Digital Bangladesh - Mustafa Jabbar

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
1
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k
†gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
2
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖ_g cÖKvk : 3 ˆRô¨ 1416, 16 †g 2009

cÖKvkK : †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi, Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm©
188, gwZwSj mvKz©jvi †ivW
XvKv-1000| †dvb: + 88 02 7102002
email: mustafajabbar@gmail.com
¯^Ë¡ : †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
cÖ”Q` : ZvRwib Av³vi mywß
MÖvwd· wWRvBb : †gvt bvwmi DÏxb fu~Bqv
I †cR †gKAvc
K‡¤úvR : mvwenv Avd‡ivR KYv
gy`ªY : iveŸvbx ReŸvi
Avb›` wcÖ›U©vm, 166 AvivgevM
XvKv- 1000|
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3
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨
Avgvi mšÍv‡biv,
wibwK, Zš^x I weRq Avgvi GB wZb mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ÿzav-`vwi`ª- êlg¨ gy³ wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjv Avgvi Rxe‡bi †kl jÿ¨| eBwU, eB Gi avibvwU Ges Gi djvdj; meB
†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨|
4
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k iPbvi c~e©K_v
nvI‡ii Kuv`v gvLv R‡j †fRv cv kn‡i †hw`b †d‡jwQjvg †mw`bB g‡b n‡qwQ‡jv, me gvbyl mgvb
bq, me gvby‡li cÖwZ ivóª ev miKvi mg AvPiY K‡i bv| AvBb mevi Rb¨ mgvb bq ev wePvi
mK‡ji Rb¨ bq; GgbwU MÖv‡g _vK‡ZI †`‡LwQ| †ckxkw³i Kv‡Q †gavkw³‡K civ¯Í n‡Z †`Lvi
AwfÁZv Avgv‡ì KviI Kg bq| wKš‘ Avgiv mK‡j êlgÜv Abyfe Kwibv| gvby‡l gvby‡l
êlg¨, RvZ-cv‡Z êlg¨, ¯’vb-Kvj-cv‡Î êlg¨, kn‡i-MÖv‡g êlg¨, abx-Mix‡e êlg¨, wkwÿZ-
Awkwÿ‡Z êlg¨; Ggb nvRviI êl‡gï cÖfv‡e ÿz× n‡q IVv gvby‡liv GKvË‡i hy‡× wM‡qwQjvg|
†kKj fv½vi hy× †_‡K K¬všÍ †`‡n wd‡i G‡m Avevi †mB êl‡gï †kK‡j e›`x njvg|
Awkÿv-Kzwkÿv, `vwi`ª, AcwPwKrmvmn mKj ai‡bi Ackvmb I Acms¯‹…wZi wb‡®úl‡Y wcó
n‡q cy‡iv RvwZi gyw³i Rb¨ hv fvejvg Zvi bvg wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k| Avgvi †mŠfvM¨ n‡qwQ‡jv
evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi R‡b¥i mv‡_ hy³ _vKvi| †mwU GK gnvb ¯^cœ wQ‡jv| ivóªwU Rb¥ †bevi ci Avwg
Ges Avgvi g‡Zv †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl AviI GKwU ¯^cœ †`‡L‡Q| †mB ¯^cœB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k|
my`xN© mgq Ry‡o Avgvi gv‡S wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k bv‡gi ¯^cœwU †e‡o I‡V‡Q Avcb MwZ‡Z| myweav
wQ‡jv †h †mB fvebv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv my‡hvM wQ‡jv Avgvi| ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, ˆ`wbK
msev`, ˆ`wbK †fv‡ii KvMR, ˆ`wbK Ki‡Zvqv cwÎKv¸‡jv‡Zv wQ‡jvB, gvwmK Kw¤úDUvi RMr,
†UK‡bvjwR Uz‡W, Kw¤úDUvi wewPÎv I Kw¤úDUvi evZ©vi g‡Zv mvgwqKxI Avgvi †mB
fvebv¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
2007 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix‡Z mvgwiK kvmb‡K †bc‡_¨ †i‡L dLiæwÏ‡bi †h miKvi ÿgZvq Av‡m
Zviv GKwU bZzb ivRbxwZiI mÜvb K‡i| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvi Kvwj
Kj‡gi cÖKvk Gici| my`xN© mgq Ry‡o GB aviYvwU weKwkZ nevi c‡_ GK mg‡q GwU evsjv‡`k
Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi †køvMv‡b cwiYZ nq| Gici GwU AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi n‡q †kL
nvwmbvi wØZxq miKv‡ii A½xKv‡i cwiYZ nq|
wKš‘ mwZ¨ K_v n‡”Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ¯^cœwUi m¤ú~Y© Ask GLbI †jLv m¤¢e nqwb| ïaygvÎ
cÖ¯Ívebv ev avibvi AskwU †jLvi ciB GwU mvaviY gvby‡li Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cÖKv‡ki wm×všÍ wbB
Avwg| 2007 mv‡ji ïiæ †_‡K wZ‡j wZ‡j jvB‡bi ci jvBb wjL‡Z wjL‡Z GK ai‡bi åvwšÍi
gv‡S c‡o hvevi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| cwieZ©bkxj evsjv‡`‡ki NUbvcÖevn 2007 I 2008
mv‡j G‡Zv `ªæZ e`‡j‡Q †h †jLvq Zvi mv‡_ Zvj mvgjv‡bv KwVb wQ‡jv| 2009 mv‡ji †g
gv‡mi gvSvgvwS‡Z ev‡RU‡K mvg‡b †i‡L eBwU‡K Avc‡WU Kiv AviI KwVb KvR| Ggb n‡Z
cv‡i †h eBwUi gv‡S †Kv_vI cyiv‡bv Z_¨ i‡q †M‡Q hv Avc‡WU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv| Ggb ÎæwU
†_‡K _vK‡j Zvi Rb¨ ÿgv PvB| eBwUi eZ©gvb ms¯‹i‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Gi c~Y©v½ ms¯‹iY
cÖKv‡k mnvqZv cvIqv ev cvVK-bxwZwba©viK-cwÛZ I mswkøó mKj gn‡ji gZvgZ cvIqv|
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi cÖKvk Kivi mgq Avgiv Gi Avjdv, †eUv, wiwjR K¨vwÛ‡WU 1 I 2
BZ¨vw` ms¯‹iY cÖKvk Kwi| Avgiv Rvwb, m„Rbkxj KvR gv‡bB fz‡ji my‡hvM _vKv| ZvQvov cy‡iv
†`k, RvwZ I Zvi fwel¨r‡K wb‡q GKwU gvby‡li wPšÍvi duvK _vK‡ZB cv‡i| †mRb¨B Avwg GB
eBwU‡K Avjdv ms¯‹iY ej‡Z PvB| ev‡R‡UvËi Kv‡j Gi †eUv I ZviI c‡i Aviwm-1/2 ms¯‹iY
cÖKvwkZ n‡e|
Z‡e GKwU K_v ¯úó K‡i ejv ìKvi †h GwU miKv‡ii ev miKvix `‡ji AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
cÖKvkbv bq| GB eB‡Z †ÿÎ we‡k‡l m~Î D‡jøL Kiv Qvov †hme gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
meB GKgvÎ Avgvi| Gi `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y©B Avgvi|
5
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Avwg G m¤ú‡K© A‡bï gZvgZ‡K kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡ev| Z‡e eBwUi `vwqZ¡ Avgvi e‡j
Gi gZvgZI AvgviB _vK‡e| Avwg wb‡R‡K †mŠfvMëvb g‡b KiwQ GRb¨ †h ÔwWwRUvj
evsjv‡`kÕ bvgK Avgvi GKvi fvebvwU †`‡ki e„nËg I cÖvPxbZg GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji RvZxq
†køvMv‡b cwiYZ nevi ci GKwU RvZxq ¯^‡cœ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb †mŠfvM¨ Lye †ewk gvby‡li
nq bv|
87 mv‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv fvlv cÖ‡qvM Kivi ci we‡k¦i mKj cÖv‡šÍi evsjv fvlvfvlx‡ì KvQ
†_‡K h‡ZvUv m¤§vb I gh©v`v †c‡qwQ †mwUB GK Rxe‡bi eo cvIbv| 22 eQi Av‡Mi 16B †g
ïiæ Kiv †mB NUbvi w`‡bB GB eBwU cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q; KvKZvjxq n‡jI `y‡qi gv‡S Avwg GKwU
†hvMm~Î †Luv‡R cvB| eBwU‡Z wKQz Qwe eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Qwe¸‡jvi mv‡_ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
avibvi D™¢e, weKvk I cÖmv‡ii m¤úK© i‡h‡Q| eBwU‡Z hy³ Kiv hvq Ggb wKQz cwimsL¨vb, MÖvd
I PvU© Gi †eUv ms¯‹i‡Y hy³ Kiv n‡e|
GwU cÖKv‡ki mgq Avwg AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi cÖ‡YZve„›`, wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv KwgwU
I wgwWqv Uxg, we‡klZt gywnZ fvB, Bgvg fvB, gwkDi fvB, †jwbb, †kLi`v, nviæb nvwee, Wt
Av‡iwdb, Wt nviæbi iwk`, Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`mn wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li cÖwZ K…ZÁZv‡eva
†R‡M D‡V‡Q| eBwU iPbvi †cQ‡b Avgvi †dmey‡Ki cÖvq 5 nvRvi eÜz I wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
MÖæ‡ci 3735 Rb eÜzi Drmvn‡K cÖksmv Ki‡Z nq| †hme wgwWqv Avgvi †jLv¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk
Kivi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q †mBme wgwWqv‡K abëv`|
GB eBwU wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k eB-Gi cÖ_g Ask| Gi mv‡_ †Kgb K‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k; Ggb
AšÍZ GKwU Ask hy³ n‡e| Avgvi B‡”Q Av‡Q 22 b‡f¤î 2009 AbywôZe¨ cÖ_g wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k mvwgU-G eBwUi cÖ_g ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ n‡e| Avwg GwUI Avkv Kwi †h mvwgU cieZ©x
GKwU ms¯‹iYI Avwg 2010-Gi †deªæqvixi Av‡MB cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| eBwU cÖKvk Kivi
†ÿ‡Î eÜzei †jwbb, Rvjvj, †¯œnv¯ú` iveŸvbx, Av‡bvqvi, bvwmi, jyebv, KYv, mywß I †Rmwg‡bi
mnvqZvi K_v Aek¨B D‡jøL¨|
eBwU m¤ú‡K© wjwLZ I †gŠwLK gZvgZ cvVv‡j K…ZÁ _vK‡ev|
†gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
12 †g 2009
6
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
m~wPcÎ
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: 1. ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri c‡_ 8
wØZxq Aa¨vq: 2. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP 32
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq: 3. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP †Kb 46
3.1 MYZš¿ 46
3.2 fvlv-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ 51
3.3 K…wl 53
3.4 wkí 55
3.5 bZzb A_©bxwZ 57
3.6 wWwRUvj miKvi 58
3.7 wWwRUvj wkÿv eë¯’v 79
3.8 wWwRUvj f‚wgeë¯’v 83
3.9 `vwi`ª `~ixKiY I wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k 87
3.10 ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv 87
3.11 wbivcËv 90
3.12 Aciva, AvBb I wePvi 91
3.13 MYevnb I †hvMv‡hvM 91
3.14 wWwRUvj wbe©vPb c×wZ 91
3.15 ag© 99
3.18 †gavm¤ú` m„wó I myiÿv 104
PZz_© Aa¨vq: 4. cÖm½ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k 110
cÂg Aa¨vq: 5. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †cÖwÿZ 162
7
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri c‡_
GLb †_‡K cÖvq wZwik eQi Av‡M cÖKvwkZ gvwK©b †jLK Gjwfb Udjv‡ii eB‡Z ejv
n‡q‡Q, GKwU bZzb mf¨Zv GLb M‡o DV‡Q, hvi d‡j Avm‡Q bZzb cwievi eë¯’v,
bZzb Kg©c×wZ, bZzb fv‡jvevmv I †eu‡P _vKvi bZzb Dcvq, GKwU bZzb A_©bxwZ,
bZzb ivR‰bwZK Ø›Ø BZ¨vw`| wZwb GwUI e‡j‡Qb †h wKQz ÁvbvÜ GB cwieZ©b ev
iƒcvšÍiwU `wg‡q ivL‡Z PvB‡Q|
wZwik eQi Av‡MB wZwb †mB bZzb hyMwUi jÿY †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ‡jb| we‡k¦i †KvwU
†KvwU †jvK GB bZzb w`‡bi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pjvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Q Ges †KD †KD
fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ AvZw¼Z n‡q Gi weiæ‡× jovB‡Z †b‡g c‡o‡Q e‡jI wZwb gšÍe¨
K‡ib| Bs‡iwR‡Z wZwb GB K_v¸‡jv e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡e-
A new civilisation is emerging in our lives and blind men every-
where are trying to suppress it. This new civilisation brings with it
new family styles; changed ways of working, loving and living; a
new economy; new political conflicts; and beyond all this an altered
consciousness as well. Pieces of this new civilisation exist
today. Millions are already attuning their lives to the rhythms of to-
morrow. Others terified of the future, are engaged in desperate, futile
flight into the past and trying to restore the dying world that gave
them birth.
wZwb e‡j‡Qb, GB bZzb mf¨Zvi wKQzUv GLbB(GLb †_‡K wZwik eQi Av‡M)
we`¨gvb| wZwik eQi c‡i evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Udjv‡ii gšÍ‡eï wgj
i‡q‡Q e‡j Avgvi g‡b nq| Avgvi g‡b n‡”Q `k nvRvi eQ‡ii K…wlwfwËK mgvR
Rxeb nVvr K‡i b`x‡Z Pi †R‡M IVvi g‡Zv †R‡M D‡V‡Q| K…wlwbf©i cÖv‰MwZnvwmK
Rxe‡b Avm‡Q cÖhyw³i ¯úk©| `vwi`ª¨ AwZµg K‡i GKwU DbœZ Rxe‡bi AvKv•ÿv
Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q mvaviYfv‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki m„Rbkxj gvby‡liv n‡q D‡V‡Q D‡`¨vMx| bZzb
mgvR Movi ¯^cœ Zv‡ì †Pv‡L gy‡L|
hy‡×vËi †Kvwiq RbMY †hgb Zv‡ì Rxeb hy× ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jv evsjv‡`k GLb †Zgb
RvqMvq i‡q‡Q| †Kvwiqv mdjZvi mv‡_ Zvi ivóªxq PwiÎ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
Avwg g‡b Kwi, evsjv‡`kI Zv cvi‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki bZzb gš¿xmfvi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨
welq n‡q D‡V‡Q GB fvebv¸‡jv| Zviv ej‡Qb, w`b e`‡ji K_v| cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb
w`b e`‡ji mb` I 2021 mv‡ji iƒcKí| gvÎ wKQzw`b Av‡M we`vq †bqv ZË¡veavqK
miKviI cwieZ©‡bi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| Zviv G‡K e‡jwQ‡jb ms¯‹vi| †KejgvÎ
8
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ivR‰bwZK welqwU‡Z ms¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib Zviv| ZLb mv‡eK
Dc‡`óv‡ì †KD †KD, ivRbxwZwe` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A_©bxwZwe`, wkÿvwe`, eëmvqx,
mvsevw`K-Kjvwg÷ mK‡jB Avgv‡ì †`k-ivóª-A_©bxwZ-wkÿv-mgvR BZ¨vwì K¨vÝvi
wbY©q K‡i Zvi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi †cÖmwµckb w`‡q hvw”Q‡jb| NUbvP‡µ
2008 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b GB ms¯‹vicš’x‡ì fivWzwe n‡q‡Q Ges weRq n‡q‡Q
w`b e`‡ji mb‡ì| Z‡e Avgiv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi †h, gvÎ K‡qK gvm Av‡MI wKQz
cwÛZ e¨w³ GwU wbwðZ K‡i e‡j AvmwQ‡jb †h, cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi GKwU ms¯‹vi
ìKvi Ges Z_vKw_Z †mB ms¯‹v‡iB bvwK Avgv‡ì RvwZ gyw³ †c‡q hv‡e| GK
A‡_© ejv hvq, Zviv ms¯‹vi kãwU‡ZB GB RvwZi gyw³ - GwU cÖvq wbwðZ wQ‡jb|
Avwg GLbI hwÌ Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †ivM mviv‡bvi Rb¨ jvMmB Jla
eënvi Ki‡Z †`LwQbv, ZeyI GBme fvebv wPšÍv †_‡K †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e GKwU
mij mgxKiY cÖ¯Z ‘ n‡q hv‡e Ges m¤¢eZ Avgiv my¯úófv‡e Avgv‡ì AvMvgx w`‡bi
Pjvi c_wU wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| Avwg †Mvov †_‡KB GB wel‡q GKgZ wQjvg †h,
evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb eë¯’vwU K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍ| wKš‘ cvkvcvwk Avwg GB K_vwUI
ejwQjvg †h, GB eë¯’vwUi ms¯‹vi K‡i GwU‡KB wUwK‡q †i‡L Kvh©Z GB RvwZ‡K
Avgiv †cQ‡b wb‡q hv‡ev| Avgv‡ì GLb †hwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU ms¯‹vi bq, PzbKvg bq
eis Awbevh© n‡jv cy‡iv eë¯’vwU e`‡j †djv Ges GKwU bZzb eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv|
Kgywbó ev mgvRZš¿xiv G‡KB wecøe e‡j|
Avgiv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi, we`vqx ZË¡veavqK miKvi KL‡bv `yB †bÎx‡K gvBbvm Kiv,
KL‡bv †Kv‡iwk-Beªvwn‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ bZzb `j MVb Kiv, KL‡bv Wt BDbym‡K ivR‰bwZK
`j MV‡bi Rb¨ mvg‡b Avbv; Gme Kg KoPv K‡i wb| Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b n‡q‡Q, Gme
G·vimvB‡Ri Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv ivRbxwZi nivBR›Uvj cwigvcUv wbY©q Kiv|
G‡Z e¨w³‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡qwQ‡jv| GKB mv‡_ e¨w³i Øviv ev Zvi mg_©K‡ì Øviv
ivóª eë¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ wKQz GKUv A`je`j Kivi Kvgbv Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| Avwg
GB cÖ‡Póv‡K evwZj KiwQ bv| wKš‘ mweb‡q ïay GKwU K_vB ej‡Z Pvw”Q †h, e¨w³,
†bZv ev `j e`jv‡j Avm‡j ivRbxwZi cwieZ©b nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki GLb ivRbxwZi
nivBR›Uvj cwieZ©b ev msL¨vMZ cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb †bB| `‡ji msL¨vi w`K †_‡K
†nvK ev †bZvi w`K †_‡K †nvK msL¨vq Gi nivBR›Uvj cÖew„ × e¨vcK| GLb cÖ‡qvRb
n‡”Q ivRbxwZi ¸YMZ cwieZ©b| Avgv‡ì Rb¨ hviv †cÖmwµckb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb
`yf©vM¨µ‡g Zviv GB ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi wel‡q GKwU kãI D”PviY K‡ib wb|
cwieviZš¿, `ye©„Ëvqb, jy‡Uiv Gme we‡klY w`‡q wKQz wKQz e¨w³ ev †bZv‡K mbv³ Kiv
n‡qwQ‡jv| ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv †bZ…‡Z¡ `ye©jZv ev `ye©„Ëvqb ev jy‡Uiv ivR‰bwZK
ms¯‹…wZi Rb¥ wb‡q †Kvb weZK© †bB| eis hviv cywRev‡ì weKvi m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb bv
ZvivB Avgv‡ì ivóªh‡š¿i GB Aacv‡Z wew¯§Z n‡eb| wKš‘ hviv BwZnv‡m cywRev‡ì
cwiYwZ cvV K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì †Zv Ggb Ae¯’vq AevK nevi K_v bq| eis Zviv GwU
9
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Dcjwä Ki‡eb †h, GB wec` †_‡K D×v‡ii Rb¨ †h ivRbxwZ ivóªhš¿ `Lj K‡i
†i‡LwQ‡jv Zvi wecixZ avivi ivRbxwZ cÖ‡qvRb| hw` †Kvbfv‡e Zv‡ì nv‡Z Gjwfb
Udjv‡ii eBwU co‡Zv, Z‡e Zviv GwU fve‡Z cvi‡Zb †h ms¯‹vi bq wecøe n‡jv
Awbevh©|
mf¨Zvi weeZ©b: GLb gvbe mf¨Zvi Z…Zxq hyM ev Z…Zxq ¯Í‡i emevm KiwQ Avgiv|
GB Z„Zxq hyM ev ¯Í‡ii bvg Z_¨hyM ev wWwRUvj hyM| GB hy‡Mi P‚ovšÍ jÿ¨ ev
Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ n‡jv ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv| AZx‡Zi mewKQz hv cÖavbZ
GbvjM, Zv‡K e`j K‡i GKwU bZzb c„w_ex, GKwU bZzb Rxebaviv, GKwU me©vaywbK
Rxeb- eë¯’v, GKwU bZzb A_©bxwZ, GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v, GKwU bZzb
ivóª-eë¯’v I GKwU cy‡ivcywi bZzb mgvR M‡o DV‡e GB Z_¨ ev wWwRUvj hy‡M|
Avgiv A‡b‡KB GL‡bv m¤¢eZ aviYvB Ki‡Z cvwi bv, wK n‡e GB bZzb hy‡Mi PwiÎ|
GwU †`L‡Z †Kgb, Gi eë¯’vwU †Kgb †mBme A‡b‡Ki c‡ÿB m¤¢eZ Av›`vR KivI
mnR bq| Pvicv‡k †QvU Lv‡Uv jÿY Ges cwieZ©b †`‡L †KD †KD g‡b Ki‡Qb, wKQz
GKUv A`j e`j n‡e nq‡Zv| K‡e Avm‡e GB cwieZ©b, KLb †Kvb c‡_ e`‡j
hv‡e Avgv‡ì `ywbqvUv-†mwU wKš‘ Avgiv m¤¢eZ †KD wbwðZ bB| Ggb nIqvUvI
wewPÎ bq †h, Avwg wb‡RI wVK Av›`vR Ki‡Z cviwQbv, †Kgb n‡e Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨vwkZ
†mB mgvR| Z‡e Avwg GKwU wel‡q wbwðZ †h, Avgiv PvB‡jB †mB mgvRUv‡K
Avgv‡ì g‡Zv K‡iI Mo‡Z cvwi| Avgv‡ì hw` _v‡K GKwU cwiKíbv, GKwU
Kvh©cÎ, mgqmxgv Ges MšÍe¨; Z‡e Avgv‡ì c‡ÿ evsjv‡`kwU‡KI Z_¨hy‡M Avgv‡ì
g‡Zv K‡iB †cŠQv‡bv m¤¢e| Avgiv hw` †Kvb D‡`¨vM bv wbB Zvn‡jI GB mgvRUv
Zvi g‡Zv K‡i e`jv‡e Ges †Kvb bv †Kvb GK mg‡q ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R ev Ab¨
†Kv_vI †cŠQv‡e| A_ev n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡Zvw`‡b bZzb †Kvb mgvR-bZzb †Kvb eë¯’v
gvbeRvwZi mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡e| Z‡e Avgv‡ì D‡`¨vM GwU‡K Avgv‡ì cQ›` Aby-
hvqx emev‡mi Dc‡hvMx Ges Kvw•ÿZ mgvReë¯’v m„wó Ki‡e| GRb¨B Avgv‡ì GB
cÖ‡Póvi bvg n‡jv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k|
evsjv‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g ìKvi n‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
M‡o †Zvjv| G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖvq ARvbv-A‡Pbv GB wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Ges Gi gva¨‡g ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kivi Kg©m~wP †ck Kivi Rb¨
Avgv‡ìI cÖ‡qvRb Pvicv‡k we`¨gvb Ae¯’vwU ch©‡eÿY I g~j¨vqb Kiv| GiB
wfwË‡Z Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP wb‡q GKwU Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z cvwi|
`xN©w`b hveZ evsjv‡`kmn `ywbqvi cÖvq me©Î wWwRUvj eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi K_v ejv
n‡jI ¯úó K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ †KD KL‡bv GKwU mvwe©K Kg©m~wP cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb|
Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K Ae¯’v wePvi we‡kølY K‡i GB Kg©m~wPwU P‚ovšÍ Ki‡Z PvB|
10
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
hyM wefvRb: AvaywbK gvby‡li BwZnvm cÖvq jv‡Lv eQ‡ii| bvbv weeZ©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q
Avw`gvbyl AvR‡Ki ch©v‡q G‡m‡Q| Gi gv‡S gvby‡li Ávb †e‡o‡Q| †m G‡Ki ci
GK cÖhyw³ D™¢veb K‡i‡Q Ges †mB cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i gvbyl w`‡b w`‡b Zvi Ávb‡K
Av‡iv evwo‡q‡Q| Avw` gvbyl e¯‘Z wKQzB Rvb‡Zvbv|
Ggb hš¿ gvbyl‡K †cŠQvq wkíhy‡M

GK mg‡q †m cv_‡ii eënvi wk‡L| cv_i w`‡q †m bvbv A¯¿ ˆZix Ki‡Z wk‡L| GB
A¯¿ Zvi cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K AvZ¥iÿv Ges Rxebavi‡Y bvbvfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
GK mg‡q gvbyl cv_‡i cv_‡i N‡l Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z wk‡L| †mB Av¸b‡KI †m Zvi
wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi Ki‡Z wk‡L| wKš‘ gvby‡li Rb¨ me‡P‡q eo welq wQ‡jv km¨
djv‡Z Rvbv| k‡mï exR †_‡K dmj Drcv`b Ki‡Z Rvbvi Av‡M cÖvK…wZKfv‡e
Drcvw`Z dmj-dj djvw` AvniY K‡i gvbyl RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zv| K…wl KvR Zv‡K
cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q Amnvqfv‡e AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges AMÖMwZi c‡_ mvg‡b
GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| †m wb‡R Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cQ›`bxq mg‡q Dchy³ Rwg‡Z
Lvevi Drcv`b Ki‡Z †k‡L| cÖK…wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K Zvi wbqš¿Y| w`‡b
w`‡b Zvi K…wli Ávb evo‡Z _v‡K| †m G‡Ki ci GK cÖhyw³ D™¢veb K‡i| D”P
djbkxj exR-dmj w`‡q mviv `ywbqvi µgeag©vb gvby‡li ÿzavi Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi
DcvqI gvbyl AvqË¡ K‡i| hwÌ cÖv‰M‡ZnvwmK mgq †_‡K gvbyl K…wl KvR Ki‡Z
†k‡L- Z_vwc K…wl wecø‡ei m~Pbv nq mß`k-Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z| H mg‡q gvbyl DbœZ
11
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Pvlvev‡ì mv‡_ cwiwPZ nq| DbœZ hvwš¿K nvjPvl, DbœZ exR, mvi-KxUbvkK, †mP
BZ¨vw` QvovI †m µgk DbœZ k‡mï exR Drcv`‡b mÿg n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e
evsjv‡`‡k wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gva© ch©šÍ DbœZ Pvlvev` cÖewZ©Z nq wb| gvÎ weMZ
kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `kK †_‡K G‡`‡k mvi-KxU-bvkK ev D”P djbkxj exR Ges hvwš¿K
Pvlvev` Pvjy nq| Z‡e GL‡bv evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK K…wl‡Z AwZ D”P cÖhyw³ †Zgbfv‡e
eënvi Ki‡Q bv| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, Avgiv evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv Avav-DbœZ K…wl eë¯’v
wbf©i| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k K…wl‡Z mdjZv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| 2007 Avgiv jÿ¨ K‡iwQ,
hvwš¿K hyM ev wkíhy‡Mi ïiæ Ggb h‡š¿B K…l‡Ki gv‡S GKwU eûgyLxbZv I AvaywbK
cÖhyw³ gb¯‹Zv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
GiB gv‡S DbœZ `ywbqv‡Z K…wlwecøe wkíwecøe w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| AvVv‡iv
kZ‡K cÖ_gZ weª‡U‡b, c‡i BD‡iv‡c Ges Av‡gwiKvq ZviI c‡i Avwd«Kv-Gwkqvq
wkí wecøe ïiæ nq| ÒwkíwecøeÓ kãwU cÖK…Zv‡_© 1750 †_‡K 1830 mgqKv‡j
†MÖUweª‡U‡bi K…wlwbf©i MÖvgxY gvby‡li bMiwfwËK KviLvbvi Rxe‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqv‡K
†evSvq| (g~j Bs‡iwR m~Î: 16 gvP© 2007: 12:53 evsjv‡`k mgq,
http://www.bergen.org/technology/indust.html) 1740 mv‡j weª‡U‡b
GKwU Kvc‡oi Kj ¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ïiæ nq GB wkí wecøe| DBwKwcwWqvq GB
wel‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, Starting in the latter part of the 18th century there
began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labour–
based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started
with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of
iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade
expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads
and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by
coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery
(mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases
in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools
in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufac-
ture of more production machines for manufacturing in other indus-
tries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North
America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the
world. The impact of this change on society was enormous.
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century,
merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when
technological and economic progress gained momentum with the devel-
opment of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century
with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.
12
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with
different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it ‘broke out’ in Britain
in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T.
S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Some
twentieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas
Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change
took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description
of what took place. This is still a subject of debate amongst histori-
ans. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolu-
tion in and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy. The
Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in
capitalist economies. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution
was one of the most important events in history. The most significant
inventions had their origins in the Western world, primarily Europe
and the United States.
Dwbk I wek kZ‡K wkí wecø‡ei †Qvqv BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKv-Gwkqv-Avwd«Kvmn we‡k¦i
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI Qwo‡q c‡o| Gwkqvi †`k Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv, ZvBIqvb, wm½vcyi, nsKs,
Pxb GB wkí wecø‡ei ¯ú‡k© BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvi DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi KvZv‡i †cŠ‡Q hvq|
GgbwK Avgv‡ì cvk¦©eZ©x †`k fviZ †QvU, gvSvwi I e„nr wk‡íi cvkvcvwk Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³ eënvi K‡i D`xqgvb DbœZ †`‡ki KvZv‡i bvg †jLv‡Z mÿg nq|
Aek¨ fviZ weMZ Aa© kZvãx‡Z K…wliI e¨vcK Dbœqb K‡i| Z_¨hy‡Mi mdjZv
†Kvb iv‡óª, †Kvb Rbc‡` †Kvb †`‡ki fv‡M¨ †ewk RyU‡e Zvi GKwU w`K wb‡`©kbv
wkíhy‡Mi mvd‡jï gv‡S jywK‡q Av‡Q| we‡klÁiv GwU ejvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h,
weª‡U‡b wkí wecø‡ei m~Pbv nevi cÖavb KviY Gi cywRi cwigvY †ewk wQ‡jv| we‡k¦i
Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv †_‡K A_© cÖvwßi cvkvcvwk `vm eëmvi ga¨ w`‡q weª‡Ub m¤ú`kvjx
nq| AviI GKwU Kvi‡Y weª‡U‡b wkíwecøe nq- †mwU n‡jv weª‡Ub Avwe®‹v‡i GwM‡q
wQ‡jv| Z_¨hy‡M GB welqwUi cÖwZ bRi ivL‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨hyM: Avgiv †R‡bwQ, gvbemf¨Zv Av¸‡bi hyM, cv_‡ii hyM, K…wl hyM Ges wkíhyM
AwZµg K‡i‡Q| GLb Avgiv Z_¨hy‡M cv w`‡qwQ| Lye m½Z Kvi‡YB AZx‡Zi WvB-
bvwgKm GB hy‡M KvR Ki‡Q bv| GB hy‡Mi Drcv`b, eëmv-evwYR¨, wkí m¤úK©,
gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úK©, cwiev‡ii MVb, RxebhvÎv, mgv‡Ri †fZiKvi cwieZ©‡bi aviv,
Ávb-weÁvb, A_©bxwZ, cÖkvmb, eëmv-evwYR¨, wkÿv-¯^v¯’¨, wbivcËv, ivóª cwiPvjbv
†KvbUvB K…wl-wkíhy‡Mi Q‡K Pj‡Q bv| gvby‡li nv‡Z GLb cÖwZw`b bZzb bZzb cÖhwy ³
Avm‡Q| Zvi msKU †hgb e`jv‡”Q, †Zgwb †mB msKU †_‡K DËi‡Yi c_I †m `ªæZB
cv‡”Q|
13
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wek¦L¨vZ †jLK Gjwfb Udjvi Zvi 1980 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ôw` _vW© I‡qfÕ eB‡Z
Z_¨hy‡Mi GKwU KwíZ iƒc‡iLv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| gvbe mf¨Zvi wZbwU hyM wefvRb
m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, The age of agriculture began, and its significance
was that people moved away from nomadic wandering and hunting
and began to cluster into villages and develop culture. The second
wave was an expression of machine muscle, the Industrial Revolu-
tion that began in the 18th century and gathered steam after Amer-
ica’s Civil War. People began to leave the peasant culture of farming
to come to work in city factories. It culminated in the Second World
War, a clash of smokestack juggernauts, and the explosion of the
atomic bombs over Japan.
Just as the machine seemed at its most invincible, however, we began
to receive intimations of a gathering third wave, based not on muscle
but on mind. It is what we variously call the information or the
knowledge age, and while it is powerfully driven by information
technology, it has co-drivers as well, among them social demands
worldwide for greater freedom and
individuation. (http://www.glasspath.com/members/mfinley/toffler.htm) Zvi
g‡Z, cÖ_g I‡qf n‡jv K…wl wecø‡ei c‡ii mgvR| GB mgvR eb¨ cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i
†e‡P _vKvi hy‡Mi Aemvb NUvq| wØZxq I‡qfwU n‡jv cigvYy cwievi, KviLvbv
ai‡bi wkÿveë¯’v Ges e„nr K‡c©v‡ik‡bi hyM| wØZxq I‡q‡fi c‡ii mgvR‡K
Udjvi wkíwbf©i, MY Drcv`b, MY weZiY, MY †fv³v, MYwkÿv, MYgva¨g,
MYwe‡bv`b, MY AeKvk Ges MYweaŸsmx A‡¯¿i hyM e‡j‡Qb| GBme wel‡qi mv‡_
cÖwgZKiY, †K›`ªxf‚ZKiY, g‡bvwb‡ek Ges mgš^q hy³ Ki‡j Ggb GKwU ms¯’v
cvIqv hv‡e hvi bvg AvgjvZš¿| Z…Zxq I‡qfwU n‡jv wkívqb-DËi mgvR| 1950-
Gi ci GB mgvR M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib|
Udjvi A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv G‡K Z_¨hyM e‡j‡Qb| (m~Î IqvBwKwcwWqv, 22 gvP© 2007,
ivZ bUv) Gjwfb Udjvi AZ¨šÍ ¯úófv‡e GwU g‡b K‡ib †h, Avgiv A‡bKw`b
a‡iB Z_¨hy‡M Ae¯’vb KiwQ| wZwb †h Z_¨hy‡Mi weeiY †`b Zv‡Z iƒc‡iLvwU GiKg:
Z_¨hy‡M wkíhy‡Mi MY-eë¯’vi wecixZ †giæ‡Z hv‡ev Avgiv| mewKQzi Rb¨B GKB
eë¯’v cÖPwjZ Ggb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †hgb; wkÿveë¯’v, KviLvbv, miKvi, MYgva¨g,
MY-Drcv`b I evRviRvZKiY wejxb n‡q hv‡e| A_©vr K…wl hyM cvi n‡q gvbyl
wkíhy‡Mi †hme cÖwZôvb ev KvVv‡gv, Udjv‡ii fvlvq hv‡K AvgjvZš¿ ejv nq,
Z_¨hyM †m¸‡jv‡K e`‡j †`‡e|
Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq, Udjvi Z_¨hy‡Mi ïiæUv †`‡L †hgb aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb
14
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cwieZ©bUv Zvi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk n‡”Q| †kl ch©šÍ Gi iƒc Udjv‡ii fvebvi evB‡i
P‡j hv‡e| hwÌ Udjvi †f‡e‡Qb AvgjvZš¿ wejxb n‡e, Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq,
Z_¨hy‡Mi cvjve`‡j GKwU bZzb ai‡bi AvgjvZš¿ wU‡K _vK‡e ev bZzb AvgjvZš¿
M‡o IV‡e| GB bZzb AvgjvZš¿ n‡e cÖhyw³wbf©i| GwUi PwiÎ LyeB fqsKi n‡q
IV‡Z cv‡i, we‡klZ mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨; hw` mgv‡Ri wWwRUvj wWfvBW `~i Kiv
bv nq| †hgb- GLb nq‡Zv GKRb gvbyl kvwiixKfv‡e GKwU dvB‡ji mÜvb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GK †Uwej †_‡K Av‡iK †Uwe‡j gvbylwU‡K †c‡jB †h Zvi dvBjwU †c‡q
hv‡e| wKš‘ wWwRUvj AvgjvZ‡š¿ Zvi Kv‡Q nq‡Zv Ggb Uzjm _vK‡eB bv hvi mvnv‡h¨
†m Zvi wb‡Ri Av‡e`b cÎwU Luy‡R †c‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Udjvi ivóªhš¿ m¤ú‡K© †h
e³e¨ w`‡q‡Qb †mB cÖwµqvwU GiB gv‡S ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Udjvi e‡jb, ÔZ_¨hy‡M cÖP-
wjZ RvwZivóª †fZi I evB‡i †_‡K nvgjvi wkKvi n‡e|Õ
Zvi g‡Z wkíhyM †hme ev wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËiKv‡j
†hme RvwZ ivóª Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q †mme RvwZivóª msK‡U
co‡e| GB msKU cÖ_gZ evB‡i †_‡K Avm‡e| Udjvi
m¤¢eZ wek¦vqb‡K evB‡ii GB nvgjvi KviY e‡j g‡b
K‡ib, hwÌ wek¦vqb ZLbI ïiæ nqwb| Ab¨w`K †_‡K
iv‡óªi †fZi †_‡K wZwb †h nvgjvi K_v ej‡Qb †mwUI
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e n‡jI iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY cwieZ©b‡K
GRb¨ `vqx ejv hvq| wZwb we‡klZ ax‡i ax‡i
bvMwiK‡ì gv‡S HKg‡Zï Afve M‡o IVv‡K GRb¨
`vqx K‡ib|
Udjv‡ii e³e¨‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q GKzk kZ‡K
gvwK©b ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv, MÖvg I kn‡ii we‡iv‡a
Px‡bi ivR‰bwZK †Mvj‡hvM, wbe©vP‡bi ci Rvg©vbx‡Z msKU, Bmjvwg `ywbqvi cwieZ©b
BZ¨vwì K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| Udjvi Zvi eB‡Z RvwZivóª¸‡jvi AvÂwjK ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ
AvMÖ‡ni K_vI e‡jb| AvRKvj †mwUI cÖejfv‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q|
hv‡nvK Udjvi wkívq‡bi †hme fv½Pz‡ii K_v e‡jb Zvi A‡bK wKQzB GLb fv½‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| iv‡óªi AšÍM©Z cwieZ©‡bi Drm¨ wn‡m‡e wZwb bZzb bZzb ms¯’vi K_vI
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, †hme ms¯’v RvwZiv‡óªi PvB‡Z Kg kw³kvjx bq| eûRvwZK
†Kv¤úvbx-ms¯’v, ag©xq †Mvôx GgbwK mš¿vmx ms¯’v‡KI wZwb AvµgYKvix wn‡m‡e MY¨
K‡ib|
The eclipsing of monetary wealth by knowledge and information as
the primary determinant of power and its distribution. The eclipsing
of manufacturing and manufacturing goods by knowledge- produc-
15
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
tion and information-processing as the primary economic activity.
