1.

0 Abstract/ Summary
Our group had conducted an experiment on the hydrolysis of salt and pH of buffer
solution. The chemical laboratory we used was provided by our university where we had
conducted our experiment. Our lab technician had prepared the apparatus and materials
that we were to use to conduct our experiment. The aim of conducting this experiment was
to determine the pH value of salt solution by using different indicators. This can be done by
preparing four test tubes filled with 0.1M of Nal. Three drops of different indicators are then
is added into the test tubes. The indicators used are Methyl red! Methyl orange!
"henolphthalein and #romothymol blue. The pH values for the salt solution is measured
using a pH meter. $e also need to calculate the %
a
or %
b
for each cation or anion that
hydroly&es. #esides that! we also need to prepare acetic acid'sodium acetate buffer. The
fourth ob(ective is to investigate the effect of acid and base on the buffer pH. )n the
experiment! we used many methods to obtain our results. This includes preparing four
different solutions of different indicators! determining the pH values using a pH meter and
preparing a table for our results. *rom the experiment we had conducted! we concluded that
the the actual results may varies from the results that our group had obtained. *or example!
the colour changes and in terms of pH values. Therefore! any small mista+e should be
avoided in order for the experiment to be successful.
2.0 Introduction
, salt formed in the neutrali&ation reaction between a strong acid and a strong base
will dissolve in water to give a solution that has a pH of -. The salt of a strong acid and a
wea+ base yields an acidic solution in water! while the salt of a wea+ acid and a strong base
gives a basic solution. .ecall that #r/nsted'0owry acids are proton donors and bases are
proton acceptors. )n water! an acid can donate a proton to water to form H
1
O
2
and the
con(ugate base3 a base can accept a proton from water to form OH
4
and the con(ugate base.
Many salts are strong electrolytes and exists as ions in a5ueous solutions. )t is the dissolved
ions that have the potential to undergo proton transfers with water to generate H
1
O
2
or OH
4
.
These reactions are sometimes called hydrolysis reactions 6or proton transfer reactions7.
#uffer solution are the solutions which contain a wea+ con(ugate acid'base pair and
can resist a drastic change in pH upon the addition of small amounts of strong acid and
strong base. ,cid buffer solutions can be prepared by adding a wea+ acid with one of its
con(ugate base such as H
8
H
1
O
8
9
8
H
1
O
8
9
or NH
:
2
'NH
1.
,l+ali buffer solution can be
prepared by adding a wea+ base with one of its salt such as NH
:
l to a solution of NH
1.
3.0 Aim/ Objectives
i. To determine pH values of salts solutions by using different indicators.
ii. To calculate the %
a
or %
b
for each cation or anion that hydroly&es.
iii. To prepare acetic acid'sodium acetate buffer.
iv. To investigate the effect of acid and base on the buffer pH.
4.0 Theory
To calculate %
a
or %
b
first we must determine the pH value of the solution.

*or example! water! H
8
O 3
i. *irst! find the ions present in the solution. $rite the net'ionic e5uations.
ii. ;etermine the pH value using a pH meter.
iii. The concentration of the ions can be calculated using these e5uations<
=H
2
>? 10
'pH
=OH
'
> ? 10
'61:'pH7
iv. *inally! calculate the %
b
using these e5uations<
%
b
? =H
2
> =OH
'
>

