...
Yojana announces the launch of a new service named `Web-Exclusives" for the benefit of its readers under which
selected articles would be put up on the website of Yojana: www.yojana.gov.in. Announcement about the articles
under the Web-Exclusives section would be carried in the Yojana magazine of the month but these articles would
not be carried in the print version of Yojana. We are carrying the following articles under Web-Exclusives section of
Yojana on its website:
2013 PQ
33
[#
K~} ... `C
D"O Kk" g~O` <~ . .. q=O^s =_ @
* \e... J=# q=... 'ZO^H@? J# g
=+ O L^~OzOk H^ ! ["...
g~_< ~^ Q U^< F ~Qx POK~? QO`u
U^< @ _~? h Z_ q# U^< K` ~Hx =m
Z=iH< , Z_< qxOK~? Z=~< Wz# D"~
O^xH |^eK@_ Jk ^O`@ He LO_
g O_ #H# `yOK~? U^< H O x @
#H f~? g~ z`OQ q=iOKe# JOO
JO`~O #Oz U^< z`x "_<~? x ^ O
Z_< JO`~O qiOK~? U^< "\ 'OK<
g@# Z#_ < "_~? W=h H^ O > \ @ ~ U
JO#~< #~H K~? z~ _HO_... 2012
=O^ JO`~ ^H LH~ } O (iO[<) L yOK~?
W^ z=i ...
K ~} ^ =^H ^~ (H~ \ ~)
J#=u O_ # ~# "\ g~ U^< K LO>
g~ Hz`OQ ~` =^H K\x LO Oz#>!
ZO^HO> W\=~ J_y# x u L^~}#
g~ #H (H)# $+ < ~# =@. ^O > =^ _
# O Q~ < ~# =@. WH 2012 H =O F K@
=~}^~ QQ, =O\ JO`~ ^H H~ } #
_ D *a` K~ _O WOH PHH ~ " # JOO.
=^H ... O^ Bz`O
"^ O|O^ =^H _ XH\ .
a# ^O`# <^O nx ~O_ q $` qQ
}+ H+
< ~K~ `
2013 PQ
34
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
[#
CSAT-2013
APPSC Gr-I & II, IV
RRB,
SSC
SBI Exams
IBPS (PO) Clerk Exams,
`i ` ~
1. l Z Z~_ _ l PQ " O> _
<qQ+< (QQ< ) ~`^ LQ P^i`
} =K~ H~ O JQ Q be
== Z=ik?
(Z) K<
(a) ~
() ZZ (_) [<
2. qY@O F_~= F_H ~
" _ iOQ ^u Z\ #O_ ZuOK_O
~OaOK~?
(Z) 1933
(a) 1947
() 1954
(_) 1960
3. D HOk"\ Uk H~ H?
(Z) ~ < qe" : ZZ
(a) qHi J[~OH : ~
() a< : ZZ (_) = h
4. OH~ #`# ^# <=i
Z=~?
(Z) H l H+< (a) [ . ^ t=O
() `O [e (_) `O` =~
5. ~` ~*OQOx Z#= PiH H~O
OH~ ^ # <=ix xqOK
JkH~O ~` ~RuH L#k?
(Z) H* (2) PiH 124 (a) PiH 32
() PiH 74 (_) PiH 54
6. SP~Z<ZZSZ LQ QxH
LyOz# ZZq22 ~H\x
ZH JO\~. WO\k, Q`O "\
QO HO "_~?
(Z) KO^ < 1(a) l\12
() s\ 1 (_) = h
7. 1425 H Q= |~ =#
SP~Z<ZZSZ LQ x z=~ U
HH =OK`~?
(Z) ~ HH (a) ~ Pi\
() Z~ Pi\ (_) ZeH Pi\
8. O^< H~ eq>_ ZO``O
@|_, LO iOK_xH W\=
W Z "~ J#=u WK~?
(Z) 9.59% (a) 4.5% () 8% (_) 6%
2013 PQ
9. ^ #=Ou Q= _ H [# U
O=`~O ~OaOK~?
(Z) 2000
(a) 2010
() 2005
(_) 2009
10. 'kK~ P WO_< JyH~ J< HO
Z=~ ~~?
(Z) Za. K"<
(a) _.wO^~ H.JQ () H\ ^=
(_) ZO.Z q<^<
11. ~`^O ZO``O =OkH=O
== O g^ P^ ~ _ Lk
O^`<~?
(Z) 52% (a) 40% () 32% (_) 18%
12. <+# _ i\ Pi<< =# Q=
O` ZO` ` O =OkH a _
^~ P~ ^< ~~ K~?
(Z) 49% (a) 75% () 40% (_) 26%
13. JO`^ J#[# ^HO HO^
Juc^ "iH <H, @OxH Zx
H P~ ^< `= ^~
JO^K~?
(Z) 35 (a) 5 () 10 (_) 12
14. *f P~ ^` Pi<< H~O,
Z=i @O| ^Q x~iOK~?
(Z) ^ =# = (18 U
xO_#"~) (a) H=O ~+ ()
18U P_ (_) g~=~ H^
15. |H~ ^~ =~ * U ~RO
xi<~?
(Z) L`~ ^ (a) c~
() t=OQ (_) Kf~
16. ^" q QQ x ZH_Ok?
(Z) =^ ^ (a) t=OQ
() X_
(_) PO^^
17. P~+< ~` ZH_ x~OK~?
(Z) ~<
(a) O*
() L`~ YO_ (_) * H
18. 'i U ~RO LOk?