This was significantly expanded on in the sequel Powershift, where
Toffler nearly drew the line between the two along gender lines, coin-
ing the term “Material-Ismo” (a play on “machismo”) to represent the
infatuation with the industrial era world of manufacturing (as op-
posed to paper-pushing) and equating value with product (as opposed
equating value with information). The criticism came down particu-
larly hard on the former Stalinist societies that have in recent years
seen a substantial dislocation, particularly along gender lines, with
female life expectancy now as much as 10 years greater than male
life expectancy throughout the former USSR.The emergence of var-
ious high technologies, such as cloning, global communications net-
works, nanotechnology, etc. However, these aspects were discussed
in greater depth in Future Shock and somewhat deemphasized in the
Third Wave. A transformation of the very character of democracy,
itself, from rule-by-periodic polling at the election booth, toward a
more direct interaction between the government and its populace.
To a large extent, this has already emerged with the rise of the Inter-
net, though it has not yet congealed in the form of a fundamental re-
vision of the constitution of any state. The trend toward on-line
voting in the United States, following the election crisis of 2000, may
be seen as a first step in this direction. (m~Î IqvBwKwcwWqv, 15:40, 22 gvP©
2007)
Gjwfb Udjv‡ii gZev‡ì ci `ywbqv `yB hy‡Mi †ewk mgq cvi K‡i‡Q| GiB gv‡S
Avgiv Z_¨hy‡Mi ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v ïbwQ| Udjv‡ii eBwUi Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
wM‡q gvB‡Kj wdb‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib, The first wave of transformation began
when some prescient person about 10,000 years ago, prob-
ably a woman, planted a seed and nurtured its growth. The age of
agriculture began, and its significance was that people moved away
from nomadic wandering and hunting and began to cluster into vil-
lages and develop culture.
The second wave was an expression of machine muscle, the
Industrial Revolution that began in the 18th century and gathered
steam after America’s Civil War. People began to leave the peasant
culture of farming to come to work in city factories. It culminated in
the Second World War, a clash of smokestack juggernauts, and the
16
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
explosion of the atomic bombs over Japan. Just as the machine
seemed at its most invincible, however, we began to receive intima-
tions of a gathering third wave, based not on muscle but on mind. It
is what we variously call the information or the knowledge age, and
while it is powerfully driven by information technology, it has co-dri-
vers as well, among them social demands worldwide for greater free-
dom and individuation.
(http://www.skypoint.com/members/mfinley/toffler.htm) gvB‡Kj wdb‡ji g‡Z
K…wl hy‡M m¤ú` wQ‡jv Rwg| wkíhy‡M m¤ú` wZbwU welqwbf©i n‡jv, Rwg, cywR Ges
kÖg| GB hy‡M cY¨ gv‡b wQ‡jv e¯‘MZ cY¨| wKš‘ Z_¨hy‡M cY¨ †Kej e¯‘MZ cY¨
bq| GB hy‡M Ávb n‡”Q cY¨| Avgiv wkíhyM †_‡KB †gavRvZ m¤ú‡ì weKvk
†`L‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ| †gavm¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ evov GB cwieZ©‡bi cwiPvqK| D‡jøL¨
†gavRvZ c‡Yï me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡jv GwU GKevi Drcv`b Ki‡j evievi Zv
eënvi Kiv hvq|
Z_¨hy‡Mi D™¢e: Z_¨ hy‡Mi m~Pbvi jÿY m¤ú‡K© wb‡Kvjvm †b‡MÖvc‡›U e‡jb, ÒThe
best way to appreciate the merits and consequences of being digital
is to reflect on the difference between bits and atoms. While we are
undoubtedly in an information age, most information is delivered to
us in the form of atoms: newspapers, magazines, and books (like this
one). Our economy may be moving toward an information economy,
but we measure trade and we write our balance sheets with atoms in
mind. GATT is about atoms.Ó †b‡MÖvc‡›U gvwK©m mgvR I A_©bxwZ‡K mvg‡b
wb‡qB GB K_v¸‡jv e‡j‡Qb| Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`‡ki Rxe‡b Avgiv GLbI Ggb
cwieZ©bwUI Abyfe Kwi bv| HwZnvwmKfv‡e Z_¨hy‡Mi D™¢‡ei µgweKv‡ki K_v
Avgiv GLv‡b ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi| Dwbk kZ‡K Rb¥ †bq †Uwj‡dvb-†UwjMÖvgmn
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi bvbv DcKiY| wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS Kw¤úDUvi ev¯ÍeZvq cwiYZ nq|
evwYwR¨K Kw¤úDUvi `ywbqv †`L‡Z cvq| 1957 mv‡j Rb¥ †bq Avicv †bU| 1969
mv‡j c¨v‡KU myBwPs aviYv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv ïiæ nq| 1986 mv‡j 5000 †nv÷ nq
B›Uvi‡bU/Avicv‡b‡Ui| 1990 mv‡j Rb¥ nq Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe-Gi| 1992 mv‡j
hvÎv ïiæ nq mvwd©s `¨ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui| m¤¢eZ GRb¨B ejv nq 1992 mvj †_‡K (m~Î:
IqvBwKwcwWqv-AbjvBb we‡k¦‡Kvl) `ywbqv wkíhy‡Mi ¯Íi AwZµg K‡i Z_¨hy‡M
c`vc©Y Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Z‡e GB `vexwU h_v_© g‡b Kivi †Kvb hyw³m½Z KviY
†bB| †Kbbv Gi Av‡MB `ywbqvq e¨vcKfv‡e AvBwmwU cÖhyw³i weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K|
eis ejv nq †h, Dwbk kZK †_‡KB †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvbv cÖhyw³
D™¢ve‡bi d‡j `ywbqvq Z_¨hyM Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q D‡V| 1969-71 mgqKv‡j
17
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii Avwef©ve Kvh©Z GKwU bZzb `ywbqv ˆZixi cwiw¯’wZ m„wó K‡i|
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi mdUIq¨v‡ii `ªæZ DbœwZi cvkvcvwk
†gvevBj †dvb Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui me©e¨vcx cÖmviI `ywbqvq Z_¨hyM‡K Awbevh© K‡i
Zz‡j| gb¯ÍvwË¡Kfv‡e GKzk kZK‡K-`yB nvRvi ev `yB nvRvi GK mvj †_‡K
Z_¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv e‡jI g‡b Kiv nq|
GLv‡b GKwU welq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ D‡jøL Kiv ìKvi †h, Z_¨hyM Kvh©Z gvby‡li
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi cwiYwZ| cÖvq `yB jvL eQi Av‡M gvbyl K_v ej‡Z ïiæ Kivi ga¨
w`‡q Zvi †h weeZ©‡Yi avivi m„wó K‡i Z_¨hyM ZviB me©‡kl cwiYwZ| Avgiv ¯§iY
Ki‡Z cvwi 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl wPý-cÖZxK eënvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 7 nvRvi
eQi Av‡M gvbyl ïiæ K‡i †jLv‡jwL| Gi cvkvcvwk †cwcivm (Lªxóc~e© 3 nvRvi),
Aÿi (Lªwócye© 2 nvRvi), msev`cÎ (Lªxóc~e© 59), KvMR (cÖ_g kZvãx), Kjg (`kg
kZvãx), QvcvLvbv (1454), †cwÝj (15 kZvãx), UvBcivBUvi (1714-1887)
BZ¨vwì Avwe®‹vi gvbyl‡K AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z wb‡q G‡m‡Q| 1838 mv‡j †UwjMÖvd,
1848 mv‡j †Uwj‡dvb, 1896 mv‡j †iwWI Ges 1927 mv‡j †Uwjwfkb Avwe®‹vi
Avgv‡ì‡K Z_¨hy‡M †cŠQv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| cÖm½Z ejv hvq, Gm‡ei weeZ©‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q GB hy‡Mi wbDwgwWqvi D™¢eI n‡q‡Q|
ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri msÁv: wek¦ weÁvb †dvivg ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri GKwU msÁv cÖKvk
K‡i‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv Av‡Q, A knowledge-based society is an innovative
and life-long learning society, which possesses a community of
scholars, researchers, engineers, technicians, research networks, and
firms engaged in research and in production of high-technology
goods and service provision. It forms a national innovation-produc-
tion system, which is integrated into international networks
of knowledge production, diffusion, utilization, and protection.
Its communication and information technological tools make vast
amounts of human knowledge easily accessible. Knowledge is used
to empower and enrich people culturally and materially, and to build
a sustainable society. (m~Î: 16 gvP© 2007: `ycyi 12:53 NÈv),
http://www.sciforum.hu/index.php?image=update&content=up_knowledge_based_society
hw` Avgiv Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q`wUi evsjv fvevbyev` Kwi Z‡e Zv‡Z †evSv hv‡e †h, GKwU
ÁvbwfwËK mgvR n‡”Q GKwU m„Rbkxj AvRxeb wkÿ‡Yi mgvR| GB mgv‡R cwÛZ,
M‡elK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, KvwiMi, M‡elYv †bUIqvK© Ges D”P cÖhyw³i cY¨ I †mev `v‡b
mÿg cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GKwU m¤úª`vq _vK‡e| Gi d‡j GKwU RvZxq m„Rbkxj
Drcv`b c×wZi Rb¥ †b‡e| GB RvZxq eë¯’vwU Avevi AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e hy³ n‡e Ávb
m„wó, weZiY, cÖ‡qvM I iÿvi wek¦ †bUIqv‡K©| Gi Z_¨cÖhyw³wbf©i KvwiMwi Uzjm
18
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wecyj wekvj Ávb‡K Lye mnRjf¨ Ki‡e| GB mgv‡R Ávb‡K eënvi Kiv n‡e
gvbyl‡K mvs¯‹…wZK I e¯‘MZfv‡e ÿgZvevb I mg„× K‡i GKwU Kvh©Ki mgvR MVb
Kivi Rb¨| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ÁvbwfwËK mgvR n‡”Q Z_¨hy‡Mi- wWwRUvj
jvBd÷vB‡ji P‚ovšÍ iƒc| Ewbk kZ‡Ki †kl I wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z ïiæ nIqv
Kgy¨wbó Av‡›`vj‡bi P‚ovšÍ jÿ¨ †hgb wQ‡jv †kªYxnxb mgvR, †Zgwb Avgv‡ì
wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cv 2009 D‡Øvea Kivi Av‡M cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv‡K cÖ`k©bx
‡K›`ª wb‡q hv‡”Q wewmGm mfvcwZ Rbve †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
wWwRUvj we‡k¦i Z_¨hyMxq mgvR KvVv‡gvwU n‡jv ÁvbwfwËK mgvR| GB mgvRwUB
Avgiv wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍ‡ii †kl ch©v‡q cv‡ev| GwU ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i ˆZwi n‡e| mgvR-
iv‡óªi wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍi h‡Zv `ªæZ n‡e ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R Avgv‡ì hvÎvB Z‡Zv `ªæZ
n‡e|
ÁvbwfwËK mgvR, GbvjM AZxZ-wWwRUvj fwel¨Z : DbœZ `ywbqvq †h wkíwecøe
msNwUZ nq Zvi me‡P‡q eo DcKiYwU n‡jv PvKv-wMqvi| ev®úPvwjZ BwÄb †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i bvbv ai‡bi R¡vjvwb w`‡q cwiPvwjZ Gme hš¿cvwZ GbvjM c×wZ‡Z KvR
Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ w`‡b w`‡b †mBme hš¿cvwZ GbvjMZ¡ we`vq K‡i wWwRUvj n‡”Q| PvKv-
wMqv‡ii RvqMv wb‡”Q gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| GKZidv †KejgvÎ nvW©Iq¨v‡ii RvqMvq
GLb hš¿¸‡jv n‡”Q nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii mgwš^Z iƒc| d‡j GbvjM c×wZwU
n‡q †M‡Q Avgv‡ì AZxZ| Avgv‡ì fwel¨ZUv n‡jv wWwRUvj| GB wWwRUvj `ywbqvi
MšÍe¨wU n‡jv ÁvbwfwËK mgvR|
wPcmwbf©iZv bZzb Ávb: mK‡jB jÿ¨ Ki‡eb †h, GiB gv‡S wkí Kj-KviLvbv
19
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
hš¿cvwZ †hgb wPcm wbf©i n‡q‡Q, †hgb †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmiwbf©i n‡q‡Q,
†Zgwb wbivcËv n‡q‡Q wPcm‡emW-ev‡qv‡gwUª· wbf©i| GB mg‡q me©¯Í‡ii gvby‡li
Rb¨B Ávb G‡ZvB Riæwi n‡q‡Q †h, GKRb AwZ mvaviY K…lK‡K GLb Rvb‡Z nq,
†Kgb K‡i nvBweªW- †R‡bwUK¨vwj BwÄwbqvwis Kiv mycvi ivB‡mi- nvBweªW-†R‡bwUK
mwâi Pvl Ki‡Z nq| jv½‡ji djv †h †Kej cvIqvi wUjvi-Uªv±i n‡q‡Q ZvB bq,
cvwbi †mPh‡š¿ M¨vm eënv‡ii welqwU bv Rvb‡j †m Zvi e¨q Kgv‡Z cv‡i bv| GLb
Zv‡K wf‡qZbv‡gi WªvgwmWvi wPb‡Z nq-Rvb‡Z nq Gi eënvi| gv‡Qi DbœZ gv‡bi
†cvbv ev g‡bv‡m· †Zjvwcqvi K_v bv Rvb‡j †m Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡Z cv‡ibv|
avbPvlx‡K GLb Rvb‡Z nq †Kb av‡b wPUv nq| jeY Pv‡l Zv‡K Rvb‡Z nq cwjw_b
cÖhyw³ wK wRwbl| gyiMxi ivYx‡LZ †ivM Rvb‡jB Zvi Lvgvwi Rxeb P‡jbv, Zv‡K
evW© d¬z wK Ges †mB Avc` †_‡K evPvi Dcvq wK, Zv Rvb‡Z nq| Miæi Lvgvi ev gy-
iMxi Lvgvi hvB †nvK bv †Kb Zvi eë¯’vcbvq eënvi Ki‡Z nq Kw¤úDUvi| GLb
†m †gvevB‡j †dvb K‡i †R‡b †bq cvBKvwi evRv‡i K…wlc‡Yï `vg K‡Zv? GKmg‡q
Zvi evRviRvZKiY, gv‡K©U Z_¨ †c‡Z n‡e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g| Mv‡g©›Um-Gi
†g‡qwU‡K Rvb‡Z nq gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi †eRW KvwUs-w÷wPs hš¿ Acv‡iU Ki‡Z| Zv‡KI
GKwU GwUGg KvW© w`‡q e¨v¼ †_‡K UvKv Zzj‡Z nq| Mvwoi †gKvwbK‡K GLb wcwmwe
m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡Z nq| eëmvqx‡K GLb †Kej †gvevBj †dvb bq, B-e¨vw¼s †_‡K
B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hvM meB Ki‡Z nq| d¨v· ev wd·W †Uwj‡dvb GLb cÖvq WvB‡bvmi
nevi †hvMvo| e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z †hvMv‡hvM ev cvwievwiK mvgvwRK m¤úK© GLb
†c‡q‡Q GK bZzb †Pnviv| GgbwK B›Uvi‡b‡U-†gvevBj †dv‡b `ywbqvi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K
Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ we‡q kvw` n‡q hv‡”Q GB evsjv‡`‡kB| cvwievwiK-e¨w³MZ m¤úK©
GLb †gvevBj-B›Uvi‡bU hy‡M †KgbUv n‡q‡Q †mwU m¤¢eZ bZzb K‡i ejvi cÖ‡qvRb
†bB| wkÿvI GLb Avi Av‡Mi KvVv‡gv‡Z _vK‡Q bv| †mwU e`‡j hv‡”Q welqe¯‘ Ges
wkÿvi DcKiY `yw`K †_‡KB|
A_©bxwZi PvwjKv kw³ GLb Ávb| hviv `ywbqvi wkÿveë¯’vi mvgvb¨ †LvRLei iv‡Lb
Zviv Rv‡bb wkÿvi cvVµg, cvV`vb c×wZ, wkÿvi DcKiY I welqe¯‘i Avg~j
cwieZ©b n‡q †M‡Q| ¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’vq Áv‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| †h Wv³vi cÖwZw`b
B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek K‡ib bv, M‡elYv mvgwqKx cvV K‡ib bv-bZzb bZzb Jl‡ai Lei
iv‡Lb bv wKsev bZzb bZzb Avwe¯‹v‡ii Lei iv‡Lb bv-Zvi Rb¨ wPwKrmv Kiv KwVb|
Ggwb K‡i eëmvqx, wkícwZ, eëmvqx D‡`¨v³v mK‡ji Rb¨B Ávb-bZzb bZzb Ávb
LyeB Riæwi welq| me‡P‡q KwVb n‡jv, cÖwZwbqZ GB Áv‡bi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ _vKv| Gi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pjv KwVbZg|
wek¦ cwiw¯’wZ: Udjvi ev Abïv GLb †_‡K `yB wZb `kK Av‡M Z_¨hy‡Mi †h Ae¯’vwU
Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi PvB‡Z `ywbqvUv A‡bK †ewk e`‡j †M‡Q| mviv `ywbqv GLb
Abyfe K‡i †h Avgv‡ì Z_¨hy‡Mi hvÎvUv Awbevh©| †Kvbfv‡eB Avgiv G‡K Gwo‡q
20
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†h‡Z cvi‡ev bv| `ywbqvi mvwe©K Ae¯’v GgbB: 2007 mv‡j (†g gv‡mi wnmve) we‡k¦i
50 †KvwU †jvK B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i-`ywbqvi kZKiv 75 fvM gvbyl †gvevBj
†bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Av‡Q| m~Zivs wWwRUvj wek¦ GLb ev¯ÍeZv| †mB j‡ÿ¨B `ywbqvi
ivóª¸‡jv GLb GB hy‡Mi Rb¨ mvwe©K cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡”Q| welqwU wek¦ms¯’vi bR‡i G‡j
2002 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix‡Z RvwZmsN Z_¨cÖhyw³ mswkøó welq¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKwU wek¦
m‡¤§jb Kivi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡i| wek¦ †UwjKgy¨wb‡Kkb BDwbqb GwUi Av‡qvR‡b eo
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| 2003 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i †R‡bfvq GB m‡¤§j‡bi cÖ_g ce© AbywôZ
nq| m‡¤§j‡b we‡k¦i 175wU †`k Ask †bq Ges GKwU †NvlYvc‡Î ¯^vÿi K‡i|
Gici (13-19 †g) 2005 mv‡j wZDwbwkqvq Gi wØZxq ce© AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡bi
`yB c‡e©B Kvh©Z Z_¨cÖhwy ³-B›Uvi‡bU, wWwRUvj wWfvBW BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq|
m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡M I c‡i GB welq wb‡q Av‡iv A‡bK Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv n‡Z _v‡K|
2007 mv‡ji 14 †_‡K 25 †g †R‡bfvi m‡¤§j‡b AskMÖnYKvix †`k¸‡jv Avevi
wgwjZ nq| Z‡e GB mfvq evsjv‡`k cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q e‡j
Rvbv hvq wb| Z‡e GwU wbwðZ †h cÖfvekvjx ev bxwZ wba©viK‡ì †KD G‡Z †hvM
†`q wb| Avgjv ch©v‡qi †KD G‡Z †M‡jI wM‡q _vK‡Z cv‡ib| hwÌev Zviv †KD
†mLv‡b wM‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e Zviv RvwZi mvg‡b †Zgb wKQz cÖKvk K‡ib wb| e¯‘Z
2003 m‡¤§j‡bi ciB †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi miKvi ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri †dvKvmwU
nvwi‡q †d‡j|
cÖ_g m‡¤§jb †_‡KB `ywbqvi ivóª¸‡jv GKwU wWwRUvj wek¦ eë¯’vi wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q
fve‡Z _v‡K| A‡bK ivóª B›Uvi‡bU-AvBwmwU Gme wel‡qi evB‡i Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz
wb‡qB Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i| A‡bK †`‡kB PgrKvi me AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡Z _v‡K|
Ñ gvwK©b hy³ivóª 1999 mv‡j wWwRUvj miKvi cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM †bq Ges GiB gv‡S
†dWv‡ij I ivR¨ miKvi¸‡jv e¨vcK AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GB
Lv‡Zi evRviwU 2007 mv‡j 87 wewjqb Wjv‡ii wQ‡jv| m¤¢eZ G‡Z †evSv hv‡e †h,
GwU H †`‡ki K‡Zv eo GKwU D‡`¨vM|
Ñ Avwd«Kvi †`k †ivqvÛv 2020 mv‡j †`kUv‡K GKwU cÖhyw³wfwËK ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k
iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z Pvq| GB †`kwUi GB cwiKíbvi jÿ¨ n‡jv GKwU wWwRUvj †ivqvÛv
M‡o †Zvjv| GiB gv‡S †ivqvÛv Zv‡ì AvBwmwU cwjwm Avc‡WU K‡i‡Q Ges AvBwmwU
cwjwm msµvšÍ cÖwgZKiY wel‡qI GKwU gvb`Ð ˆZix K‡i‡Q|
Ñ cvwK¯Ívb mv‡eK mvgwiK kvmK cvi‡fR †gvkvii‡di †bZ…‡Z¡B †`kwU‡K Ávb-
wfwËK mgv‡R iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK miKvi †hgb cvÄve
B-Mfb©‡g›U eë¯’v ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| eZ©gvb miKv‡ii GKwU eo G‡RÛv n‡jv
cvwK¯Ív‡b ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv|
Ñ fvi‡Zi †Kw›`ªq miKvi I cÖvq mKj ivR¨ miKvi‡Zv e‡UB GgbwK Avgv‡ì
cv‡ki evox cwðge½ ivR¨ miKvi 2007 mv‡jB 500 †KvwU iæcx LiP Ki‡Q
21
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wWwRUvj ivR¨ miKvi MV‡bi Rb¨| fvi‡Zi †K›`ªxq miKvi 2009 mvj bvMv` 3.3
wewjqb Wjvi LiP Ki‡Q Zvi †`‡ki wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨| fvi‡Z GLbB
wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z †h †KD AvqKi w`‡Z cv‡i|
Ñ †møvfvwKqv ÁvbwfwËK mgvR MV‡bi Kg©m~wP wb‡q‡Q| GRb¨ Zviv miKv‡ii mKj
†ÿ‡Î KvR Kivi c×wZ e`jv‡”Q|
Ñ eªvwR‡ji 26wU cÖ‡`k Ges †K›`ªxq AÂj eªvwmwjqvi cÖwZwU‡Z Av‡Q B-miKvi|
Ñ IR‡ewK¯Ív‡bi ZigyR Pvlx ch©šÍ Zvi †L‡Zi cv‡k e‡m j¨vcUc eënvi K‡i Ges
miKv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ñ wbDwRj¨vÛ 2007 mv‡ji gv‡S miKv‡ii Z_¨, †mev Ges Kv‡Ri cÖwµqv Z_¨cÖhyw³
wbf©i Ki‡Q| 2010 mv‡ji gv‡S wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi miKvi eë¯’v cv‡ë hv‡e| GB mg‡q
miKvi I Zvi mn‡hvMx ms¯’v¸‡jv miKv‡ii †mev I Z_¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖhyw³wfwËK
Ki‡e| 2020 mv‡ji gv‡S miKv‡ii mv‡_ RbM‡Yi m¤úK© †bUIqvK© cÖhyw³wfwËK
Kiv n‡e| wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi Z_¨cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq H †`‡ki RxebhvÎvi gvb
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i miKvix Kv‡Ri mKj wKQz‡ZB AvBwmwU cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgyj cwieZ©‡bi
A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Q| Zviv GB iƒcvšÍi‡K wWwRUvj wbDwRj¨vÛ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Q| †h †KD wbDwRj¨vÛ miKv‡ii I‡qemvB‡U wM‡q we¯ÍvwiZ †`‡L Avm‡Z
cv‡ib| Zv‡ì I‡qemvB‡U wWwRUvj wbDwRj¨vÛ msµvšÍ †ek wKQz `wjjvw` Av‡Q hv
WvDb‡jvW K‡i Avgiv Avgv‡ì Kg©m~wP‡K Av‡iv mg„× Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgv‡ì g‡b
n‡Z cv‡i wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv †`k‡Zv Ggb Kvh©µg wb‡ZB cv‡i| wKš‘ †Kv_vq Zviv
Avi †Kv_vq Avgiv? wKš‘ hw` NUbvwU Avgv‡ì c~e© mxgv‡šÍi gvqvbgvi‡K wb‡q nq
Z‡e †Kgb n‡e| Avgiv GKwU I‡qemvBU †_‡K wgqvbgvi welqK GKwU Lei Zz‡j
aiwQ|
- wgqvbgvi GKwU Kw¤úDUviwfwËK wWwRUvj miKvi cÖwZôvi KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
†`‡ki bZzb ivRavbx bvB wcqvB ZvI-G cÖwZwôZ GB miKvi eë¯’vq KvM‡Ri dvBj
c×wZ wWwRUvj c×wZ w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q| GK †KvwU wek jvL Wjvi ev cÖvq 84
†KvwU UvKvi GB cÖK‡í WKz‡g›U eë¯’vcbv wm‡÷g I miKvix Kg©Pvix eë¯’vcbv
wm‡÷g AšÍf©y³ Av‡Q| miKvwi WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM ms¯’v GwU ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q|
GB eë¯’vi d‡j †Kej miKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv‡KB hy³ Kiv n‡ebv, Gi d‡j MZ
A_©eQ‡i ¯’vwcZ RvZxq WvUv †m›Uv‡ii mv‡_I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡e| D‡jøL¨ GiB
gv‡S wgqvbgvi B-wfmv, B-cvm‡cvU©, B-msMÖn, B-wWcviPvi dig BZ¨vw` Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
Avwg aviYv Kwi, bvd b`xi Icv‡ii GB †`kwUi wWwRUvj Kg©m~wP Avgv‡ì j¾v
w`‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv †Kej Zv‡ì iæB gv‡Qi Lei ivLwQ-Zviv †h Z_¨cÖhyw³‡Z
Avgv‡ì‡K Qvwo‡q hv‡”Q †mwU fve‡ZB cviwQ bv|
Ñ cÖL¨vZ AviewbDR cwÎKvi 16 Rvbyqvwi 2007-Gi Lei, ÒPrince Muqrin,
chief of General Intelligence, said yesterday that the Kingdom, as
22
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
part of its SR3 billion e-government initiative, would lay down a full-
fledged foundation for the system well before the target year of 2010.
The initiative, dubbed Yesser (Arabic for “Simplify”), aims to make
Saudi society more digitally literate and to streamline government
bureaucracy.