Note that the equilibrium constant expression, %
b
may differ

for each salt solutions
depending on the reaction. Whether it is a one reaction process or two reaction
process.
5.0 Aaratus
@00m0 Arlenmeyer flas+! 1@0m0 bea+er! 10m0 measuring cylinder! 100m0
measuring cylinder! test tube! test tube rac+! stirring rod! pH meter! analytical
balance! pipette! hot plate and plastic water bottle.
!hemica"s
Na
8
H
1
O
8
.1H
8
O! 0.1M Na
8
O
1
! 0.1M Nal! 1.0M Hl! 1.0M NaOH
;ropper bottles of< Methyl orange! Methyl red! #romothymol blue! "henolphthalein
and standard buffer solution 6pH :.@7
#.0 $rocedure
$art A% & so"ution and hydro"ysis o' sa"ts
1. @m0 of unboiled distilled water is added to each of four test tubes.
8. Three drops of different indicators are added to each four test tubes. The indicators
used are< Methyl orange! Methyl red! #romothymol blue and "henolphthalein.
1. The colours obtained are recorded.
:. The approximate pH of unboiled distilled water samples is determined by using an
indicator chart provided by the lab technician.
@. The test tubes are emptied and is rinsed three times with 1m0 of boiled distilled
water.
B. Ctep 1 to step @ are repeated by changing unboiled distilled water with boiled distilled
water and 0.1M Nal.
$art (% & o' bu''er so"ution
6i7 "reparation of acetic acid'sodium acetate buffer
1. 1.@0g of Na
8
H
1
O
8
.1H
8
O is weighed.
8. )ts mass is then recorded and is put into a 1@0m0 bea+er. The bea+er is then labelled
as #ea+er 1.
1. D.Dm0 of 1M acetic acid is measured and is added to the bea+er 1.
:. @@.Bm0 of distilled water is measured and is added to the bea+er 1.
@. The solution are stirred until all the sodium acetate is dissolved.
B. The pH of the solutions are measured using a calibrated pH meter.
-. The solutions are saved for "art #6ii7.
6ii7 Affect of acid and base on buffer pH
1. 18m0 of prepared buffer solution is poured into two of 1@0m0 bea+ers. They are
labelled as bea+er 8 and bea+er 1.
8. 1m0 of 1.0M Hl is pipet into bea+er 8 and the pH of the resultant solution is
measured.
1. 1m0 of 1.0M NaOH is pipet into bea+er 1 and the pH of the resultant solution is
measured.
).0 *esu"ts
$art A% & so"ution and hydro"ysis o' sa"ts
Colution Test tubes pH
, # ;
Enboiled distilled water lear 0ight
yellowish
0ight
orange
0ight
green
-.1
#oiled distilled water lear 0ight
yellowish
0ight
orange
0ight
green
-.-
0.1M Nal lear 0ight
yellowish
0ight
orange
0ight
green
-.0
Test tubes%
, 9 with "henolphthalein indicator
# 9 with Methyl red indicator
9 with Methyl orange indicator
; 9 with #romothymol blue indicator
$art (% & o' bu''er so"ution
Colution pH
#ea+er 1 6#uffer solution7 @.8
#ea+er 8 6#uffer solution with Hl7 1.@
#ea+er 1 6#uffer solution with NaOH7 B.@
+.0 !a"cu"ations
,uestions
$art A
#ased on the obtained pH values!
1. alculate the H
2
and OH
'
ions concentrations for each solution.
8. $rite net'ionic e5uation hydrolysis for each salt solution.
1. $rite expression for e5uilibrium constant 6%
a
or %
b
7
:. alculate the %
a
or %
b.
Ans-ers%
Colution pH =H
2
> =OH
'
> A5uilibrium
constant
expression
%
b
Enboiled
distilled
water
-.1 -.F:1x10
'D
1.8@Fx10
'-
=H
2
> =OH
'
> ? %
b
=-.F:1x10
'D
> =1.8@Fx10
'-
>
? 1.00008x10
'1:
#oiled
distilled
water
-.- 1.FF@x10
'D
@.018x10
'-
=H
2
> =OH
'
> ? %
b
=1.FF@x10
'D
> =@.018x10
'-
>
? F.FFDF:x10
'1@
0.1M
Nal
-.0 1.000x10
'-
1.000x10
'-
=Na
2
> =l
'
> ? %
b
=Nal>
'
!a"cu"ations
1. Esing the e5uation3
=H
2
>? 10
'pH
=OH
'
> ? 10
'61:'pH7