(Z) L`~ YO_ (a) ~[< () H O (_) JO
38
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
["| ( PQ 2013)
1 -a
2 -Z
3 - _
4 -a
5 Z
6 - _
7 -Z
8 -Z
9 -Z
10 - a
11 - Z
12 - a
13 - Z
14 - Z
15 - a
16 - a
17 -
18 - Z
19 - Z
20 - Z
21 - Z
22 - a
23 - Z
24 - _
25 - Z
26 - _
27 - Z
28 - Z
29 - Z
30 - Z
31 - Z
32 - Z
33 - Z
34 - Z
35 - Z
36 - Z
37 - Z
38 - a
39 - _
40 - _
41 - _
42 - _
43 - Z
44 - Z
45 - a
46 - Z
47 - a
48 - Z
49 - Z
50 - a
51 - Z
52 - a
53 - Z
54 - Z
55 - a
56 - Z
57 - Z
58 - Z
59 - _
60 - a
61 - a
62 - _
63 - a
64 - Z
65 - Z
66 - _
67 - Z
68 - Z
69 - a
70 - Z
71 - a
72 - _
73 - Z
74 - a
75 - _
76 - Z
77 - a
78 -
79 - Z
80 - Z
81 - a
82 - a
83 - a
84 - Z
85 - _
86 - _
87- Z
88 - _
89 - Z
90 - Z
91 - a
92 - Z
93 - Z
94 - _
95 - a
96 - Z
97 - _
98 - a
99 - _
100- Z
101 _
102 a
[#
. [= - Hj~ ~ =~O
q `O_?
[. Hj~ ` - [= O`x
He 18 Hg@~ _"# |xHrQ O_ ~ =~ O W\ =
~O" O k. [= O`x Hj~
` He "^\ ~ =~O W^
H=_O XH q+" ` D ~ =~O
HO ~ O[ HO_ ^O<
Ju^^ # 11 Hg@~ "~ ~OQO
`=_O =~ q+O. ~ O[
~ O Qx i K _xH U_
\ O^O> JuH H^. 2005
#=O|~ " ^ # D *
1,300 =Ok q, 150 =Ok
WO[h~ ~ ~O|= xK~. f=Ke,
=` O =O\ Z< H $ u
P@OH#, O H uH " #
JkQq OK~. ~OQO U_k Jx
H# xK O k. ZH_ h~ K~^
~OQO _=< Jy=H == #
U~@ K~. 2.5 H.g _"#
[=~ ~_ ~OQxH 440 g@~
kQ=# nx xiOK~. O^<
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
^~ =H J\ #Op, * #Oz
q_^H P~ =~ J#~`
=i O k. J~`.. P `~u -H<
8(4) H~O.. XH *uxk ^+Q
x~i`" # @~`.. =_ < =~
^~ *uxkx J#~O K ~^.
P =_ < = O "~
H ~ J ^Y K #
@~`.. P J i~= =~
^~ *uxkx J#~O K ~^.
qq^ <~ ^+Q x~i`#
ZO, Z" ^q LO_@O
= a # D [<x `y
K\x =iOKx ZxH OO
Z\H _ H~`< LOk. J~`..
~[H s D =~}# =u~H
=<~. J~`.. eb^= J<
<"k, H i J< Z<rF
^Y K# \ +## qKiOz#
OH~. H< 8(4)# ~^ K f~
WzOk
. SP~Z<ZZ-1U LQO
` H` `O_?
[. WO_ < s[# <q Q + <
\\ O SP~Z<ZZ1U L Qx
q[ =O` O Q
yOK_O ^~ W\
=~ J"iH LQ == #Oz
J~= `K O@# <qQ+< ==#
=# ^O _ O`O KOk.
iQ ^j OHuH i*#O`
~OkOz# D LQ x ZZe
-22 LQ "H<H ^~ x~t `
HH H K~_O W "`
H$`H$ `~. O`OQ <qQ+<
== ~H # K _O Wk `e
J_Q. 1,600 H@ ~ Y~`
1,425 H |~"# D LQxH
~ H # K ~ . Wk k
O=`~Q = JOkO k. D
42
LQ O ^~ ~` K@ 1500 H
g@~ ik Hz`"# <qQ+<
=K~O `<O^ g=`Ok.
=YOQ H$ u q` =O Wk
q"# =K~O JOkO k. =^
g^ <H#O, PHO q=#
Q=<` @ Q| l+< O
(rZ)# D LQ O `e* O k.
QxH O|OkOz# =K~O`
@ "# K^ kx~O,
<` J#O^#O O\ H~
JO^ @H = ~ . WO^
~a_ O J} Q_
~ LO_@O =
J` O` H z ` ` O` = x
HOK=K. `, PH, Q~
=~ ^` =` @, D
=~ }OK "< "=
u Q ` # _ Wk H z ` O Q
`e* O k. O K"O Q <qQ+<
K_O J"iH KOk# rZ
<qQ+< == =O^O_Q, ~
KOk# Q< LQ == P `~u
#O LOk. K< `# _ <qQ+<
==# 2020 <\H HO <qQ+<
== ~` OK" =#
JOkOK == Q ~ Ok O k.
~< x< Qbe
l+xOQ == ~` =~ Q|
<q Q + < == # ~ Ok O k.
"\` @ <, [< ^
^qH ^ Of <qQ+<
==# Ja=$k KO_Q, W_
~` _ g\ =~# KiOk. J~`
D LQO XH^x`< <qQ+<
== "`O JO^@H ~^. D
== iQ JO^@H ~=_xH
11 LQ J=~=Ok. WO^
QOQ U_kH <Q^ LQ
HH H OOz 2015 <\H D
==# U~@ K# H O`
W H~K~}
~OkOk.
[#
q "~< =O
q
s " ~< s H = =~
K@K<~. [#~ _ ^#`# Oz XH
P# # `yOK~. XHH\ 300 =~ ~f
+, WOw+ + ~ J~` kOK# x=O
ZO\ =~ ^ . # ~OHOQ =~# iQ}#H
f< [#~ Z,[#~ _ - 1,2,3,4 ~ , P#
~ -1,2 XH ^xH 250 =~ K#
1750 =~ H \~OK~. JO> [#~ _ "~
=~ H \~ P # 500 =~
x~tOK|_~. JO> XH_ Ji Q@=#
x~~ OKq SzHO` #`# q^#O [#~ _
@O H\~ .
#`# | # K K =Ok J ~ PO^#
KO^`<~. [#~ _ | ik ~Q_ O J ~
= q ~ ~= x\
< ~K~ `
2013 PQ
43
[#
2013 PQ
44
[#
2013 PQ
45
[#
*=O LO`=
OK=O`\ # ~` Ju ^ *qH ^O.