“The next stage in the e-government implementation plan will be to
launch a significant awareness campaign to encourage the general
public to embrace e-governance, while explaining the key benefits to
officials of the Saudi government agencies, businesses and society in
general,”
evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi mfvcwZ Rbve †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi‡K †µ÷ w`‡q m¤§vwbZ
K‡ib gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv
said Prince Muqrin.Ó cwÎKvwUi Le‡i miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì D×…Z K‡i GK_v
ejv nq †h, fwel¨‡Z †Kvb †mŠw` bvMwiK‡K miKvwi Awd‡m kvwiixKfv‡e Dcw¯’Z
n‡Z n‡ebv|
-MZ 5-6 Ryb 2007 Lyjbvq Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi D‡`¨v‡M Av‡qvwRZ GK Kg©kvjvq Avwg
KvbvWxq nvB Kwgkbvi evieviv wiPvW©mb‡K Zvi †`‡ki wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍi wb‡q cÖkœ
K‡iwQjvg| evieviv Avgv‡K Rvbvb †h, ILv‡b †Kvb bvMwiK‡K miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
23
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mivmwi kkix‡i Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z nq bv †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨| eis †m Zvi wb‡Ri N‡i
e‡m miKv‡ii mv‡_ B›UviG¨v± Ki‡Z cv‡i|
-14 GwcÖj 2009 wmGbGb Rvbvq †h, nÛziv‡mi g‡Zv GKwU †`k Zvi wePvieë¯’v‡K
wWwRUvj K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
kÖxj¼v 2002 mvj †_‡KB B-j¼v cÖKí MÖnY K‡i‡Q| 2004 mv‡ji 21 †m‡Þ¤î
Zviv wek¦e¨v‡¼i mv‡_ B-j¼v bvgK GKwU cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Pzw³ K‡i| 2009 mv‡j
kÖxj¼v GKwU j¼v †bUIqvK© cÖKí Pvjy K‡i Zv‡Z wWwRUvj miKvi cÖPjb Kivi
D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q|
- weª‡Ub A‡±vei 2008-Gi A‡±ve‡i wWwRUvj weª‡Ub Kg©m~Px nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| MZ 17
GwcÖj 2009 weª‡U‡bi weªwUk jvB‡eªix‡Z AbywôZ wWwRUvj weª‡Ub mvwgU AbywôZ
nq, hv‡Z weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x MW©b eªvDb g~j cÖeÜ cvV K‡ib Ges wZwb GB Kg©m~Pxi
Rb¨ 3 wewjqb cvDÛ eivÏ K‡ib|
- †Kvwiqv 1999 mvj †_‡K mvBevi †Kvwiqv, 2002 mv‡j B-†Kvwiqv I 2007 mv‡j
BD-†Kvwiqv Kvh©µg Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q|
Avgiv hw` B-Mfb©‡g›U wj‡L B›Uvi‡b‡U GKUz mÜvb Kwi Z‡e Pxb, DMvÛv, RW©vb,
`wÿY †Kvwiqv, `wÿY Avwd«Kv, BUvwj, Avqvij¨vÛmn BD‡iv‡ci mKj †`k, DËi
Av‡gwiKvi †`kmg~n, Rvcvb, nsKs, g¨vKvI, eªæ‡bB, wm½vcyi (1.3 wewjqb Wjvi
e¨q Ki‡Q), A‡óªwjqv, eyj‡Mwiqv, wf‡qZbvg I gvj‡qwkqvmn we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj
†`‡kiB wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍ‡ii weeiY cv‡ev|
evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³i Ae¯’v: evsjv‡`k Mv‡½q cvjwjK f‚wg nevi d‡j K…wl‡ÿ‡Î
Gi mdjZv A‡bK| AwZ †QvU GKwU †`‡k wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li emevm nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl GLb Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| we‡klZ ¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j K„l‡Kiv
evsjv‡`‡k Amva¨ mvab K‡i‡Q| Mv‡g©›U‡mI Avgiv e¨vcK mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ|
†`‡k †Zgbfv‡e wkívqb bv n‡jI †fv³vcY¨, wm‡g›U, †jvnv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì
mvdj¨ Kg bq| hwÌ e„nr wkí M‡o Zzj‡Z Avgiv e¨_© n‡qwQ, Z_vwc Z_¨ cÖhyw³
Avgv‡ì N‡i nvbv w`‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi Av‡m 1964 mv‡j cigvYy kw³
Kwgk‡b|
Gici wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUvi Avm‡Z _v‡K| mËi `k‡K ïiæ nq wcwmi
evRviRvZKiY| wKš‘ 1986-87 mv‡ji Av‡M GB h‡š¿i mv‡_ mvaviY gvby‡li †Zgb
†Kvb m¤úK© wQ‡jv bv| 1986 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi
mvdj¨ †`Lv‡bv nq| 1987 mv‡ji 16 †g Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv eënvi K‡i Avb›` cÎ
bv‡gi msev`cÎ cÖKvk K‡i wgwWqv, gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvq Avgiv wecøe K‡iwQ| GB
Lv‡Z Avgv‡ì mvdj¨ Cl©Yxq| evsjv‡`‡ki eB-cÎ-cwÎKv †`L‡j g‡b nqbv †h, GwU
†Kvb Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki cY¨| 1993 mvj †_‡KB †`‡k Avgiv ïé I f¨vUgy³
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzwj| evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZ †mB Av‡›`vj‡bi
24
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†bZ…Ë †`q| 1997 mv‡j miKvi bxwZMZfv‡e †mB `vwe †g‡b †bq| 1998-99
mv‡ji ev‡R‡U Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci †_‡K ïé I f¨vU cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi d‡j knivÂ‡ji
kZKiv cÖvq 20wU ga¨weË cwiev‡i Kw¤úDUvi Xz‡K‡Q| Z‡e mvwe©Kfv‡e kZKiv
GKfvM gvby‡li nv‡ZI GLb Kw¤úDUvi †cŠ‡Qwb| evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi
`vex‡ZB 1996 mv‡j AbjvBb B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq| 1997 mv‡j †gvevBj †dvb
k„•ÿjgy³ nq| 1997 mv‡j wewUwf‡Z Kw¤úDUvi welqK Abyôvb Pvjy Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cÖ‡Póvq GB wel‡q m‡PZbZvI e¨vcKZi n‡Z _v‡K| Aek¨ MÖv‡gi
Ae¯’v †gv‡UB †Zgb bq| kni-MÖvg Ges abx-`wi‡`ªi wWwRUvj wWfvBW GLv‡b AZ¨šÍ
Zxeª| 1996 mvj †_‡K ¯‹z‡j Ges 1998 mvj †_‡K K‡j‡R Kw¤úDUvi welqwU cvV¨
n‡q‡Q| miKvi cwiKíbvwenxb I D‡Ïk¨nxb fv‡e kni-MÖv‡gi wKQz wKQz
wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b wKQz wKQz Kw¤úDUvi mieivn K‡i‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi D”P wkÿvq cvV¨welq
wn‡m‡e †ek RbwcÖq wQ‡jv| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j †mB RbwcÖqZvq am †b‡g‡Q| 2008
mv‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg Dbœqb †evW© cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji mKj eB‡K wWwRUv‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
wm×všÍ †bq| Zviv G‡Z B›UviG¨vKwUf gvwëwgwWqv cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i| 2009
mv‡ji gv‡SB GB cÖhyw³ Zv‡ì ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z cÖeZ©b Kivi Avkvev` e¨³ K‡i‡Qb
†ev‡W©i fvBm †Pqvig¨vb Rbve Avkivdzj Bmjvg| Gi gva¨‡g †evW© cwiPvwjZ
cvov‡K‡›`ªI e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avm‡e e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvD-
wÝj lô †_‡K `kg †kªYx ch©šÍ A¼ I weÁv‡bi eB‡K mdUIq¨v‡i iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
B”Qv †cvlY K‡i‡Q| AvMvgx 2010 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb wkÿveë¯’vq
GBme Kg©Kv‡Ûi e¨vcK cÖfve co‡e| GLbB evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vswKs Lv‡Z Z_¨cÖhyw³i
e¨vcK eënvi n‡”Q| wewfbœ miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i eënvi w`‡b
w`‡b evo‡Q| miKv‡ii cywjk wefvM Acivax‡ì WvUv‡eR ˆZix Ki‡Q| ˆZix n‡q‡Q
Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv I cwiPq cÎ| GB mv‡_ ˆZix n‡”Q RvZxq Z_¨ e¨v¼| f‚wg
eë¯’vcbv mn bvbv Lv‡Z GLb Kw¤úDUvi em‡Q|
B-cvm‡cvU© ˆZixi D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q| †`‡k GK `k‡K †gvevBj †dv‡bi wecøe
n‡q‡Q| 2009 mv‡j †gvevBj MÖvn‡Ki msL¨v cÖvq cvP †KvwU| AvMvgx cvP eQ‡i
†`‡k †gvevBj †dvb eënviKvixi msL¨v `k †KvwU n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q| GwU
Kvh©Z gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi ÷vBj e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| g‡b ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i GB †`kwU‡Z
PweŸk wMMvweU MwZi (2009 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡mi wnmve) GLb mve‡gwib K¨vej jvBb
ms‡hvM Av‡Q hv AšÍZ Av‡iv `yB `k‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cv‡i| †mB mve‡gwib
K¨ve‡ji Af¨šÍixY weKí ˆZix n‡q‡Q| weGmwmGj wcwRwmwei mv‡_ Pzw³ mB
K‡i‡Q| miKvi wmwgDB-3-Gi mv‡_I hy³ nevi †Póv Ki‡Q| bZzb K¨vej AvBb
Avm‡Q|
Ryb -2009 †Z IqvBg¨v· Pvjy nevi K_v| dvBevi Uz †nvg cÖK‡íi KvR Pj‡Q|
evsjv miKvi †bUIqv‡K©i KvR n‡”Q| KvR n‡”Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki|
25
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
hwÌ †`‡k Z_¨cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki MwZ AwZ axi, Z_vwc Z_¨hy‡M Avgv‡ì cÖ_g
c`PviYv †ek `„p| evsjv‡`k †_‡K mdUIq¨vi I †mevi ißvwb †e‡o‡Q A‡bK|
Avgvi we‡ePbvq evsjv‡`k GLb Z_¨hy‡M cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi cÖ¯‘Z| w`‡b w`‡b
GLb L‡m co‡Q cyiv‡bv a¨vb-aviYv| Z‡e AZx‡Zi a¨vb aviYv¸‡jv L‡m covi ci
bZzb GKwU `ywbqv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri cÖm½K_v: evsjv‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi K_v
AvgivB cÖ_g ejwQ bv| miKvi hLb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j‡Q ZLb
cy‡iv miKv‡ii gy‡LB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k kãwU _vKvi cvkvcvwk ÁvbwfwËK mgvR
MV‡bi K_vI _vK‡Q| GLb Avwg LyeB MiæZ¡c~Y©fv‡e ¯§iY KiwQ, MZ 9 gvP© 2009
XvKvi GAvBBDwei mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki 2009 mv‡j wbe©vwPZ el©xqvb
ivóªcwZ Rbve wRjøyi ingv‡bi e³e¨wU| wZwb †mw`b e‡jb, ÒA‡bK cÖZ¨vkv wb‡q
Avgiv GKzk kZ‡K cÖ‡ek K‡iwQ| GKw`‡K Av‡Q P¨v‡jÄ, Ab¨w`‡K Acvi m¤¢vebv|
Avgv‡ì jÿ¨ n‡e êwk¦K P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejvi cvkvcvwk Z_¨cÖhyw³wbf©i ÁvbwfwËK
mgvR M‡o †Zvjv| (evmm/cÖ_g Av‡jv 10 gvP© 09)
miKvwifv‡e 2003 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m †R‡bfvq Av‡qvwRZ wek¦ Z_¨cÖhyw³
m‡¤§j‡b ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x †eMg Lv‡j`v
wRqv| wKš‘ wZwb †mB j‡ÿ¨ †Kvb KvR K‡ib wb| 2000 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wmivRyj
Avjg Lv‡bi eB GKzk kZ‡Ki ev½vjx-Gi 2005 mv‡ji wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Y wZwb Ávb-
wfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| †mB eBwU‡ZB wZwb Gjwfb Udjv‡ii _vW©
I‡q‡fi K_vI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| 2007 mv‡ji eB‡Z wmivRyj Avjg Lvb wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Kv‡q‡gi K_vI e‡j‡Qb|
2003 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i †R‡bfvq AbywôZ wek¦ Z_¨cÖhyw³ m‡¤§j‡bi cÖ_g c‡e© mv‡eK
cÖavbgš¿x †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv 2006 mv‡ji gv‡S evsjv‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv
Kivi †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| 2007 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi ZrKv‡j ÿgZvmxb ZË¡veavqK
miKv‡ii cÖavb Dc‡`óv dKiæwÏb Avn‡g` Zvi fvl‡Y Ges 1jv †deªæqvwi 2007
evsjv GKv‡Wgxi eB‡gjv D‡ØvabKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi K_v
e‡j‡Qb| 1jv †deªæqvwi 2007 wZwb e‡jb, ÒRvwZi GB msKUKv‡j me‡P‡q †ewk
Riæwi GKwU b¨vq I ÁvbwfwËK mgvR M‡o †Zvjv| AvR Áv‡bi †P‡q †cwk kw³,
AmZZv, Kv‡jv UvKvi `vcU A‡bK †ewk| †KD †KD †Kvb cÖKvi Revew`wnZv Qvov
A‰ea m¤ú‡Ì cvnvo Mo‡Q, †KD i‡q hv‡”Q nZ`wi`ª| GB ˆbivR¨, êlg¨ Pj‡Z
†`qv hvq bv| mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡i ZvB AvR Revew`wnZv, ¯^”Q¡Zv I fvimvg¨ wbwðZ Kiv
Riæwi| GRb¨ Rbg‡b m‡PZbZv I RbgZ m„wó KivI mgvb Riæwi| Ávbx, ¸Yx,
†gavex, †hvM¨‡ì mgv‡R gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvovevi, mgv‡R cÖwZôv cvIqvi cwi‡ek
ˆZwi‡Z Avgv‡ì mevB‡K ZvB GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|Ó 15 gvP © 2007 †gŠPv‡K
m„Rbkxj ¯‹vDU K¨v‡¤úi cyi¯‹vi weZiYx Abyôv‡b mv‡eK ivóªcwZ BqvRDwÏb Avn‡g`
26
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GKBfv‡e ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
MZ 28 gvP© 2007 evsjv‡`k Pxb ˆgÎx m‡¤§jb †K‡›`ª †ewmm-Gi mdUG·‡cv 2007
D‡ØvabKv‡j dKiæwÏb miKv‡ii Dc‡`óv Zcb †PŠayixI ÁvbwfwËK mgvR ˆZixi
AvnŸvb Rvbvb (m~Î: ˆ`wbK RbKÉ 29 gvP© 2007)| GKB mdUIq¨vi †gjvq MZ
29 gvP© 2007 †ewmm Av‡qvwRZ GKwU †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡K †`k †_‡K `yb©xwZ D‡”Q‡`
Z_¨cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKvi K_v e‡j‡Qb †`‡ki mKj ¯Í‡ii wewkóR‡biv| G‡ì
gv‡S Av‡Qb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Aveyj gvj Avãyj gywnZ, wewkó A_©bxwZwe` Wt
†gvRvddi Avn‡g`, weGbwc †bZv Avwgi Lmiæ gvngy` †PŠayix I †gvdv¾j Kwig,
RvZxq cvwU©i Avwbmyj Bmjvg gvngy`, Gwkq Dbœqb e¨v‡¼i Kvw›Uª wW‡i±i ûqv `y,
G¨vg‡P‡gi mv‡eK mfvcwZ AvdZveyj Bmjvg Ges †ewm‡mi mfvcwZ mv‡ivqvi Avjg
G wel‡q HKgZ¨ cÖKvk K‡ib| †Mvj‡Uwej Av‡jvPbvq GBgZ cÖKvk Kiv nq †h,
`yb©xwZ `gb Kiv †M‡j Avgv‡ì RvZxq Avq wZb kZvsk evo‡Z cv‡i| (m~Î ˆ`wbK
B‡ËdvK, 30 gvP© 2007) |
mv‡eK ZË¡veavqK miKvi ivR‰bwZK RÄvj mvd Kivi w`‡KB †ewk gb‡hvMx wQ‡jv|
Zviv Z_¨cÖhyw³i w`‡K †Zgb gb‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i wb| d‡j †mB miKvi, ZLbKvi
mdUIq¨vi I AvBGmwc mswkøó †Kvb mwgwZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Ávb-
wfwËK mgv‡Ri †Kvb iƒc‡iLv cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| ïaygvÎ Avwg mfvcwZ e‡j evsjv‡`k
Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi cÿ †_‡KI ZLbB Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi K_v ejwQ|
ZLbKvi mvwe©K Kg©Kv‡Û GwU g‡b nq †h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ev ÁvbwfwËK mgvR‡K
m¤¢eZ GKwU GKv‡WwgK welq wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Kiv nq| †mB miKvi wKsev Ab¨ Kv‡iv
cÿ †_‡K ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb Kg©m~wPI †`qv nqwb| Ab¨w`‡K Avgiv †h
ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v ejwQ †mwU †KejgvÎ Z_¨cÖhyw³i weKvk ev †Uwj
Kwg¨Dwb‡Kkb eë¯’vi Dbœqb ev I‡qe †cR evbv‡bv‡K †evSvw”Q bv| eis Avgiv
we`¨gvb ivóª cwiPvjbv KvVv‡gv I mgvR eë¯’v‡K cv‡ë GKwU m¤ú~Y© bZzb mgvR
Movi K_v ejwQ|
Z‡e 2008 mv‡ji 29 wW‡m¤^‡ii wbe©vP‡b weRqx †kL nvwmbvi miKvi wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k cÖwZôv Kivi A½xKvi K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii mKj ¯Í‡ii bxwZ wba©viKMY
QvovI cÖavbgš¿x wb‡R wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Rb¨ mKj cÖKv‡ii mnvqZv I
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Avgiv hw` evsjv‡`‡k GB mgvR cÖwZôv Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e GLb †_‡K GKwU weivgnxb
jovB K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡b‡KB g‡b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib cwÎKvi cvZvq wj‡L ev AvBwmwU m¤úwK©Z eyw×Rxwe‡ì `vwei †cÖwÿ‡Z
GB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ˆZix n‡q hv‡e| cÖK…Zv‡_© wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ˆZix Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e GKwU ivR‰bwZK jovB‡qi|
evsjv‡`‡ki GKzk kZ‡Ki wVKvbv: GKvË‡i †`k ¯^vaxb Kivi †h ¯^cœUv Avgiv
27
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†`‡LwQjvg Zvi ev¯Íe iƒcvqb n‡jv GB †`kwUi GKzk kZ‡Ki wVKvbvi mÜvb Kiv|
†mB wVKvbvwU n‡jv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi ga¨ w`‡q ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv
Kiv| ZLb GwU n‡e mwZ¨Kv‡ii RbZvi evsjv‡`k| Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j
AvRKv‡ji Rb¨ bv n‡jI AvMvgx 2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`k hLb Zvi ¯^vaxbZvi myeY©
RqšÍx cvjb Ki‡e ZLb GB †`kwU‡K wK Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
cvi‡ev ev ZLb Avgv‡ì mgvRwU wK GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e-GwU
wK mwZ¨ mwZ¨ RbZvi evsjv‡`k n‡e, Gme welq wb‡q Avgv‡ì‡K GLwb fve‡Z
n‡e|
¯^vfvweK cwieZ©b : hw` Ggb nq †h evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb gnj †_‡KB wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k iƒcvšÍ‡i †Kvb †Póv MÖnY Kiv n‡jv bv, ZeyI GB †`kwU Zvi ¯^vfvweK
cwieZ©‡bi MwZ‡Z-cÖavbZ wek¦vq‡bi Pvc I Af¨šÍixY weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ e`‡j hv‡e|
Z‡e Avgiv hv fvewQ 2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R cwiYZ n‡e-†mwU
n‡e bv| †hgb K‡i Avgiv wkíhy‡Mi †UªbwU wgm K‡iwQ-†Zgb K‡i ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R
†cŠQv‡bvI Avgv‡ì Rb¨ wejw¤^Z n‡e| wkíhy‡Mi †Uªb wgm Kivi mgq Avgiv civaxb
wQjvg-GwU GKwU mvšÍ¡bv n‡jI, Z_¨hy‡M †cŠQv‡bvi mKj my‡hvM _vKvi ciI Avgiv
hw` †mLv‡b †h‡Z bv cvwi, Z‡e †Kvb mvšÍ¡bvI †Luv‡R cvIqv hv‡ebv|
DbœZ-AbybœZ I Djøçb:wk‡ívbœZ †`k †hgb Av‡gwiKv, BD‡ivc GLb wkíwfwËK
mgvR †_‡K ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R DËi‡Yi jovB Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì K…wlhyM †_‡KB
DËiY nq wb| d‡j Avgv‡ì‡K wkíhy‡Mi wmwowU Rv¤ú K‡i cvi n‡Z n‡e| hwÌ
¯^vaxbZvi ci weMZ cuqwÎk eQ‡i Avgv‡ì †ek wKQzUv wkívqb n‡q‡Q Z_vwc
Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri AšÍwb©wnZ PwiÎ K…wl hy‡Mi| Gi PwiÎ AbybZœ cywRev‡ì| GwU GK
ai‡bi AÿgZv-ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i e¨_©Zv| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ e¨_© nevi Rb¨
Avgv‡ì UªvÝd‡g©kbUv nq wb| civaxbZvi RbÏ Avgiv cÖvq AvovB‡kv eQi mgq
nvZQvov Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ, hLb `ywbqv †Rvov wkíwecøe n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ Avgiv
†jvnvj°o wfwËK wkívq‡bi e`‡j b‡jR‡eRW BÛvwóª ˆZwi Ki‡ev| mvaviY KvwqK
kªwgK ˆZwii e`‡j Avgiv ˆZwi Ki‡ev ÁvbKg©x| Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z me©vwaK
AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡e †gavi|
my‡Li welq n‡jv b‡jR‡eRW †mvmvBwUi KvRwU GL‡bv wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv ïiæ
K‡i‡Q gvÎ| Avgiv hw` GLwb Zv‡ì PvB‡Z GKUz †ewk MwZ‡Z Avgv‡ì mvwe©K
Ae¯’vwU e`jv‡Z cvwi Z‡e Zv‡ì mv‡_ Avgv‡ì Lye GKUv `~iZ¡ _vK‡e bv|
`y nvRvi GKzk mv‡ji evsjv‡`k: evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb mvweK© cwiw¯’wZ, ivRbxwZmn
mKj wel‡q cwieZ©‡bi ¯úk© Ges mviv `ywbqvi cwieZ©‡bi cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
Avwg Ggb GKwU evsjv‡`‡ki K_v fvewQ hvi AeqeUv GL‡bv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q ¯úó
bq| Lye ms‡ÿ‡c Avwg †mB evsjv‡`kwUi weeiY w`‡Z PvB-wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
28
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi ci †hgbwU GB †`kwU n‡Z cv‡i|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ: ¯^vaxbZvi myeY© RqšÍx‡Z mgv‡R ÁvbB kw³i †K›`ª e‡j
A‡_©i-we‡Ëi PvB‡Z Áv‡bi cÖfve †ewk _vK‡e| GB mg‡q iv‡óªi KvVv‡gvi GKwU
wekvj cwieZ©b n‡e| mgv‡R Ávbx I cwÛZ e¨w³iv m¤§vwbZ n‡eb| A_©bxwZ Ávb-
wfwËK e‡j †gavwfwËK wkí-KviLvbvi cÖmvi †ewk n‡e| e¯‘MZ m¤ú‡ì PvB‡Z
†gavRvZ m¤ú` m„wói cÖwZ mK‡ji †ewk AvMÖn _vK‡e| †gavi weKvk, msiÿY I
m„RbkxjZvB n‡e bxwZ I ˆbwZKZvi †K›`ª| †`‡k-we‡`‡k ÁvbwfwËK wk‡íi wekvj
evRvi m„wó n‡e| cÖPwjZ K…wl-wkí-eëmv-evwYR¨, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Z_v †gavi ¯ú‡k©
g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ggbfv‡e n‡e †h e¯‘MZ g~‡jï PvB‡Z †gavRvZ g~j¨ ms‡hvRb A‡bK
†ewk n‡e| bvix I ZiæYiv GBme Kv‡R m‡eP‡q †ewk mwµq _vK‡e| eq¯‹iv cÖavbZ
AwffveKZ¡ Ges Aemi Rxe‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q co‡eb| AvMvgx eQi¸‡jv‡Z bZzb
GK`j ÁvbKg©x ˆZix n‡e| GB ÁvbKg©xiv mgvR I iv‡óªi me©Î †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| Giv
msL¨vq †ekx e‡j mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki GKzk kZ‡Ki BwZnvm ZvivB iPbv
Ki‡e| A_©bxwZ n‡e Pv½v| `yB wWwR‡Ui wb‡P cÖe„w× n‡e bv| we‡k¦i me‡P‡q
`yb©xwZMÖ¯Í †`‡ki Acev` NyP‡e| wb‡R‡ì A_© w`‡q Avgiv Avgv‡ì Dbœqb KiwQ|
`vZviv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ †cÖmwµckb w`‡”Q bv| eis Avgiv `ywbqv‡K †`wL‡q w`w”Q Ávb-
wfwËK mgv‡Ri iƒc‡iLv †Kgb|
Avgiv ¯^cœ †`wL, cy‡iv †`‡k `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P †Kvb gvbyl emevm Ki‡e bv| †`‡k
¯^”Qj gvbyl mevB n‡e| mgv‡R nvRvi nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi gvwjK-Ggb Lye abx †Kvb
gvbyl ev cwievi †bB| eo eo wkí-Kj-KviLvbv _vK‡e| Z‡e Gme KviLvbvi †kqvi
†nvìviiv _vK‡e RbMY| †`‡k cyuwRi weKvk NU‡e| Z‡e ivóªxq bxwZgvjvi Rb¨ abx
Av‡iv abx nevi my‡hvM cv‡ebv| gvSvwi Av‡qi ga¨we‡Ëi msL¨vB AwaK n‡e| Abœ,
e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv, wkÿv, wbivcËv †KvbUvB †Kvb gvby‡li msKU bq| mevB Zvi
b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cvi‡e| A‡bœi Afv‡e c‡obv †Kvb gvbyl| mviv †`‡k
_vK‡ebv †Kvb e¯¿nxb gvbyl| wQbœg~j evm¯’vbnxb †Kvb gvbyl cvIqv hv‡e bv| iv¯Ívq
wfÿzK cvIqv hv‡e bv| miKvix-Lvm Rwg, dzUcvZ, †ij †÷kb, jÂ NvU ev Ab¨
†Kv_vI Szcwo N‡ii ew¯Í‡Z †KD _vK‡e bv| wb‡Ri †nvK, fvovq †nvK GKwU wbivc`
Avevm cÖwZwU gvby‡li _vK‡e| cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq †mev cvIqv hv‡e|
webv wPwKrmvq gi‡e bv †KD| cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ Wv³vi-nvmcvZvj-Jla cvIqv
hv‡e| MÖv‡gi †nvK Avi kn‡ii †nvK b~¨bZg wPwKrmvi eë¯’v mK‡ji Rb¨B weivR
Ki‡e| miKvi †mB eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡klÁ wPwKrmv †m †c‡Z
cvi‡e| GgbwK †`‡ki evB‡ii we‡klÁ‡ì Kv‡Q GKRb mvaviY gvbyl‡K †cŠQv‡bvi
eë¯’v K‡i †`‡e miKvi| miKvi M¨vm, cvwb-we`y¨r, cqt wb¯‹vlYmn me mvaviY
†mevB gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK
n‡e Ges miKvi †mB wkÿv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wkÿvi b~¨bZg GB ¯ÍiwU‡Z †Kvb êlg¨
29
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
_vK‡ebv| kni-MÖvg, †QvU-eo, abx-Mixe mK‡ji Rb¨ b~¨bZg wkÿvi GKwUB aviv
cÖevngvb _vK‡e| †`‡ki cÖwZwU QvÎ-QvÎxi wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb wWwRUvj
hš¿ _vK‡e| wbivcËvi Afve i‡e bv Kv‡iv| Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb wb‡q †Kvb fq
_vK‡ebv| †m fq‡jknxbfv‡e †`‡ki †h‡Kvb cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Kvb mgq Pj‡Z cvi‡e| Zvi
†gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv _vK‡e wbwðZ| †`‡k wePviewnf‚©Z nZ¨vKvÐ n‡ebv| †`‡k
¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM Av‡Q| †mwU †Kej KvM‡R _vK‡ebv| weivR Ki‡e AvB‡bi
kvmb| ivRbxwZ bóvwg‡Z fiv _vK‡ebv| `ye©„Ëvqb cvIqv hv‡ebv| i‡e bv jy‡Uiv
ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ| gvbyl ivRbxwZwe`‡ì †Pvi-gnv‡Pvi ej‡ebv, m¤§v‡bi †Pv‡L
†`L‡e Zv‡ì| ivRbxwZwe`‡ì †`k‡cÖwgK e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡e| †`‡k GKwU m‡PZb
bvMwiK mgvR †`kevmxi mKj ai‡bi welqvw`mn gvbevwaKv‡ii welqmg~nI gwbUi
Ki‡e| msweav‡b cÖ`Ë wbqg KvVv‡gvi gv‡S msev`c‡Îi-wgwWqvi ¯^vaxbZvmn
†gŠwjK AwaKvi cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e| gvbyl XvKv kn‡ii miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
Avm‡ebv, miKvi hv‡e Zvi MÖv‡gi evox‡Z, cY©KzUx‡i| †m wb‡R wm×všÍ †bq †Kv_vq
Zvi Dbœqb n‡e| Z‡Zvw`‡b †`vKvbcvU Avi gv‡K©Uwbf©i eëmv-evwYR¨ IavI n‡q
hv‡e| gvbyl Zvi N‡i e‡m cQ›`g‡Zv cY¨ wKb‡e| KvM‡Ri UvKv hv`yN‡i _vK‡e|
†dwiIqvjviv †µwWU KvW© MÖnY Ki‡e| Drcv`b eë¯’v hv‡e e`‡j| kÖgNY wec¾bK
wkí KviLvYvq gvby‡li KvR n‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv| hš¿cvwZ Ki‡e Drcv`b| gvbyl Ki‡e
†mB Drcv`b eë¯’vi gwbUwis| K…wl KvR ch©šÍ wPcm wbf©i n‡e| Z_¨cÖhyw³wbf©i
miKvi n‡e `ÿ I RbM‡Yi †meK| miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ bvMwi‡Kiv †h‡Kvb ¯’vb
†_‡K Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| wePvi †nvK Avi miKv‡ii Kv‡Q †Kvb Av‡e`b †nvK, Kw¤úDUvi
ev †gvevBj †dvb w`‡qB bvMwi‡Kiv miKv‡ii Kv‡Q †cŠQv‡Z cvi‡e| KvD‡K mkix‡i
miKvix Awd‡m Avm‡Z n‡e bv| RvZxq msm‡ì m`mïv Mg wewj, wUb AvZ¥mvr,
gvgjvevwR, `jevwR, KwgkbevwR Gme Ki‡eb bv| Zv‡ì n¨vgvi-Rv‡Mvqvi-gvwm©wWR
†eÄ _vK‡ebv, gM‡Ri avi _vK‡e| kn‡ii cvZvj-AvKvk †ij Zv‡ì PjvP‡ji
Dcvq n‡e| GK kni †_‡K Ab¨ kn‡i hvevi Rb¨ Zviv †Uª‡b P‡o ev †i‡j D‡V `ª~Z
PjvPj Ki‡e| Zviv †`‡ki Rb¨ GKzk kZ‡Ki AvBb cÖYqb Ges ÁvbwfwËK mgvR
cÖwZôvq gvby‡li KiYxq welqvw` wb‡q KvR Ki‡eb| cÖkvm‡b ¯úxW gvwbi cÖ‡qvRb
_vK‡e bv| KvR n‡e Avcb MwZ‡Z| wUAvBwei Awdm ZvjveÜ n‡q hv‡e| cywjk
GmGgGm ev B-†gB‡j gvgjv MÖnY Ki‡e| wePviK cÖ‡qvR‡b wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs-
Gi mnvqZv wb‡q wePviKvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| AvBb-wePvi Kvh©µg, AvB‡bi
e¨vL¨v, Av`vjZ, DwKj Ges evw`-weev`x mK‡ji Kv‡QB N‡i e‡m cvevi g‡Zv
mnRjf¨ _vK‡e| Avgv‡ì ¯^‡cœi gv‡S _vK‡Z cv‡i, †`‡ki b`x¸‡jv wgwó cvwb
Avi my¯^v`y gv‡Q cwic~Y© _vK‡e| Gme b`x-Lvj w`‡q Avivg`vqK `ªæZMwZi †bŠhvb
Pj‡e| moKc_¸‡jv cÖk¯Í, wbivc` I Avivg`vqK MYevn‡b fiv _vK‡e| cÙv †mZz
Z‡Zvw`‡b †kl n‡q hv‡e| kxZjÿ¨v, eªþcyÎ, Ki‡Zvqv, aby, myigv, Ksmv, hgybvq
30
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Av‡iv A‡bK †mZz n‡e| †ijjvBb hv‡e †UKbvd ch©šÍ| Avwg ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvB †h,
†`‡ki `yB †KvwU wkwÿZ †eKvi wb‡R‡ì‡K GKzk kZ‡Ki Dchy³ Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì
†eKviZ¡ NyP‡e| bZzb hviv wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †_‡K †ei n‡e Zviv ˆZix n‡e ÁvbKg©x
wn‡m‡e|
KLbI KLbI GgbwU g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h, GwU nq‡Zv D”Pvwfjvmx, AjxK ev ev¯Íevqb
A‡hvM¨ GKwU Kíbvi dvbym| fve‡jB me n‡e, ¯^cœ †`L‡jB †mB ¯^cœ ev¯Íevqb Kiv
hv‡e GgbwU bvI n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †Póv Ki‡j †mwU n‡ZI cv‡i|
10 †g 2009
31
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wØZxq Aa¨vq
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k n‡”Q †mB myLx, mg„×, wkwÿZ Ges `vwi`ª¨ I ÿzavgy³ evsjv‡`k
hv mKj cÖKv‡ii êlg¨nxb RbM‡Yi ivóª, hvi gyL¨ PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q wWwRUvj
cÖhyw³| GwU ev½vjxi DbœZ Rxe‡bi AvKv•ÿv| GwU gvby‡li †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi
cÖK…ó cš’v| GwU GKvË‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡bi iƒcKí| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨
¯^‡ívbœZ ev `wi`ª †`k †_‡K mg„× I abx †`‡k iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ gv_vwcQz Avq ev RvZxq
Avq evov‡bvi cÖ‡Póv|
MZ 25 gvP© 2009 wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cv-2009 Gi D‡Øvabx Abyl&Vôv‡b cÖavbgš¿x †kL

nvwmbv‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZxK wn‡m‡e me©vaywbK GKwU j¨vcUc Dcnvi cÖ`vb K‡ib
evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi mfvcwZ Rbve †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi|
GB Kg©m~wPi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv:

K. Z_¨ hyM ev wWwRUvj hyM †h bv‡gB Zv‡K Avgiv WvwK bv †Kb, K…wl I wkí hy‡Mi
ci gvbe mf¨Zvi Rb¨ Pjgvb wWwRUvj ev Z_¨ hy‡Mi mvwe©K Askx`vi wn‡m‡e
32
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i GKwU DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡e
I RbM‡Yi gv‡S ivóªxq my‡hvM I m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb wbwðZ Ki‡e, êlg¨ I
`vwi`ª¨gy³ Ki‡e Ges ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡e|
L. GB Kg©m~wP †`‡ki mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ wWwRUvj jvBd÷vBj M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g
RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q wb‡q hv‡e| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q GB †`‡k wWwRUvj cÖhyw³wbf©i Rxebaviv M‡o Zz‡j cy‡iv RvwZi
Rb¨ GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e| GwU wek¦gq M‡o IVv ÁvbwfwËK
mgv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡e|
M. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo jÿ¨ n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv‡K
cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kiv| GKvË‡i GB RvwZ †h ¯^cœ wb‡q mk¯¿ hy‡× †b‡gwQ‡jv †mB
¯^cœ c~iY Kivi cvkvcvwk wWwRUvj hy‡Mi ev¯ÍeZv Abyhvqx †`‡ki Kg©ÿg Rbkw³‡K
m¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| GB R‡b‡Mvôx
n‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ˆmwbK|
N. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki jÿ¨ n‡e †`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Kv‡Q me©cÖKv‡ii wWwRUvj
cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ Kiv I Gi eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|
O. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi m¤ú` I miKvi eë¯’vcbvq `ÿZv, ¯^”QZv,
Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ me©¯Í‡i wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡e|
P. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki jÿ¨ n‡e RbM‡Yi AskMÖnYg~jK MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv Kiv
Ges ivóª‡K me©cÖKv‡ii ag©-wbi‡cÿ K‡i wWwRUvj cÖhyw³‡Z evOvjxi fvlv-mvwnZ¨-
ms¯‹…wZi weKvk mva‡bi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ª ÿz`ª RvwZ¯^Ë¡vi fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ msiÿY,
weKvk I Zv‡ì me©cÖKv‡ii AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
Q. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki jÿ¨ n‡e e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK m¤úK©, Drcv`b
eë¯’vmn iv‡óªi me©¯Í‡i wWwRUvj hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©fv‡e bvMwiK‡ì‡K
wkwÿZ Kiv I GB hy‡Mi fv‡jv w`KwUi weKvk NwU‡q g›` w`KwU‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kiv|
R. wWwRUvj hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv AwaKZi †gavm¤ú` ˆZix, msiÿY I weKvk
Kiv|
S. wWwRUvj hy‡Mi AMÖvwaKvi n‡e cÖPwjZ miKvi I kvmbeë¯’v‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e
wWwRUvj Kiv| wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, wkímn e¨w³, mgvR I ivóªxq Rxe‡bi mKj ch©v‡q
wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i m‡e©v”P eënvi Kiv|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k-Gi mswÿß cÖ¯Ívebv

K. †Kb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k: †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY cvwK¯Ív‡bi `Lj`vwiZ¡ †_‡K
gyw³i Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i mk¯¿ hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©b
K‡i‡Q Ges †h‡nZz GB RbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e †eu‡P _vKv I DbœZ Rxeb Movi AwaKvi
33
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
iv‡L, †m‡nZz wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i GB RvwZi mKj gvby‡li Avkv AvKv•ÿvi
ev¯Íevqb I Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP
ev¯Íevqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| 2008 mv‡ji 29 wW‡m¤î AbywôZ beg RvZxq msm‡ì
wbe©vP‡b ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^c‡ÿi kw³i wbi¼zk weRq GB Kg©m~wP h_vh_fv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi
GK Ac~e© my‡hvM ˆZix K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì mK‡ji `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡jv GB my‡hvM‡K
Kv‡R jvwM‡q 2021 mv‡j †`kwU‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍi Kiv|
L. AMÖvwaKvi: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡Z AšÍfz©³ Av‡Q Avgv‡ì ivóªxq, mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK A‡bK welq| Z‡e AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z wKQz Kv‡R GLbB
bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
L.1 RvZxq AMÖvwaKvi
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi cÖ_g RvZxq A½xKvi n‡e †`k †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ I êlg¨
`~i Kiv Ges RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Rb¨ RvZxq ch©v‡q AeKvVv‡gvMZ AMÖvwaKvi _vK‡Z n‡e
mviv †`‡ki mKj N‡i wbiew”Qbœ we`y¨r mieivn Ki‡Z cviv I RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK
mKj Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv| GKB mv‡_ cÖwZwU Ni‡K Zvi ev †eZvi eë¯’vq †bUIqvK©
eë¯’vq hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G QvovI gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY, wWwRUvj wWfvBW
`~i Kiv Ges †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôv RvZxq AMÖvwaKvi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
L.2 RvZxq jÿ¨mg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi AMÖvwaKvi †ÿÎmg~n
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi cÖ_g AMÖvwaKviwU n‡jv wWwRUvj miKvi cÖwZôv Kiv|
GK A‡_© ejv hvq, miKvi‡K n‡Z n‡e †ccvi‡jm Mfb©‡g›U| mwPevjq †_‡K cÖZ¨šÍ
MÖv‡gi cÖvšÍi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z miKvi KvR Ki‡e wWwRUvj, †bUIqvK©W I AbjvBb
c×wZ‡Z| miKv‡ii wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv n‡e wWwRUvj| miKv‡ii Z_¨ msiwÿZ
n‡e wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z| RbM‡Yi mv‡_ miKv‡ii wµqv-cÖwZwµqv n‡e wWwRUvj
cÖhyw³wbf©i B›UviG¨vKwUf c×wZ‡Z| RbMY‡K †mev`vb GKwU AMÖvwaKvi LvZ n‡e|
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges Gi mnvqZvq ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ miKv‡ii mKj kvLv‡K hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
¯’vbxq miKvi‡K wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i wfwË‡Z B›UviG¨vKwUf c×wZ‡Z RbM‡Yi
AskMÖnY I †mevMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| RvZxq mn mKj wbe©vPb c×wZ ch©vqµ‡g
wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c‡ii AMÖvwaKviwU n‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj wkÿv eë¯’v| GB
Kg©m~wP‡Z ¯‹zj ch©v‡q †KejgvÎ eva¨Zvg~jK Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvB AšÍfz©³ bq, G‡Z
_vK‡Z n‡e wkï‡kÖYx †_‡K ¯œvZ‡KvËi ¯Íi ch©šÍ mKj cvV¨ welq‡KB›UviG¨vKwUf
gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨v‡i cwiYZ Kiv| cÖwZ wkïi nv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`vb Ges cÖwZ
N‡i eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU cÖ`vb GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq _vK‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg AMÖvwaKvi n‡Z n‡e ÁvbwfwËK A_©bxwZ I
34
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Drcv`b eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv| GRb¨ Avw_©K cÖkvmb, ivR¯^ Avq I e¨q eë¯’vcbv,