Colution pH =H
2
> =OH
'
>
Enboiled distilled
water
-.1 10
'-.1
? -.F:1x10
'D
10
'61:'-.17
? 1.8@Fx10
'-
#oiled distilled water -.- 10
'-.-
? 1.FF@x10
'D
10
'61:'-.-7
? @.018x10
'-
0.1M Nal -.0 10
'-.0
? 1.000x10
'-
10
'61:'-.07
? 1.000x10
'-
8.
Enboiled distilled water
H
8
O H
2
2 OH
'
#oiled distilled water
H
8
O H
2
2 OH
'
0.1M Nal
Nal
6s7


Na
2
6a57
2 l
'
6a57
1.
Colution A5uilibrium constant expression! %
b
Enboiled distilled water =H
2
> =OH
'
> ? %
b
#oiled distilled water =H
2
> =OH
'
> ? %
b
0.1M Nal =Na
2
> =l
'
> ? %
b
=Nal>
:.
Colution %
b
Enboiled distilled water =-.F:1x10
'D
> =1.8@Fx10
'-
> ? 1.00008x10
'1:
#oiled distilled water =1.FF@x10
'D
> =@.018x10
'-
> ? F.FFDF:x10
'1@
0.1M Nal '
$art (
1. ompare the pH value of prepared buffer solution obtained from experiment with that
calculated. Axplain the answer.
The pH value of prepared buffer solution obtained from the experiment is slightly
different from what we have calculated. The pH value of prepared buffer solution is
pH :.@! meanwhile the pH value that our group have calculated is pH @.8. This is due
to a very small factors in terms of the surroundings and a slight mista+e and
carelessness that our group had done when conducting the experiment.
8. Axplain the trend in pH changes after addition of the Hl and NaOH.
The pH changes drastically when buffer solution is added with Hl and NaOH. $hen
added with Hl 6strong acid7 the resultant solution containing Hl have a pH value of
pH 1.@. Meanwhile! when a strong base li+e NaOH is added! it causes the pH of the
buffer solution to increase from pH @.8 to pH B.@.
..0 /iscussions
Through the experiment of hydrolysis of salt and pH of buffer solution! we
have learned that hydrolysis is a chemical reaction of a compound with water. $hen
an ionic compound which is salt is dissolved in water! the solution can either be acod!
al+ali or neutral. Meanwhile a buffer solution is defined as a solution that can resist
any changes in its pH upon the addition of a small 5uantities of either a strong acid or
a strong base.
10.0 !onc"usions
)n conclusion! during the proceedings of the experiment our group have
conducted! we have come across various results and observation that differs from
what we have learned in the past. *or example! the buffer solution. Come
observation were not what we expected to obtain but due to our carelessness and
imperfection of the way we conducted our experiment we received different data.
11.0 *ecommendation
)n order for the experiment to be successful! there are some suggestions and
precautions that needed to be done.
i. "lace a white paper on the bac+ of the test tubes to determine the colour
change. #y doing this! one can determine the colour change more accurately.
ii. .inse the test tubes with boiled distilled water many times to prevent any
excess of the previous solution in the test tubes. This is to prevent any
solution from mixing together and ruin the result of the experiment.
iii. ;ip the pH meter into the solution for three times. Then find the average pH
value to achieve a more accurate pH value.
12.0 *e'erences
)nternet lin+s<
http<GGwww.nvcc.edu
http<GGwww.elcamino.edu
#oo+<
.aymond hang 680107. hemistry. 10
th
ed. New Hor+! NH< McIraw Hill
13.0 Aendices
=H
2
>? 10
'pH
=OH
'
> ? 10
'61:'pH7
=H
2
> =OH
'
> ? %b
=Na
2
> =l
'
> ? %b
=Nal>
H
8
O H
2
2 OH
'
Nal
6s7
Na
2
6a57
2 l
'
6a57