=[Ox |# =~ LO`= J_Q_#
Kk OKx kH~`k Q J=Q# HeyOKH=_O J<k
=# ^O *qH q[OQ ^~}OQ K O@#
^ #"# e `O.U=~`<q , *=O Ja=$kHO
\ _ `# qq^ =~ ~O Q =#O `~K Q Hx~
kH~` =i LO` HeH@ Q #_ x, Hx~
H H Q `O\x J_ _ XH^xH |^Q
WOHH\ LO__O ^ XH^xx WOHH\ Z^~O@
Q`< JOx =#O q=` LO\O. JO^=#
=# ^#Ok# rq`O LO`= J<k ^~OQ#,
x~}`HOQ# ~ O_ q^Q# Hx LO@Ok.WH_
~ ` x ^ ~+ " # L` ~ ^ H JO` ~ `
*=O ^o` <x ije^O.
^ o ` k H ~ =` O_ _ O ` * =O
|b==`O^x HO`=Ok JO@<~. ^o` u J~#
==u Z<Q< L# } @# KkOz
~`^ Ju ^ ~+" # L`~ ^ ` Q#
K@ _ O ` =#O Ju ^ #"# =lH ~[H i}=x
KqK ^^Q ^ ~ Ok.P" q[O, P" s J~#
a J<H ^o` =~#, |[## kH~#
K_O ZO`Q< `__~.Z< `Q g~O`
O^ =*x e# JQ=~K J}Q^H|_ ^_H
Q~ ~.J~` *= q[x [~O@# =#O,
H =O Hx =~, Hx ^o` =~ =`" [#O
O^~Qx J`kH qQ ^o` *` WOH *=
^~xH K ^ ~ O LO_ < q+ x
=~zO.D Ju ^ qQO"~ <~x"~Q K_|_
|n <~}
< ~K~ `
2013 PQ
46
[#
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
48
[#
2013 PQ
[#
~` `O`^=O
uH `
uH qt+` Uq@O>, Jq =*x ue OK@" HH,
Hx Nx"
~[hu qQO, HHf x=i\, =~OQ
2013 PQ
50
[#
4.
2013 PQ
51
[#
*`O
HO Ja=`O
'^=O> H K^O Jx OQ~# K# =#
@OQ@i N~O
^ # OK, HO Ja=$k J^ # O
2013 PQ
52
[#
=`x iK O
H q+" O_< "o#_ =`QOn`
iK O U~_Ok. P iK O` HO *f^=O
" =~ ~ . J< H = Ok = Y` i K
OK<~. *f <# ^^~ <~l, = ~
> , QOQ^~ uH. a< KO^, P~ ^ "^#
"i O Q, uH `O J=Q# OK<~.
1921 QOn "~ <"^ =$ux =ke `O`
L^=O ^H~. `O`O ^iH# ^H, `~ "` _
~ROHO, Q=~[OHO *= JOH`= ~.
51= r `~ "~...
~` `O`^=O uH `
=# `O ^$+H fH o "\ i~xH H$+ K~.
'~ f q uH D O ^~< x~OK~. _H~
JO^ ~ 1927, U 3# '|+ $` ~` =~s uH#
O~#Oz ~ O a O K~ . JH | ~ 2, 1930
'[#`=` ~OaOK~. ''_H~ JO^ ~ =H@
#,
"H `O` @ Q PK#, *qH, x~}`H
^$H^O ~` ~*OQ ~K# ^~ J=Q`= =`Ok. P#
~` ~*OQO 19= JkH~ }
O ^~ g\ ^#`#
O^i# q^#O P# =~x x~Ok. Jx
P~Z ~~ ^# O[H~ =O\ ~K~ ` ~<~.
'< PK# x["# q. Jq < #OK L^q ~.
~K# J H^. W`~ PK## _ HHx K
L L`u O\q. <# < PK## K~O K#.
uH ~K# < =$u H^ Jx QOn 18 PQ+ 1946 'i[#
uH ~<~. `O` ^# `~` `# uH
K ~}# P~. JO^H QOn '< rq`" < O^O
Jx ~<~. _H~ JO^ ~ `O` ~`^ xH ~*OQ
~K# i HQ< P< `# uH# x~OK^ . W^~
"~O HO HO_, H O HO uH# x~OK~.
D H= KOk# uH#, uH# D ^ [~e[O
Ki` "g ^ H OKK. D i}=# |\ uHx
^` H=O "~ H~} =`" H^. P @#,
i}= `# O^x ^ i~x Ke LO@O^x
J~O K H=K.
'=lH, ~[H, PiH JO @ *hHO
=<^~x xO_xH uH J=~O. "i uQ`
=~O> ~`^ xH ~[H q"K# aOKe. JO^H
< PK#`< uH# ~K# K# Jx QOn ~<~.
'[=< xO`} uH x=
= ^$+ iOK_O ^ . uH *=x *
OH = x ~HO K_xH `y# H= O`" # ^< . JO^H
uH ~K# #<~ JO^ ~ Jx =+KO ^ Q~
`# i^< "O ~<~.
'=H<H uH `e OzH ~`^ O H =O
`O`O Ok i^, ^ ~O^iH =`O
q+ O#, =#Q_ q+ O# O HOQ, PiHO Q,
~[H OQ =# Q=O a< `O`xH J~O
kOk. JQ ^Ox u ~_ [=#~e
qxyOK< "`=~}O U~_e. J^ x["# `O`O
Jx _H~ JO^ ~ ~<~.
_< ~[ =`O x~
OQ ~k. z=iH PiH
W|O^ ~~ Jx"~ i` =`_ O k.
HO " Ox L^=O JO@ ^H} # < ^ .
O~ L^=O, x~H~}
, LC `Q O, H\
WO_ PO^# @OQ@i HO =Y `=Oz
J<H ~ * rq`= J#q OK~.
~ROK*` H~H= H" P^ _.
JkH~ qHOnH~}. [qO^s ~^ O\ O~}#
~"#=OuQ 1937< NH~O K\~. ~ Ja=$k
~ # U~@ K~. ~ ` ~} = K~Oz "=Ok
J#^`# PiHO Q P^<~. 1948 =^ (L=_)
~R =Y=OuQ 11<<~. `# ~r<= K XH~A
=O^HO|`~ Hi _=O_# P"k O`H=
K ~r<= g^ O`H= K~.