evwl©K Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Ges wWwRUvj Kgvm©-Gi Rb¨ wWwRUvj
cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©bxwZ, eëmv-evwYR¨-wkí me©Î †jb-†`b †_‡K
hš¿cvwZ‡Z _vK‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj c×wZ| †gavwfwËK wk‡íi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e Ges
RvZxq †gav msiÿY I weKvk NUv‡bvi cvkvcvwk weÁvb PP©v, Avwe®‹vi I M‡elYvq
cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨Zg AMÖvwaKvi n‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj f‚wgeë¯’v| f‚wgi mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z
msiÿY Kivi cvkvcvwk Gi eë¯’vcbv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L AvBb cÖYqb I ms‡kvab Kivi
cvkvcvwk AvBbk„•ÿjv iÿv Kiv, RbMY I iv‡óªi wbivcËv weavb Kiv I Aciva
`gb Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi mfvcwZ Rbve †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi mv‡eK cÖavb Dc‡`óv
Wt dLiæwÏb Avn‡g‡ì KvQ †_‡K wewmGm-Gi c‡ÿ RvZxq m¤§vbbv MÖnY K‡ib|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_
mKj †gavm¤ú` myiÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
mKj bvMwi‡Ki ag©PP©vi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKB mv‡_ wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z ag© msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨ cvevi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k kxl©K
Ab¨vb¨ Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôv‡K wbwðZ Ki‡e|
M. GK bR‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP
wb‡P wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k-Gi mswÿß Kg©m~wP cÖ`Ë n‡jv| G‡Z Av_©-mvgvwRK I
35
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ivR‰bwZK welq¸‡jvi D‡jøL Av‡Q| †evì I BUvwjK Kiv welq¸‡jv Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mv‡_ mivmwi mswkøó|
M.1 RbM‡Yi b~¨bZg †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª Z_v miKvi‡K cwic~Y© `vwqZ¡
wb‡Z n‡e| RbMY ivóª‡K Ki †`‡e wKš‘ ivóª RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv,
evm¯’vb ev wPwKrmvi g‡Zv †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡e bv-GwU n‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb
`vwqZ¡Ávbnxb miKvi Avgiv gyw³hy× K‡i †c‡Z PvB wb| GRb¨ UvKvi A‡¼ jvf
†jvKmv‡bi miKvi Ges gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v‡K evwYwR¨KxKiY Kiv †_‡K GB
iv‡óªi MwZ †div‡Z n‡e| Avwg wbwðZfv‡eB g‡b Kwi †h ivóª‡K RbM‡Yi b~¨bZg
wPwKrmv, AvkÖq, cwi‡aq, wbivcËv I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª‡K mKj
bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ mgmy‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v Kivi cvkvcvwk GK‡PwUqv awbK I jy‡Uiv
†kÖYxi µgvMZ I AcÖwZ‡iva¨ GKZidv Rb¥ †bqv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| `vwi`ª `~ixKiY
I abx-`wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ wbimb Kivi cvkvcvwk Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK wWwRUvj
wWfvBW `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª‡K Aÿg, Kg©nxb, cÖwZeÜx, gyw³‡hv×v, cÖexb bvMwiK,
hy×vnZ, weaev I mgv‡Ri mKj ¯Í‡ii AbMÖmi Ask‡K b~¨bZg Rxebavi‡bi
Dc‡hvMx fvZv I Ab¨vb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Rb‡Mvôxi mKj As‡ki Kv‡Q we‡klZt MÖvg I knimn Ab¨Î emevmKvix
`wi`ª I nZ`wi`ª gvby‡li Kv‡Q wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ mnRjf¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| `wi`ª
RbMY‡K ÁvbKg©x ev wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ Kg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e Ges MÖv‡g
MÖv‡g wWwRUvj wkí-evwYR¨ mn K…wl, wkÿv, †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z
wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvi cÖ`Ë mKj mnvqZv
wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z eë¯’vcbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ wWwRUvj eë¯’vq _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z miKvi mgqg‡Zv mKj cÖKv‡ii mn-
vqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj cÖKv‡ii wWwRUvj wWfvBW `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.2 ivóªwU n‡e m¤ú~Y©fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY Z_v gywRebMi miKvi
KZ©„K †NvwlZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Îi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| GwU n‡e
MYZvwš¿K, RvZxqZvev`x, ag© wbi‡cÿ I mgvRZvwš¿K| Gi A_©‰bwZK bxwZ n‡e
êlg¨nxb I e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx, kÖwgK, K…lK, †ckvRxex, QvÎ, wb¤œweË I ga¨we‡Ëi
AbyK‚‡ji|
wWwRUvj gva¨gmn mKj wgwWqvq ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M GB msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk
Ki‡Z n‡e hv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z RbMY Abvqv‡m cv‡e| iv‡óªi wfwËmg~‡ni
†hŠw³KZv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.3 kvmbZ‡š¿i MYwe‡ivax, AMYZvwš¿K I mv¤úª`vwqK avivmg~n ms‡kvab Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges wePviwefvM, Kg© Kwgkb, wbe©vPb Kwgkb I wgwWqvi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n wewae× I Revew`wnZvg~jK I ¯^”QZvmn
MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
36
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mKj ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ I eë¯’vi mKj Z_¨ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖvß nevi Rb¨ wWwRUvj
c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| msm‡ì Kvh©vejwmn mKj ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP, ivR‰bwZK
e³e¨, Kg©KvÐ I ivRbxwZK‡ì ivR‰bwZK RxebvPvi msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨ Db¥y³fv‡e
mKj RbM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖKvk Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.4 cÖPwjZ c×wZi dvBjwfwËK cÖkvmb e`‡j †dj‡Z n‡e| Aa© kZvwaK ¯^vÿi-
dvBj Ic‡i IVv Ges wb‡P bvgvi we`¨gvb c×wZ e`j Ki‡Z n‡e| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ Iqvb ÷c c×wZ Ges cy‡iv miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU †bUIqvK© Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
†`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡e †h miKvi †mwU n‡e wWwRUvj miKvi|
wWwRUvj miKv‡ii KvR Kivi cÖwµqv n‡e wWwRUvj| cÖPwjZ KvMRwfwËK,
RvZxq m¤§vbbv MÖn‡Yi ci mv‡eK Dc‡`óv W. wm,Gm Kwi‡gi mv‡_ Kig`©b Ki‡Qb
†gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
dvBj I wdZvwfwËK miKvi eë¯’vi e`‡j miKvi KvR Ki‡e †bUIqvK©W,

B›UviG¨vKwUf I wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z| miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z
msiwÿZ n‡Z n‡e Ges miKvi‡K RbMY‡K wWwRUvj c×wZmn Ab¨vb¨
c×wZ‡Z †mev cÖ`v‡bi cvkvcvwk ivóª cwiPvjbvq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
37
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
M.5 iv‡óªi KZ…©Z¡ RbM‡Yi Ici b¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki I kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq
miKvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| MÖvg-BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv, †Rjv I †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
mKj ¯Í‡i wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì ØvivB †`kwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e| †`‡k GKwU
wbe©vwPZ RvZxq msm` _vK‡Z n‡e| RvZxq msm`B GKgvÎ AvBb cÖYqY Ki‡e
Ges msm‡ì msL¨vMwi‡ôi mg_©‡b miKvi MwVZ n‡Z n‡e| Gi mv‡_ ¯’vbxq
miKvi eë¯’v wn‡m‡e †Rjv-bMi miKvi, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil`
(cwðge‡½i g‡Zv MÖvg cÂv‡qZ n‡Z cv‡i) _vK‡Z n‡e| GQvov RvZxq msm`‡K
mnvqZv I civgk© `v‡bi Rb¨ †ckvRxex‡ì wbe©vwPZ GKwU Dc‡`óv cwil`
_vK‡e| †`‡ki RbcÖkvmb I AvBbk„•ÿjv iÿvKvix evwnbx †K›`ªxq I ¯’vbxq
wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Aax‡b †_‡K KvR Ki‡e I RbMY‡K †mev w`‡Z n‡e|
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vwU wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡e| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvMmn RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv wWwRUvj
n‡e| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z msiwÿZ n‡e|
M.6 †`‡ki f‚wgeë¯’vi Avg~j ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| f‚wgi gvwjKvbv eë¯’vi ms¯‹vi
K‡i f‚wgnxb I `wi`ª gvbyl‡ì f‚wgi gvwjKvbv w`‡Z n‡e| f‚wgi Aceënvi ev
h‡_”Qv eënvi †iva K‡i cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q f‚wg eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl‡K
GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i GB Lv‡Z miKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq
fZz©wK cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| D”Pdjbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ D”P cÖhyw³i eënvi
wbwðZ K‡i K…wl Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvi-exR-KxUbvkK b¨vh¨/fZ©zwKg~‡j¨
cvevi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk A_©Kix I
ißvwbgyLx K…wlcY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wlc‡Yï msiÿY I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mKj
Kvh©Ki eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| Rwgi eënvi AcwUgvg Kivi Rb¨ mgevq-mvgvwRK
c×wZi gva¨‡g Pvlvev` Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wlLv‡Zi M‡elYv‡K miKvi‡K Ab¨Zg
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| avb-mwâmn Lv`¨, djg~j, gvQ-nvm-gyiwM-Mevw` cï Ges
A_©Kix-ißvwbgyLx K…wlc‡Yï Rb¨ e¨vcKnv‡i M‡elYv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges M‡elYvi
djvdj‡K h_vkxNÖ m¤¢e gvVch©v‡q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wej-Rjvk‡qi we`¨gvb BRviv
cÖ_v evwZj K‡i mgvRe×Zvi gva¨‡g wej-Rjvkq¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK grm¨ Pvl Ki‡Z
n‡e| †Kvbfv‡eB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek bó Kiv hv‡e bv| GRb¨ h_vh_ ch©v‡q grm¨, cvLx
I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi AfqvkÖg M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| K…wl I K…wlwbf©i wkímn K…wlc‡Yï
evRviì I Pvlvev` m¤úwK©Z mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z mnRjf¨ n‡Z n‡e|
f‚wg msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨, gvwjKvbv I wbeÜb wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gme wel‡qi mKj Z_¨ AbjvB‡b cÖvß n‡Z n‡e| LvmRwg eivÏ, `LjcÖ`vb,
f‚wg msµvšÍ gvgjv I we‡ivamn mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z msiwÿZ n‡e
Ges RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖvc¨ n‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj Z_¨ I DcvË Abymv‡i f‚wg
eënv‡ii bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ wbf©i K…wl
38
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wewmGm AvBwmwU Iqvì© 2008-Gi mgvcbx Abyôv‡b mv‡eK Dc‡`óv W. û‡mb wRjøy‡ii
mv‡_ †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi| GB cÖ`k©bxi †k&øvMvb wQ‡jv UzqvW©m wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k|
M‡elYv I K…wl, cïm¤ú`, grm¨mn mKj ch©v‡qi DcKiY, mnvqZv I Ab¨vb¨
eë¯’vcbvq wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.7 †`‡k Bs‡iwR-evsjv-gv`ªvmv ai‡bi wkÿvcÖwZôvb wbwe©‡k‡l GKB avivi weÁvb
I cÖhyw³wbf©i wkÿveë¯’v Pvjy _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wkï‡kÖYx †_‡K Kw¤úDUvimn
Ab¨vb¨ weÁvb welq eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e cvV Kivi eë¯’vmn Kw¤úDUvi‡K wkÿv
DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
†`‡ki cÖwZwU wkÿv_©x‡K wWwRUvj hyM ev ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri Dchy³ K‡i
M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Dchy³ I cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv †`qv n‡e| cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki
Rb¨ wkÿvi eë¯’v Kiv miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡e| †`‡ki cÖwZwU wkïi nv‡Z
ch©vqµ‡g Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ N‡i I cÖwZwU wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b
w`‡Z n‡e ¯^í ev webvg~‡jï `ªæZMwZi eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU| †`‡ki cÖwZ BwÂ
RvqMv †_‡K `ªæZMwZi eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Kivi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|
M.8 mvgwiK evwnbx, Avav mvgwiK I AvBbk„•ÿjv evwnbx‡K Z_¨cÖhyw³mn me©vay-
wbK cÖhyw³ I A¯¿ w`‡q mw¾Z Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †`‡ki mxgv‡iLv, abm¤ú`mn
mKj wKQzi c~Y© wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡Z n‡e cÖwZwU
bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wbivcËv weavb Kiv| GKB mv‡_ ivóª‡K e¨w³i †MvcbxqZv eRvq
ivLvi wbðqZv w`‡Z n‡e|
mvgwiKmn mKj evwnbxi †ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj Av‡Mœqv¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ wWwRUvj A¯¿
eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ mvBevi µvBg cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨
39
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Dchy³ AvBb cÖYqbmn wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wbivcËv
I †MvcbxqZvi welqwU AbjvBb eë¯’vi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
M.9 cÖPwjZ AvBbmg~n cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges bZzb AvBbmg~n wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k I ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v wPšÍv K‡iB cÖYxZ n‡Z n‡e| ivóª‡K wWwRUvj
WvUv myiÿvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i Aceënvi I mvBevi µvBg
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †gavm¤ú` myiÿvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki AvBb cÖYqbmn cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z m„ó bZzb ai‡bi Aciva, mvBevi Aciva, mvBevi
Kgy¨wb‡Kkb, AbjvBb Av`vbcÖ`vb, wbD wgwWqv, wWwRUvj Kgvm©, wWwRUvj
jvBd÷vBj, wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ Ges †gavm¤ú` BZ¨vw` mKj welq‡K ch©v‡jvPbv
K‡i Aciva msµvšÍ †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewamn Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
n‡e| Aciva `gb I wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvjmn bZzb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv ev‡qv‡gwUª·, wRb cixÿv, Acivaxi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨
†Møvevj cwRkwbs wm‡÷g, Acivaxi WvUv‡eR ˆZix Kiv QvovI wePvi eë¯’v‡K
wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBbmg~n AbjvB‡b cvevi cvkvcvwk, wWGjAvi I
Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cÖKvkbv wWwRUvj I AbjvB‡b cÖvc¨ n‡Z n‡e| wePvicÖv_©x
AbjvB‡b wePvi cÖv_©bv Kivi cvkvcvwk Zvi gvgjv †Kv_vq wK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q
Zv †hb AbjvB‡b Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBbRxexMY hv‡Z
AbjvB‡b Zvi e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi
mnvqZvq ev`x-weev`xi e³e¨ ev mvÿ¨ MÖnY Kiv hvq Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.10 wbD B‡Kvbwg (bZzb A_©bxwZ) ev b‡jR B‡Kvbwg (ÁvbwfwËK A_©bxwZ)
ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU we`¨gvb cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡K
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡e| bZzb A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vwU m¤ú~Y© cyuwRev`x n‡e bv- Avevi m¤úY©
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi g‡Zv cy‡ivcywi miKvi wbqwš¿ZI n‡e bv| A_©bxwZ
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó Ki‡jI cÖ‡qvR‡b miKvi A_©bxwZi †ÿÎwe‡k‡l n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| G‡Z ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk e¨w³ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e, Z‡e e„nr
cÖwZôvb‡K Aek¨B RbM‡Yi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ n‡Z n‡e| miKvi
†emiKvix Lv‡Zi Kv‡Q jvfRbK bq A_P RbKj¨vYg~jK, Ggb Lv‡Z mivmwi ev
eva¨Zvg~jK wewb‡qvM Ki‡e| ißvwb, RbKj¨vYg~jK, wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq I K…wlmn
Riæwi †mevLv‡Z ivóª‡K cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv fZz©wK w`‡Z n‡e| A_©bxwZi evwl©K cÖe„w×
Aek¨B `yB wWwR‡Ui ev kZKiv 10 fv‡Mi †ewk Ki‡Z n‡e|
2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz evwl©K Avq `yB nvRvi Wjv‡i DbœxZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i wRwWwc- Gi e„nr Ask †gavRvZ m¤ú` †_‡K Drcbœ Ki‡Z
n‡e| Z_¨cÖhyw³mn, cÖhyw³ cY¨ I †mev, K…wlcY¨, wkícY¨, Mv‡g©›Um Ges
40
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†mevLv‡Zi ißvwb‡K e¨vcKfv‡e DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b GBme Lv‡Z
A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡Z n‡e Ges ißvbx mnvqZvI Ki‡Z n‡e| eëmv evwYR¨ n‡e
wWwRUvj Kgvm©| evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b I †hvMv‡hvM n‡e wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z|
wkí KjKviLvbvq cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj cÖhyw³|
M.11 evsjv‡`‡ki wkímg~n K…wlwfwËK, †fv³v ev jvBd ÷vBjwfwËK Ges Ávb-
wfwËK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi cÖavbZg D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †`‡ki
K…wlm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvKiY, †`kevmxi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`qv Ges
DØ„Ë K…wlcY¨ ißvwb Kiv| †fv³v ev jvBd÷vBj wfwËK wkí gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b
cÖ‡qvRb, Rxeb hvc‡bi gvbe„w× Ges mg„w× I mnvqZvi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡e| wkí
RvZxq m¤§vbbv MÖn‡Yi ci †mbvevwnbx cÖavb †Rbv‡ij gBb BD Avn‡g` Gi mv‡_

Kig`©b Ki‡Qb †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
KviLvbv‡K ivRavbx ev †g‡UªvwmwUi e`‡j †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges MÖv‡g ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| K…wl I ÁvbwfwËK wkí ¯’vc‡b MÖvgB n‡e Av`k© ¯’vb| ˆ`bw›`b †fv³v cY¨
MÖv‡gB Drcvw`Z n‡e| cÖwZ `k nvRvi gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU K‡i ÿz`ª wkí cøU
_vK‡Z n‡e| Dc‡Rjv I †Rjvq GKwU wkí GjvKv _vK‡Z n‡e| miKvi wkíLv‡Z
e¨vcK mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| miKvi wk‡íi weKv‡ki AbyK‚j wkíbxwZ _vKv QvovI
wkí ¯’vc‡b Rwg, miÄvgvw` Ges A‡_©i †hvMvb †`‡e| †`‡k Dchy³ ¯’v‡b nvB‡UK
41
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cvK©, wkí cvK©, mdUIq¨vi †UK‡bvjwR cvK©, Mv‡g©›Um cjøx, Pvgov cjøx BZ¨vw`
¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| †fbPvi K¨vwcUvj I BKz¨BwU G›UvicÖ‡biwkc dv‡Ûi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| GKB mv‡_ ißvbx mnvqZv I ÿz`ª-gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v Znwej M‡o Zz‡j mivmwi
D‡`¨v³v‡ì mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
ÁvbwfwËK wkí I †mevi wfwË n‡e †gavwfwËK| c~‡e©v³ LvZmg~‡n cÖhyw³
mieivn, D”PZi cÖhyw³i Rb¨ M‡elYv, Z_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK eë¯’vcbv I
`yb©xwZ‡iva QvovI ißvwb Avq GB Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡e| †gav m„wó I my-
iÿvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡eÓ
M.12 eZ©gv‡bi KvMRwfwËK eë¯’vi e`‡j ¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’v‡K wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
¯^v¯’¨ †mev, wPwKrmv I nvmcvZv‡j wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi Kivi cvkvcvwk
Jla cÖkvmb I nvmcvZvj eë¯’vcbv wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| Dchy³ ch©v‡q
†Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.13 evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wbcxwoZ, †kvwlZ, `wi`ª RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ _vK‡e| GKB
mv‡_ `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡K wb‡q GKwU e…nËi BDwbqb ev AvÂwjK A_©‰bwZK
†RvU M‡o Zzj‡Z †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| GB AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jvi gv‡S AvšÍthvZvqvZ Ges
Z_¨cÖhyw³MZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K my`„p I m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| AvÂwjK I AvšÍRv©wZK
mš¿vmev‡ì weiæ‡× GB †`k‡K `„p Ae¯’vb wb‡Z n‡e |
AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK ch©v‡qi mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z MÖnY I cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e| AvšÍt‡`kxq hvMv‡hvM wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z n‡Z n‡e|
M.14 †`‡ki MYevnb ev cvewjK UªvÝ‡cvU© eë¯’v‡K `ªæZMwZi, Avivg`vqK,
wbivc` Ges ¯^íe¨qx Ki‡Z n‡e| RvZxq iæ‡U `ªæZMvgx †Uªb mvwf©m Pvjy Kivi
cvkvcvwk XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn Ab¨vb¨ gnvbMix‡Z cwiKwíZ bMi †ij, PµvKv‡i †ij,
Dckni †ij, AvKvk †ij ev cvZvj †ij ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| XvKvmn eo eo gn-
vbMix‡Z µm‡ivW, †j‡ej µwms-G d¬vBIfvi-myo½ c_ wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wmMb¨vwjsmn †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v‡K Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e| mviv‡`‡k
RvZxq moK eë¯’v‡K cÖk¯Í, AvaywbK I wbivc` Kivi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi,
AvÂwjK gnmoK †bUIqvK©‡K e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hme GjvKvq
¯’vqx moK wbg©vY Kiv hv‡ebv †mBme RvqMvq Wz‡evmoK wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki †bŠc_‡K †Kej bve¨ Kiv n‡ebv G‡Z Avivg`vqK †bŠhvb
Pvjy Kivmn ¯úxW‡evU, mxUªvK I †nvfvi µvd&Umn `ªæZMvgxi hvbevnb Pvjy Ki‡Z
n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY, AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK AvKvk PjvPj mymsnZ,
DbœZ I AvaywbK Ki‡Z n‡e|
hvbevn‡bi wbeÜbmn, wbqš¿Y I eë¯’vcbv Ges UªvwdK wbqš¿Y c×wZ wWwRUvj
n‡e| mKj MYevn‡bi mgqm~wP I PjvP‡ji Z_¨, eywKs, Ae¯’vb B›Uvi‡b‡U-
†gvevBj †bUIqv‡K© mve©ÿwYKfv‡e cvIqvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| hvbevnb PjvPj
42
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
I Uª¨vwKs-Gi †ÿ‡Î wRwcGm c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.15 ivóª‡K evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Ges ev½vjxi ms¯‹…wZmn †`‡ki ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
RvwZ¯^Ë¡vi fvlv-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ iÿvi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
†gavm¤ú` iÿvi hveZxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWwRUvj `ywbqv‡Z ivóªfvlvmn evsjv‡`‡ki mKj fvlvi cÖPvi, cÖKvk I
weKvkmn evOvwj I Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZi mvwe©K mg„w×i eë¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| ivóª‡K wWwRUvj Z_¨fvÐvi M‡o †Zvjv QvovI wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv‡K
me©cÖKv‡i DrmvwnZ I mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
M.16 ag© wb‡q ivRbxwZ Kiv m¤ú~Y© wbwl× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ivóªag© bvgK wKQz
_vK‡e bv| Z‡e ivóª‡K RbM‡Yi ag© cvj‡bi mKj eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ag©xq cÖwZôvbmg~n ivóª KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b ag©xq
cÖwZôvb ¯’v&cbmn Gm‡ei e¨q ivóª‡KB enb Ki‡Z n‡e| Pv`vi UvKvq, `v‡bi
UvKvq ev LvmRwg‡Z G ai‡bi cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ_v eÜ K‡i iv‡óªi ev‡R‡U
GRb¨ my®úó eivÏ _vK‡Z n‡e| gmwR`, gw›ì MxR©vi hveZxq e¨qmn GBme
cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix I Kg©KZ©v‡ì †eZb I fvZv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivóª enb Ki‡e|
ag©PP©vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨ I DcvË wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk K‡i Zv
AbjvB‡b webvg~‡j¨ myjf Ki‡Z n‡e| gmwR`-gw›ì-g³e I gv`ªvmvi gv‡S
Ggbfv‡e Bbdi‡gkb wKq¯‹ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e hv‡Z ag© msµvšÍ Z_¨¸‡jv UvP
w¯ŒY-Gi mnvqZvq Lye mn‡RB †h †KD †c‡Z cv‡i|
Avkv Kwi, ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv GB welq¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q fve‡e I Zviv wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i GLb hLb †kL nvwmbv miKv‡ii
G‡RÛv n‡jv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjv ZLb cy‡iv †`kwUiB jÿ¨ n‡jv wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k cÖwZôv Kiv|
4. KiYxq: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Rb¨ eZ©gvb miKvi‡K GB gyn~‡Z©B wKQz ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| miKv‡ii GB gyn~‡Z©i KiYxq n‡jv:
* ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ - Gi gnvcwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv| Gi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjvmn mKj bxwZgvjv Avc‡WU, ms‡kvab ev cÖYqb Kiv|
* wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó †ivWg¨vc cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Ges †mB
†ivWg¨vc Abymv‡i mKj Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv| Gi jÿ¨ n‡jv wWwRUvj cÖhyw³wbf©i GKwU
DbœZ Rxe‡bi AvKv•ÿvi cÖwZiƒc wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Mov|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki gnvcwiKíbv I †ivWg¨vc ˆZixi mgq miKvi‡K ¯úófv‡e wPwýZ
Ki‡Z n‡e †h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k bvgK ¯^cœwU ev¯Í‡e iƒcvq‡bi Rb¨ g~j mgš^qKvix
wn‡m‡e miKv‡ii †Kvb ms¯’v ev gš¿Yvjq `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e| GB mg‡q miKvi‡K
KvR¸‡jv †K, wKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e Ges Gi Rb¨ ev‡RU eivÏ wK cÖ‡qvRb n‡e,
we‡kl K‡i miKv‡ii mnvqZv K‡ZvUv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †mwU ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
43
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Kvb mgqKv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb KvRwU ev †Kvb Kv‡Ri †Kvb ¯ÍiwU m¤úbœ Kiv n‡e †mwUI
D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movq miKv‡ii cÖ‡Póvi cvkvcvwk †emiKvix
Lv‡Zi †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e †mwUI ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
* Kvjwej¤^ bv K‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k KZ…©cÿ (GwU Uv¯‹‡dvm©, †evW©, KwgwU, KZ…©cÿ
ev we`¨gvb †Kvb ms¯’v n‡Z cv‡i|) wbw`ó Ki‡Z n‡e ev MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB ms¯’v‡K
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi AwffveKZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ GB KZ©„cÿ‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| mv‡_ mv‡_ GB ms¯’v‡K KvwiMwi Ávbmn ch©vß
I cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwej eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^c‡ÿ RbgZ ˆZixi
RbÏ miKvi‡K m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o DV‡j †mwU Avgv‡ì
ivóªKvVv‡gv‡Z †Kej †h hyM cwieZ©b Avb‡e Zv-B bq, Avgv‡ì wb‡q hv‡e ÁvbwfwËK
mgv‡Ri w`‡K| Avmyb Avgiv Avgv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ ÁvbwfwËK mgvR M‡o †Zvjvi
A½xKvi Kwi|
wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cvi mgvcbx Abyôv‡b Z_¨gš¿x Rbve Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`,
weÁvb Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZgš¿x ¯’cwZ Bqv‡dm Imgvb †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi
44
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
45
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP †Kb
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kivi Av_©-mvgvwRK I cÖhyw³MZ Ae¯’v wb‡q Gi
Av‡M Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| we‡k¦i me©Î ÁvbwfwËK mgvR M‡o IVvi myZxeª
jÿY¸‡jv wb‡qI Avgiv K_v e‡jwQ| Gi Av‡M wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPI cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mLvbKvi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv GwU wbwðZ n‡qwQ †h, `ywbqvwU e`‡j †M‡Q
Ges Avgv‡ì we`¨gvb ivRbxwZ I mgvR eë¯’v e`jv‡Z n‡e| GB e`‡j hvIqv `yw-
bqvi mKj wKQz‡ZB cwieZ©‡bi †h cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zvi †cQ‡b Aek¨B wKQz bv wKQz
Kvh©KviY ev hyw³ Av‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cÖvmw½K Ab¨ welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i †`L‡Z PvB, GBme LvZ Avgv‡ì‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP cÖYqb Kivi
Rb¨ wKfv‡e AvMÖnx K‡i‡Q| e¯‘Z Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki mKj welq wb‡qB Avgiv
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi Kvh©KvwiZv welqK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY
wWwRUvj hyM mKj †ÿ‡Î cwieZ©b Avb‡Q| mewKQz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq e‡j
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz welq wb‡q GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
3.1 MYZš¿
MYZš¿: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki msm`xq MYZš¿‡K I‡q÷ wgwb÷vi ai‡bi MYZš¿ ejv bv
†M‡jI weªwUk cÖfvweZ A‡bK †`k †hgb; fviZ, A‡óªwjqv, Avqvij¨vÛ, R¨vgvBKv,
wbDwRj¨vÛ, gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi I gvëvq I‡q÷ wgwb÷vi ai‡bi MYZš¿ PP©v nq
e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| wKQzUv e¨wZµg e¨ZxZ Avgv‡ì kvmbeë¯’vwU‡KI H ai‡bi
MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| GB eë¯’vq GKRb cÖvq ÿgZvnxb ivóªcÖavb
_v‡Kb| msm` _v‡K| msm‡ì miKvwi I we‡ivax `j _v‡K| cÖavbgš¿x I we‡ivax
`jxq †bZv _v‡K| GKvwaK nvDm _v‡K hvi AšÍZ GKwU wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K (Avgv‡ì
GwU †bB)| GwU Kvh©Z weªwUk msm‡ì cÖ_vwm× c×wZ| gvwK©b ev divmx
†cÖwm‡WwÝqvj I Biv‡bi Bmjvwg MYZš¿mn Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi MYZ‡š¿i K_v ejv
nq| GBme MYZš¿ GLb mviv `ywbqvi cÖavb kvmb eë¯’v| cwðgv †`k¸‡jv Kvh©Z
wb‡R‡ì ¯^‡NvwlZ MYZ‡š¿i iÿK e‡j `vwe K‡i _v‡K| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZb
Ges c~e© BD‡iv‡ci Kgy¨wb÷ †`k¸‡jvi aŸ‡m covq GB cwðgv av‡Pi MYZš¿B Kvh©Z
`ywbqvi cÖavb kvmb eë¯’v n‡q I‡V‡Q| Pxb, wKDev, wf‡qZbgvmn nv‡Z †Mvbv
K‡qKwU Kgy¨wb÷ †`k Ges ga¨cÖv‡Pï wKQz ivRZvwš¿K †`k Qvov MYZ‡š¿i dvu‡K
†dvuK‡i DuwK †`qv mvgwiK kvmb †Pv‡L c‡o| Z‡e cÖvq `yB nvRvi Qq kZ eQi a‡i
`ywbqv‡Z cÖej cÖZv‡ci mv‡_ GB kvmb eë¯’vwU Kvh©Ki n‡q Avm‡Q| m¤¢eZ Gi w`b
GL‡bv †kl nqwb| Kgy¨wbRgmn A‡bK ai‡bi eë¯’v G‡jI MYZ‡š¿i wfZ bov‡bv
46
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
hvqwb| G‡K cywRev`x MYZš¿ e‡jI AvL¨v †`qv nq|
Avgiv mevB avibv Kwi AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cÖwZcwËkvjx GB MYZ‡š¿i Rb¥ MÖx‡m| m¤¢eZ
MÖxK demos kãwU †_‡K Democracy Gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q e‡jB Avgv‡ì GB
avibv| GwU mZ¨ †h `ywbqvi cwðgvÂ‡j MYZš¿ PP©v ïiæ nq MÖx‡mB| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi
†mB MYZš¿ wQ‡jv Avm‡j RbM‡Yi mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi ai‡bi| Zv‡K bMi ivóª ejv
fv‡jv| AvBbvbyMfv‡e †mLv‡b ÔmKjÕ bvMwi‡KivB msm‡ì m`m¨ _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb|
Zviv K_v ej‡Z cvi‡Zb Ges †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKš‘ mK‡j bvMwiK n‡Z cvi‡Zb
bv| gwnjv, K…Z`vm Ges ewnivMZiv ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I bvMwiKZ¡ †c‡Zb bv| 2.5
jvL †jv‡Ki gv‡S nq‡Zv 30 nvRvi bvMwiK n‡Z cvi‡Zb| Gi gv‡S m‡e©v”P 5
nvRvi nq‡Zv wbqwgZ msm‡` †h‡Zb| cÖvPxb †ivgvb bMi ivóª¸‡jv‡KI MYZvwš¿K ejv
nq| wKš‘ MÖx‡mi g‡ZvB Gme iv‡óª bvix I `vm‡ì †Kvb AwaKvi wQ‡jv bv| eis
abx‡ì gZ I †fv‡Ui g~j¨ wQ‡jv †ewk|
hwÌ G‡K Avgiv MYZš¿ ejwQ ZeyI †mB MYZ‡š¿i ¸YMZ gvb mvsNvwZKfv‡eB
cÖkœwe× wQ‡jv| RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K-bvix, K…Z`vmmn kZKiv 90 fvM gvbyl‡K
kvmbKv‡h©i evB‡i †i‡L †h MYZš¿ PP©v n‡Zv Zv‡K Avi hvB ejv hvK RbM‡Yi kvmb
ejv hvq bv| ZeyI RbM‡Yi mv‡_ kvm‡bi GKwU m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kivi GK HwZnvwmK
m~Pbv wQ‡jv †mB kvmbeë¯’vq| Z‡e A‡b‡KB nq‡Zv GwU Rv‡bb bv †h, MÖx‡mi
MYZ‡š¿i Av‡M Avgv‡ì mf¨Zvq MÖx‡mi PvB‡Z Av‡iv DbœZ MYZš¿ wQ‡jv| GgbwK
Avgv‡ì MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vwU MÖxK I †ivgvb‡ì PvB‡Z ¸YMZ gv‡b Av‡iv A‡bK
†ewk Rbm¤ú„³ wQ‡jv| †mRb¨B Avgiv M‡e©i mv‡_B ej‡Z cvwi, cÖK…Z RbM‡Yi
kvmb ev RbM‡Yi kvmbeë¯’vi Rb¥ Avgv‡ì GB Rbc‡`|
GLb †_‡K cÖvq QvweŸk kZ eQi c~‡e© Lªxóc~e© Qq kZ‡K, gnvgwZ †MŠZg ey‡×i
R‡b¥iI Av‡M Avgv‡ì e„nre½ evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi GK Ask eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi
Ab¨Zg c~e©vÂjxq ivR¨ wenv‡ii GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg wQ‡jv êkvjx| GL‡bv wenv‡i
êkvjx bv‡g GKwU †Rjv Av‡Q| H †Rjvq eZ©gv‡b emiv bv‡g GKwU MÖvg Av‡Q|
cÖvPxbKv‡j GwUB wQ‡jv GKwU wicvewjK| ïay wenvi bq, Ggb Av‡iv Rbc` I ivR¨
wQ‡jv wngvjq †_‡K my›ìeb GjvKvq| êkvjxi g‡Zv †mB bMi¸‡jv wQ‡jv we‡k¦i
cÖ_g wicvewjK| G¸‡jv‡K ejv n‡Zv gnvRbc`| G‡Z msN, MY Ges cÂv‡qZ
eë¯’v Pvjy wQ‡jv| cÂv‡qr cÖvPxb fviZe‡l©i †jvKZvwš¿K ¯’vbxq kvmbeë¯’vi GK
Abb¨ `„óvšÍ| Ggb GKwU ¯’vbxq kvmb eë¯’v GgbwK weªwUkivI †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jv|
GQvovI µxóc~e© PZy_© kZvãx‡Z Ômvevi‡KÕ Ges Ômvgev¯ÍvBÕ bvgK `ywU MYZvwš¿K
iv‡óªi K_v MÖxK exi Av‡jKRvÛvi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
ga¨hy‡M AveviI Avgiv MYZ‡š¿i gvBjdjK ˆZix Kwi| evsjvi kvmK wn‡m‡e
†Mvcv‡ji wbe©vPb I 750 Lªx÷v‡ã wmsnvmb Av‡ivnb wQ‡jv GKwU DrK…ó MYZvwš¿K