1953 PO^~ RO U~_# =xH HOx
PO^~ RO `x "O_= =O\k Jx [=~ <
K , HOQ #\H HO# XOz =Y=Oux
K _O P# i< ^H` nH J~= =`Ok.
#"O^ x~`Q HOK\ # *O~H}
^H
14 h\~^ ^H =OEi, N"OH>~ q
q^O, H~ #, H$~*, =^# x+^O,
#`# ~R J=`~}
O^~ O Q qq^ * L# "=Ok
Mn # q_^ K _O "^# q.
^xH ZO` =OkOz PO^HiQ MuKOk#
@OQ@~ HO 20" 1957# `# 84= U@ DHx
q_z"~ . @OQ@i rq`O q`~ P^~ O.
2013 PQ
53
[#
xH O
- ^o` * ux^ `
- XH ij#
~`^ O Q= OKf =O\ Qg} xH O
1802 <\
~ Q + < K @ O
#=O|~ 29# "
@_O` OKf
q^#O ~O" O k.
1816 <\ 4=
<O|~ ~Q+< =
Q= ^ Q=
=# Q =~_ .
JO` =O^ H~}
O
^q x U~@ K~. a# q+ < qK~} [i
tH # x~~ OKO^ giH JkH~qK~.
, zH ~q
s~ ~ Lx x=i\
2013 PQ
54
[#
2013 PQ
55
[#
| H J_ gHO K=K#.
Q=xH
[# uH |\_ K# "O@< `= <O|~
Z.ZO.Z. K |_`Ok. H=# KO^^~ `=
<O|~# [# P < <O. 23310162 ^~
`eKQ~.
x~ Z_@~
ZxH HH _. ZO..\.. q+ O# "`O F<
H @yi 473 Q# 290 ~+ H \~OKQ JO^
180 =Ok JQxH KOk#"~ ZO..\.. Q
ZxH< ~. qQ` HO^~ a.. ZxH ~. ZO...
q+ O F< H @yi 24 H \~ JxO\ =~xH
KOk#"~ ZxH< ~. ~ OK q+ xH = 1348 Q=
OKf Z H \~Oz# 202 Q= OKf
i[~+< H~}OQ xH O ux^O =<~.
F< H @yi H \~Oz# U XH <xH ^o`_ ~ OK
HH ~. nxHO`\ H H~}O =[=? `=?
<^ xi`" # JQ k ` =? Jx P"^#
KO^`<~ q+ .
F<
24
473
24
688
a..
24
251
24
364
11
138
12
202
64
94
"`O
64
926
64
1348
\ H =|#Q~ l xH ZxH
H \~Oz# i[ ~ + < q=~ K l 64
*_. .\.. O|OkOz F< H@yi H \~Oz# 24
< 23 < ~ _ =lH =~xH KOk# "~ ZxH
H=_O q+O . J~` F< H @yi U XH ^o`_ _
2013 PQ
56
[#
2013 PQ
57
[#
Hq` ^~k
H JH~ O[e
^~k H$+= K~... P~ q#"O@< iOK "HO
` Q O $`
POQ
+ `
=#OQ L~, ~j
+ g}O
OkOz# ^~k L`= f"`Q, q=~_Q
q#uHH~. ^ = (1935)< "^\ iQ HO
\ J< Q" u# P# ^H O_ #OK ^
J_O ~OaOK~. U_= `~Q u XH J=Q
W~" ^ K # P# [ "z# ^ ^~
<~}~= 'UH k< `QH ~ P[" |<Q (XH<_
`Q =Y HqHQ_) Jx Pj~kOK~. P n"#
e Oz ~R 'P#Hq ~O JOHiOK~x, `Q z`=
J~ w`# JOkOK~x qOK=K.
Z. [Q<^ q
i^H q^i, ~[^x H*,K<
2013 PQ
58
[#
=~ JH~ | y_Q
Pk= =~*u yi[# + ex, xO@=#
=[O JO>
`ex J=.
Hx P^ xH =*` e` hu x*~fQ =h.
u#_xH uO_, H@_ xH |@x i` # ` H r=#
O $u Hey# Pk= O KO "ik. Q`O ZO` L#`
q=` rqOz# =~ D P^ xH =[O "#H|_
LO_@O ~==ix kOz# JOO. giH K^= K
q*#=O`Q K Qey` =~ |` Q_` x
qOz# y_Q =~ +# <~ <~. =~ "KH#,
H^ H#, @ H#, `Q =~, =~
`Q x O@=# ` ~ K~. "\x 1911 L=_
=^ ~R `O K iOzOk. P H `O
i`+HO W=E` P _|` XH =Oz |_ @O_.
<# \# |_ QO@ (x^ ) W=O_ Jx `x
H~~. P# HiH H~" `O tH}
~ #
~OaOzOk. =~ ~K# HiOK_" QH, =~
"H~}
x~}O y_Q kOz# H$+ Z#xk. =~
*f q^O H~ ~ # U~@ K~Oz,
x^ =OEsH uOK~. H x x~ ~ _
y_Q. P# H$+H `O 1913 ~= a~^#
| H i OzOk. ~ H "_ H + #
"@_O#, ==iH +#" K_O#
P# \~ .
~==i O O~}a+ Q =#=`"k. P#
W XH ~. y_Q ^ =~_ `u, `
^~ ~= P# =^K ^ =#"~. + J<k O $uH
~} ^~ = =#H P=~} ^\, OH
== ` < ~ Q O |O^ O U~ ~ # + =` "
q+`~ K~`Ok. J\ + = J=~
f~QQe. QuOz# `~ q=# q+`~
Q=_ H <~}
L^_, #~O@
2013 PQ
59
[#
58= r `~ "~...
2013 PQ
Hq` ^~k
H JH~ O[e
^_ kQ_O` P ^_ f=OQ Q_ <`~_
`#\H =_=ux ^~k "Y i 1927 <\ = < Hg+<
Q H <\ O @# QO_H ^~Q QO_xe# PO^H i
@OQ@i HO O` n=`O [H ~H=#^.
^~k O #Oz a=#O H"~. q^i ^
#Op L^QO =~ JiOK `` Ox"~. Ok q^#
J OK `x ~ ^ < \Oz K~. ^~k .
`\ q^~ "H~}
O, L~ @+< K J =z#
u O` PiH J=~ f~<"~. "\` H
H#Q K ` J^ # Ja+# <~" ~ <"~.
x^x HO `` _H =_O, ^iHO# ^~ OQ
xOQ LO_"~. H H$OQH, M OQH `
[` O K# =HQ K|`~.
@O| O|O^, =#= O|O^ x~OK_O
^~k k ` H } P# K#z` `O, K#z``~
`O Jk += =`Ok. O+OK_O # Q ` =
^ O ^ . ^ ^= ~_ #Oz =#_ =~ J^
=@ f~. J^ Q~=O. P# =H` xH W^ L^~}.
W`~ u# QiOz `OK_O ` @ `#x
# QiOz KH k^H =_O + [ O x =H` O P#
O`O. O^ x=$u = Lr#, `# HO> ##
OkOK_O#, #z# ~K## "z `OK_O,
Ja#OkOK_O P# <[ O. O| <~ Q@ ^ q^
J< Qb ~K# J#"^x `= `" J#~OK#
=H` O. Hq`O / ~K# K #> rqOz# J~^# =
P< XH~ . Zky# Hn Xky LO_< ``xH x"`
x^~ #O. =HQ ` O , =$uQ` O Q O`$H ~ rq`O Q_ # P#
K~=^ JO`$Q Q_zOk. JO^ PiH W|O^,
@O| = H~}OH^. P#Hq ^q x ~^ K
1983 J\ `O f# x~
O P## f=OQ
Hz"Ok. ^iHx x*O x~O ## ~`O
^~ OQ ZkiOz xez# P# =# D K^ J#" x
`@HH~Ok.
'= x*O ~A [#[# |A Jx H< ~K `OQ}
H# `iK ZQu K\# ne. ~H ` ~*H~
=#=` *H~_ u~Q| _ `Qa_ HqQ \ HqQ
Zky HqQ H#=# `Q*u "`o_ ^~kH
JH~O[e.
60
[#
g `
?
=K~O HiOKO_ Z< *Q` fO@Ok.
W`~ @ J\ *Q` fHH=_O =# JO`~fOQ
Z< K~ ^ifOk. P ^ ~ Hx [
O QO "\ =^O LO^x DK~ KiOK~.
Wk J"iH
OH ~
`= ^` U[h
Z < + #
i\ U[h
(Z<ZZ) ^~
2007 K\ #
XH q^" # W`~ # xt`OQ Q=xOK H~H=O. Wk
~ OQ K\ # Q_K ~ H~H=O. U 2013 q+ O
|@ H_O ^~ D H~H= q=~ "QxH
=K~. nx H~O *f ^` U[hH W`~
O|OkOz# D"~, g_ , \, ~ O ,
g_ # ^~ [i# O+} K~"
|_<~. qq^
J"iH ^ O O|OkOz =K~O D ^`
U[hH JO^@xH =zOk. |@ H# =K~O
H~O " H, `# _q[<, QQ `# @
_q[<, , | H, J"iH P<< , O
D x Q~ < ~. D Q_ K~ H~H U\ 20
qe## H \~OK~. *f ^` O D H~H=x
f="^ =u~H H~H=OQ Ja=iOz#\H, W@=O\
H~H=O J= |~ OKO UHO`O O|Ok`
= ^ifOk.
30 O=`~ =r J"iH Q_K~ O SZ
Z_~_< D H~H=O J= =K~O |@
"_ O K_. P# ` ` Ks, *f ~H}
~OQ
=K~O, J#kHiHOQ W`~ JOkOK_O , ~ OQ
LOK|_# =K~x SzHOQ W`~ JOkOK_O
=O\<~ # W`x J"iH `O "_O ` D#
^x q_z\ "o ~.
"+OQ< uH =K~O H~O, Z<ZZ
J#=x` O =K~x Hx kOK ^ ^~
x~iOKHx J\ O 51% q^j O Jx x~iOK<H
J\ O [" H~H=O J= K O k. J"iH ~
2013 PQ
n J ~ a
x O
x`Y` K @ O
H~O u 10
=Ok = Hi
H XH n
~x L^QO
xH fH"e.
n PiH == = Hi P^~_ LOk. g~ O \`
JO \` ~OQO H= x~< ~. g\`@
JH= = Hi _ P^O xK K<~. D
H` K @ O n ^ L^Q J=H
OOkOK_O `@ JH=OQ ^O xH "t Oz# "i
Hi# OQ ==iOK kQ ~OkOK|_Ok.
h H<k x`Y` K@O `# "O D HOk q^O Q
~<_ . ^ | ~ = ~ \ 41 H~ H Q
qlOK|_Ok. u H~Hx uiy 5 i=}Q
=sHO K~. (Ju^, ^, =^ , z#, Juz#) g\x uiy
205 H @ysQ =sHi OK~.
x`Y` g\x uiy ZHO\, w<, Z, ~ _ ~ O*Q
ql O k. D K@O ^q H L^ O ^O x~^y`#
~=_". J~` n K\ H~O `= ~x
H=|nHiOKHH` `= L^Q u^He"e
=O ^" ## =# = Hi# J ^` QiKO k.
=~ 20 H =Ok ~f n J~a
xK < ~. ~`^ O , H<, "<, e < KOk#
90H =Ok P^O x= < ~.
[# O^H=~O
61
[#
H |@ "HH
<QiH` Ja=$k` ~Q`# P" Z< , [O`
*`# =# O_ K < ~. W^ H= ~`^ O
HxOK Ju^ H *` XH># |@" H H <_ JO`iOK
^ K~ H=_O =#} # H` QiKOk.
Q\ WO_ < |~ Q eK Hx xHOQ |@" H HQ
==i~ . Wk ~`^ O < HO_ H< _
Hx O k. _"# H` L+ H =kiQ HxOK D H
s s~O` ZQ~ QeQ H *` XH\ . ^O x "@
O` qiqQ HxOK D 2011 H H~O
H =O 250 =`" rqOz L<#k JO^ix Hz"
q+ O. g\ "@ Z==_O` D =^O _~.