eë¯’v| Gi A‡bK c‡i Bsj¨v‡Û ivRZ‡š¿i Aaxb¯’ msm` Pvjy nq| Gici wjev‡ij
47
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†W‡gvµ¨vwm Pvjy nq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª| Zvici Kvh©Z wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi `ywbqvq
AvR‡Ki MYZ‡š¿i PP©v e¨vcK nq| ˆ¯îkvmb, KwgDwb÷ kvmb Ges MYZvwš¿K kvmb
GB wZb eë¯’vq `ywbqv kvwmZ n‡”Q| MYZ‡š¿iI bvbv aviv Av‡Q| gvwK©b, divmx
MYZ‡š¿i mv‡_ weª‡U‡bi MYZ‡š¿i A‡bKUvB Awgj| fviZ msm`xq †dWv‡ij ai‡Yi
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi GK D¾¡j `„óvšÍ| cvwK¯Ív‡b MYZš¿ Av‡m Avi hvq|
ga¨cÖv‡Pï Bivb Bmjvwg ÔMYZš¿Õ PP©v Ki‡Q| BivK MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g M„nhy× Ki‡Q|
†mŠw` Avie, Avie AvwgivZ, evnivBb, KvZvi, Kz‡qZ MYZ‡š¿i Pvc Abyfe Ki‡jI
ivRZš¿ PP©v Ki‡Q| ILv‡b ivRZš¿ we`vq wb‡Z PvB‡Q bv| †bcvj ivRZš¿ †_‡K
MYZ‡š¿i c‡_ cv †d‡j‡Q| f‚Uv‡b GL‡bv ivRZš¿ Pj‡Q| wf‡qZbv‡g Kgy¨wb÷ kvmb
weivR Ki‡Q| wgqvbgvi Ges _vBj¨v‡Û mvgwiK kvmb wbqwgZ e¨vcvi| Z‡e
mvwe©Kfv‡e m¤¢eZ Gi gv‡S me‡P‡q RbwcÖq avivwU n‡jv msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k I MYZš¿: g~jZ MYZš¿ gv‡b GK K_vq RbM‡Yi kvmb| cÖvPxb
MYZ‡š¿i mKj bvMwi‡Ki mivmwi AskMÖnYg~jK MYZš¿ m¤¢eZ GL‡bv evsjv‡`kmn
fviZe‡l©i †Kv_vI cÖwZwôZ nq wb| G‡ÿ‡Î fvi‡Zi Ae¯’v wKQzUv fv‡jv| Gi
Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q, fvi‡Zi wbe©vPb eë¯’v A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ| Zviv GiB gv‡S B-
‡fvwUs ch©šÍ †cŠ‡Q †M‡Q| GQvovI fvi‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v kw³kvjx| fviZ
GLb ch©šÍ mvgwiK kvm‡bi AvIZvq hvqwb| MYZvwš¿K ms¯’v¸‡jv †mRb¨ f½yi bq|
evsjv‡`‡k MYZvwš¿K ms¯’v¸‡jvi bvRyK Ae¯’vi cvkvcvwk mvgwiK kvm‡bi hvZvKj
QvovI i‡q‡Q `yb©xwZ I `ytkvm‡bi msKU| GgbwK mewKQz wVKVvK _vK‡jI ev¯Í‡e
Avgv‡ì GLbKvi MYZš¿ Avm‡j RbM‡Yi kvmb bq-RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa‡ì kvmb|
AbjvBb wWwRUvj wek¦‡Kvl DBwKwcwWqvi D×…wZ Abymv‡i, Democracy is a

GRb¨B G‡K wicvewjK- RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa‡ì kvmb ejv hvq|
form of government in which power is held directly or

indirectly by citizens under a free electoral system. A_©vr MYZš¿ n‡”Q
Ggb GKwU kvmbeë¯’v hv‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e GKwU gy³ wbe©vPb eë¯’vi gva¨‡g
ÿgZv RbM‡Yi nv‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ MYZ‡š¿, we‡klZ Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †`‡k GB
Ae¯’vwU N‡Ubv| eis Z_vKw_Z MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g wbe©vPb nq-wKš‘ †mB wbe©vP‡b †ewki
fvM mg‡q RbM‡Yi g‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡Ubv| wbe©vPb n‡q I‡V Kv‡jv UvKv, †cwk
kw³ I Pi `L‡ji jovB| wbe©vP‡bi gvic¨v‡P RbM‡Yi cQ‡›ì †jv‡Kiv GgbwK
cÖv_©xB n‡Z cv‡ibv| d‡j GB ai‡bi wbe©vP‡b ÿgZv Avm‡j RbM‡Yi nv‡Z _v‡Kbv,
wKQz †jv‡Ki nv‡Z _v‡K|
ejv n‡Z cv‡i †h, †h ai‡bi wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡gB †nvK ÿgZv c‡ivÿfv‡e RbM‡Yi
nv‡ZB _v‡K, †Kbbv Zviv RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa| ZeyI Avmj Ae¯’v n‡jv,
GB cÖwZwbwaiv †hb †Zbfv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q hvevi ci RbM‡Yi K_v ïb‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb
bv Ges RbMY ivóª cwiPvjbvq †Kvbfv‡eB Ask wb‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK eZ©gvb
48
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
eë¯’vq RbM‡Yi civgk© †èvi eë¯’vI †bB|
ÿgZv †h‡nZz msm‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K-ÿgZvevb _v‡K msm`xq ÿgZvmxb miKvi Ges
miKvwi `‡ji mvsm`MY| we‡ivax `jxq mvsm`MYI Zv‡ì f‚wgKv Kvh©Kifv‡e cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| cÖvq mKj †ÿ‡ÎB mvsm`MY n‡q c‡ob MYwew”Qbœ| mvsm`MY
wb‡Riv hw` Zv‡ì GjvKvi Rb¨ `vqe×Zv m„wó bv K‡ib, Z‡e RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Zv‡ì
†mZzeÜb †Kvbfv‡eB M‡o I‡V bv|
Ggb Ae¯’vq RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi GKwU Dcvq n‡jv ¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq
miKvi eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv| Kvh©Z Rbm¤ú„³Zvq †`k kvm‡bi GKwU Dcvq n‡jv
¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v| Gi gva¨‡g RbMY †Kej †h miKvi
cwiPvjbvq Ask wb‡Z cv‡i ZvB bq, eis miKv‡ii wKQz GKUv Ask Zvi nv‡Zi
bvMv‡ji gv‡S _v‡K e‡j †m Zvi wb‡Ri fvM¨ Dbœqb I mgm¨v mgvav‡b †Kvb bv
†Kvb fv‡e mvgvb¨ n‡jI Ask wb‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v G‡ÿ‡Î G‡Kev‡iB bvRyK| GLv‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v ej‡Z
wKQz †bB| BDwbqb cwil` wfwRGd ev Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb wb‡q
e¨¯Í _v‡K| ¯’vbxq Dbœqb I kvmbKv‡h© Zviv †Kvb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i bv| mKj Dbœqb
KvR †Kw›`ªq miKvi K‡i _v‡K| cwiKíbv MÖnY †_‡K ev¯Íevqb ch©šÍ me wKQzi
gvwjK XvKvi miKvi| Gme ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii gyL¨ KvR n‡Z cv‡i bv|
m¤úªwZ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii GKwU ¯Í¤¢ wn‡m‡e Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ n‡q‡Q| Dc‡Rjv
cwil` kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Ggwc‡ì‡K GKK ÿgZvqb
K‡i Dc‡Rjv‡KI c½y K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| d‡j Avgv‡ì MYZš¿ n‡jv; wbw`©ó mg‡qi
ci RbMY hw` fvMëvb nq Z‡e Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges †mB wbw`©ó
mg‡qi gv‡S wbe©vwPZ‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi †Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv| we`¨gvb
c×wZ‡Z miKvi MV‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi ci RbMY †KejgvÎ ivRc‡_
Av‡›`vjb K‡iB miKvi‡K wKQz †kvbv‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Ggb bwRi jv‡Lv jv‡Lv|
GB Dcgnv‡`‡k GwU wbZ¨‰bwgwËK NUbv| GB †mw`b cvwK¯Ív‡b ÿgZvmxb `‡ji
cÖwZkÖæwZ Abyhvqx cÖv³Y wePvicwZ‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ K‡Zv eo js gvP© Ki‡Z
n‡jv| evsjv‡`‡k GB jovB evievi MYZš¿ D×v‡ii jovB‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Avwg g‡b Kwi wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k n‡j miKv‡ii Av`j e`‡j †M‡j MYZš¿ GKwU
bZzb AwfÁZvq cwiYZ n‡e| miKvi wWwRUvj nevi d‡j miKv‡ii †mev RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q †cŠQv‡e Ges eZ©gv‡b RbM‡Yi ey‡Ki Ici †P‡c emv AvgjvZš¿ Zv‡ì wbqš¿Y
wkw_j Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡e| GLb †hfv‡e AvgjvZš¿ I msm` GK‡PwUqvfv‡e †`k kvmb
K‡i wWwRUvj miKvi n‡j †mwU Am¤¢e n‡q co‡e| Gi d‡j me‡P‡q eo KvRwU n‡e
mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv| wWwRUvj c×wZi miKvi ¯^”Q, `ÿ I AskMÖnYKvixZ¡g~jK n‡Z
cv‡i e‡j MYZ‡š¿i cÖ_g ¯Í¤¢ mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hv‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K MYZ‡š¿i wfwË wbe©vPb‡K ¯úó, wbi‡cÿ I Aeva Kivi †ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj
49
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖhyw³i weKí †bB| Avwg `„pfv‡e wek¦vm Kwi, MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ Avgv‡ì wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k ìKvi| wbe©vPb, †fvUvi ZvwjKv, †fvUMÖnY Gme‡Zv Av‡QB, ivóª cwiPvjbv
I †`k kvm‡bi RbÏ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKwU cÖK…ó `„óvšÍ n‡”Q- Gevi Avgiv hLb Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kijvg
ZLb †Kej †h f‚qv †fvUvi we`vq n‡jv ZvB bq, wbe©vP‡b Awbq‡gi aviv A‡bKUvB
K‡g G‡jv| Rvj †fvU, †fvU‡K›`ª `Lj Ges RvwjqvwZ ej‡Z †M‡j _vK‡jvB bv|
d‡j MYZ‡š¿i cÖ_g ¯Í¤¢ wbe©vPb wbi‡cÿ n‡jv| hw` Gi mv‡_ wWwRUvj †fvwUs c×wZ
Pvjy Kiv hvq Z‡e GgbwK cÖevmxivI Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
GQvovI wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i hw` ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvmn miKv‡ii mv‡_
RbM‡Yi GKwU m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv hvq Z‡e MYZš¿ cÖK…Zv‡_©B RbM‡Yi kvm‡b cwiYZ
n‡e| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo welq n‡jv GKgvÎ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡ZB mgq wfwËK wbe©vPb
QvovI RbMY miKv‡ii †`k cwiPvjbvq, Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û ev miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbvq
Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K GKgvÎ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡ZB miKvi RbMY‡K
†mBme †mev †cŠQv‡Z cv‡i hv eZ©gvb c×wZ‡Z †Kvbfv‡eB †cŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv|
miKviwU hw` wWwRUvj nq, Zvi KvR Kivi c×wZ hw` wWwRUvj nq ev hw` miKv‡ii
cy‡iv eë¯’vwU wWwRUvj †bUIqv‡K© hy³ _v‡K Z‡e †`‡ki bvMwiKMY †Kej miKv‡ii
KvRKg© †`L‡Z cv‡ebv, miKv‡ii `ÿZv evo‡e, ¯^”QZv evo‡e Ges `ybx© wZ bvgK wKQz
_vK‡ebv|
wWwRUvj hy‡M MYZ‡š¿i kÎæ mvgwiK kvmbI AKvh©Ki n‡Z eva¨| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i
Rb¨ mvgwiK kvmKiv GLb Avi Z_¨ AvU‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j ˆ¯îkvmb GLb
Avi Kv‡qg KivB m¤¢e nq bv| Avgvi wb‡Ri g‡Z, cyivbv Rgvbvi ÷vB‡j 2007
mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi evsjv‡`‡k GKwU mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi n‡Z cvi‡Zv| GKBfv‡e
25/26 †deªæqvwi‡Z GKwU mvgwiK Afz¨Ìvb n‡Z cvi‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb GBme m¤¢vebv
bó n‡q hvq RbZvi wWwRUvj kw³‡Z| e¯‘Z RbZvi kw³ Av‡MI wQ‡jv| wKš‘ GB
wWwRUvj hy‡M RbZv Zvi kw³ †hfv‡e †`Lv‡Z cv‡i Zv Gi Av‡M m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv|
†mw`b miKvi BDwUDe eÜ Ki‡jv-wKš‘ eÜ ivL‡Z cvi‡jv bv| Ggwb K‡i GgbwK
†mbvKz‡Äi mfvi weeiY P‡j G‡jv mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q| †mbvevwnbx, cywjk, i¨ve
ev wewWAvi KviI †Kvb ai‡bi KvRKvgB GLb Avi B‡”Q Ki‡j †X‡K ivLv hvq bv|
weMZ Riæwi Ae¯’vi mgq wWwRGdAvB hv K‡i‡Q †mwUI †X‡K ivLv hvq wb| A_P
GK mg‡q Gme Kg©KvÐ Ggb †Mvcb _vK‡Zv †h eQ‡ii ci eQi †KD †mBme Z_¨
Rvb‡ZB cvi‡Zv bv| Avgiv hLb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki K_v ewj ZLb cÖ_‡gB GwU
¯úó K‡i ej‡Z nq †h, wWwRUvj miKvi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU ¯^‡cœi cÖ_g wfwË| Avi
Gi d‡j †`‡ki mKj ¯Í‡i †Kej MYZš¿ ¯’vqx n‡e bv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i AMYZvwš¿K
kvmb cÖwZôvi c_I iæ× n‡q hv‡e| evsjv‡`k‡K ZvB MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj
n‡Z n‡e|
50
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
3.2 fvlv-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ
fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ GKwU RvwZi cwic~Y© cwiP‡qi wfwË| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GwU
Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY Avgiv Ggb GK RvwZ hviv fvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb
w`‡qwQ Ges fvlv-mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi wfwË‡ZB evsjv‡`k bvgK GKwU ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg
†`k ˆZix K‡iwQ| Avgv‡ìB Av‡Q GKz‡k †deªæqvwi| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨µ‡g ¯^vaxbZv
cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv fvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjxmn †`‡ki Ab¨ fvlvfvlx ev wfbœ
ms¯‹…wZi gvbyl‡ì fvlv-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡b ivóª †Zgb †Kvb mnvqK f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i wb| Awdm Av`vj‡Zi wb¤œch©v‡q evsjv fvlv Pvjy n‡jI D”P Av`vjZ mn
A‡bK Kv‡RB evsjv fvlv eënvi Kiv nqbv| evsjv mvwn‡Zï weKvk ev ev½vjx
ms¯‹…wZi mg„w×‡Z miKvi Drmvng~jK †Kvb KvR K‡i wb| eis A‡bK mg‡qB cÖhyw³i
(†hgb Kw¤úDUv‡ii) bv‡g evsjv fvlvi eënvi‡K mxwgZ ev eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †`vnvB w`‡q †hme ¯’v‡b evsjv eënvi Kiv n‡Zv †mLv‡b Bs‡iwR eënvi
Kiv n‡”Q| miKvi †hme I‡qe †cR ˆZix Ki‡Q †mLv‡b evsjvi Ae¯’vb †bB ej‡jB
P‡j| wkÿvi evnb wn‡m‡e evsjv GL‡bv g~j‡¯ªvZ n‡jI evsjv‡K civf‚Z Kivi †Póvi
KgwZ †bB|
evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix DcRvwZ ev ÿz`ª ÿz`ª RvwZ‡Mvóxi fvlv mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZI
c‡o‡Q AvMÖvm‡bi Ke‡j| GBme fvlvi bZzb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zviv Zv‡ì fvlv I
mvwnZ¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡Qbv| Zv‡ì g~j nid GLb Avi †Luv‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q bv|
KL‡bv †ivgvb nid G‡m G‡ì wbR¯^ eY©gvjv‡K we`vq K‡i w`‡”Q| mvwnZ¨ wejyß
n‡”Q| G‡ì wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi †ÿ‡ÎI iv‡óªi f‚wgKv BwZevPK bq| GB Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b K‡i evsjv mn mKj fvlvfvlx‡ì fvlv, mvwnZ¨ Ges ms¯‹w… Zi weKvk NUv‡Z
n‡e|
¯^vfvweKfv‡e fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi †h msKU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q wWwRUvj hy‡M Zv
AviI evo‡Q| GK mg‡q ev½vjx fve‡ZB cvi‡Zvbv †h †ivgvb nid w`‡q evsjv †jLv
n‡e| wKš‘ GLb †h cÖwZwbqZ †ivgvb ni‡d †gvevB‡j GmGgGm wjL‡Q ILv‡b evsjv
nid †bB| _vK‡jI eënv‡ii B”Qv †bB| gvb †bB| †bB cÖwgZKiY| B-†gB‡j, eø‡M
NU‡Q Gi cybive„wË|
w`‡b w`‡b AviI wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ Avm‡e Ges cÖwgZKiY Qvov mgm¨vi cvnvo ˆZix
n‡e| BwZg‡a¨B cÖwgZKiY RwUjZvq gMœ Av‡Q evsjv‡`k miKvi| Gme msKU
DËi‡Yi †Kvb †PóvI †bB| Ab¨w`‡K wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ evsjvi eënvi wb‡q miKvi
†Kvb wewb‡qvM K‡ibv ev †Kvb wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i bv| evsjv e¨vKiY, evbvb
ïw×KiY, AcwUK¨vj K¨v‡i±vi wiWvi, h_vkã, †U·U Uz ¯úxP I ¯úxP Uz †U·U wKsev
¯¿xb wiWvi BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î miKvi †Kvb mnvqZv K‡i bv| evsjv GKv‡Wgx ev Kw¤úDUvi
KvDwÝj Gme Kv‡R †Kvb ewjô D‡`¨vM †bq wb|
51
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
evsjv mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi‡K mg„× Kiv Gi wWwRUvB‡Rkb ev wWwRUvj cÖKvkbvq bRi
†bB KviI| wWwRUvj jvB‡eªwi M‡o †Zvjvi †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bB| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Mo‡Z n‡j miKvi‡K Gme †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e|
evsjvmn iv‡óªi mKj fvlvi mvwnZ¨ PP©vi cwi‡ek ˆZix Kiv QvovI Gm‡ei M‡elYvi
Rb¨ ivóª‡K mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| cªvPxb mvwnZ¨‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖvPxb mvwn‡Zï iƒcvšÍi I Ab¨vb¨ ch©v‡qi DbœxZKiY Kiv n‡”Q| wek¦ mvwnZ¨
fvÛvi‡K Abyev‡ì gva¨‡g †`kxq fvlvfvlx‡ì bvMv‡j Avbv hvq| D”Pwkÿvmn mKj
¯Í‡ii cvV¨cy¯ÍK †`kxq fvlvq Abyev` Kiv Ges evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K Bs‡iwRmn
wek¦fvlvmg~‡n Abyev` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wWwRUvj gva¨‡g evsjvmn Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi
mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡e| cÖhyw³‡Z evsjvmn Ab¨vb¨ fvlv eënv‡ii mKj mgm¨v
`~ixf‚Z Ki‡Z n‡e|
mKj gvbyl‡K Zvi wb‡Ri fvlvq cÖv_wgK wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e| gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ mKj
wkÿv‡K ivóªfvlvq w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e wkï‡kÖYx †_‡KB wØZxq ev Z…Zxq fvlv wn‡m‡e
mKj wkÿv_©x‡KB Bs‡iwR wkÿvI w`‡Z n‡e| evsjv fvlv PP©vi mKj my‡hvM AevwiZ
Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU `~Zvev‡mi mv‡_ evsjv wkÿvi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki ev½vjx‡ì msL¨v we‡ePbv K‡i `~Zvev‡mi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i evsjv ¯‹zj
ivL‡Z n‡e| (`„óvšÍ: gvwK©b `~Zvev‡mi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡gwiKvb B›Uvib¨vkbvj ¯‹zj|
XvKv‡ZI Ggb GKwU ¯‹zj Av‡Q|)|
ÿz`ª ÿz`ª RvwZ¸‡jvi ms¯‹…wZi g~j Dcv`vb‡K AweK…Zfv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
DcRvZxq GKv‡Wgx¸‡jv‡K G‡ì ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki I PP©vi DrK…ó †K›`ª wn‡m‡e mn-
vqZv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Gme Dcv`v‡bi AvaywbKvqb ev cÖhyw³ mswkøóZv w`‡Z
n‡e| Z‡e †Kvbfv‡eB Gi GwZn¨MZ iƒc ev êwkó¨ ÿwZMÖ¯Í Kiv hv‡e bv| ev½vjx
ms¯‹…wZ‡K wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q †èvi Rb¨ mKj D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| †`‡k ms¯‹…wZ PP©vi
Rb¨ wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx QvovI ev½vjx ms¯‹…wZ †K›`ª M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Acms¯‹…wZ ev
†kKowenxb KvjPvi cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K mvwe©K cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wUwf, wgDwRK, wfwWI, wm‡bgv ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q ev½vjx ms¯‹…wZ‡K wejxb Kivi
h‡Zv cÖ‡Póv jÿ¨‡MvPi n‡e Zv‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e|
ivóªfvlvmn mKj fvlvi weKvk, mKj ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡e| iv‡óªi
KvRKg© n‡e †KejgvÎ ivóªfvlv evsjvq| iv‡óªi mKj Z_¨ Aek¨B evsjv fvlvq
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e we‡`‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î evsjvi cvkvcvwk
Bs‡iRx ev Ab¨ fvlv eënvi Kiv hv‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Kv‡R
GKKfv‡e we‡`kx fvlv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| Avwèvmx ev evsjv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨
fvlvfvlxiv Zv‡ì fvlv ¯’vbxq cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †mRb¨ †hme
GjvKvq evsjv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ fvlvfvlx i‡q‡Q †mBme GjvKvq evsjvi cvkvcvwk Hme
fvlv eënvi Kivi my‡hvM ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª‡K evsjv fvlvi Dbœqb I weKv‡k
52
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
me©cÖKv‡ii M‡elYvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e| Z`ycwi evsjv Qvov †hme fvlv-mvwnZ¨ `ye©j
Zv‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI ivóª‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª evsjv mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjx
ms¯‹…wZi weKvk‡K mnvqZv Ges Ab¨ mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ‡K †h‡Kvb ai‡bi AvMÖvmb
†_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
3.3. K…wl:
evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`k| GwU A¯^vfvweK wKQz bq| cÖvq `k nvRvi eQi Av‡M
mviv `ywbqvq K…wl hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| cÖ_‡g KvwqK kÖg I cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q K…wleë¯’v
M‡o I‡V| gvbyl Zvi mnRvZ eyw× I Avw` Ávb w`‡q nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i cÖvq
GKB Kvq`vq K…wl KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Mv‡Q exR nq Ges †mB exR gvwU‡Z †dj‡j
Av‡iKwU MvQ Rb¥ †bq| Mv‡Qi †Mvovq cvwb w`‡j †m e„w× cvq-†e‡P _v‡K; Mv‡Qi
dmj-dj w`‡b w`‡b ev‡o, cÖvßeq®‹ nq Ges Zvici cv‡K| cvKv dmj-dj gvbyl
bvbvfv‡e bvbv cÖwµqvq Zv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i; Ggb mvaviY Ávb w`‡q K…wli m~Pbv|
wgmi †_‡K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k; Pxb I Avwd«Kv †_‡K mviv `ywbqvq m¤úªmvwiZ nq
GB Pvlvev‡ì Ávb| b`x I cÖK…wZ wbf©i K…wl gvbyl‡K Avi hvB KiæK †e‡P _vKvi
Dcvq evZ‡j w`‡q‡Q| c‡i ax‡i ax‡i K…wl‡Z cÖhyw³ Avm‡Z _v‡K| †mwU Aek¨ nvRvi
nvRvi eQ‡ii K_v bq| weMZ GK kZ‡KB K…wl‡Z cÖhyw³i cÖfve c‡o‡Q †ewk| GB
mg‡q gvbyl Kl©‡Yi Rb¨ hš¿ †c‡q‡Q, dmj iÿvi Rb¨
KxUbvkK †c‡q‡Q, †c‡q‡Q K…wÎg †m‡Pi Dcvq| GLb K…wli cÖmv‡i eo f‚wgKv m¤¢eZ
†R‡bwUK cÖhyw³i| K…wl‡Z cÖhyw³i cÖmvi n‡Z _v‡K bvbv w`K †_‡K| KvwqK kÖ‡gi
weKí wn‡m‡e cÖhyw³ Av‡m|
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl GLbI cÖavbZ KvwqKkÖg wbf©i| G‡Z †mP, mvi, KxUbvkK ev
ex‡Ri cÖhyw³ hy³ n‡jI DbœZ †`‡ki mv‡_ Gi Z‚jbv Kiv hv‡ebv| GLv‡b Avgiv cÖvq
kZe‡l©i cyiv‡bv Kvq`vq Pvlvev` KiwQ| cwimsL¨vY ey¨‡ivi Z_¨ Abyhvqx GL‡bv
†`‡ki kZKiv cÖvq 60 Rb gvbyl K…wlwbf©i| Gi A_© n‡”Q †`‡ki
wmsnfvM gvbyl‡K †Kej K…wli Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| A_P †`‡ki evwl©K Mo Av‡qi
kZKiv gvÎ 22 fvM K…wl †_‡K Av‡m| mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j grm¨ I nvm gyiMx Lvgvimn
mwâ I dmj Drcv`‡b cywR I cÖhyw³ `y‡UvB eëüZ n‡”Q| K…wl‡Z km¨ êwPÎI
G‡m‡Q| Z‡e K…wli g~j avivwU GLbI avbwbf©i| weMZ kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K cÖPwjZ
av‡bi e`‡j D”Pdjbkxj Bwiavb cÖPj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q avbPv‡l cÖhyw³MZ DrKl©Zv ïiæ
nq| †mP, mvi KxUbvkK eënv‡ii cvkvcvwk Uªv±i, cvIqvi wUjvi eëüZ n‡Z
_v‡K| GLb †Kvb †Kvb dm‡j nvBweªW ev †R‡bwUK¨vwj gwWdvBW exR eëüZ n‡”Q|
wKš‘ G‡K †Kvbfv‡eB DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi K…wli mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e wkÿvi
nvi evovq Ges knigyLx Rxeb hvcb I Kg©ms¯’vb AvKl©Yxq nIqvq K…wl‡Z kÖwg‡Ki
msL¨v w`‡b w`‡b Kg‡Q| d‡j GB Lv‡Z †eKviZ¡ †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Aek¨ K…wl
53
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
kªwgK‡ì msMwVZ Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bB|
K…wlRvZ wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vMwU mv¤úªwZK| d‡ji im †_‡K gmjv ev Ab¨vb¨
K…wlRvZ cY¨ Kj KviLvYvi DcRxe¨ n‡q‡Q G‡Kev‡iB AwZ mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j| GB
Lv‡Z ißvbxi m¤¢vebvI †e‡o‡Q| we‡klZ †hme GjvKvq evsjv‡`‡ki kÖwgK i‡q‡Q
†mBme ¯’v‡b evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlc‡Yï e¨vcK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k K…wl‡Z wK bZzbZ¡ Avb‡Z cv‡i †mwU Aek¨B GKwU wekvj cÖkœ|
†h‡nZz †`‡ki kZKiv lvU fvM †jvK K…wli mv‡_ RwoZ †m‡nZz K…wl‡Z hw` wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k †Kvb f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k †`‡ki e„nËg
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡e bv|
cÖ_gZ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k gv‡b n‡e K…wli Rb¨ me©vaywbK I me©‡kl Z_¨ K…l‡Ki
nv‡Zi bvMv‡j †cŠQv‡bv| GLb K…lK wbf©i K‡i AvKvk Avi gvwUi Ici| †Kvb †Kvb
¯’v‡b K…wlwefvM, K…wl m¤úªmviY Awa`ßi K…wli Z_¨ w`‡q _v‡K e‡U| wUwf‡Z K…wl
welqK AbyôvbI cÖPvwiZ nq| wKš‘ Kvh©Z K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© †h ai‡bi
Z_¨ K…l‡Ki nv‡Z _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv GLb †Kvbfv‡eB cvIqv hvqbv| K…wlc‡Yï
evRvi ì ev miKv‡ii cÖ`Ë my‡hvM myweav K…lK Kvh©Z Rv‡bBbv| miKvi hw`
wWwRUvj nq Ges miKvwi Z_¨ K…l‡Ki Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q †èvi eë¯’v Kiv nq Z‡e K…lK
DcK…Z n‡e| K…l‡Ki Rb¨ mvi, †mP, exR †`qvi †hme eë¯’v weivR K‡i Zvi mv‡_
K…wlF‡Yi Av‡e`bcÎ cÖ‡mm Kiv I FY weZiY Kiv Z_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK n‡Z cv‡i|
Gfv‡e K…l‡Ki eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e B›Uvi‡b‡U K…wlwfwËK
B›UviG¨vKwUf, AwWI wfRyqvj Z_¨ ivLv| K…wl Z_¨ G¨vwb‡kb, mvDÛ Ges wfwWI
wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z n‡e| GBme Z_¨ †h †Kej B›Uvi‡b‡U _vK‡e Zv bq, Gme Z_¨
wmwW-wfwmwW‡Z weZiY Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| wUwf‡Z Gme Z_¨ cÖPvi Kiv n‡Z cv‡i|
GgbwK GRb¨ K…wlwfwËK †iwWI-wUwf Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ w`‡q K…lK‡K AvaywbK e¨vw¼s eë¯’vq hy³ Kiv hvq| GRb¨ †gvevBj
e¨vw¼s GKwU Kvh©Ki eë¯’v n‡Z cv‡i| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ w`‡q wbiÿiZv `~i Kivi
cvkvcvwk eq¯‹ wkÿvi †ÿ‡ÎI e¨vcK AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ wel‡q
m‡PZbZv e„w× Ges nv‡Z Kj‡g wkÿv `v‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
K…wl Lv‡Zi Rb¨ Z_¨ wWwRUvj Dcv‡q ˆZix Kiv ev ivLvUvB eo K_v bq| GgbwK
wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi KivUv&I eo K_v bq| cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q K…l‡Ki Kv‡Q wWwRUvj
my‡hvM myweav mnRjf¨ Kiv| Avgv‡ì‡K GwU eyS‡Z n‡e †h, K…lK wkÿvi Av‡jv
†_‡K ewÂZ Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨ As‡ki g‡Zv B›Uvi‡bU ev Ab¨vb¨ wWwRUvj Uzj eënvi
Kivi `ÿZv iv‡L bv| d‡j †KejgvÎ K…wl Z_¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U _vK‡jB K…lK DcK…Z
n‡e bv| `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq G‡ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gZ K…l‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ Zvi wb‡Ri fvlvq w`‡Z n‡e| GLb †hfv‡e miKvix Z_¨ Bs‡iwR‡Z ivLv nq
Zv bv †i‡L mKj K…wl Z_¨ evsjvq ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b AvÂwjK fvlvq AwWI
54
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wn‡m‡e K…wl Z_¨ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| wØZxqZ K…lK hv‡Z GBme Z_¨ eënvi Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zvi eë¯’vI Ki‡Z n‡e| K…lK hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi †gvevBj †dv‡b GBme
Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’vI Ki‡Z n‡e| MÖv‡g Z_¨‡K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡i K…l‡Ki Rb¨
K…wl Z_¨ mnRjf¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¯‹zj-K‡jR-gv`ªvmv, BDwbqb KvDwÝj Awdm
ev KwgDwbwU †m›Uvi GRb¨ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3.4 wkí:
weªwUk Avg‡j evsjv‡`k (Z_v fviZel©) wkí KviLvbvi †`k nevi e`‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi
wkí KviLvbvi KvPvgv‡ji †hvMvb`vi nq| evsjv‡`‡ki cvU, Z‚jv, bxj WvwÛi
cvUKj-Kvco K‡j Pvjvb nq| Pvlxiv eva¨ nq weªwUk KviLvbvi KuvPvgvj Drcbœ
Ki‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K weªwUkiv G‡`‡k †hme AeKvVv‡gv ˆZix K‡i ZviI cÖavb D‡Ïk¨
_v‡K weª‡U‡b KvPvgvj †hvMvb †`qv| weªwUkiv we`vq n‡j evsjv‡`k bvgK f‚LÐwU‡Z
wkívqb ïiæ nq cvwK¯Ívb m„wói †ek c‡i| K…wlwfwËK cvUKj wQ‡jv GB AÂ‡ji cÖ_g
wkíLvZ| K…wlwfwËK Pv wkíI †ek we¯Í…Z nq| Gici †U·UvBj wgjmg~n M‡o D‡V|
†gwkbvwiR KviLvbvi cvkvcvwk †QvU Lv‡Uv IqvKk©cI Rb¥ †bq Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í|
Km‡gwU· Ges †fv³vmn M„n¯’vjx cY¨ Dcv`‡bi Rb¨ wKQz KviLvbv ˆZix nq| M‡o
DV‡Z _v‡K Pvgov I cv`yKv wkí| KvMR, wbDRwcÖ›U, mvi, wPwb I wm‡g‡›Ui eo eo
wkíI cÖwZwôZ nq| Lye m½ZKvi‡YB GBme
Kj-KviLvbvi gvwj‡Kiv cÖvq mK‡jB wQ‡jv nq cvwK¯Ívb miKvi, bq‡Zv ZrKvjxb
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Awaevmx| miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv wQ‡jv G‡ì cÖwZ| ZrKvjxb
ev½vjx awbKiv eo‡Rvi cv‡Ui ¸`vg ev cvUmn K…wl I †fv³vc‡YÏ †UªwWs-Gi mv‡_
hy³ n‡Z cvi‡Zv| GB AÂ‡ji gvby‡li bv wQ‡jv wkí ¯’vc‡bi cywR, bv wQ‡jv Ávb|
cvwK¯Ívb BÛvw÷ªqvj †Wfjc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb Ges B÷ cvwK¯Ívb BÛvw÷ªqvj
†Wfjc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb cÖavbZ GB AÂ‡j wkívq‡bi welqwU †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zv| GB
ms¯’v¸‡jv wKQz miKvwi wkí cÖwZôv‡biI Rb¥ †`q| Gm‡ei eë¯’vcbvI wQ‡jv
ZrKvjxb cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx‡ì nv‡Z| d‡j weªwUk kvmb Ges cvwK¯Ívbx kvmb Kvh©Z
GKwU avivevwnKZvq cwiYZ nq| Gme
Kj-KviLvbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ax‡i ax‡i †QvU GKwU kÖwgK
†kÖYxI Rb¥ †bq| µgk kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jv kw³kvjx n‡Z _v‡K| Zv‡ì gv‡S evg
ivRbxwZ I ev½vjx RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖfve Zxeª n‡Z _v‡K| Kgy¨wb÷, ev½vjx RvZx-
qZvev`x Ges cÖMwZkxj evg ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv GBme kÖwgK‡ì msMwVZ Kivi
D‡`¨vMI †bq| GgbwK c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb Ges ¯^vaxbZv
msMÖv‡g kÖwgK †kÖYx ¸iæZ¡c~Y©fv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| we‡kl K‡i 62, 66 I 69 mv‡j
ev½vjx kÖwgK‡ì AskMÖnY wQ‡jv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Aaybv eÜ Kiv Av`gRx RyU wgj
G‡`‡ki me©e„nr wkí cÖwZôvb wQ‡jv| mg‡qi Pv‡c ïay Av`gRx bq Ab¨me cvUKjI
55
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cvBKvix nv‡i eÜ n‡q‡Q| d‡j †mB mgqKvi ÿz`ª kªwgK‡kªYxwUI wejyß n‡q‡Q| Gi
evB‡i GLv‡b ZuvZwkí, gmwjb BZ¨vw` Kvco wkí cÖ_‡g weª‡U‡bi I c‡i h‡š¿i
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ e¨vcK Pv‡ci gy‡L c‡o| GKvË‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi ci cvwK¯Ívbx wkí
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv RvZxqKiY Kivi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki miKvix wkíLv‡Zi Rb¥ nq|
e¨_©, `yb©xwZcivqY eë¯’vcbv I jyUcv‡Ui Rb¨ †mBme Kj-KviLvbv Kvh©Z miKv‡ii
m¤ú‡ì e`‡j `v‡q cwiYZ nq| Z‡e weMZ cÖvq wZbhy‡M †emiKvix wkíLv‡Zi †ek
weKvk N‡U| cÖmvab mvgMÖx, M„n¯’vwj-†fv³v cY¨, Mv‡g©›Um, Mvox I B‡jKUªwb· cY¨
ms‡hvRb, K…wlwfwËK Lvgvi I cÖwµqvKiY wkí, mvi, imvqY, AvmevecÎ, cøvw÷K,
Kvco, m~Zv, Mv‡g©›Um mnvqK, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw` Lv‡Zi wkí cÖwZôvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i|
Z‡e GLb evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg wkíLvZwU n‡jv Mv‡g©›Um| `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e Mv‡g›U‡mi
kªwgKiv AgvbweK Ae¯’vq evm K‡i I wbg©gfv‡e †kvwlZ nq| Zviv †h by¨bZg gRyix
cvq Zv Rxebavib †Zv `~‡ii K_v hvZvqvZ e¨qI nqbv| hwÌ GB Lv‡Z me©vwaK
msL¨K bvixi Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q Z_vwc †UªW BDwbq‡bi AwaKvi ewÂZ GB kªwgKiv
msMwVZI bq| 2006 mv‡j Mv‡g©›Um kªwgK‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq miKvi gvwjK‡ì
c‡ÿ bMœfv‡e Ae¯’vb †bq| ZLbKvi we‡ivax`jI Mv‡g©›Um gvwjK‡ì c‡ÿB Ae¯’vb
†bq|
AwZ mv¤úªwZKKv‡j †`‡k wKQz AvBwmwU †mevLv‡Zi wkí cÖwZôvb Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ÁvbwfwËK wkí LvZ ej‡Z cvwi| Z‡e Gm‡ei Ae¯’v †Zgb fv‡jv
bq| mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki kªwgK‡kªYx ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z mÿg ev
msMwVZ bq|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki wkímg~n K…wlwfwËK, †fv³v ev jvBd ÷vBjwfwËK Ges Ávb-
wfwËK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi cÖavbZg D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †`‡ki
K…wlm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvKiY, †`kevmxi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`qv Ges ißvwb
Kiv| †fv³v ev jvBd÷vBj wfwËK wkí gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb, Rxeb hvc‡bi
gvbe„w× Ges mg„w×i mnvqZvi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡e|
ÁvbwfwËK wkí I †mevi Rb¥ n‡e †gavwfwËK| c~‡e©v³ LvZmg~‡n cÖhyw³ mieivn,
D”PZi cÖhyw³i Rb¨ M‡elYv, Z_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK eë¯’vcbv, `ÿ-Revew`wnZvg~jK
MwZkxj mykvmb, AvgjvZ‡š¿i nvZ †_‡K gyw³, `yb©xwZ‡iva QvovI ißvwb Avq GB
Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡e|
GBme wkí KviLvbv‡K ivRavbx †g‡UªvwmwU †_‡K †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, _vbv Ges MÖv‡g
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl I ÁvbwfwËK wkí ¯’vc‡b MÖvgB n‡e Av`k© ¯’vb| ˆ`bw›`b
†fv³v cY¨ MÖv‡gB Drcvw`Z n‡e| cÖwZ `k nvRvi gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU ÿz`ª wkívÂj
_vK‡e| Dc‡Rjv ev †Rjvq †mwU Av‡iv we¯Í…Z n‡e| miKvi wkíLv‡Z e¨vcK mnvqZv
cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wk‡íi weKv‡ki AbyK‚j wkícwZ _vKv QvovI wkí ¯’vc‡b Rwg,
miÄvgvw` Ges A‡_©i †hvMvb †`‡e| †`‡k Dchy³ ¯’v‡b nvB‡UK cvK©, wkí cvK©,
56
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mdUIq¨vi †UK‡bvjwR cvK©, Mv‡g©›Um cjøx, Pvgov cjøx BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|
BKz¨BwU G›UvicÖ‡biwkc dv‡Ûi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e| GKB mv‡_ ißvwb mnvqZv I ÿz`ª-
gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v Znwej M‡o Zz‡j mivmwi D‡`¨v³v‡K mnvqZv Kiv n‡e|
3.5 bZzb A_©bxwZ:
wbD B‡Kvbwg ev bZzb A_©bxwZ cywRev`x `ywbqviB Avwe®‹vi| GwU n‡”Q e¯‘Z gvbe
mf¨Zvi hyM cwieZ©‡bi d‡j m„ó cywRev`x AZ©bxwZ‡K bZzb eë¯’vq DËi‡Yi Dcvq|
`ywbqvi e„nËg wek¦‡Kvl DBwKwcwWqvq wbD B‡Kvbwg‡K Gfv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, The
New Economy was an evolution of developed countries from an in-
dustrial/manufacturing-based wealth producing economy into a serv-
ice sector asset based economy, brought about by globalization and
currency manipulation by governments and their central banks. Kvh©Z
GwU n‡”Q wkíhy‡MvËi A_©bxwZ| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wl I wkí Drcv`‡bi PvB‡Z
†mevLv‡Zi ¸iæZ¡‡K evwo‡q †`Lv n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡KB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z
e¨vcK wewb‡qvM‡K GB A_©bxwZi wfwË wn‡m‡e †`L‡Qb| According to many
commentators in the late 1990s, investment in Information & Comunication
Technology (ICT) had eliminated economic fluctuations and ushered
in a golden age of economic prosperity. (DBwKwcwWqv) | G cÖm‡½ AviI ejv
n‡”Q †h, The general idea is that a business should focus on those areas
of its operation which are critical to its success and where it has a
competitive advantage. Other areas of its operation should be out-
sourced, typically using technology as the facilitator. In a developed
economy, the critical success factors to a leading business are likely
to be intellectual things such as brands, products specifications and
technical capabilities. Many routine business functions (such as
manufacturing and customer service desks) may be outsourced.
Ashot Grigoryan believes that the “new economy” is a current Kon-
dratiev wave which will end after a 50-year period in 2040’s. Its inno-
vative basis includes Internet, nanotechnologies, telematica and
bionica[3].