D H $ + l OH x= O K ^ Z =Q
HxO\~.
~+ ^~i
x~ Z_@~, [# (`Q)
2013 PQ
62
[#
P^~ rq`
^O = kH~` :
qo` *= ^#
=[O Jx =~ [ kH~`` #
OKO@, J O`~# =<u, x~
# Q H O@
=lH, ~[H ["|^s`#O <H K#@~`
W<l" _"H (qo` *=O) xKO^x
+=`Ok.
D =# *= q^#O JO^~
OKH"x x~t O k. U XH~ _ Dq^#OxH
~O_ LO_ _^ . W@=O\ q^#O =# PK< ~o
=~ ~"xH~O\Ok. JO`QH =# =# =*x
#~ x~zOKH"x `^~ J}Qi# =~, =YOQ
= ~[H ~OQO `y# ux^ O LO_q^O Q
=# PK#O_x D q^#O x~t Ok.
` H ~[H *=xH W< l " _" H
XH * =O\k. Wk XH q^" # =lH == `^~
=*x PiH, ~[H ~OQ`#, H$u`# #
"qO# zO k. ~ O_ ^ # Ki``H O^
H~H` Wk U~_Ok. O^ *= q^#O,
="^ q^ < H ~H ` U~ _ O k. JO` Q H
*=xH. =#= Jq<= O|O^O LOk.
W< l " q^#O< c^, Q `~`= # Ki"
_"
Dq^# H O.
~`^O XH *=^O. ~` ~*OQO
^~ [O^iH =#`O, K, <O, =`
eOQ^ O_ OHq~. ~[H kH~` HeOz
`^~ =lHOQ PiHO Q " @ HeOK_O
XH =Y JOOQ i}qOzOk. Q= OK~f qq^
<# = H\~OK_O qo` *=
` J#Q}OQ< [~QO> ` O eOQ
_. =^N^ Q K@s
<+# >HH si P~<*+<, #_b
2013 PQ
63
[#
*= q^< xH ` ~` *=
H<~" ~ O^ =Y ^< Q L Q_ ` ~. ~`
*=O =~=O`"#^HH, ux^H} Hk.
^ ``" # k. J@_ Q ~ _ Wk =O`OQ
xKOk.
J@_ Q ~ *gH~}
[~QO> c^,
J}Qi# =~ "}x =lH gH~} <\=~ ^~
qxOK@ `y# #O giH LO_e.
D H O kOK@ =_OK OKf~*
== =m Ti _O Dk =#O " XH z#
J_Q =`" . 1993=z# 73= ~*OQ =~} K@O
W< l " _" H ^# =Y` =Ok. D K\
^~ ~`^ O 500 l OKf, 5,100
=i `H OKf, 2,25,000 Q= OK~f
U~_~. D Oh "`OQ 30 H ux^#
Z#O\~. gi Q}h"# OY LO\~.
73= ~*OQ =~} ^~ aOz# OQ`
[<` = qo` *= q^<
JO^@H =K~. `^~ J@_ Q ~ LO_ xH
` g~ H jHOQ ==iOK@ " @
HeyOk. D ~*OQ =~} = kH~` ZO`Q<
`__Ok. Q=x J}Qi# =~ = "@" ^@
"i Hx JO`Q qOKH <H` ^ ` @ q=Y`
^i OK~.Qg} JkH~ x~}Ox ~kH O ~[H
~OQO ~[H `= @# _eOK^. qo`
*=O kOK@ = ~[H kH~`
HeyOK_O J`=~O .
J}Qi# =~ = ^ ` ` _ #
JkH~OH =z ux^ *=O H kOz#
"< ~`^O HH. = ~O_ P<
^"^~ ~ Q= =d q[Q^# ije^O. c~
~ROx =[~ ~ l HOu H XH Q=O
^"^~~. 2010 D" ^"^~~ OKfH
ZxHOk. Q= OKfx #_OK@ O@
#O^# , t OH = O, P~QO, q^ =O\ JO
^#` K iOk. H =O =~ Kkq# P <
OKf~* O = i[~+#He OK_O =#
(173= ~*OQ = ~ } ^~) Wq q[ =O` O Q
#_< ~. Q`O Z=i`<< =\_O> `
"#H` #OK<, ~^ "#H` #OK< =\_" ~.
2013 PQ
64
[#
H~ D~
~[hu qQO, Lx x=i\
W. Nx"
ZO..Z., Z.S.\., ^~ ~
2013 PQ
65
[#
2013 PQ
~+ *Q (H@< JOy), ^u
(OK), <uH "~<H ~ ~= ^i ~ . K= Q,
66
[#
KuH H_
, * HO_" "+^ ~}` LO\~.
@y (=Q), \ (OQ), Ho (*H\) *H\
"O_, Q\ ~` K# ` H <}, Q=, `
`HOQ JOHi~. = |i(=H~) "_
O, \, K` |e (QA), KH( <<), H\ ,
QQ"e =\ ("O_`K# Ku JOH~), o
(), H H, "OH_, K\ H , <uH K\(KOK)
J_HO\ (_a), #. @w, \, Ho, H_
(Q=), ^~, , Q\ ~` "O_ <}
` HOQ JOHiOz ^i ~ . Wq <_ |O*~ QQQ
#Q~ ^~ #q< ~.
|O*~ =\_ +# |O*~ e JO\~. Wk
WO_P~< + =~xH KOkOk. D + O $`O,
On, ~*x, L~, =~i +` qo`OQ =O@Ok.
|O[~ J_= ^Q~ Q ,
Q=, @} ^~OQ x"O
U~@ KO\~. ZO^HO> gi
^ #=$u +}, ==O, J_q
L`` r=#O y~. `O_
JO^iH P"^ Q"# =Hx '<H,
'H~i, 'Q ` / *i # xqOK
Hx gi "i gi `~ "` _ `O_
^`# x~~. '<H ~A
#O, 'H~i =Ou #O, 'Q `
^=` P~^# , PK~ O^#
O~HOK_O, "^O K_O, =O^
W=_ O , "i =# H =
i~ K ^ ` K@
`_.