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ˆZixi Rb¨ GKwU bZzb A_©bxwZ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Gi bvg n‡e
wbD B‡Kvbwg ev b‡jR B‡Kvbwg| GwU we`¨gvb A_©bxwZ‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡e|
A_©bxwZi PwiÎ n‡e wgkª| GwU cy‡ivcywi cyuwRev`x n‡ebv-Avevi cy‡ivcywi miKvi
wbqwš¿Z n‡e bv| A_©bxwZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó Ki‡jI cÖ‡qvR‡b miKvi A_©bxwZi
†ÿÎwe‡k‡l †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G‡Z ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi
cvkvcvwk e¨w³ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e, Z‡e e„nr cÖwZôvb‡K Aek¨B RbM‡Yi
57
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ n‡Z n‡e| 5 †KvwU UvKv ev Zvi †ewk g~ja‡bi
†Kv¤úvbx‡K Aek¨B cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx n‡Z n‡e Ges †kqvi evRv‡i †kqvi
†Q‡o Revew`wnZvg~jKfv‡e cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx,
cwievi ev cÖwZôvb GKKfv‡e †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi kZKiv 5 fv‡Mi †ewk †kqv‡ii
gvwjK n‡Z cvi‡e bv| miKvi †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Kv‡Q jvfRbK bq A_P
RbKj¨vYg~jK Ggb Lv‡Z mivmwi wewb‡qvM Ki‡e| ißvwb, RbKj¨vYg~jK,
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq I K…wlmn Riæwi †mevLv‡Z ivóª cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv fZzw© K †`‡e| A_©bxwZi
evwl©K cÖe„w× Aek¨B `yB wWwR‡Ui ev kZKiv 10 fv‡Mi †ekx n‡Z n‡e| bZzb
A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g 2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz Avq `yB nvRvi Wjv‡i
DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i wRwWwc-Gi e„nr Ask †gavRvZ m¤ú` †_‡K Drcbœ
n‡e| †gavm¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e|
Z_¨cªhyw³mn, cÖhyw³ cY¨ I †mev, K…wlcY¨, wkícY¨, Mv‡g©›Um Ges †mevLv‡Zi
ißvwb‡K e¨vcKfv‡e DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b GBme Lv‡Z A‡_©i †hvMvb †`qv
n‡e Ges ißvwb mnvqZvI Kiv n‡e| GKB mv‡_ †`‡k Avg`vbx weKí †mev LvZ, wkí
hš¿cvwZ I †fv³vcY¨ Drcv`‡b Avw_©K eë¯’v‡K cybtweb¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
eZ©gvb A_©bxwZi aviv Abymv‡i wbi¼zk cywRev`, jy‡Uiv awbK-ewYK-wkí‡Mvôxi
c„ô‡cvlKZv‡K wecixZ †kÖv‡Z cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| abx‡K AviI abx evbv‡bvi ev
e„nr cywR‡K AviI kw³kvjx Kivi c_ iæ× K‡i ÿz`ª, gvSvwi I ga¨weË Rb‡Mvôxi
¯^c‡ÿ Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl, ÿz`ª wkí, KzwUi wkí, †gavRvZ wkí
BZ¨vw` Lv‡Zi AbyK‚‡j Avw_©K eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e I e¨vsK FY cÖ`vb mn mKj mnvqZv
w`‡Z n‡e| ZiæY D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ _vK‡Z n‡e †fbPvi K¨vwcUvj|
3.6 wWwRUvj miKvi:
we`¨gvb miKvi eë¯’v c×wZMZ ÎæwUi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi mg„w×i Rb¨ mnvqK bv n‡q
cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| GwU `yb©xwZevR AvgjvZš¿ Kv‡qg K‡i| Gi †Kvb Revew`wnZv
†bB| GwU A_e©, A`ÿ Ges AKvh©Ki| †mRb¨B GB miKvi c×wZ e`j Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ_‡gB D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e miKv‡ii KvR Kivi cÖPwjZ c×wZ e`‡j †djvi|
GB wecø‡ei bvg wWwRUvj miKvi| Avgvi g‡Z, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi Rb¨
cÖ_‡gB ìKvi wWwRUvj miKvi| †jv‡K G‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv B-Mfb©‡g›U e‡j fzj
K‡i _v‡K| GB weåvwšÍwU Z_¨cÖhyw³ welqK wKQz cwÛZI K‡i _v‡Kb| Zviv cÖavbZ
weMZ kZ‡Ki B-Mfb©‡g›U Ges wWwRUvj miKvi‡K GK K‡i †d‡jb| weMZ kZ‡K
wKQz †jvK B‡jKUªwbK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mewKQz‡KB B ev B‡jKUªwbK
Kivi K_v †f‡ewQ‡jv| Zviv mvaviY WvK‡K B-†gBj, mvaviY eëmv‡K B-Kgvm©, cÖP-
wjZ miKvi‡K B-Mfb©‡g›U BZ¨vw` kã eënvi K‡i B‡jKUªwbK eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi
K_v ej‡Zv| †mRb¨B miKv‡ii wKQz Z_¨ B‡jKUªwbK c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Kiv ev wKQz
58
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Z_¨ B-†gB‡j Av`vbcÖ`vb KivUv‡K B-Mfb©‡g›U ejv n‡Zv| hLb Z_¨hyM wcÖwgwUf
ch©v‡q wQ‡jv ZLb Gme K_v ïb‡Z fv‡jvB jvM‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb Z_¨hyM †mB ch©v‡q
†bB| GKRb Avgjv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q GKwU †gBj cvVv‡jb Ges GKwU miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi
wKQz Z_¨ Bs‡iwR fvlvq I‡qe †c‡R ivLv n‡jv, Zv‡Z miKv‡ii KvR Kivi PwiÎ
e`jvq bv| 2001-06 mv‡ji †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi miKvi †mB †PóvB K‡i‡Q| Zviv
kZ kZ †KvwU UvKv e¨q K‡i K‡qKwU gš¿Yvjq I wefv‡Mi I‡qe †cR ˆZix K‡i‡Q|
Gi wewbg‡q wKQz †jvK †c‡q‡Q †KvwU †KvwU UvKv| GBme A_©nxb I‡qe †c‡Ri fvlv
Avevi Bs‡iwR| d‡j †m¸‡jv gvby‡li †Kvb Kv‡R jv‡M bv| fvi‡Zi cwðge½
miKv‡ii g‡Z †mLvbKvi kZKiv 5 R‡bi †ekx Bs‡iwR †ev‡Sbv| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki
kZKiv 1 fvMI Bs‡iwR †ev‡S bv| GRb¨ evsjv ìKvi| †mRb¨B Avgiv †Kvbfv‡eB
†eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi GmAvBwmwUi †bZ…‡Z¡ ïiæ Kiv B-Mfb©‡g›U Kvh©µg‡K wWwRUvj
miKvi ˆZixi KvR e‡j g‡b Kwi bv| GwU Avm‡j RbM‡Yi mv‡_ cÖZviYv Kivi Rb¨
Kiv nw”Q‡jv| Avgiv wWwRUvj miKvi ej‡Z GKwU I‡qe †cR cÖKvk Kiv ev wKQz
dig wmwW‡Z weZiY Kiv‡K †evSvBbv| cÖK…Zv‡_© wWwRUvj miKvi Ges B-Mfb©‡g›U
GK wRwbl bq|
Avgiv wWwRUvj miKvi ej‡Z miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z msiÿY,
mivmwi wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z AbjvBb wi‡qjUvBg †hvMv‡hvM Ges wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z
miKv‡ii mKj KvR Kiv‡K †evSvB| GRb¨ miKv‡ii _vK‡e GKwU †K›`ªxq WvUv‡eR
I b¨vkbIqvBW †bUIqvK©| miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ _vK‡e †K›`ªxq ev we‡Kw›`ªK…Z
WvUv‡e‡R| †K›`ªxq ev ¯’vbxq WvUv‡eRwUi mKj Z_¨ ¯ÍiwfwËK web¨¯Í n‡e| hvi
†hme Z_¨ wb‡q KvR, †m †mBme Z_¨ msMÖn, cÖwµqvKiY ev eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
miKv‡ii mKj Awdm, wefvM, gš¿Yvjq, ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ, Avav ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb
Ges cÖkvm‡bi mKj ¯Íi GB †bUIqv‡K© hy³ _vK‡e| GgbwK miKvwi-†emiKvwi
e¨v‡¼i wnmve ch©šÍ GB †bUIqv‡K© hy³ _vK‡e| miKv‡ii mswkøó wefvM (†hgb
AvqKi-`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb) hLb Lywk e¨v‡¼i Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e| eZ©gv‡b
miKv‡ii †h cÖkvmb Av‡Q Zvi Avg~j cwieZ©b n‡e|
GLb †_‡K `ywU ch©v‡q eZ©gvb c×wZi cwieZ©b n‡e| cÖ_g ch©v‡q wWwRUvj c×wZi
cvkvcvwk KvM‡Ri e¨vKAvc _vK‡e| wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi ci KvM‡Ri
e¨vK Avc dvBj ˆZix K‡i ivLv n‡e| wØZxq ¯Í‡i KvM‡Ri e¨vKAvc wejyß n‡e|
Avgiv aviYv Ki‡Z cvwi we`¨gvb Kg©xiv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi `ÿZv iv‡Lb
bv| d‡j Zv‡ì bZzb K‡i wkÿv MÖnY Kivi ìKvi n‡e| miKvi ¯^Li‡P G‡ì‡K
cÖwkÿY †`‡e| hviv cÖwkÿY wb‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e bv ev cÖwkÿY †bevi ciI `ÿZv AR©b
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Zv‡ì c‡ÿ miKv‡ii KvR Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| Zviv miKvix wbqg
Abyhvqx Aem‡i hv‡eb Ges Z`¯’‡j bZzb Kg©xevwnbx Kv‡R †hvM †`‡e| miKv‡ii
bZzb wiµzU‡g›U n‡e wWwRUvj miKvi Pvjbvq mÿg e¨w³‡ì ga¨ †_‡K|
59
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GB eë¯’vq miKv‡ii gv‡S `yb©xwZ _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| KviY dvBj AvU‡K ivLv ev
Z_¨ †Mvcb Kivi †Kvb c_ G‡Z †Lvjv _vK‡ebv| eis Z‡_ï AevwiZ cÖevn _vK‡e
e‡j miKv‡ii c‡ÿ †h †Kvb wel‡q `ªæZ wm×všÍ †bqv mnR n‡e| nv‡Zi Kv‡Q Z_¨
_vKvi Rb¨ GB miKvi A‡bK †ekx `ÿ n‡e| wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z miKvi cwiPvwjZ
n‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y GB miKvi n‡e MwZkxj|
cÖkvmb n‡e we‡Kw›`ªK…Z Ges cÖkvm‡bi mKj ¯Íi wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡_ ZvrÿwYK ev mve©ÿwYKfv‡e hy³ _vK‡e e‡j GB we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi ciI miKvi
GKwU RxešÍ msMVb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e| miKv‡ii mKj A‡Mvcbxq Z_¨
mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ Db¥y³ _vK‡e Ges wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z RbMY miKv‡ii †h‡Kvb ¯Íi
ch©šÍ †hvMv‡hvM ev Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges Av‡e`‡bi djvdj Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
miKvi wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z †ck Kiv Av‡e`b we‡ePbv Ki‡e Ges wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z
miKvi Z_¨ cÖKvk Ges weZiYI Ki‡e| 2007 mv‡j †fvUvi AvBwW KvW© msµvšÍ
GKwU we‡klÁ KwgwU miKv‡ii Kv‡Q GKwU mycvwikgvjv Rgv †`q| GB my-
cvwikgvjvq †`‡ki †fvUvi‡ì GKwU Abb¨ wcb bs Ges Qwe I ev‡qv‡gwUª· Z_¨mn
WvUv‡eR ˆZixi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB WvUv‡eRwU †_‡KB wWwRUvj miKvi hvÎv
ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †fvUvi WvUv‡eR †_‡K GwU b¨vkbvj WvUv‡eR n‡Z cv‡i| Gici
†mB WvUv‡eRwUi mv‡_ miKv‡ii †Kw›`ªq WvUv‡eR hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| GB WvUv‡eRwU
miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨‡K wWwRUvwj msiÿY I cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU cÖwgZ WvUv‡eR mdUIq¨v‡ii AvIZvq miKv‡ii Z_¨vw` msiÿY-†hvMv‡hvM,
eë¯’vcbvmn mKj Kg©vw` m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU gš¿Yvjq Zv‡ì AZxZ Z_¨
wWwRUvBR Ki‡e I WvUv‡e‡R iƒcvšÍi Ki‡e| cÖ¯‘wZ KvR m¤úbœ Kivi ci †Kvb
GKwU mgq †_‡K miKvi dvBjwenxb wWwRUvj miKvi wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ Ki‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K cyi‡bv †iK‡W©i Z_¨ wWwRUvj n‡q bZzb WvUv‡e‡R hy³ n‡Z _vK‡e| aiv
hvK, cÖavbgš¿xi mwPevj‡qi Aax‡b †K›`ªxq Z_¨fvÛvi ¯’vwcZ n‡e| †mB Z_¨fvÛv‡ii
mv‡_ cÖwZwU gš¿Yvjq, wefvM, ¯^vqËkvwmZ, Avav¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvbmn cywjk,
wewWAvi, Avbmvi, mvgwiKevwnbxi ms‡hvM _vK‡e| cÖwZwU cÖwZôvb I ms¯’v wbR¯^
Z_¨ msiÿY Kivi cvkvcvwk †Kw›`ªq Z_¨fvÛv‡i Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡e| cÖwZwU Z‡_ï
GKvwaK e¨vKAvc _vK‡e| mKj †Mvcbxq Z_¨ wWwRUvwj wbivc` ivLv n‡e|
Kg©KZ©viv wWwRUvj wmM‡bPvi eënvi Ki‡eb|
Z_¨cÖhyw³i †ek wKQz mvd‡jï K_v ejvi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h
GLv‡b miKvwi Kg©KvÛ †Zgb mdjZv cvqwb KL‡bvB| weMZ K‡qK eQ‡i †`‡ki
A‡bK wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUvi †M‡Q-wKš‘ †mBme Kw¤úDUvi †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b
Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| 187 †KvwU UvKvi †fvUvi AvBwW KvW© cÖKí m¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨_© nq|
†gwkb wi‡Wej cvm‡cvU© R‡b¥i Av‡MB gviv hvq| miKv‡ii wb‡Ri Kv‡RI †Zgb
†Kvb cwieZ©b †bB| Kw¤úDUvi miKvix Awd‡m UvBcivBUv‡ii RvqMv `Lj Ki‡Q
60
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gvÎ| Ae‡k‡l 2003 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi miKvi B-Mfb©‡g›U bvgK
GKwU cÖKí MÖnY K‡i| cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi Aax‡b †gvU 83 †KvwU UvKvi GB cÖK‡í
55wU miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b B-Mfb©‡g›U cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 2007
mv‡j G‡m †`Lv hvq †h 55wUi gv‡S 12wU cÖKí cy‡ivcywi ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q| 8wU
cÖK‡íi kZKiv 70 fvM KvR m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ 16wU cÖK‡íi KvR kZKiv 70
fvMI nqwb| Aewkó 19wU cÖKí GL‡bv cwiKíbv ¯Í‡i Av‡Q (m~Î: †ewmm
wbDR‡jUvi gvP© 2007)|
wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ Ab¨ ¯’v‡b| GBme cÖKí h‡ZvUvB ev¯ÍevwqZ †nvKbv †Kb †`‡ki mvaviY
bvMwiK‡ì Lye KgB Kv‡R jv‡M| Am¤ú~Y© fzj Z_¨, Avc‡WU bv Kiv, evsjvi e`‡j
Bs‡iwR‡Z I‡qe‡cR ˆZix Kiv, w¯’i ai‡bi I‡qe‡cR ˆZix Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbv Kvi‡Y
Z_vKw_Z B-Mfb©‡g›U cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki nqwb|
wWwRUvj miKv‡ii PwiÎ †Kgb nIqv DwPZ †m m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq, Because gov-
ernment is not a monolithic entity but a collection of thousands of
jurisdictions and agencies sharing responsibility for the public good,
infrastructure must be extended to situations at both the largest and
smallest scales of operation for both government and civil society.
Every community from the largest state to the smallest municipality
needs to be connected in useful and affordable ways to a robust and
flexible cyberinfrastructure. These problems of scaling up and
scaling down, in both technical and economic terms, deserve close
attention.
http://www.digitalgovernment.org/library/library/pdf/dg_Cyberinfrastructure.pdf|
(m~Ît Av‡gwiKvi wWwRUvj miKvi msµvšÍ Kvh©cÎ †_‡K) G‡Z †evSv hvq †h,
wWwRUvj miKvi gv‡b †KejgvÎ I‡qe †cR cÖKvk Kiv †evSvqbv| GwU Ggb GK
Kvh©µg hvi cÖavbZg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kv‡bw±wfwU ¯’vcb Kiv| GRb¨ †ZvcLvbv †iv‡Wi
mwPevjq †_‡K MÖvg ch©šÍ GKwU wWwRUvj ms‡hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi GL‡bv GwU DcjwäB K‡iwb|
¯’vbxq miKvi:
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb miKvi c×wZ msm`xq I GK‡Kw›`ªK| 1972 mv‡ji msweavb
Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi c×wZ msm`xq nevi K_v| †mwU c‡i e½eÜz †kL
gywR‡ei GK`jxq evKkvj, wRqv-Gikv‡ì mvgwiK kvmb Ges Zv‡ìB mvgwiK
kvm‡bvËi ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi c×wZ AwZµg K‡i GLb ch©šÍ Ae‡k‡l msm`xq
c×wZ‡ZB Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Kcvj fv‡jv †h 91-Gi ci GLb ch©šÍ msweavb‡K cvk
KvwU‡q ev ¯’wMZ K‡i †Kvb miKvi †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nqwb| Gi fv‡jvg›`
wb‡q A‡bK K_v Av‡Q| wKš‘ ZeyI GLb ch©šÍ Avgiv GB msm`xq c×wZi PvB‡Z
61
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
fv‡jv wKQz Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cvwi wb|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki m‡e©v”P mvsweavwbK ms¯’vwUi bvg RvZxq msm`| e½eÜzi Avg‡ji
AvovB eQi Ges 91-Gi ci 17 eQi mgqRy‡o msm‡ì Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡qI K_v
Av‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e †QvU GKwU †`‡ki Rb¨ GB ai‡bi I‡q÷wgwb÷vi ÷vB‡ji GB
msm`xq eë¯’v Dchy³ e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e evievi G‡K e`jv‡bvi †PóvI Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cixÿv wbixÿvI Kg nqwb| GL‡bv †mB †Póvi KgwZ †bB| `yB Kÿ wewkó
msm`, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi, msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwm‡Zi gv‡S mgš^q I ÿgZvi
fvimvg¨ iÿv; Gme welq wb‡q A‡bK cÖ¯Ívebv Av‡Q| hwÌ Avgv‡ì msm`xq
c×wZi mvdj¨ Ges e¨_©Zvi gv‡S e¨_©Zvi cvjøvB fvix Ges we`¨gvb Riæwi Ae¯’v
QvovI AZx‡Zi mvgwiK kvmbmg~n‡K Avgv‡ì MYZvwš¿K kvm‡bi `ye©jZv e‡jB
Awf‡hvM Kiv nq Z_vwc Avgvi aviYv GwU eë¯’vi ÎæwU bq| ÎæwU n‡”Q Zv‡ì, hviv
GB eë¯’vq AskMÖnY K‡i Avm‡Q| d‡j eë¯’v cwieZ©b Kivi †hme K_v ejv n‡”Q
Zv‡ZI mvdj¨ Avm‡ebv hw` cÖK…Z ÎæwU bv mviv‡bv nq| ivRbxwZi ms¯‹vi I
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi ms¯‹vi BZ¨vwì Ici eë¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e
†Kvb wbe©vPbx eë¯’vq GB ms¯’vwU MwVZ nq Zvi IciB †ewk wbf©i K‡i G‡Z Kviv
Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì msm`xq wbe©vPb c×wZ †hfv‡e Kvh©Ki wQ‡jv Zv‡Z
†Kvbfv‡eB msm`xq c×wZi g‡Zv GKwU eë¯’v mPj _vK‡Z cv‡ibv| GRb¨ Av‡iv
wKQz †mdMvW© ìKvi| Avwg g‡b Kwi, ivóªcwZ c×wZ ev `yB Kÿwewkó msm` n‡jI
GB Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡ebv, hw` cÖK…Zfv‡eB msm‡` hvevi c×wZ I †mLv‡b hviv
†cŠQvb †mB gvbyl¸‡jvi PwiÎ e`jv‡bv bv hvq| Avwg GwU ejwQbv †h, msm‡` hvevi
g‡Zv fv‡jv gvbyl †bB †`‡k| Avwg ïay GwU ejwQ †h, msm‡` hvevi †h c×wZwU
Av‡Q †mwU h_vh_ bq| m~Zivs MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ miKvi c×wZ bq, cwieZ©b
ìKvi wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z| Avwg e¨w³MZfv‡e †hŠ_‡bZ…Z¡ Ges A‡bK †jv‡Ki
AskMÖn‡Y HKg‡Zï wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wek¦vm Kwi| †mRb¨ ivóªcwZ kvmb c×wZ‡K
Avgvi Kv‡Q ˆ¯îvPvix kvmbeë¯’v g‡b nq| Aek¨ msm`xq c×wZ‡ZI ˆ¯îvPvi Rb¥
wb‡Z cv‡i hw` msm` Kvh©Ki bv nq| Avwg g‡b Kwi, cÖPwjZ msm`xq eë¯’vq
msL¨vMwiô gZvg‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY KL‡bvB me‡P‡q †ewk Kvh©Ki nqbv| miKvi MV‡b
`yB Z…Zxqvsk msL¨vMwiôZv mgm¨v ˆZix Ki‡jI AvBb cÖbq‡b ïaygvÎ msL¨vMwiôZv
fv‡jv c×wZ bq| Avgv‡ì msm`xq eë¯’v †_‡K AvBb cÖbq‡Y msL¨vMwiôZvi miKvi
c×wZ e`j K‡i `yB Z…Zxqvsk ev wZb cÂgvsk mg_©b Ges `jxq wm×všÍ Abyhvqx
†fvU w`‡Z eva¨ bv Kivi welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| msm‡` hw` †KD ¯^vaxbfv‡e
gZcÖKvk Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e `jxqKiY P‚ovšÍ n‡q hvq| GRb¨B `jxq wU‡K‡U
wbe©vwPZ n‡jI mvsm`‡ì ¯^vaxb gZ cÖKv‡ki eë¯’v _vKv DwPZ| AvBb cvk Kivi
Rb¨ wZb cÂgvsk mg_©b ev `yB Z…Zxqvsk mg_©b _vKvi cvkvcvwk msm`xq
KwgwU¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i| msm‡ì ¯’vqx KwgwUi
62
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cvkvcvwk Dc‡`óv KwgwU ev we‡klÁ KwgwUi Kvh©KvwiZvI Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨wU wbf©i Ki‡e GB †`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi
eë¯’vi mvd‡jï Ici| MZ 3iv Ryb 2008 eëmvqx‡ì mv‡_ msjvc Kivi mgq
mv‡eK cÖavb Dc‡`óv dLiæwÏb Avn‡g` AZ¨šÍ PgrKvifv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY ev we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv LyeB Riæwi|
msm`xq c×wZi bv‡g msm` m`mïv †h Zv‡ì wbe©vPbx GjvKvi cvov-gnjøv, gv¯Ívb
Ges cÖKí mewKQzB wbqš¿Y K‡ib †mwU Av‡M eÜ n‡Z n‡e| AvBb cÖ‡YZviv Gme
Kv‡R hy³ _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv-Ggb cÖ_v ìKvi| Gi mv‡_ msweavb ms‡kvab KiviI
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv miKv‡ii AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b Kiv|
†Kw›`ªq I ¯’vbxq miKvi c×wZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi n‡jv cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji
Q‡K evav| GLv‡b cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vq ivRavbxi ci wefvM Av‡Q| Z‡e wefv‡Mi †Kvb
Kvh©KvwiZv †bB| Gici †Rjv Av‡Q, Dc‡Rjv Av‡Q| Z‡e ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii me©wb¤œ
Kvh©Ki ¯Íi n‡jv BDwbqb| hwÌ giûg wRqvDi ingvb MÖvg miKvi bvg GKwU eë¯’v
cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb Z_vwc †mwU KvM‡RB wQ‡jv| GwUi Aw¯ÍË¡ GLb Avi †bB| Gi †Kvb
Kvh©KvwiZv GgbwK wRqvcZœx Lv‡j`v wRqvI ˆZix K‡ibwb| GRb¨B ev¯Í‡e msm‡ì
ci GLb wbe©vwPZ ¯Íi n‡jv Dc‡Rjv Ges BDwbqb/†cŠimfv/wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb|
ˆ¯îkvmK Gikv` Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖPjb K‡ib| cÖ_‡g wZwb Dc‡Rjvi AvgjvZš¿
ev cÖkvmb‡K wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Aaxb¯’ Ki‡jI c‡i Zv evwZj K‡ib| GKmg‡q
wZwb Dc‡Rjvq wePvieë¯’v Pvjy Ki‡jI Zv a‡i ivLv hvqwb| Gici nvwmbv Lv‡j`v
Dc‡Rjv‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡jI Kvh©Ki K‡ibwb| †kl ch©šÍ 2009 mv‡j Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb
n‡q‡Q Z‡e mvsm`‡ì Lei`vwii Rb¨ GwU K‡ZvUv Kvh©Ki n‡e Zv ejv KwVb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© GKwU my›ì wbeÜ wj‡L‡Qb AvIqvgx jxM
†bZv, mv‡eK Avgjv Ges eZ©gvb A_©gš¿x Aveyj gvj Avãyj gywnZ| MZ 3 †g 2007
ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Zvi GB wbe‡Ü wZwb ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Gi Rb¨ wKQz mycvwik †ck K‡ib| Ô¯^kvwmZ ¯^q¤¢i ¯’vbxq miKviÕ
bv‡gi GB wbe‡Ü wZwb e‡jb, Ò†cŠi cÖwZôvb QqwU gnvbMi K‡c©v‡ikb I 254wU
†cŠimfv ev` w`‡j Avgv‡ì ¯’vbxq miKvi wb‡q PviwU AvBb Av‡Q Ges gv‡V `yB ¯Í‡i
miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv Av‡Q| cÖ_g AvBbwU nj 1983 mv‡ji BDwbqb cwil` AvBb|
BDwbqb cwil` GK wn‡m‡e 1883 mv‡j cÖ_g MwVZ nq| 1885 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq
miKvi AvB‡bI Zv‡ì Aew¯’wZ ¯^xK…Z nq Ges 1919 mv‡jB eZ©gvb BDwbqb
cwil‡ì Rš§ nq| ZvB cÖwZôvbwU A‡bK cyi‡bv| Zv‡ì cÖ_g †_‡KB `vwqZ¡ wQj
wkÿv, m¨vwb‡Ukb I †hvMv‡hvM| 1983 mv‡ji AvB‡b GB cwil‡ì `vwqZ¡ 38wU,
Z‡e 10wU nj eva¨Zvg~jK| G¸‡jv njÑ (1) AvBb-k„sLjv iÿv Kiv Ges G wel‡q
cÖkvmb‡K mnvqZv, (2) Aciva, wek„sLjv I †PvivPvjvb `g‡b c`‡ÿc, (3) K…wl,
cï I grm¨ cvjb, ¯^v¯’¨, KzwUi wkí, †mP, †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb cÖKí MÖnY
63
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
I cwiPvjbv, (4) cwievi cwiKíbv Kvh©µ‡gi cÖmvi, (5) ¯’vbxq m¤ú‡ì Dbœqb I
eënvi, (6) RbM‡Yi m¤úwË msiÿY, iv¯Ív, cyj, †Uwj‡dvb, euva, Lvj, we`y¨r BZ¨vw`,
(7) ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eënv‡i Drmvn, (8) Rš§-g„Zz¨, AÜ, wfÿzK I `y¯’‡ì
wbeÜb, (9) me ai‡bi ïgvwi cwiPvjbv, (10) BDwbqb ch©v‡q Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi
Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv I mycvwik| ZvwjKvwU co‡jB †evSv hv‡e, Zv‡ì †Kvb Kvh©Kix
f‚wgKvi my‡hvM †bB| me wel‡qB Avgv‡ì RvZxq miKvi mwµq Ges Zv‡ì
AvgjvZš¿ Gm‡e wjß| ev¯Í‡e BDwbqb cwil` `yÕGKwU KvR K‡i| miKvi †hme
mvgvwRK wbivcËvi LvwZ‡i †cbkb †`q Zviv Zv weZiY K‡i Ges wKQy Aby`vb w`‡q
iv¯ÍvNvU ev cyj M‡o I ¯‹z‡j wewb‡qvM K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb BDwbqb QvÎ‡ì e„wË †`q|
BDwbq‡bi †PŠwK`vi cywj‡ki ûKzg Zvwgj K‡i| BDwbqb Avm‡jB GKwU †QvU
BDwbU| 10-15 nvRvi †jv‡Ki evm GKwU BDwbq‡b| A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ ev cÖkvmb
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Abychy³ cÖwZôvb|
1997 mv‡j cvm nq MÖvg cwil` AvBb| cÖwZwU BDwbqb Iqv‡W©i Rb¨ nq GB
cÖwZôvb A_©vr M‡o cuvPkÕ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ nq GB cwil`| AvBb cvm nIqvi ciB
g‡b nq GwU wQj GKwU A_©nxb cÖwZôvb m„wói cÖqvm| ZvB Zvi ev¯Íevqb †VwK‡q ivLv
nq| Z‡e `ye„©Ë ivRvKvi miKvi †`‡L †h, GgbB GKwU cÖwZôv‡b evUcvi, UvDU Avi
mš¿vmx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vb K‡i †`qv hvq Ges wbe©vwPZ BDwbqb cwil`‡K P¨v‡jÄ
Kiv hvq| Zvi d‡j MÖvg cwil` envj Av‡Q, Avi Zv‡Z m`‡¤¢ weivR Ki‡Q weGbwc-
Rvgvqv‡Zi evUcvi, jy‡Uiv I UvDU †Mvôx|
Z…Zxq AvBbwU nj 1998 mv‡ji Dc‡Rjv cwil` AvBb| G AvB‡b Dc‡Rjv
cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v Av‡Q| Dc‡Rjvi `vwqZ¡ 18wU Ges 7wU ¯’vqx
KwgwUi Zv‡Z weavb Av‡Q| GB mvZ KwgwUi bvg †`L‡jB †evSv hvq, Dc‡Rjvq Kx
Kvh©vejx n‡Z cv‡i| G KwgwU¸‡jv njÑ 1. AvBb-k„sLjv KwgwU 2. ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi
cwiKíbv KwgwU 3. K…wl, †mP I cwi‡ek KwgwU 4. wkÿv KwgwU 5. mgvRKj¨vY, wkï
I gwnjv Dbœqb KwgwU 6. µxov, ms¯‹…wZ I hye Dbœqb KwgwU 7. †hvMv‡hvM I †fŠZ
AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb KwgwU| G AvB‡b AviI Av‡Q, RvZxq miKv‡ii wKQy cÖwZôvb I
Kvh©vejx Dc‡Rjvq n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GiKg 10wU cÖwZôv‡bi ZvwjKv Av‡Q
h_vÑ cÖv_wgK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv, K…wl m¤úÖmviY BZ¨vw`| Gme
cÖwZôvb‡K Dc‡Rjv cwil‡` n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡j mwZ¨B Zv‡ì wKQy KvR Kivi _vK‡e|
†mB wn‡m‡e Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ n‡j wKQy we‡K›`ÖxKiY n‡e Ges wKQy wel‡q ¯’vbxq
cwil` `vwqZ¡ cv‡e| Z‡e Zv‡ZI mgm¨v †_‡K hv‡e| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi †h¸‡jv RvZxq
miKvi †_‡K Dc‡Rjvq Awc©Z n‡e †mme cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©viv wKš‘ RvZxq miKv‡ii
Kv‡QB `vqe× _vK‡eb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖvq cuvPkÕ Dc‡Rjv Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨
bvivqYMÄ m`‡i RbmsL¨v bq jvL Avi gywRebMi Dc‡Rjvq RbmsL¨v gvÎ bq
nvRvi (cve©Z¨ Dc‡Rjvq Aek¨B RbmsL¨v Lye Kg)|...........PZz_© AvBb nj 2000
64
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mv‡ji †Rjv cwil` AvBb| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, evsjv‡`‡k †Kvbw`b †Rjv cwil‡ì
wbe©vPb nqwb| †Rjv cwil` Avm‡jB GKwU Ace¨‡qi Rb¨ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Aaxb
cÖwZôvb| ivRvKvi miKvi G cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖPzi jyUcvU K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡ì
¯v’bxq †bZv‡ì ng©¨ evwb‡q‡Q, cÖvmv` mvwR‡q‡Q I Zv‡ì †cvl¨‡ì nv‡Z m¤ú`
Zz‡j w`‡q‡Q| †Rjv cwil‡ì eZ©gvb AvBbwU LyeB `yó Ges G‡Z †Rjv cwil`‡K
GKwU Kvh©Kix cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Kivi my‡hvM Lye mxwgZ| †Rjv cwil‡ì `vwq‡Z¡i
d`© j¤^v, 80wU| Z‡e Avewk¨K KvR gvÎ 12wU| GLv‡b RvZxq miKv‡ii cÖwZôvb
ev `vwqZ¡ n¯ÍvšÍ‡iiI †Kvb weavb †bB| wbe©vPb c×wZI AvBqy‡ei c‡ivÿ wbe©vPb‡K
g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| ZvB †Rjv cwil` evbv‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB GB AvB‡bi Avg~j ms¯‹vi
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Rbve gywnZ g‡b K‡ib †h, wefvM bvgK †Kvb cÖkvmwbK ¯Íi _vKvi ìKvi †bB| wZwb
cÖ‡`k MV‡biI wec‡ÿ| Zvi g‡Z cÖ‡qvRb †Rjv miKv‡ii| 64wU †Rjv I 6wU
gnvbM‡i †gvU 70wU miKvi cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i wZwb GBme miKvi‡K
MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ K‡i Avgjv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Aaxb¯’ K‡i †Rjv cÖkvmK c`wU
wejyß Kivi mycvwik K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, RvZxq miKvi‡K †Qu‡U †d‡j mviv‡`‡k 64wU
Kvh©Kix †Rjv miKvi Avi QqwU †g‡Uªv gnvbMi miKvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡j GK
wX‡j mvZwU cvwL aiv hv‡e| (1) †`ke¨vcx †h ivR‰bwZK wefw³ i‡q‡Q Zvi Dckg
n‡e| (2) †K›`Öxq `vqnxb †k¦Zn¯Íx 10 †_‡K 15 jv‡Li AvgjvZš¿ we`vq n‡e| (3)
†K›`Övq‡bi †h A`ÿZv I Revew`wnnxbZv weivRgvb Zvi Aemvb n‡e| (4)
†K›`Öxqfv‡e ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi d‡j †h KiRv‡ji ms‡KvPb _v‡K Zv †_‡K gyw³ cvIqv
hv‡e| (5) miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì wkw_j ch©‡eÿY I `vqnxbZvi Aemvb n‡e| (6)
GKwU Rbwew”Qbœ I `ybx©wZcivqY cÖkvm‡bi Mfxi Awfkvc wbqš¿‡Y Avm‡e Ges (7)
miKvwi wm×všÍ I Kg©Kv‡Ð RbM‡Yi Askx`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ n‡e|
Rbve gywnZ g‡b K‡ib, Ò†Rjv miKv‡iB Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r| AvBb K‡i
†Rjv miKvi‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| †h †ÿ‡Î †Rjv miKvi `vwqZ¡ †b‡e, †mLv‡b
RvZxq miKvi ïay mgš^q, jÿ¨ wba©viY I RvZxq gv‡bi `vwqZ¡ †b‡e| ZvB miKvwi
Rbej me n‡e †Rjv miKv‡ii| Gme `vwqZ¡ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m e¨vcv‡iI mn‡RB
wm×všÍ †bqv hvq| wØZxqZ †Rjv miKv‡ii A_©vq‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î
KvRwU LyeB mnR| †K›`Ö I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ivR¯^ fvM Kivi eë¯’v †Rjv I RvZxq
miKv‡ii g‡a¨ wba©vwiZ n‡Z cvi‡e| Z…ZxqZ njÑ †Rjv cÖkvmb‡K ¯^vaxb I ¯^q¤¢i
Ki‡Z n‡e| wbe©vnx †bZ…Z¡ n‡e wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Ges cÖkvmb n‡e Zv‡ìB
Aax‡b| †K›`Öxq AvgjvZš¿ msKzwPZ n‡e Avi cÖwZwU †Rjvq n‡e Zv‡ì wbR¯^
Kg©KZ©v| ¯^kvwmZ, ¯^wbf©i I wbe©vwPZ †Rjv miKv‡ii wecÿ nj RvZxq cwil‡ì
m`më„›` Ges RvZxq AvgjvZš¿| Z‡e ivRbxwZwe`‡ì we‡ivwaZv †gvKv‡ejv mnR|
cÖ_g nj Rbg‡Zi †Rvqvi m„wó Ges wØZxq nj †Rjv ch©v‡q †bZ…‡Z¡i my‡hvM| cÖwZwU
65
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Rjvi †Pqvig¨vb n‡eb gš¿xi gh©v`vq f‚wlZ, Zvi †WcywU‡KI †mB gh©v`v †`qv hvq|
†RjvqI n‡e msm`xq MYZš¿; m`mïv me mivmwi wbe©vP‡b wbhy³ n‡eb| Zviv Zv‡ì
†bZv wbe©vPb Ki‡eb Ges wZwbB n‡eb †Pqvig¨vb| wKš‘ hviv n‡eb wewfbœ `dZ‡ii
Rb¨ wbe©vnx †bZv Zv‡ì wKš‘ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b me©`jxq KwgwUi m‡½ ÿgZv fvMvfvwM
Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡j‡Zi KvDw›U KvDwÝ‡ji g‡Zv wbe©vnx KZ©v n‡eb wewfbœ KwgwUi
AvnŸvqK Avi KwgwU¸‡jv‡Z _vK‡eb wewfbœ `‡ji m`më„›`, hviv AvbycvwZK nv‡i
¯’vb cv‡eb| G eë¯’vqB `‡ji †P‡q Rb¯^v_© cv‡e cÖvavb¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK wefw³
cÖkwgZ n‡e| GB MYZvwš¿K †Rjv miKv‡i †Kvb †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv|
wewfbœ wefvM ev `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ _vK‡eb miKvwi Kg©KZ©v| Zv‡ì
wefvMxq cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e Ges Zviv ûKzg †b‡eb mswkó KwgwUi
AvnŸvq‡Ki KvQ †_‡K| Avgvi wnmv‡e †Rjv miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ n‡e 17wU| h_vÑ (1)
AvBb I k„sLjv iÿv Ges cywjk evwnbx MVb I wbqš¿Y| (2) cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK
wkÿv Ges mswkó e„wËg~jK wkÿv| (3) Rb¯^v¯’¨, cwievi cwiKíbv I m¨vwb‡Ukb|
(AvÂwjK M‡elYv I nvmcvZvj _vK‡e RvZxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z|)
(4) mvgvwRK wbivcËv I mgvR‡mev| (5) M‡elYv Qvov K…wli mvwe©K `vwqZ¡| (6)
M‡elYv, RvZxq D`¨vb I msiwÿZ eb Qvov mgy`q eb m¤ú`| (7) M‡elYv I
AvÂwjK cÖwZôvb e¨wZ‡i‡K cïm¤ú`| (8) M‡elYv I mvgvwRK m¤ú` e¨wZ‡i‡K
grm¨ m¤ú`| (9) ¯’vbxq c~Z©Kg© I Avevmb| (10) †Rjv I MÖvgxY †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v|
(11) †RjvwfwËK R¡vjvwb m¤ú` I we`y¨r mieivn| (12) †RjvwfwËK cvwbm¤ú`,
eb¨v wbqš¿Y I my‡cq cvwb eë¯’v| (13) ga¨g, ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí| (14) f‚wg cÖkvmb
I f‚wg ivR¯^ (15) Lv`¨¸`vg I mieivn eë¯’v| (16) ÎvY eë¯’vcbv| (17)
we‡bv`b I cÖ‡gv`|
10-12wU KwgwU Gme `vwq‡Z¡i KY©avi n‡e| cÖwZwU `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ _vK‡e GKwU
`dZi, hvi GKRb cwiPvjK ev mwPe _vK‡eb| Zv‡ì Kg©KZ©viv †nW‡KvqvU©v‡i Ges
gv‡V (Dc‡Rjv I BDwbq‡b) wbhy³ _vK‡eb| Zv‡ì KvR ch©‡eÿY Kiv I Zv‡ì
g~j¨vqb n‡e mnRZi Ges Zv‡ì Revew`wnZv _vK‡e mej I m‡ZR|Ó
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡ii cÖavb mgš^qKvix I A_©gš¿x Rbve gywn‡Zi
e³‡eï A‡bK wKQzi mv‡_B Avwg GKgZ| wKš‘ g‡b n‡”Q AvIqvgx jxM miKviB
GB aviYvi mv‡_ GKgZ bq|
cÂv‡qr I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi: AvIqvgx jxM †bZv I A_©gš¿x Rbve gywnZ
mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v I m¤¢ve¨ cwieZ©b wel‡q Zvi
gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb hv Avgiv Gi Av‡M Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wZwb wefvM ch©v‡qi AKvh©Ki
¯ÍiwU wejyß K‡i †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb ¯ÍiwU Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb|
GKB mv‡_ wZwb †Rjv ch©v‡qi AKvh©Ki eë¯’vwU‡K GKwU
RbcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G‡K cÖ‡`k ev ivR¨ miKv‡ii g‡Zv Kivi
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
K_vI e‡j‡Qb wZwb| GKB mv‡_ wZwb QqwU gnvbMi‡K †Rjv miKv‡ii ch©v‡q wb‡q
hvevi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j Zvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ miKv‡ii msL¨v `vov‡”Q 70wU| Avgiv
Rvwb †h, Gi evB‡iI A‡b‡K cÖ‡`k Kivi Ges wØKÿwewkó msm` Kivi cÖ¯Íve
K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Dc‡Rjv‡KB ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv GKwU RvZxq miKvi Ges Zvi Aax‡b ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
aviYvwU‡KB mg_©b Kwi| Ggb †QvU GKwU †`‡k K‡qKwU cÖv‡`wkK miKvi bv _vKvB
fv‡jv| eis RvZxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ †mZzeÜb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ †Rjv ch©v‡qi GKwU
miKvi ev msm` LyeB Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b we`¨gvb
70wU †Rjvi MVb h_vh_fv‡e Kiv nq wb e‡j G¸‡jv‡K cybM©wVZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Avgvi g‡b nq bv †h, Avgv‡ì GB †`kwU‡Z mwZ¨ mwZ¨ 64wU †Rjv n‡Z cv‡i| Ggb
A‡bK †QvU †QvU †Rjv Av‡Q hvi Avjv`v †Rjv nIqv DwPZ wQ‡jvbv| GKKvjxb
gnKzgv‡K †Kvb evQwePvi QvovB †Rjvq DbœxZ Kivi GB Ae¯’vwU n‡q‡Q| Avwg g‡b
Kwi, mvKz‡j¨ 44wU †Rjv Ges 6wU gnvbMi wg‡j †gvU 50wU †Rjv miKvi n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e hw` Av‡iv RwUjZv m„wó n‡e e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, Z‡e cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi eZ©gvb
iƒcKvVv‡gv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo welqwU n‡”Q ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi ¯ÍiwU wKfv‡e Kvh©Ki n‡e| Avgiv †mw`‡K GKUz bRi w`‡Z cvwi|
HwZnvwmKfv‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi wn‡m‡e GB AÂ‡j cÖvPxbKv‡j cÂv‡qr cÖ_v Pvjy
wQ‡jv| cÂv‡qZ gv‡b cv‡Pi AwaK gvby‡li mgvMg| GL‡bv †jv‡K e‡j Ô`‡k hv
e‡jÕ| A_©vr MÖv‡gi `kRb gvbyl GL‡bv mgv‡Ri cÖavb| G‡Z †evSv hvq, cÂv‡qr
cÖ_vwU MÖv‡gi gvby‡li hy_e× Rxe‡bi mv‡_ cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB hy³| cÖvPxbKv‡j
cÂv‡q‡Zi †jvKRb ivRv KZ…©K g‡bvbxZ ev MÖvgevmx‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡Zv|
cÂv‡qr Ggbfv‡e MwVZ n‡Zv †h m¤úª`vq ev eY©wfwËK cÖwZwbwaZ¡I Zv‡Z _vK‡Zv|
GB cÖwZôvbwU f‚wg e›UY Ges Ki Av`v‡q miKvi‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Zv| gymjgvb
kvmKMY ev weªwUk Avg‡jI GB ¯’vbxq ms¯’v‡K nqivwb ev †nb¯’v Kiv nqwb|
GKmg‡q Rwg`vix cÖ_v Pvjy nq Ges Rwg`viiv ¯’vbxq mgm¨vi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|
1870 mv‡j MÖvg †PŠwK`vi AvBb cvk K‡iI †PŠwK`vi‡ì‡K cÂv‡q‡Zi Aaxb¯’
Kiv nq| Z‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq weªwUkiv ewjô c`‡ÿc †bq 1885 mv‡j ¯’vbxq
¯^kvmb AvBb cvk K‡i| ZLbI †Rjv ch©v‡q †Rjv †evW© gnKzgv ch©v‡q †jvKvj
†evW© MVb K‡i cÂv‡qZ‡K Aÿzbœ ivLv nq| 1919 mv‡j weªwUkiv cÂv‡qZ cÖ_v evwZj
K‡i Ges BDwbqb †evW© MVb K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j mvgwiK kvmK AvBq~e Lvb
†gŠwjK MYZš¿ Pvjy K‡ib Ges BDwbqb KvDwÝj‡K Pv½v K‡ib| evsjv‡`k Avg‡j
BDwbqb cwil` mivmwi wbe©vP‡bi AvIZvq Av‡m| Z‡e GB ms¯’vwU KL‡bvB mvaviY
gvyb‡li Kj¨v‡Y Av¯’v AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|
Ab¨w`‡K fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ cÂv‡qr cÖ_v‡K AvaywbKZvq cyó Kiv nq| cwðge‡½i
cÂv‡qr c×wZ m¤ú‡K© evsjv‡`‡ki ew`Dj Avj‡gi wKQz gšÍe¨, ÒThe panchayat
67
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
system appears to provide a systematic training ground for the people
who will take top leadership positions in the country in the future.
Women are making impressive strides in this quest for leadership.
Of the six panchayati raj institutions we visited, all were headed by
women with the exception of one. One of the pradhans (chairs) was
a minority woman. Quite a few of the women won against men,
outside the reservation system. It appears that the leadership of the
ordinary people is being established in West Bengal. Through the
panchayat system, the voiceless seemed to have gained the voice.
We are also impressed by the status of the panchayat representatives
vis-a-vis the bureaucracy. In West Bengal, panchayat bodies are not
subservient to the bureaucracy, rather it is the other way around. With
commitment to democratic decentralization, these bodies are on their
way to becoming truly self-governing institutions. In every
panchayat we visited, the government officials work under the
leadership of the panchayat representatives and the former always
took the back seats.
Bureaucracy appears to be trying to take the role of what may be
called “development governance” rather than “administrative
goverance” involving operational control and regulations.We found
that the government has a lot of schemes and projects for the people
at the grassroots. It is claimed that 52% of the government budget
goes to the people at the bottom, of which 16 percent are spent
through the panchayats. Increasing amounts of funds given to pan-
chayats are untied. We have also found that gram panchayats, the
lowest local government bodies, get the highest proportion of local
government funds, 50 percent; panchayat samitis get the next highest
proportion, 30 percent; and the remaining 20 percent go to zilla
parishads. Because of the panchayat system the cost of delivery of
government services has significantly gone down.
It was interesting for us to note that almost all the work that is
performed by the NGOs in Bangladesh is the responsibility of the
panchayati raj institutions. NGOs appear to work as contractors for
the panchayats.
A system of transparency and accountability appears to be an
important feature of the panchayati raj system in West Bengal. Gram
68
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
sansads (meeting at the ward, or sub-panchayat level) and gram sab-
has (mass assemblies of the entire panchayat) not only provide op-
portunities for practicing participatory democracy, they also serve as
forums for planning, information dissemination and most importantly
for holding the gram panchayat leaders to account.
Panchayat elections are held on party tickets. Still, representatives
evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi D‡`¨v‡M †`ke¨vcx AvBwmwU m‡PZbZv †cÖvMÖv‡gi Ab¨Zg

welq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
of different parties appear to work together as a corporate body.

Unlike in Bangladesh, panchayat bodies are not dominated by their
chairs.
Because of the use of the panchayat system as a vehicle fo
decentralization of authority and devolution of resources at an
increasing rate, West Bengal achieved impressive progress in both
economic and social areas. The proportion of people below the
poverty line in West Bengal is claimed to be the lowest in the nation.
In social areas also, especially in the areas of improving the condi-
tions of the women and the minority, their gain in enviable.
All of us returned to Bangladesh greatly impressed by the successes
of the panchayat system and committed to vigorously pursue the goal
69
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
of strengthening our system of local governance. Our hosts were
most gracious and hospitable at every place we visited – they show-
ered us with heartfelt felicitation. In fact, we were overwhelmed by
their affection and warmth.
Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq, Avgiv ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vwU‡K BDwbqb KvDwÝj, cÂv‡qZ,
MÖvg miKvi †h bv‡gB WvwK cwðge‡½i cÂv‡qr eë¯’v †_‡K Avgv‡ì †ek wKQz
wkÿv MÖnY Kivi Av‡Q| cwðge‡½i cÂv‡qr cÖ_vi mvd‡jï †cQ‡b `ywU KviY LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b n‡”Q| cÖ_gZ GwU Avgv‡ì BDwbqb KvDwÝ‡ji g‡Zv GKwU
jy‡Uiv ms¯’vq cwiYZ nqwb| GLv‡b RbM‡Yi mivmwi AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡ì BDwbqb KvDwÝ‡ji g‡ZvB GwU wbe©vwPZ ms¯’v n‡jI RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Gi
Revew`wnZv Av‡Q| miKvwi cÖkvmb Gi Aax‡b KvR K‡i| d‡j cÖkvmb‡K Nyl w`‡q
Dbœq‡bi eivÏ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq bv| wØZxqZ cwðge‡½i ivR¨ miKvi GB ms¯’vwU‡K
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dbœq‡bi KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ mn RbM‡Yi cÖ‡hvRbxq KvR
Kivi Rb¨ GB `vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo K_vwU n‡jv ivR‰bwZK A½xKvi|
hw` kxl© ch©v‡q KwgU‡g›U bv _v‡K Z‡e †h bv‡gB Avgiv WvwKbv †Kb, †h c×wZ‡ZB
Avgiv hvBbv †Kb †Kvb mgvavb cvIqv hv‡ebv|
Dcmsnv‡i Avgiv GK_v ej‡Z cvwi †h, evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq
miKv‡ii ÿgZvi my®úó we‡K›`ªxKiY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g ¯^kvwmZfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb
(Avwg G‡K MÖvg msm` ev cÂv‡qr ej‡j Lykx n‡ev) GB wZb ¯Í‡ii ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K
Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme cÖwZôvb‡K Ki Av`vq, cÖKí MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi mywbw`©ó
e¨vcK ÿgZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| †`kiÿv, civivóª, gy`ªv-A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ, AvBb
I RvZxq Dbœqb Gme welq Qvov evKx¸‡jv‡K ¯^kvwmZ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b wb‡Z
n‡e| GRb¨ †Rjv‡K cÖavb I mgš^qKvix BDwbU wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
Dc‡Rjv I BDwbqb‡K †Rjvi BDwbU wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
RbcÖkvmb I AvgjvZš¿: AvaywbK GKwU iv‡óªi AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU
As‡ki bvg AvgjvZš¿| Kvh©Z ivRbxwZweìv cwiewZ©Z n‡jI Avgv‡ì †`‡k
AvgjvZš¿ cwiewZ©Z nqbv| wKš‘ †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb I AMMÖwZ‡Z GB AvgjvZš¿B
e¨vcK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GMv‡ivB Rvbyqvwi †`‡k Riæwi Ae¯’v Rvwii ci ivR-
bxwZwe`‡ì wel‡q †hgb `„p c`‡ÿc †bqv n‡q‡Q AvgjvZš¿‡K †Zgb †Kvb Pv‡ci
gy‡L ivLv nqwb| wKš‘ ev¯Íe mZ¨ n‡jv, ivRbxwZwe`‡ì `yb©xwZ KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡Zvbv,
hw` Avgjviv G‡Z mg_©b bv w`‡Zv| ˆ`wbK Avgv‡ì mgq cwÎKvi 5 GwcÖj 2007
msL¨vq evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ wel‡q GKwU AwZ PgrKvi we‡kølY Qvcv n‡q‡Q|
hwÌ GB we‡kølY-Gi cy‡ivUvB mwVK bq, Z_vwc GwU ch©v‡jvPbvi `vwe iv‡L|
70
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Avgv‡ì AvgjvZš¿ m¤ú‡K© Ggb e³e¨ †Zgb Lye GKUv cvIqv hvqbv| Avgv‡ì
mgq-Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Askwe‡kl GLv‡b D×…Z Kiv n‡jv: ivR‰bwZK A`~i`wk©Zvi
Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ mwVK c‡_ G¸‡Z cv‡iwb| eis fzj Ae¯’vb †_‡K
ïiæ, wmGmwc-wewmGm Ø›Ø, `jevwR, `yb©xwZ, e¨v‡P e¨v‡P †Kv›`j, avivevwnKwenxb
Kg© c×wZ Ges AvZ¥xqZv I NwbôZv‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qvq AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖvwZôvwbK I
†ckv`vi †Pnviv M‡o I‡Vwb| A_P cÖkvm‡bi eZ©gvb mxgve×Zv, AmZZv, Awbqg,
e¨_©Zv, A‡hvM¨Zv I A`ÿZv `~i Ki‡Z †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| GRb¨
miKv‡ii Ab¨ cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk wmwfj cÖkvm‡bi ms¯‹viI Riæwi n‡q
c‡o‡Q| hy³iv‡óªi ¯ú‡qj wm‡÷‡gi g‡Zv GKwU cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v cÖe©Z‡Yi K_v
we‡ePbvi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb †KD †KD| mv‡eK I eZ©gvb mwPe‡ì A‡b‡KB GgbwU
g‡b K‡ib| Zv‡ì g‡Z, MZ 36 eQ‡iI evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ cÖvwZôvwbK I
†ckv`vi †Pnvivq A¼zwiZ nq wb| Gi AšÍwb©wnZ KviY¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK
A`~i`wk©Zvi Kvi‡Y fzj Ae¯’vb †_‡K AvgjvZ‡š¿i hvÎv| G‡`‡k e„wUk kvmb‡K
cvKv‡cv³ I w¯’wZkxj Ki‡ZB hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj e„wUk AvgjvZ‡š¿i| e„wU‡ki †mB
AvgjvZ‡š¿ wmwfj †mvmvBwU I RbwcÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q Revew`wnZvi †Kv‡bv welq wQj
bv| e„wUk‡ì †mB avivevwnKZvqB M‡o I‡VwQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvgjvZš¿| e„wUk I
fvi‡Zi AwfÁZvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi †mB Avgjviv wQj GwjU †kªYxi Ges ivRbxwZwe`‡ì
†P‡q `ÿ| cvkvcvwk gymwjg jx‡M †ev×v I wek¦vmx mnKg©xi Afv‡e Mf©bi †gvnv¤§`
Avjx wRbœvn I cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb `yRbB wQ‡jb Avgjvwbf©i| ivR-
bxwZK‡ì Ici Zv‡ì Av¯’viI Afve wQj| d‡j ivRbxwZK‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ði Ici
bRi`vwi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZ‡e`b †`qvi wb‡`©k wQj Avgjv‡ì cÖwZ| Avgjviv
ivRbxwZwe`‡ì `yb©xwZevR, †jvfx, Amr BZ¨vw` we‡klY Ry‡o w`‡q cÖwZ‡e`b w`Z|
wkÿv, GwjU fvevcbœZv, A_©-weË Pj‡b ivRbxwZweìv KL‡bvB Avgjv‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx wQ‡jb fviZ †Q‡o cvwK¯Ív‡b emwZ ¯’vcb
Kiv ev¯‘nviv| GRb¨ cvÄvex I Avgjviv Zv‡K cvËvB w`Z bv| Avgjv‡ì g‡bv‡hvM
cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx e³…Zvq ej‡Zb ÔAvcbviv RbM‡Yi gwbe,
G‡Ì kvmbfvi Avcbv‡ì Ici|Õ A_P fvi‡Z n‡qwQj Gi D‡ëvwU| 1948 mv‡j
RInijvj †b‡niæ fvi‡Zi AvBwmGm‡Ì D‡Ï‡k¨ e‡jwQ‡jb ÔAvcbviv RbM‡Yi
†meK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb|Õ 1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi mgq BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m
(AvBwmGm) I fviZxq AwWU mvwf©‡mi K‡qKRb Avgjv AZ¨šÍ cÖfvekvjx n‡q
I‡Vb| ivóªÿgZvi wkL‡i Av‡ivnYB Zv‡ì jÿ¨ n‡q I‡V| AwWU mvwf©‡mi WvK-
mvB‡U Avgjv ¸jvg †gvnv¤§` cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g A_©gš¿x wbhy³ nb| GKB mvwf©‡mi
Aci m`m¨ †PŠayix †gvnv¤§` Avjx cvwK¯Ívb wmwfj mvwf©‡mi (wmGmwc) me‡P‡q
cÖfvekvjx mwPe nb| cieZ©x‡Z GB Avgjvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K †m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡i‡ji
c` m„wó Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| Zvi Aem‡ii m‡½ m‡½ c`wUI wejyß n‡q hvq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mv‡eK †mbv kvmK AvBDe Lvb Zvi GK wjLvq D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, 1951 mv‡j wjqvKZ
Avjx Lvb Lyb nIqvi †cQ‡b wZb Avgjv RwoZ wQ‡jv| wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb Lyb nIqvi
`yeQi ci 1953 mv‡j ¸jvg †gvnv¤§` cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©I †Rbv‡ij Ges †PŠayix
†gvnv¤§` Avjx n‡qwQ‡jb A_©gš¿x| cÖvq GK eQi ci ¸jvg †gvnv¤§‡ì RvqMvq
Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wbhy³ nb fviZxq cywjk mvwf©‡mi m`m¨ B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v| 1954i
wbe©vP‡b cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b gymwjg jxM Ges c~e© evsjvq hy³d«›U msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b
K‡i| cvwK¯Ív‡b GKwU †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqvi Rb¨ gymwjg jxM
†PŠayix †gvnv¤§` Avjx‡K †bZv wbe©vwPZ K‡i| wKš‘ †gvnv¤§` Avjx hy³d«›U I
†mvnivIqv`©xi m‡½ †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i †cªwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi m‡½ mvÿvr
K‡i wb‡RB cÖavbgš¿x n‡q hvb| hwÌ GK eQ‡ii gv_vq †mB ÿgZv †mvnivIqv`©xi
nv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡qwQj| ¸jvg †gvnv¤§`, B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v I †gvnv¤§` Avjx GB
wZbR‡bi nvZ a‡i M‡o IVv AvgjvZš¿ cvwK¯Ív‡b GKvav‡I gwbe †kÖYxi AvgjvZš¿
I kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e `xN©Kvj ivRbxwZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì mivmwi AvnŸv‡bB
1958 mv‡j ÿgZv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb †mbvkvmK AvBqye Lvb| cvwK¯Ívbx AvgjvZ‡š¿i
bL `‡šÍ mš¿¯Í evsjv‡`kx kvmK‡kÖYx ¯^vaxbZvi ci Avgjv‡ì PvKwii wbivcËv wbwðZ
K‡iwb| msweav‡bI Zv‡ì PvKwii wbivcËvi †Kv‡bv eë¯’v ivLv nqwb| A_P
evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ †mB cyi‡bv e„wUk KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨B †e‡o I‡V| e„wUk‡ì kvmb
Kivi †h bxwZ †mB bxwZKvVv‡gvq ùvwo‡qB G‡`‡ki AvgjvZ‡š¿i hvÎv ïiæ| e„wUk
AvgjvZ‡š¿ †hgb EaŸ©Zb‡ì Kv‡QB Revew`wnZv mxgveä wQj, evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡ÎI
GgbwUB n‡q‡Q| RbMY wKsev iv‡ó«I Kv‡Q Revew`wnZvi welqwU wbwðZ Kiv nqwb|
iv‡óªi Ab¨ `ywU ¯Í¤¢ AvBb I wePvi wefv‡Mi m‡½ Avgjv‡ì mym¤úK© †bB| eis AvBb
wefv‡Mi m‡½ i‡q‡Q GK ai‡bi myweav †Kw›`ªK m¤úK©| Aek¨ AvPgKvB evsjv‡`‡ki
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miKv‡i †WcywU †m‡µUvwi c‡ì †ZŠwdK Bgvg, byiæj Kv‡ì, Ave`ym mvgv`, L›`Kvi
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†MvovcËb NUvb A¯’vqx miKv‡ii wmwfj cÖkvm‡bi| ...................Gw`‡K cÖkvm‡b
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Rbej wb‡qvM Kiv nq| e½eÜz BÛvw÷ªqvj g¨v‡bR‡g›U mvwf©m (AvBGgGm) bv‡g
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Avmv`y¾vgvb I †ZŠwdK Bgvg‡K PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv nq| Avi †m mgq mwdDj AvRgmn
ewn®‹…Z I ewÂZ‡ì‡K cybe©nvj Ges c`vwqZ Kiv nq| cybe©nv‡ji ZvwjKvq Gi
Av‡Mi ewÂZ 9 wmGmwc AwdmviI wQ‡jb| A_©vr ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB ïiæ nq
72
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gyw³‡hv×v- Agyw³‡hv×v Ø›Ø, wmGmwc, BwcwmGm I wewmGm Ø›Ø I cvi¯úwiK we‡Øl|
PvKwii wbivcËv bv _vKvq Kg©KZ©viv †Zvlv‡gv`Kvix I AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK n‡q c‡ib|
cvkvcvwk D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv cvjb I m„wókxj Kv‡R AvMÖn †_‡g hvq| d‡j PvKwiwU n‡q
c‡o †eZb I †Pqvi‡Kw›`ªK| Ab¨w`‡K, wmGmwc Awdmvi‡ì GwjU g‡bvfve Õ75-
Gi ci mycvi GwjU †kÖYx‡Z cwiYZ nq| AZxZ `ÿZvq Zviv cÖkvmb‡K Ggb
Ae¯’vq wb‡q hvq †h, ivRbxwZwe` I Aemicªvß mvgwiK †Rbv‡ij‡ì Kv‡Q Zv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q c‡o| Zviv wewmGm‡K e¨½ K‡i ej‡Zv evsjv‡`k
K¨v‡Uj mvwf©m| †h wmGmwc‡ì nvZ a‡i G‡`‡ki wmwfj mvwf©m weKwkZ nIqvi K_v
†mB wmGmwciv ey¨v‡iv‡µwm M‡o †Zvjvi `vwqZ¡ bv †bqvq G‡`‡ki ey¨v‡iv‡µwmi
†Kv‡bv PwiÎB Avi ùvovqwb| wmwfj mvwf©‡mi k~b¨Zv cyi‡Y wmGmwciv wewmGm‡ì
nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR †kLv‡j G‡`‡k ey¨v‡iv‡µwmi †ckv`vi PwiÎ `vuov‡Z cvi‡Zv e‡j
g‡b K‡ib A‡bK Kg©KZ©v| Gw`‡K, 1973-Gi ci Õ77 mv‡j wewmGm-G wØZxq e¨vP
wb‡qvM †`qv nq| ...... 79, 81 I 82 e¨vPI fv‡jv e¨vP wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| .....Gikv`
ivóª ÿgZvq G‡m cÖkvmb‡K RbM‡Yi †`vi‡Mvovq wb‡q hvIqvi †NvlYv w`‡q Dc‡Rjv
c×wZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Dc‡Rjv Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 83 mv‡j 650
R‡bi wekvj msL¨K GKwU e¨vP‡K wb‡qvM cixÿv Qvov ïaygvÎ GgwmwKDi (wUK
wP‡ýi cixÿv) gva¨‡g wb‡qvM Kiv nq| G‡ì eqmmxgv 50 eQi ch©šÍ D¤§y³ wQj|
Zv‡Ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿYI nqwb| Gme Kvi‡Y G wb‡qv‡Mi kZ© wQj Giv Dc‡Rjv
g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡eB Aem‡i hv‡e| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK Z`we‡i G kZ© cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i
G‡ì‡K wmwfj cÖkvm‡bi avivevwnKZvq hy³ Kiv nq| 83 mv‡ji ci ciB GKB
mg‡q 84Zg e¨v‡P 450 Ges I 85 e¨v‡P wiµzU Kiv nq 550 Rb‡K|
mgmvgwqK mg‡q Dchy©cwi wZbwU e¨v‡P AwaK msL¨K wb‡qv‡Mi d‡j wmwfj mvwf©‡m
A‡cÿvK…Z `yej© ivI cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM †c‡q hvq| eywbqvw` cÖwkÿY, AvBb I
cÖkvmbmn K¨vwiqvi †W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui †Kv‡bv †Kvm© Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Giv| c‡i †KD
†KD ¯^í‡gqvw` cÖwkÿY MªnY K‡i‡Qb| IB mgq wbe©vPb Awdmvi I †mbvwbev‡mi
wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡KI wmwfj cÖkvm‡b AvZ¥¯’ Kiv nq| Gme bvbv Awbq‡gi Kvi‡Y
`xN©w`b hver c`vqb I c‡`vbœwZ‡Z gvivZ¥K w¯’Zve¯’v m„wó nq| 10wU c‡ì wecix‡Z
15 †_‡K 20 Rb‡KI c`vwqZ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AvZ¥¯’ nIqv cÖwkÿYwenxb
Awdmvi‡ì †ckv`vi g‡bve„wËi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y cÖkvmb µgvš^‡q `yb©xwZcÖeY n‡q
c‡i| `yb©xwZi `v‡q †hŠ_evwnbxi nv‡Z m¤úÖwZ PÆMÖv‡g †MÖdZvi nIqv wWwm †gv.
nvmvb wbe©vPb Awdmvi †_‡K AvZ¥¯’ n‡qwQ‡jb| GL‡bv †hme Kg©KZ©vi weiæ‡×
Awf‡hvM †kvbv hv‡”Q Zv‡ì AwaKvskB AvZ¥¯’ nIqv| ............wmwfj cÖkvm‡b
wmGmwc‡ì nxbgb¨Zv Ges Dch©ycwi `ye©j wiµzU‡g‡›U wewmGm µgvš^‡q A`ÿ I
AKg©Y¨ n‡q c‡o| Gme Kvi‡Y †m mgq ivRbxwZweìv wmGmwc wbf©i n‡q c‡o|
wmwfj cÖkvm‡bi Rywbqiiv c`¯’‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv I wb‡`©kbv cvqwb|
73
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
85 e¨vPwU mvjvnDwÏ‡bi e¨vP wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ cvq| GB e¨vP †_‡KB Agy‡Ki e¨vP
Zgy‡Ki e¨vP bv‡g cwiwPwZ †c‡Z _v‡K| g~jZ AvšÍe¨vP Kjn I ivR‰bwZK ˆbKU¨
jv‡fi nxb cÖ‡Póvi Kvi‡YB G cwiPq ùvwo‡q hvq| 86 mv‡ji e¨vPwU 86i e¨vP bv
n‡q 8g e¨vP wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ cvq| Gici †_‡KB 9g, 10g e¨vP wn‡m‡e e¨vP cwi-
wPwZ ïiæ nq| GB 8g †_‡K 19Zg e¨vP ch©šÍ wb‡qvM wb‡q Avi †Kv‡bv weZK© nqwb|
20Zg e¨v‡P ¯^ímsL¨K wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mvK©yjvi Rvwi K‡i wb‡qvM †`qv nq †ewk|
ZLbB wcGmwm wb‡q cÖ_g cÖkœ I‡V| Gici 24, 25 I 27Zg e¨v‡P G‡m wcGmwm
wb‡q weZK© e¨vcKZv cvq| A_P G RvZxq Awf‡hvM wmwfj mvwf©‡mi Ges
AvgjvZ‡š¿i fveg~wZ©i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKi| G RvZxq Awf‡hvM wb‡q AvgjvZvwš¿K
Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek KL‡bvB myLKi nq bv| wmGmwc welqK AvBb Kvbyb ˆZwi n‡qwQj
1935 mv‡ji Mfb©‡g›U Ae BwÛqv A¨v± Abyhvqx| cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweav‡bI †m¸‡jvB
Aby‡gvw`Z nq| d‡j cvwK¯Ívb cÖkvm‡bi mwPevj‡qi Dc-mwPe †_‡K mwPe ch©šÍ
c`¸‡jvi `yB Z…ZxqvskB wmGmwc‡ì Rb¨ msiwÿZ wQ‡jv| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k ch©vß
wmGmwc bv _vKvq evsjv‡`k mgwš^Z wmwfj mvwf©m (wewmGm) Ges wmwbqi cwjwm
cy‡ji (Gmwcwc) cÖeZ©b K‡i k~b¨Zv c~iY I msiÿY cÖ_v wejyß Kiv nq| Dc-mwPe
†_‡K mwPe ch©šÍ c`¸‡jv Gmwcwci AšÍf©y³ nq| G‡Z wewmGm Gi 14wU kvLvi †h
†KD wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Gmwcwci m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡Zb| Z‡e G‡Z
wewmGm (cÖkvmb) I we‡klÁ cÖK…wP (cÖ‡KŠkjx, K…wlwe` I wPwKrmK) K¨vWvi‡ì
g‡a¨ wfbœ Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q| wewmGm (we‡klÁ) †ì D”P c‡ì †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡jB
mwPevj‡qi D”P c‡` Avm‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKš‘ wewmGm (cÖkvmb) K¨vWv‡ii we‡klÁ‡ì
D”P c‡` hvIqvi my‡hvM wQj bv| Gw`‡K, gvV cÖkvm‡b 1960 mvj ch©šÍ cywjk
mycv‡ii (Gmwci) Ici †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki (wWwmi) wbqš¿Y wQj| Gmwci Kv‡Ri
g~j¨vqb K‡i wWwm evwl©K †Mvcbxq cÖwZ‡e`b (GwmAvi) wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii Kv‡Q
cvVv‡Zb| AvBqye Lvb 60 mv‡j wWwmi G ÿgZv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| 1973 mv‡j e½eÜz
miKvi GwU cybc©ÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wRqvDi ingvb ivó«ÿgZvq G‡mB †mB ÿgZv
Avevi cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| wRqv miKvi 1976-80 mvj ch©šÍ mg‡q 23 Rb mvgwiK
Awdmvi‡K Gmwc c‡` c`vwqZ K‡ib| G‡Z wmwfj cÖkvmb mvgwiKvqb AvZ‡¼ mš¿¯Í
n‡q I‡V| †m mgq †eZb KvVv‡gvi w`K †_‡KI mvaviY K¨vWvi‡ì †QvU †`Lv‡bvi
†Póv Kiv nq| 1978 mv‡j bZzb †eZb KvVv‡gvq mvaviY K¨vWvi‡ì we‡klÁ‡ì
wb‡P bvwg‡q Avbv nq| G †¯‹‡j wWwmi †eZb wQj 1400-2225 UvKv| GKB gh©v`vi
mycvwi‡›U‡Û›U BwÄwbqv‡ii †eZb wQj 2100-2600 UvKv| Gme Kvi‡Y †Rjv ch©v‡qi
AvBb k„•Ljv I Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri mgš^‡q e¨vNvZ ïiæ nq| GB k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨
1980 mv‡j wRqv miKvi GKRb msm` m`m¨‡K Dcgš¿xi gh©v`v w`‡q wWw÷ª±
†Wfjc‡g›U †Kv-AwW©‡bUi (wWwWwm) wbhy³ K‡ib| wKš‘ G‡Z Kvh©Ki wKQy nqwb|
Aek¨ Gi Av‡M AvIqvgx jxM miKvi evKkvj MVb K‡i GKRb msm` m`m¨‡K
74
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wewmGm AvBwmwU Iqvì© 2008-G ¯‹zj-K‡j‡RiQvÎ-QvÎx‡ì wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k avibv

†`qv nq|
†Rjvi Mfb©i wbhy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| ejv n‡qwQj mvaviY I ivR¯^ cÖkvm‡bi wn‡m‡e
†Rjv Mfb©i †Rjvi cÖkvmwbK mgš^q I wbqš¿‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| Av`vjZ‡K
Zvi K‡g©i evB‡i ivLv n‡qwQj| AvBb wefvM Qvov †Rjvi Ab¨ Avgjviv Zvi Aa¯Íb
n‡eb| Z‡e ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y G wbhyw³ gv‡V Movqwb| Gikv`
kvmbvg‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q †Rjv cwil`‡K cybiæ¾xweZ K‡i GKRb mvsm` ev
ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡K †Pqvig¨vb wbhy³ K‡ib| †Rjv cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vbB ZLb †Rjvi
Dbœq‡bi KvR †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| 1991 mv‡j weGbwc ÿgZvq G‡m GKRb msm`
m`m¨‡K †Rjv gš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| †Rjv gš¿xMY †Rjv Dbœqb mgš^q I AvBb
k„•Ljv KwgwUi mvwe©K KvR gwbUi ïiæ K‡ib| A_P KvM‡R-Kj‡g †Rjv cÖkvmK
n‡”Qb G KwgwUi mfvcwZ| êaZv QvovB †Rjv gš¿xMY mgš^q KwgwUi mfv¸‡jv‡Z
mfvcwZZ¡ Ki‡Zb Ges KvRKg© †`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| G‡Z mgš^q KwgwUi mfv¸‡jvq
IB †Rjv gš¿xi mg_©K wKsev `jxq †bZvivI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q IV‡Zv| G‡Z mgš^q
KwgwU n‡q co‡Zv AwZ gvÎvq `jxq ivRbxwZ cÖfvweZ| †Rjv cÖkvmK I Ab¨
Kg©KZ©vMY gvV cÖkvm‡b †MŠY n‡q co‡Zb| G avivevwnKZv cieZ©x AvÕjxM Ges
me©‡kl Pvi `jxq †RvU miKv‡ii Avg‡jI Ae¨vnZ wQj|
1947 †_‡K 1962 mvj ch©šÍ mg‡q cvwK¯Ív‡b †gvU 28wU Kwgkb MwVZ nq| Gme
Kwgkb cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi, cybwe©b¨vm, c×wZMZ Dbœq‡bi mycvwik K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k
1971 †_‡K mvgwiK kvmbmn 97 mvj ch©šÍ meKwU miKv‡ii mg‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q
75
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†gvU 13wU Kwgkb| Gi g‡a¨ 1997 mv‡j MwVZ nIqv GwUGg kvgmyj n‡Ki Kwgkb-
wUB GKwU cwic~Y© I c~Y©v½ cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡i‡Q| GB Kwgkb wbD cvewjK
g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui (GbwcGg) aviYv m¤^wjZ †gvU 137wU ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ¯Íve †`q| Gig‡a¨
30wU AšÍeZ©xKvjxb, 70wU ¯^í^ ‡gqvw` Ges 37wU wQj `xN©‡gqvw` cÖ¯Íve| Kwgk‡bi
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j‡ÿ¨ mggbv gš¿Yvjq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K¬v÷vm© wm‡÷‡gi cÖPjb K‡I Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K
K¬v÷vm© gš¿Yvj‡qi g‡a¨ e`wj mxwgZ Kiv| wmwbqwiwU, †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZvi wfwË‡Z
c‡`vbœwZ I c`vq‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb mywcwiqi mvwf©m cyj (GmGmwc) ÷ªvKPv‡ii
cwie‡Z© mywcwiqi g¨v‡bR‡g›U cyj (GmGgwc) Kiv| †gavi wfwË‡Z K¨vWvi mvwf©‡m
wb‡qvM Ges c‡`vbœwZ cÖ`vb Ges †KvUv cÖ_v evwZ‡ji mycvwik Kiv nq| ¯’vbxq miKvi
eë¯’v‡K cybM©Vb Ges miKvwi KZ©…c‡ÿi bZzbfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv| cÖwZôvb I
Rbkw³i AvwaK¨ Kgv‡bv Ges ¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb MVb| cÖ¯Ív‡e
PvKwii eqmmxgv 60 eQi, mve©ÿwYK e¨vswKs, cywjwk eë¯’vi Dbœqb, Iqvb ÷c
mvwf©m Pvjy, BDwUwjwU mvwf©m¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i ïµ-kwbev‡iI Pvjy ivLvi cÖ¯Íve
Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖkœ i‡q hv‡”Q †h, Gme mycvwik †K K‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e?
AvgjvZš¿ wb‡q mv‡eK I eZ©gvb wZb Avgjvi K_v: eZ©gvb RbcÖkvmb cÖm‡½
mv‡eK †Kwe‡bU mwPe W. mvÕ`Z †nv‡mb e‡jb, ivR‰bwZK `ye©„Ëvqb cÖkvmb‡K aŸsm
K‡i †d‡j‡Q| cÖkvm‡b hviv GL‡bv KivÞ nqwb ZvivI avÜvevR n‡q †M‡Q| Awd‡mi
Kv‡R Zv‡ì Drmvn K‡g †M‡Q| `jevwR miKv‡ii cvIqv‡ii ÷ªvKPv‡ii †fZi Xz‡K
†M‡Q| hviv ÿgZvq _v‡K Zviv wKfv‡e Pvjv‡e Gi Ici wbf©i K‡i Rb cÖkvmb|
ivRbxwZweìvB Gi wbqš¿K| B‡”Q Ki‡jB †KD Avjv`vfv‡e fv‡jv _vK‡Z cvi‡e
bv| fv‡jv _vK‡Z PvB‡j PvKwi †Q‡o †`qv Qvov Zvi mvg‡b Avi †Kv‡bv c_ _v‡K
bv| e½eÜz, †gvkZvK, wRqv, Gikv`, Lv‡j`v wRqv I †kL nvwmbv mevB cvi‡mvbvj
g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui gva¨‡g RbcÖkvm‡K Pvwj‡q‡Qb| †KD ey¨‡iv‡µwm‡K ùvo Kiv‡bvi
†Póv K‡ibwb| ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB fzj c‡_ Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i ey¨‡iv‡µwm| ZLb
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civ P‡j hvIqvi ci †mB K¨vcvwewjwU †kl n‡q †M‡Q| GLb hviv mwPe Zv‡ì
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76
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
c_ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| miv‡Z n‡j mywbw`©ó KviY I cÖwµqv Qvov miv‡bv hv‡e bv Ggb
weavb Ki‡Z n‡e| wcGmwm‡Z †hvM¨ †jvK‡K wb‡qvM w`‡Z n‡e| PvKwii †ÿ‡Î me
ai‡bi †KvUv cÖ_v ev` w`‡Z n‡e| wZwb e‡jb, †Kwe‡bU, ms¯’vcb, ¯îvóª, A_© I
AvBb mwPe GB 5 mwPe c‡` wbhy³‡ì †ejvq wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e †h Zviv wbwØ©avq
gZvgZ w`‡Z cvi‡e, G‡Z Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv ÿwZ n‡e bv| GgbwK e`wjB n‡e Zv‡ì
m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í| Zvn‡jI ey¨‡iv‡µwm mvnm wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| †eZb KvVv‡gv
wb‡q wZwb e‡jb, ïiæ †_‡KB †eZb KvVv‡gv wQj `ye©j| ¯^vaxbZvi ci GKRb wWwmi
†eZb wQj 5k Ges Zvi †g‡›U‡bÝ LiPI wQj 5k UvKv| 3/4 gvm ci †eZb †e‡o
n‡qwQj 1 nvRvi UvKv| ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡Mi 9k c„_K †mjvwi ÷ªvKPvi (Gm Gm) †f‡½
20Uv BDbvB‡UW †mjvwi ÷ªvKPvi (BDGmGm) Kiv nq| 74 mv‡j G †eZb Av‡iv
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nvRvi Ges GLb †mwU 23 nvRvi UvKvq ùvwo‡q‡Q| G e¨vcv‡i mv‡eK K…wl mwPe
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†hvM¨ I `ÿ Kg©KZ©viv †hb †hvM¨Zi ¯’v‡b †h‡Z cv‡i ms¯’vc‡b †m eë¯’v _vK‡Z
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bv †c‡j nZvkv m„wó nq| G‡Z IB Kg©KZ©vi Kv‡Ri AvMÖnI K‡g hvq| MZ miKv‡ii
mgq `jxq AvbyM‡Zï Rb¨ cyi¯‹…Z Kivi Aven m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj| A‡b‡K ÿgZvq
†_‡KB wbe©vPbx ZrciZv ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| Aem‡ii Kgc‡ÿ 3 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †KD
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv G ai‡bi weavb nIqv DwPZ| hy³iv‡óªi ¯ú‡qj wm‡÷‡gi
e¨vcv‡i wØgZ †cvlY K‡i wZwb e‡jb G‡`‡ki gvbyl GL‡bv h‡_ó wkwÿZ n‡q
I‡Vwb| G ai‡bi c×wZ G‡`‡ki gvbyl mnRfv‡e †b‡e bv| mv‡eK AwZwi³ mwPe
RvZxq M„nvqb ms¯’vi †gv. mwdDj Avjg e‡jb, 1956 mv‡j RbcÖkvmb ms¯‹v‡ii
cÖ_g cÖ¯Íve †ck nq| †mB †_‡K 1997 mv‡j GwUGg kvgmyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ
MwVZ RbcÖkvmb ms¯‹vi Kwgkb ch©šÍ AwaKvs‡ki cÖ¯ÍveB ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| wZwb e‡jb,
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k Rb¯^v‡_©B cÖkvmwbK widg©m Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Rjv I
wmwU¸‡jv‡Z GLb Mfb©i c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q| Gme ¯’v‡b bvwRg n‡”Qb cÖkvmwbK cÖavb|
wZwb 21Uv wefvM mgš^q K‡i _v‡Kb| ms¯‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b gvbyl N‡i e‡m wbR
D‡`¨v‡M AbjvB‡b Kv÷gm wK¬qv‡iÝ I U¨v· cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡RB AbjvB‡b
wej Ad †jwWs I Gjwm I‡cb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †h ey¨‡iv‡µwm †_‡K
G‡`‡ki ey¨‡iv‡µwmi hvÎv †mB cvwK¯Ív‡b ms¯‹vi n‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Kb n‡e bv|
77
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wWwRUvj miKvi I cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v: gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª wWwRUvj miKv‡ii aviYvi
ev¯Íevqb ïiæ nq 1999 mv‡j| Zviv GB †cÖvMÖvgwUi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ e¨vcK M‡elYv
ïiy K‡i| cvkvcvwk ïiæ nq †mBme M‡elYvcÖm~Z djvdj ev¯Íevqb| Zv‡ì aviYv
n‡”Q Ggb, miKvi n‡jv GKwU mvgvwRK ms¯’v| Zviv wWwRUvj miKv‡ii mgm¨v
m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, wWwRUvj miKv‡ii mgm¨v †Kej KvwiMwi ev
cÖPwjZ eëmv ev mvwf©m cÖ`vb Kivi bq| GwU †KejgvÎ GKwU eëmvqx Kvh©µgI
bq| eis evwYwR¨Kfv‡e miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi D‡`¨vM †`LvB hvqbv|
Gme mgm¨vi mgvav‡b cÖ‡qvRb M‡elYvi| In addition to Digital Govern-
ment’s ultimate reliance on utilization of technology, disciplines such
as sociology, political science, public administration, business, and
law are inextricably involved. The countless applications of infor-
mation technology to different government services require the
participation of researchers from fields as diverse as communica-
tions, statistics, transportation, social work, criminal justice, and
architecture, to name only a few. Researchers in the NSF’s DG
program have collaborated at the federal, state, or local levels with
government employees in a wide variety of areas.