|O*~ = [O '#
(OKu)H ` H #O =Ok. `O_ [iQ q, Hq#
`Q^# `O_ <H, H~i P^ ~O ^ =#+
=HO "*xH =z# W~=~ "i `~ # XHHix
'[=#` (=^=iQ) fHx = i+iOK_xH
'" } (H~Hq \) ^~ `C# KiOz# `~ "`
f~ ^~ tH/[i=< qk~. D q^OQ `O_
`O` # == ^~ |O*~ J<kQ PKi< ~.
|O*~ ` HOQ J=" x(`" x),
=`=, u "h#, =i r, #=<
n~O, t=_x, =^x, =O^#, "#,
=`$^, q^, eOQ|K, "~=, ~#, ^~#
H~. Q(<"^O)D Q QOQ WO\ =O^~
Ki(QO`) `q JO^ H> " ^x =O@ `
Y~ =O@ K ^= <" ^ \ ^x JO^iH
2013 PQ
[#
2013 PQ
[#
`Q *#^ "
` XH ij#
"` *#^ ` H XH QO Quotation is a good thing. there is a community of thought in it
~O_ J~<
< ~K~ `
2013 PQ
69
[#
=~\H~ }
[~Q`# <\ O^~ O *#^ `Ox
"` J#|O^# `\ Q =.
~=x =O\ ~AO>
#=O`x =O\ |O@ JC_ =O\_.
^ ~[ `^ * J< =O iOKk D "`.
''#q <#"
z |~# @
XH =Hx =#O #q, J`x #O_ =Ozx PtOz#_,
J`x #O_ =# K_ Z^~ # O^~ W@=O\ "`
"_`O\~. ==^~ q`< H~Hx Hx ~H
^<# |_^, " He x= LOK`~. `~` ~ Q
D q^OQ q`< x= [~Q` =#k. Hx U^<
O [iy#_ ^#O z =_O [~Q`Ok. J#=
~HOQ =z# P x*x [iy# =~ O @#` e
K O^~ O D "` $+ [iyOk.
XHH "` [ O H, ^iH, <u H r=<x
P^~OQ KH x, J#= ~x O_ ~Q oHQ K# ".
JO^H "` *#^ = i}uH iH .
''J` ? <# =#O `
h H_ PH\ H~_#@
=#O K|`# =@, K # xH ` ^~# _,
H@
O` =#O K|`#n, K # n, "~ # _ D "`#
"_`~.
XH WO\ H_ ''=#O `#k `# D \H
~ Ok. ~ ,J` L<~. P" D O|O^O #KH =~
o KH ^zOk. J`` P => K|`#k. Q< LOk.
Hh, h H_ ''PH\ H ~_ Jx `# ~ =, # u
H\ # k. J`x g^ = J<^ =O> =i ZO^ q_z
`#k. P" H`x = ^ . Hx = L#@ =@
H\ # k. W@=O\^ U^< O @# [~Q= K. ^xx
^$+ =OKHx WO\ "` K <~ [.
Hq, O_` ~K# =K "` H$`HOQ
LO\~. *# ^ O+}, Q =K "`
=}O` q"# q.
''Z=~ *# H~ "~#q OH Z=iH# # ` ^<
J<k [ O~ qO. Q$} q+ O
Wk x` `O. WO\ =O_# Kk ~z Z =<,
u#=#^. Wk WeH `e# ` O. [ `e#
~= ` O. K# H~ = =Oz^< , K_< , J#q OKH
`^< hu ^x LOk. H~ ^O`O g^, Q=O`x
g^, hu x*~f g^, `=~## [HO`\
#=H" ", q" `O k.
`~ "~ 72= r...
2013 PQ
70
[#
~[O [## =^ _
QOQ^~ uH
~[O < [# JO@ "~ L^=x
"kOz# ^ ~
<=i ^qx
K \ # ` ~ "`
a\+ "i ``Q
=i l< K #
q[x u~ iOK~.
` O uH
^ ^ O < ~ O
P~OzOk.
uH ` #
x~ + ` O
x~OK
H#@ K #
"^## q#\xH
u ~A [ H~ P=~ } = Q "~ . uH n ~
QOc~= ^#O` J! `= ## ^+Q f~xOK=K.
Hh <# ==\H x~+x . Wk < ^$_ qO. `#
KQ L#\HO > * tH J#q OK@O =< < L^=O
=iO` q[=O`O HQ^x. J^ ^= x~
"` JQ Hh
J<~. =O_ * L#C_ uH Q=n` Q
"M#O "~. J^ w`~ O. H~ K @" =# ^ #
^~=<~. P "Y` P QO^O OK "^=
OO^#k.
1916 E 23# uH ++ i L`" #OQ [iQ~.
uH 30U@ H i, =~~ uH# x~Oz ~f
uH^=x H` O` `HOK~. * =
x~} uH "kH H"<~.
XH=~ Hi uH O^HO ~O_Q uH
=~_ Q "kH Q~ =~}O K~. U=`O KeOK O_
P H~nH~_ uH# HO "=iOK~. uH
* L#\H uH HO "=_k.
71
[#
70= r `~ "~...
2013 PQ
`Q *#^ "
` XH ij#
''LO> LQk
O> UH^t
b
_ H+ _ Ok_ . e `O aOz#_ `#
H_xO_ uO\_. W~Q ~Q OK`_. `#
Y_ =*x Y_`_. L#^O` iOK~Ok.
c^`# O. ^xH _H L"" < LO\_ Hh, zOK_"
W`~ = P__" Hx K_. Wk *#^x
^~ x~uH, H+ +` , H~ y`=#, =[ OH =
HOH , " H r=# "OK L^~}=. W^ "x =~
~O Hx O` ``~.
''LO> uO\O O> TO@O
H "`Q H#|_< nxH =u~H" # =O
''LO> L@ O_Q
O> @ O_Q
J< "` "_|_`Ok? L#C_ ^~ Y~ K,
q ^<#O` Y~ K #C_ ^aiOK"ix
*#^ D "`` Zu _O \~. OiOK\xH
uO\~.
WOH,
=H<\H `\H J|#@
P_ H =^ g^ _ U_#@
QeH HO =_H `Qe K#@
HO_# `q ZH# |\# @
K =z =O` ^z#@
K H DQ =y#@
`` = @_ ^~ = u~Qe
=^ ~ _` "~ @ #@
K K QO@H ^e#@
JO^x O_ J~ z#@
K~ |~ ^e H= ~O \# @
"^Q "`# ijeOz#_ Jq XHH\
O^~xH KHQ JuH q=iOz K q H=OQ
Jx~.
"`# =# `Q ^O J<H= Ok H= ##
"^Hx D<\ P^ xH H= =~ `= `= H==,
QO^ ~#\H *#^ ==~O "< O^
99 `O WOH rqOz =#q. <QiH` iy# Hk "`
JxO\Q< `~=~Q=`<~. P q^OQ `~=~Q
HO_ "`# HiOK=# ^ ` D<\ i^
g^ ZO`< LOk.
72
[#
=` i H_
H_ *u L#uH, =#= s~H, =#H P~QxH
H=<" ` ^ = = H_ #
`Oz "i x}`# OK_xH Q# 1974
H=< " ` Q" # ~OaOK~.
H_ Ja=$kH ~ J^i\ P WO_ # 1984
U~@ K~. nxH ^" O Q Z< Of H O^
L<~.
2001 H_ # `OK_xH <+# ~ x
~OkOz H_ # `OK_xH Q# H"e# PiH
=#~ HiOz, qxyOK H O` HO^ `
<+# ~ _=" O\ O _# <HeOk. D O _
`, " \ , H~~\ ~OQ KOk# O #O_
q~ HiO k. D x^ # ~ Q " Ja=$kH
LyOk.
<+# KO <+ \, WO@~<+ # \~"O\
x~OK_xH <+# ~ _ ~ +< H O^ `O
PiH O JOkO k.
H_H~ q^ "o JO`~f \~"O\
#_xH HzOQ HO x~}, H_ iH~
H#Q x^ H O^ `O =~O k.
qq^ ^ = H_H~ < q^O Q JO`~f
KO <+ =i ~ = # x~OK_xH
x^ # =~O k.
~RO H_a=$kH Z< "U~~z x^ U~@
KOk.
~` HH \ HO\ ~ (aS ) Jd~` \
_~ +< (ZSZZ ) "^# q Z< U~@ K O K
H_ ~OQO "t Ok.
=YOQ H_ Ja=$k KO^ ^ O ~ . ~`
H_ q +` ~ H_ Ja=$k LOk. *f
H_ k<`=O # PQ 29# Jx ~ #OQ
[~x qOk.
=#^O 50`O q^ i # P@ O ^ .
q^ }oH H_ K@ ` =.
H_ , H_H~ i # P^~}
`Q_ O .
PiH ~ H=_O, nx=# q+` L^Q,
Lk, P^ =~ = J#H=_O.
=[O H_ @ x~H "Y i.
i # tH}
WK HK H =_O
`O ^$+ @H =_O, PiH O JO^H =_O
`e^ O _ `= " ~ , _H~ , H O^, ~R `
"\, OHOQ W`~ ~OQ L^Q H"x
J#H=_O.
P@ =x =$^ K #H=_O.
s~xH Q=`" Jx
__ O ,
@_O .
=[O QiO ``eHO J#H=_O
Hx H_ H JkH =Y` W=_O.
x^ H~`
qs`OQ iy# q^ \
JkH~ q=H` , H ` ^~}
W Z< H~} JxO\H< =Y"#q. 'tH}
WOK PiH =` H ZO`=Ok `e^ O _ `=
`= H_ W+" < =ke" _O.
'qx P ` Z~ ~ J= K # *f
~ H_ Ja=$k ^H .
~ =^q
< ~K~ u
2013 PQ
73
[#
2013 PQ
74
[#
"~` O^
J~ iQ KH ` K# q. Wk ~<"b "|
Pb ^ ^i K c~"# `OK O k.
Ki`H "~` O^ ^~^x K
=O` =~ Q~< U=`O ~ ""x
Hx XH XH = Ou D ^ # Q}OHkHi = #O.
W@=O\ H@_ =O ^O <Q O`
L<x Ki` H~ =# `Ok.
~ 1872 XH J^`" # H@_ xH ~teQ
W@=O\ H@_ # xiOK_.
"~` = O` x~} OH O $uH
z =`" . Jq ` HOz U=`xH O|OkOz#q H=.
~`# x~} K@O H~O `O "~` x~}x
i~HO K K _O XH ^ `Q qOzOk.
`O ^# Q}OHkHi H~O =~
=_ "=Ok L^Q ^ ` q^ x~< ~.
WO^ J~^ q QO_ Q J~^ Q ~ ^ #
Q}OHkH~ L<~.
D Ki`H = Oux H O^ aH =~ qQO P^ ~O
2005 43,63,400/ ~ JOK< =O` =~=`
# "^ \ 2007 <\H "\x i K~.
J@# H=O ` O_ D = #O O~HO K |_`Ok.
W\=e HO ^ # Q}OHkHi "}j~" P^`
2012 = O=`~O uiy D Ki`H = <xH ~OQ
" H~H=O K\ ~ .
Wk ijeOz# ~` *f H =i O $uH
Ki`H O~H}
O (S<\ Z K) 2013 O=`~xH
D =OuH OK Ki`H "~` O^ k<`=
O^~ O Q ~~x H\ O zOk.
l.Z<. i
< ~K~ `
2013 PQ
75
[#
Yojana (Telugu)
2013 PQ
August, 2013
76
[#
Printed and Published by Ms. Ira Joshi, Additional Director General & Head on behalf of Publications Division, Ministry of I & B, Government of India
and Printed at Prakhya Art Printers Pvt. Ltd. 1-8-724/A/31, Vegetable Market St, Nallakunta, Hyderabad - 500044. Ph.: +91 40 2766 2429
and Published at Yojana (Telugu) 10-2-1, F.D.C. Complex, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad - 500 028. Senior Editor : Suresh Dharmapuri, Tel : 23315288