†hme Lv‡Z miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ RwoZ welq¸‡jv wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYvi
cÖ‡qvRb Zvi gv‡S i‡q‡Q; miKv‡ii KvR cwiPvjbvi wbqg I c×wZ, miKv‡ii
wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq-wefvM-Awa`ßi-ms¯’v I cÖwZôv‡bi gv‡S AvšÍ †hvMv‡hvM I wm×všÍ
MÖnY cÖwµqv, ¯’vbxq ms¯’vmg~‡ni mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I †bUIqvK©, RvZxq cwimsL¨vb
AeKvVv‡gv, Rb wbivcËv I AvBb cÖ‡qvM, msKU I `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq `ªæZ †imcÝ
Kiv I Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv Pvwn`v-Z‡_ï gvb I mieivn, RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q
miKv‡ii Z_¨ †cŠQv‡bvi eë¯’v-gwbUwis-†mwÝs, †fvUvi ZvwjKv-bvMwiK‡ì †fvU-
vwaKvi I cÖv_©x‡ì Z_¨, AvBb cÖYqb Kvh©µg, mvsm` I msm` welqK Z_¨vejx,
cwi‡ekMZ Z_¨ msnZKiY-gwbUwis I eë¯’vcbv, RbKj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÐ, MY
cwienb-ivRc_-†ijc_-moK-†bŠc_-RvnvR I †bŠ PjvPj, miKvix wm×všÍMÖnY,
bvMwiK‡ì mv‡_ gZ wewbgq, Revew`wnZv, AwWU, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wbivcËv|
wWwRUvj miKvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡gwiKvi ivR¨¸‡jvi gv‡S wWwRUvj miKvi cÖwZôvq
2004, 2006 mv‡j cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvix wgwmMvb iv‡Rï Mfb©i e‡jb,
“Information technology continues to play a critical role in creating
efficiencies, and it remains at the heart of everything we are doing to
provide government service to Michigan citizens,” said Michigan
Gov. Jennifer M. Granholm. “Whether it’s making hunting and fish-
ing licenses available online, or making it easier for businesses to
78
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
get the permits they need, or providing an online talent bank for em-
ployers and job seekers to find each other, I’m proud of the many
things we have done through technology to improve service to our
citizens.” (m~Î: wWwRUvj †÷‡m mv‡f© wi‡cvU© 2007) m~Î Abyhvqx gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª
wWwRUvj miKv‡ii Rb¨ evRvi n‡jv 87 wewjqb Wjv‡ii| Avgiv Abyfe Kwi,
evsjv‡`k GB †cÖwÿ‡Z Zvi hvÎvI ïiæ K‡iwb| A_P Riæix Ae¯’v Rvixi c‡i GwU
Av‡iv Zxeªfv‡e Abyf‚Z n‡”Q †h Avgv‡ì Rb¨ GKwU wWwRUvj miKvi Aek¨B
ìKvi|
3.7 wWwRUvj wkÿveë¯’v : AvIqvvgx jxM miKvi wkÿv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qB
Zv‡ì wØZxq †gqv` ïiæ K‡i| cvVëB-Gi msKU Ges gš¿x g‡nv`‡qi evsjv evRvi
†`ŠoSvc w`‡q hvÎv ïiæ Kivi ci miKvi GLb bZzb wkÿv KwgwU MVb K‡i‡Q|
KwgwUi GKwU mfvI n‡q‡Q GB Kwgk‡b Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Zv wewkó wkÿvwe`‡ì‡K
AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvgx `vgx GBme wkÿvwe`‡ì Ici RvwZi A‡b‡K Av¯’v|
Kvgbv Kwi, Zviv RvwZi †mB cÖZ¨vkv c~iY Ki‡eb| AZx‡ZI Ggb Kwgkb MVb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Zi Kwgkb¸‡jv h_vixwZ Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡e`b `vwLj K‡i‡Q Ges
miKvi †mBme cÖwZ‡e`b MÖnY K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q †h, †Kvb miKviB GLb
ch©šÍ wkÿvi msKU †_‡K RvwZ‡K D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GB bv cvivUv †h wK fqsKi
cwiYwZ †W‡K G‡b‡Q, Avwg Rvwbbv †mwU †Kvb gnj Abyfe K‡i‡Qb wKbv| Avgv‡ì
wkÿv eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© wewkó wkÿvwe` cÖ‡dmi Avwbmy¾vgvb e‡jb, Òevsjv‡`‡ki
wkÿvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †h `ywU mZ¨ Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L cÖ_‡g aiv c‡o| Zv GB †h, wkÿv
mKj gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠQvqwb Ges wØZxqZ hv‡ì Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zviv GKB ai‡bi
wkÿv jvf Ki‡Q bv|Ó wkÿvi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Zvi P‚ovšÍ gšÍe¨ n‡jv, ÒAvgiv evB‡i
bvbviKg cÖmvab K‡i †i‡LwQ GB wkÿveë¯’vi| GB cÖmva‡bi AšÍiv‡j Mfxi ÿZ
i‡q‡Q| Avgiv GKUz LyuwU‡q †`L‡j †m ÿZ †`L‡Z cve| †m ÿZ wKfv‡e wbivgq
n‡e, Avcbviv mevB wg‡j Zv fve‡eb|Ó (hyMvšÍi 24 gvP© 2007)
Avwg Avgvi kÖ‡×q m¨v‡ii mv‡_ GKUz †hvM Ki‡Z PvB| Kvh©Z evsjv‡`‡ki
wkÿveë¯’v †Kej cÖmvab gvLv‡bvB bq, GwU `~iv‡ivM¨ K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍI| Gi me©v‡½
`M`‡M Nv| G‡K we`¨gvb c×wZ‡Z †Kvbfv‡eB mviv‡bv hv‡ebv| GwU †Kej †h
mK‡ji Kv‡Q †cŠQv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q ZvB bq-GwU GLb †eKvi ˆZix Kiv Qvov Avi †Kvb
D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡ibv| d‡j wkÿvi mvgwMÖK ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, `yB
eQi †gqv`x dLiæwÏ‡bi ZË¡veavqK miKvi Avi †h Lv‡ZB hvB KiæK bv †Kb wkÿv
Lv‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vMB †bqwb| Zviv we`v‡qi †kl cÖv‡šÍ GKwU
Uv¯‹‡dvm© MVb K‡i †Kvbg‡Z GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZi K‡iwQ‡jv-wKš‘ †mwU ev¯Íevqb
Kiv n‡q I‡Vwb| bZzb miKvi †mwU‡K cvk KvwU‡q bZzb wkÿv KwgwU MVb K‡i‡Q|
GwU Avgv‡ì mvsweavwbK AwaKvi †h, ivóª †`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ mggv‡bi
79
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Dchy³ wkÿv wbwðZ Ki‡e| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi AvUwÎk eQi ciI Avgiv †mB AwaKvi
cvBwb| eis wkÿveë¯’vi bv‡g GKwU RMvwLPzwo weivR Ki‡Q me©Î| Avgiv mevB
Rvwb, Dwbk kZ‡K mviv `ywbqvq wkíhy‡Mi †h wkÿveë¯’v cÖPwjZ nq ZviB Av‡jv‡K
evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv Bs‡iR cÖPwjZ mvaviY wkÿvi cvkvcvwk gv`ªvmv wkÿv bvgK
Av‡iKwU aviv weivR K‡i| mvaviY wkÿvi gv‡SI evsjv gva¨g, Bs‡iRx gva¨g, G
†j‡fj-I †j‡fj, wmwbqi K¨vgweªR-Rywbqi K¨vgweªR BZ¨vw` wefvRb Av‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K gv`ªvmv wkÿv bvbvfv‡e wef³|
mvaviY wkÿvi cvVµg wkí wecø‡ei n‡jI gv`ªvmv wkÿvi cvVµg †gv‡UB Rxeb ev
Kg©gyLx bq| Z‡e GB mg‡q G‡m Kvh©Z Dfq avivi cvVµg cÖv‰MwZnvwmK n‡q
†M‡Q| eZ©gv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx GB cvVµg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv bq| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki gvbI
AZ¨šÍ wbgœ| cvV`vb c×wZ †m‡K‡j| eB LvZv-Kjg-PK-Wv÷vi-eø¨vK‡evW© w`‡q
GK ai‡bi MZvbyMwZK wkÿv †`qv nq| GB wkÿveë¯’vi g~j¨vqb eë¯’vwUI Pigfv‡e
gyL¯’we`¨v I †jLv-wUKwPýwbf©i| Avwg g‡b Kwi, GB Ny‡Y aiv I cPv wkÿveë¯’vi
Avg~j cwieZ©b bv Ki‡j Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi jovBUvB e¨_© n‡q hv‡e| `yf©vM¨µ‡g
Avgv‡ì wkÿv eë¯’vi cwieZ©b ev Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ c~e©eZ©x miKv‡ii cÖ‡Póv BwZevPK
bq| G‡`‡k evievi wkÿv Kwgkb n‡q‡Q| GKgyLx-eûgyLx-mgwš^Z BZ¨vw` bvbv bv‡g
bvbv cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR eva¨Zvg~jK bv Ackbvj †mBme welq
wb‡qI cixÿv wbixÿv n‡q‡Q| Kwgkb †_‡K Mv`vi Mv`v mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| GK
Kwgkb hv‡K n¨v e‡j‡Q Ab¨ Kwgkb Zv‡K bv e‡j‡Q| GK †evZ‡ji g` Ab¨ †evZ‡j
Xvjv n‡q‡Q| †_voewo Lvov Ges Lvovewo †_vo K‡i GK ai‡bi †RvovZvwji wkÿv
GLb Pj‡Q| Kvh©Z †Kvb KwgkbB ev¯Íe Ae¯’v Dcjwä K‡iwb| d‡j wkïwkÿv †_‡K
D”Pwkÿv ch©šÍ †Kvb ¯Í‡ii wkÿvB GKzk kZK/ Z_¨hyM ev ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri
Dc‡hvMx bq|
A_P wkÿveë¯’v GKwU †`‡ki, GKwU mgv‡Ri mvwe©K AMÖMwZi wfwË| we‡kl K‡i
ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³, cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j
e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK msKU ˆZwi n‡e| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv ìKvi eZ©gv‡bi mvaviY
wkÿv c×wZwUi cÖPjb n‡qwQ‡jv Dwbk kZ‡Ki wkí wecøe‡K g‡b †i‡L| ZLbKvi
†nvqvBU Kjvi Kg©xevwnbxi w`‡K jÿ¨ K‡i ˆZwi H wkÿv eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Z_¨hy‡M †bB| †mRb¨B †nvqvBU Kjvi Kg©x‡K eøy Kjvi ÁvbKg©x‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi
eë¯’v& Ki‡Z n‡e|
ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡Lbv, GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ wkÿvi welqe¯‘, wkï †_‡K D”P wkÿv
¯Íi ch©šÍ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i †mB welqe¯‘ web¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ ¯Íiweb¨vm Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ_‡g
w¯’i Kiv DwPZ Avgiv GKwU gvbyl‡K †Kvb ¯Í‡i K‡ZvUv wkÿv w`‡Z PvB| wkï ch©v‡qi
GKwU wkï wK wkL‡e, cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †mB wkïwU Av‡iv K‡ZvUv wkL‡e, wbgœ gva¨wgK
¯Í‡i Zvi †Kvb wel‡q Ávb K‡ZvUv nIqv DwPZ ev gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK Ges
80
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
D”Pwkÿv ch©v‡q Zvi wK wkÿvi ìKvi †mwU wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgv‡ì mgvR Ges iv‡óª wK ai‡bi Kg©x ìKvi †mB Abycv‡ZB Avevi wkwÿZ
Rb‡Mvôx ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡ì mvaviY wkÿvi gv‡S weÁvb Ges
cÖhyw³ wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vcKfv‡e evov‡Z n‡e| weÁvb ev A¼fxwZi RMr †_‡K
Avgv‡ì bZzb cÖRb¥‡K AvZ¥wek¦vmx, Ávbx Ges weÁvb I cÖhyw³gb®‹ Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘
mv¤úªwZK Lei Abyhvqx gva¨wgK †_‡K D”Pwkÿv ch©vq ch©šÍ me©ÎB weÁvb wkÿvi cÖwZ
Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì AvMÖn Kg‡Q| MwYZ AwjgwcqvW I Ab¨vb¨ Aby‡cÖiYv`vqK
†Kvb KvRB G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì A‡avMwZ †iva Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
GB D‡Ïk¨ mvab Ki‡Z cÖ_‡gB KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b ìKvi| cÖPwjZ `vjvb‡KvVv-
†Pqvi-†Uwej-†ewÂi cvkvcvwk Z_¨cÖhyw³i j¨ve cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avwg cÖ¯Íve Kwi
cÖPwjZ K¬vkiæg¸‡jv‡K Kw¤úDUvi j¨v‡e cwiYZ Kivi| Avwg Av‡iv cÖ¯Íve Kwi wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ ¯ÍiwfwËK GKwU K‡i †K›`ªxq Z_¨fvÛvi ˆZwi K‡i Zvi mv‡_ cÖwZwU
wkÿv_©x‡K j¨vcUc/†bUeyK Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤úªwZ GgAvBwU j¨v‡e
D™¢vweZ, IGjwcwm Kvh©µ‡gi Aax‡b 100 Wjv‡ii j¨vcU‡ci †h Kvh©µg Pj‡Q
†mwU ev Zvi g‡Zv mvkªqx g~‡jï j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi‡K Aej¤^b K‡i wkÿv_©xi evox
I wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡ek ev AeKvVv‡gv M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| †bUeyK Kw¤úDUvi w`‡qB
B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK wkÿv Kvh©µg Pj‡Z cv‡i| Kvh©Z GB hš¿wUB n‡Z cv‡i wkÿvi
†K›`ª| GwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK, g~j¨vqb hš¿, cvVvMvi ev †Ljvi mvgMÖx mewKQzB n‡e| QvÎ-
wkÿKiv Gi mnvqZv‡ZB bZzb wWwRUvj wkÿveë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡eb| Zviv cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K
mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e cv‡e| GgbwK eB bv wK‡b †mwU Zviv B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K eënvi
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖPwjZ eB‡Z †hLv‡b †KejgvÎ w¯’i eY© I wPÎ w`‡q wkÿv †`qv nq †mLv‡b GB
eë¯’vq Qwe I eY©‡K Pjgvb Kivi cvkvcvwk kã ev mvDÛ eënvi Kiv n‡e|
wØgvwÎKZv Ges wÎgvwÎKZvi mv‡_ PjgvbZv I we‡kl G‡d±m hy³ K‡i wkÿv_©xi
mvg‡b GKwU bZzb AwfÁZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| Gi d‡j wkÿv_©x‡ì Abyfe Kivi
ÿgZv wØ¸Y evo‡e| eZ©gv‡b Zviv welqe¯‘i †h kZKiv 40 fvM Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cv‡i †mwU ZLb kZKiv 80 fv‡M DbœxZ n‡e|
wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡Z bZzb GB DcKiY eënvi Kivi d‡j g~j¨vqb eë¯’viI cwieZ©b
n‡e| wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv GKwU w¯’i evoxNi †_‡K me©Î weivRgvb cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ
n‡e| QvÎ-QvÎxiv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Av‡k cv‡k-evox‡Z †hLv‡bB _vKzK GgbwK `~ieZ©x
¯’v‡bI hw` _v‡K, Z‡e wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kivi cvkvcvwk mviv
`ywbqvi mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡e| ¯‹z‡ji Z_¨fvÐv‡ii cvkvcvwk wkÿv_©xiv wek¦ ÁvbfvÛv‡ii
mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z cvi‡e| G‡ì Rb¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj jvB‡eªix|
cvV¨cy¯ÍK¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ eB¸‡jv‡K wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi ïiæ n‡j
wkÿv MÖnY Kivi my‡hvMI AevwiZ n‡e| evox‡Z, ¯‹z‡j, K¬vkiæ‡g †hLv‡bB †m _vKzK
81
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cvVvMvi Zvi nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq _vK‡e| wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM K¬vkiæ‡gi evB‡i
we¯Í…Z n‡e, n‡e mve©ÿwYK|
QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì nv‡Z j¨vcUc/†bUeyK †èvi d‡j †`‡ki mvwe©K Ae¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b
n‡e| Kvh©Z cy‡iv †`kwU‡ZB GKwU cwieZ©‡bi †Qvuqv jvM‡e| QvÎ-QvÎxiv AMÖ‡mbvbx
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì AwffveK‡ì Rb¨ bZzb ÁvbfvÐvi Ly‡j †`‡e| QvÎ-
QvÎx‡ì j¨vcUc †_‡KB AwffveK‡ì wWwRUvj hvÎv ïiæ n‡e| Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨-DcvË cvevi cvkvcvwk GwU cwiev‡ii †hvMv‡hvM h‡š¿ cwiYZ n‡e| wkÿvi
Kvh©µgwU e`‡j hvevi gv‡bB RbmsL¨vi e„nËg Ask e`‡j hvIqv|
G‡ì cvkvcvwk Gi mv‡_ mswkøó LvZ¸‡jvI e`jv‡e| cÖKvkbv, gyj¨vqb ev wkÿv
†mev`vbKvix‡ì Ae¯’vI e`‡j hv‡e| d‡j mviv †`‡k GKwU wWwRUvj ms¯‹…wZi Rb¥
n‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vi GKwU jÿ¨ n‡e abx-`wi`ª, bvix-cyiæl, wn›`y-
gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU gvbyl‡K wkÿv`vb Kiv| Avw_©K Kvi‡Y ev kni-MÖv‡gi Rb¨
wkÿvq †Kvb wefvRb †iLv ˆZix Kiv hv‡ebv| †Kvb wWwRUvj wWfvBW _vK‡Z
cvi‡ebv| wkÿvi wewfbœ aviv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GKB
wkÿvaviv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿvi me©wbgœ ¯Íi †_‡K wWwRUvj cÖwµqv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi A_© ùvov‡e wkïiv
mevi Av‡M wWwRUvj wkÿv cv‡e| Zv‡ì nv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q Zv‡ì wkÿvi
AwfÁZv‡K Avb›`gq Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯‹z‡ji fxwZKi Ae¯’vi e`‡j wkïiv ¯‹z‡j nvm‡Z
†Lj‡Z Avm‡e-Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| wkï‡ì‡K nv‡ji ej‡ì
g‡Zv Kv‡a wkÿvi †Rvqvj bv w`‡q Ggb eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †m wb‡RB fv‡e †h
GwU Zvi cÖ‡qvRb| av‡c av‡c GB wWwRUvj eë¯’v Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡e Ges GK
mg‡q cy‡iv wkÿv eë¯’vwU wWwRUvj n‡e| GB eë¯’v cÖPj‡bi cÖ_g eQ‡i cÖ¯‘wZ
wb‡Z n‡e| Gi c‡ii eQ‡i wkï‡kªYx †_‡K wØZxq †kªYx ch©šÍ wkÿv‡K wWwRUvj Kiv
n‡e| GRb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K mdUIq¨v‡i cwiYZ Kiv- cÖ‡qvRbxq j¨vcUc/†bUeyK msMÖn
I AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwi Kiv Ges wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x eQ‡i Z…Zxq
†_‡K 5g †kªYx, Gi c‡ii eQ‡i 6ô †_‡K Aóg †kªYx Ges Zvi c‡ii eQ‡i beg-
`kg †kªYxi wkÿv‡K wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| `kg †kªYxi wkÿv‡K wWwRUvj Kivi c‡ii
eQ‡i D”Pgva¨wgK Ges cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z D”P wkÿv‡K wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvwe©Kfv‡e †gvU `k eQ‡i cy‡iv wkÿveë¯’v‡K wWwRUvj Kiv n‡e| cÖ¯‘wZ I
cvwicvwk¦©K cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx mgqcwiKíbv mgš^q Kiv hv‡e|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, ivóª †`‡ki abx-`wi`ª, bvix-cyiæl, wn›`y-gymjgvb RvwZ-ag©
wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ GKB gv‡bi GKB avivi Dchy³
wkÿv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| gv`ªvmv Ges ¯‹zj bvgK wfbœ wfbœ wkÿveë¯’v _vK‡ebv|
cÖ‡qvR‡b ag©xq wkÿvi myeë¯’v _vK‡e| cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GB wkÿv A‰eZwbK
82
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
I eva¨Zvg~jK Ki‡Z n‡e| we`¨gvb AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb K‡i cÖwZwU cÖv_wgK,
gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I gv`ªvmvq Z_¨cÖhyw³i j¨ve cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GKwU †Kw›`ªq Z_¨fvÛvi ˆZwi K‡i Zvi mv‡_ cÖwZwU wkÿv cÖwZôvb,
wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡K (100 Wjv‡ii ev mg wKsev KvQvKvwQ `v‡gi j¨vcUc) Kw¤úDUvi
w`‡q hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB Kw¤úDUvi‡K Aej¤^b K‡i wkÿv_©xi evox I
wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡ek ev AeKvVv‡gv †bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡g M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| Kvh©Z
Kw¤úDUvi hš¿wUB n‡e wkÿvi †K›`ª| GwU cvV¨cy¯ÍK, g~j¨vqb hš¿, cvVvMvi ev †Ljvi
mvgMÖx mewKQzB n‡e| QvÎ-wkÿKiv Gi mnvqZv‡ZB bZzb wWwRUvj wkÿveë¯’v M‡o
Zzj‡eb| Zviv cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e cv‡e| evox‡Z, ¯‹z‡j, K¬vkiæ‡g
†hLv‡bB †m _vKzK cvVvMvi Zvi nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq mKj wkÿvwelq _vK‡e| wkÿ‡Ki
mv‡_ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM K¬vkiæ‡gi evB‡i we¯Í…Z n‡e, n‡e mve©ÿwYK|
3.8 wWwRUvj f‚wg eë¯’v
m¤úwZ UªvÝcv‡iwÝ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Ae evsjv‡`k †NvlYv K‡i‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡ki
`yb©xwZi me‡P‡q eo AvLovwU n‡jv f‚wg eë¯’v| evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix †Kvb gvbyl‡K
GB welqwU m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Z_¨cÖgvY w`‡Z n‡ebv| KviY cÖvq cÖwZwU
gvbylB Rv‡b †h, Gi mv‡_ †Kej `yb©xwZB bq, †`‡ki gvgjv †gvKÏgvi wmsnfvMI
RwoZ| m¤¢eZ GwUI mZ¨ †h, evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mgm¨vwUI n‡Z hv‡”Q f‚wg
msµvšÍ| Avgiv Rvwb RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq evsjv‡`‡ki f‚wgi cwigvY AZ¨šÍ bMY¨|
Avgiv wK‡jvwgUvi cÖwZ G‡Zv‡ewk †jvK evm Kwi †h, GK mg‡q Avgv‡ì mKj
gvby‡li Rb¨ ïaygvÎ evm¯’vb cvIqvB `yiƒn n‡q co‡e| GLbB gvÎ 55 nvRvi
eM©gvBj GKwU f‚L‡Û 15 †KvwU gvby‡li emevm mwZ¨B Afvebxq| Z`ycwi cÖwZw`b
evowZ RbmsL¨vi Pvc wb‡Z n‡”Q GB †`kwU‡K| †`‡ki wKQz we‡kl GjvKv †hgb
DcK‚j, Øxc, Rjvf‚wg-wbgœvÂj, wej AÂj, cve©Z¨ AÂj ev nvIi AÂj; †hLv‡b
gvby‡li emevm cÖvK…wZK cÖwZK‚jZvi gy‡LvgyLx, †mBme AÂj Qvov cÖ‡qvRbxq evm¯’vb
Ges Pv‡li Rwg ej‡Z †M‡j †bB| bMivqY ev wkívqb Rwgi Ici Av‡iv evowZ Pvc
m„wó Ki‡Q|
ˆ`wbK RbKÉ cwÎKvi 08 RyjvB 2007 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ GKwU Lei Abyhvqx †`‡k
cÖwZw`b 444 GKi K…wlRwg K‡g hv‡”Q| GB wnmv‡e cÖwZ NÈvq Kg‡Q 18 GKi
Rwg| Gfv‡e Pj‡j AvMvgx 50 eQ‡i GK BwÂ RwgI _vK‡ebv Pvlvev` Kivi Rb¨|
cwÎKvi Le‡i Av‡iv ejv nq, 1974 mv‡j †gvU Avevw` Rwg wQ‡jv †gvU Rwgi kZKiv
59 kZvsk| 1996 mv‡j †mwU K‡g 53 kZvs‡k †b‡g Av‡m| GLbKvi wnmve Abyhvqx
cÖwZ eQi 1 jvL 60 nvRvi GKi Avev`x Rwg Kg‡Q|
`yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e †`‡ki Kv‡iv gv‡SB G wel‡q †Kvb D‡ØM ev k¼v jÿ¨ KiwQ bv|
†KD †hb fve‡Qb bv, dmwj Rwg bv _vK‡j Avgv‡ì cwiYwZ wK n‡e? eo Kó wb‡q
83
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ej‡Z n‡”Q, dm‡ji Rwg bv _vK‡j †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li wL`vq Abœ Avm‡e †Kvb
Drm¨ †_‡K GB K_vwU AbyMÖn K‡i †KD bv †KD fveyb|
G wel‡q m¤¢eZ †KD weZK© Ki‡eb bv †h, w`‡b w`‡b RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q Ges
RbM‡Yi emevm Kivi Rb¨ Rwg eëüZ nIqvq Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwg Kg‡Q| GQvovI nvU-
evRvi, iv¯ÍvNvU, eva-KvjfvU©-†mZz, Kj-KviLvbv. †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡RI
cÖPzi f‚wg eëüZ n‡”Q| ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q cwi‡ek| cwi‡ek ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvBb
†Kvbfv‡eB Kvh©Ki bq|
Z‡e f‚wg wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki eo msKU n‡jv Gi eë¯’vcbvq| weªwUk Avgj †_‡K
weivwRZ GB f‚wgeë¯’vq Kvh©Ki †Kvb ms¯‹vi nq wb| weMZ w`b¸‡jv‡Z f‚wg
eë¯’vcbvq †QvU Lv‡Uv wKQz cwieZ©b Kiv n‡jI Avg~j f‚wgms¯‹vi †KD K‡i wb|
Kv‡iv Kg©m~wP‡ZI f‚wg ms¯‹vi †bB| †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `j GB KvRwU Ki‡Z Pvqbv|
eo `j¸‡jv‡Zv e‡UB †QvU, evg ev cÖMwZkxj `j¸‡jvI G wel‡q mywbw`©ó †Kvb cÖ¯Íve
cÖ`vb K‡ibv| Zviv nvwmbv-Lv‡j`v e`jv‡jI f‚wgi gvwjKvbv e`jv‡Z ivRx bb|
¯^vaxbZvi ci e½eÜz f‚wgi wmwjs 100 weNvq Ki‡jI bvbv dvuK †dvKi w`‡q
†RvZ`v‡ii Rwg †RvZ`v‡ii Kv‡QB †_‡K †M‡Q| Zviv bvbv bv‡g-†ebv‡g, GK
cwievi‡K bvbv cwiev‡i wefvwRZ K‡i GBme Rwg KvM‡R Kj‡g n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i wb‡Ri
cwiev‡ii gv‡SB Rwg †i‡L w`‡q‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ZLbKvi †cÖwÿ‡Z 100 weNvi wmwj-
sUvB mwVK wQ‡jvbv| †mwU `k GKi ev 1000 kZvsk n‡j wKQz djvdj cvIqv
†h‡Zv| d‡j e½eÜzi f‚wg ms¯‹v‡ii ciI †`‡ki †gvU Pvl‡hvM¨ f‚wgi e„n`vsk ¯^í
msL¨K †jv‡Ki (cwievi ej‡j fv‡jv nq) nv‡Z cywÄf‚Z i‡q‡Q| GB Rb‡Mvôx Avevi
wb‡Riv Rwgi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ bq| Zviv kû‡i ev Ab¨ †ckvq RxebaviY K‡i| K…lK
ev f‚wgnxb ev eM©vPvlxiv G‡ì Rwg Pvl K‡i| †`‡k f‚wgnxb gvby‡li msL¨v †KvwU
†KvwU| evm¯’vb †bB †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li| kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvi Awaevmxiv cÖK…Zv‡_©B
wQbœg~j| f‚wg eë¯’vcbvi ÎæwUi Rb¨ miKv‡ii LvmRwg eë¯’vcbvq i‡q‡Q Pig
`yb©xwZ| cÖK…Z f‚wgnxbiv LvmRwg cvqbv| †RvZ`viivB bv‡g-†ebv‡g LvmRwg `Lj
K‡i _v‡K| f‚wg eë¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ miKvix Kg©PvixivI `yb©xwZi gnvmgy‡`ª evm
K‡i| Rwg †iwRw÷ª †_‡K Rixc; me©ÎB Nyl Qvov wKQzB nq bv| wKš‘ Gi PvB‡Z
fqsKi welq n‡”Q f‚wg wb‡q we‡iva| `xN©w`b a‡i KvwqKfv‡e f‚wgi †iKW©cÎ iÿv,
†iwR‡óªkb, bKkv cÖ¯‘Z I RvwjqvwZ BZ¨vw` Kivi d‡j fw‚g wb‡q we‡iva w`‡b w`‡b
evo‡Q|
mš¿vm, Lyb-Lvivwe, SMov-weev‡ì eo Drm¨B n‡jv f‚wgmsµvšÍ| †`‡ki me©vwaK
msL¨K gvgjv-†gvKÏgvI f‚wg msµvšÍ| RvwjqvwZ, cÖZviYv, Rei`Lj BZ¨vwì
mv‡_I f‚wg eë¯’vcbv RwoZ| m¤úªwZ f‚wg`my¨Zv bv‡gi bZzb GKwU Aciva hy³
n‡q‡Q| GK ai‡bi jy‡Uiv awbK †Mvôx A‡¯¿i kw³‡Z, UvKvi †Rv‡i, cÖZviYvq, Pv‡c
†d‡j, mš¿vm K‡i mvaviY gvby‡li Rwg †K‡o wb‡”Q| weMZ Lv‡j`v wRqvi Avg‡j
84
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mvfv‡i mv‡eK ¯îvóªcÖwZgš¿x jyrdz¾vgvb eve‡ii AvZ¥xq‡ì MÖvg `Lj wb‡q e¨vcK
†Zvjcvo nq| GL‡bv XvKvi Av‡kcv‡k †Wfjcvi, nvDwRs †Kv¤úvbx Gm‡ei weiæ‡×
mvaviY gvby‡li AmsL¨ Awf‡hvM DV‡Q| miKv‡ii Abxnv, miKvwi QÎQvqv Ges fzwg
eë¯’vcbvq `yb©xwZi Rb¨ cÖvq mKj †ÿ‡ÎB f‚wgi cÖK…Z gvwjKiv AvB‡bi Øvi¯’I
n‡Z cv‡i bv|
m¤úªwZ f‚wg eë¯’vcbvi †iwR‡óªkb c×wZ cwieZ©b Kiv n‡jI Ab¨ †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Ab¨
†Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv nqwb| Avgvi Rvbvg‡Z Ggb †Kvb cwiKíbvI Kv‡iv †bB|
mvaviY gvbyl f‚wg wb‡q G‡Zv‡ewk mgm¨vKewjZ nq †h, †mLvb †_‡K cwiÎvY cvevi
DcvqI Zvi Rvbv †bB| f‚wgmsµvšÍ gvgjv ev we‡iva eQ‡ii ci eQi m¤úªmvwiZ
nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvBb wefv‡Mi wkÿK I mv‡eK †Pqvig¨vb Wt wgRvbyi
ingvb-Gi g‡Z, †`‡k f‚wg msµvšÍ GKwU gvgjvi mvaviY wb®úwË n‡Z 8 eQi mgq
jv‡M| GBme gvgjvi P‚ovšÍ wb®úwË n‡Z mgq jv‡M 14 eQi| (m~Î ˆ`wbK AvR‡Ki
KvMR 27 GwcÖj 2007) †Kvb †Kvb mgq cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ a‡i f‚wg msµvšÍ gvgjv
P‡j| G‡Z †evSv hvq, f~wg G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨ wK fqsKi msKU ˆZix K‡i
P‡j‡Q|
DËivwaKvix AvBb, f‚wg msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ AvBb Kvh©Z weªwUk ev cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU eo jÿ¨ n‡e f‚wg ms¯‹vi Ges Gi eë¯’vcbvi Avg~j
ms¯‹vi| cÖ_gZ GRb¨ f‚wg msµvšÍ AvBb¸‡jv e`jv‡Z n‡e| Gme †ÿ‡Î `ªæZ
wePv‡ii eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| eQ‡ii ci eQi gvgjv Szwj‡q ivLv hv‡ebv| cÖ‡qvR‡b
c„_K Av`vjZ K‡i f‚wg msµvšÍ gvgjv¸‡jvi wb®úwË Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ f‚wgi
Z_¨vw` we`¨gvb GbvjM Kv¸‡R c×wZ †_‡K wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| f‚wg msµvšÍ mKj
ai‡bi bKkv wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| Rwg †iwRwóª, n¯ÍvšÍi, †iKW©, gvgjv †gvKÏgv,
AvBbx eë¯’v BZ¨vw` mewKQzB wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e| m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g
msM„wnZ wPÎ‡K wfwË K‡i wWwRUvj bKkv ˆZix K‡i Gi mv‡_ Rwgi gvwjKvbv Ges
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| GBme Z_¨ mvaviY gvbyl hv‡Z
Lye mn‡RB †c‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡U cvevi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbyl
†hgb K‡i †Uwj‡dvb wej evox‡Z e‡m Rvb‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb GwUI Rvb‡Z cvi‡e †h,
†Kvb RwgwU Kvi gvwjKvbvq Av‡Q| gvwjKvbvi e`j ev Ab¨ †Kvb †iK‡W©i cwieZ©bI
m‡½ m‡½ Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j RvwjqvwZ-cÖZviYv Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM _vK‡ebv|
f‚wg †iK‡W©i mv‡_ wWwRUvj †fvUvi ZvwjKv Ges wWwRUvj RvZxq cwiPqcÎ cÖKí‡K
hy³ Kiv n‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e GwU Rvbv hv‡e †h, †Kvb e¨w³i †Kv_vq Rwg Av‡Q Ges
†Kvb m¤ú‡ì gvwjK †K| cÖwZwU gvby‡liB GKwU m¤ú‡ì weeiYx _vK‡Z n‡e|
†`‡ki (cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡`‡kiI) †hLv‡bB Zvi †hme m¤ú` _vK‡e Zvi weeiY H wnmv‡e
_vK‡e | †KD †mB m¤ú` wewµ Ki‡j †mwU Zvi wnmve †_‡K ev` hv‡e| Avevi †KD
†Kvb m¤ú` wKb‡j Zvi wnmv‡e †mB m¤ú` †hvM n‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z e¨v¼ wnmve
85
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvqKi ch©šÍ mewKQzB GKwU †evZv‡gi wb‡P wb‡q Avmv hv‡e|
eZ©gv‡b wbqš¿Ynxb AcwiKwíKfv‡e cy‡iv †`‡ki f‚wg eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| hvi †hLv‡b
hv Lykx ZvB Ki‡Q| Rjvkq fivU Kiv n‡”Q, †K‡U †djv n‡”Q cvnvo| d‡j cwi‡e‡k
wech©q NU‡Q| Gfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡j AvMvgx 2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li evm¯’vb
Ges dmwj Rwg-†KvbUvB cvIqv hv‡ebv| †mRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki f‚wg eënvi cwiKwíZ
Kivi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki evm¯’vb Ges dmwj Rwg iÿv; `ywUB Ki‡Z
n‡e| ivóª abx-Mixe wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU bvMwiK‡K b~¨bZg g~‡j¨ Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨
b~¨bZg evm¯’vb cÖ`vb Ki‡e| hvi evm¯’vb GKmv‡_ ev wKw¯Í‡Z †Kbvi mvg_© †bB ivóª
Zv‡K by¨bZg evm¯’vb cÖ`vb Ki‡e| GB b~¨bZg eë¯’vi evB‡i bvMwi‡Kiv wbR¯^
A‡_© eo AvKv‡ii ev wba©vwiZ DbœZ ¯’v‡b evm¯’vb wKb‡Z cvi‡e| †`‡ki mKj Rwg
evm¯’vb, dmwj Rwg, Lvj-wej, Rjvkq, wkívÂj, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`-
gw›ì, C`Mv, cvK© ev †Ljvi RvqMv BZ¨vw`‡Z wPwýZ _vK‡e| eZ©gv‡bi Q‡bi-
wU‡bi-†mwgcvKv-cvKv Nievoxi e`‡j nvBivBR mgevqwfwËK DPz `vjvb wbg©vY K‡i
evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| GBme evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cvwb-cq wb®‹vlY, we`y¨r,
we‡bv`b, †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| dmwj Rwgi m‡e©v”P wmwjs nIqv
DwPZ cvP GKi ev 500 kZvsk| dmwj Rwg †Kej K…l‡Ki Kv‡QB _vKv DwPZ|
evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ivRavbx kn‡i e¨w³MZfv‡e wZwik kZvs‡ki †ewk, †Rjv kn‡i 50
kZvs‡ki †ewk, Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv m`‡i 100 kZvs‡ki †ewk Rwgi gvwjK _vKv DwPr
bq| mKj Lvm Rwg †KejgvÎ f‚wgnxb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| ivóª DØ„Ë Rwg evRvi
`‡i wK‡b f‚wgnxb‡ì cÖ`vb Ki‡e| f‚wgnxbiv GB Rwg eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e-wKš‘
†Kvbfv‡eB wewµ K‡i ¯^Ë¡ n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| ¯^Ë¡ n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K
Rwgi g~j¨ ivóª‡K cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq miKv‡ii eivÏ evwZj n‡q hv‡e Ges
†mB f‚wgwU miKvi cybivq †Kvb f‚wgnxb‡K eivÏ w`‡Z cvi‡e| f‚wg msµvšÍ Gme
welq GKwU WvUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
f‚wg‡iKW© eë¯’v wRAvBGm cÖhyw³wbf©i WvUv‡eRwfwËK n‡Z n‡e| Rwgi bKkv †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i †`‡ki cÖwZ BwÂ f‚wgi wWwRUvj bKkv _vK‡Z n‡e| Rwgi †ePv-†Kbv,
DËivwaKvi, eÈb, `vb BZ¨vw` Ges mKj ai‡bi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †iwR‡óªkb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
Kw¤úDUv‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| Rwg msµvšÍ mKj Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
miKv‡ii f‚wg gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmve Abymv‡i gvÎ cvP eQ‡i GK nvRvi †KvwU UvKvq
GB KvRwU m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e| (wWGjAvi KZ…©K Av‡qvwRZ 28 Ryb 2008 Zvwi‡Li
mfvq cÖ`Ë Z_¨) G‡Z Avi hvB †nvK, wUAvBwei wi‡cv‡U© me‡P‡q †ekx `yb©xwZevR
LvZ wn‡m‡e GB LvZwU‡K mbv³ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
mywbw`©ó cÖ¯Ívebv: K) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e| iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e dmwj Rwg I cwi‡ek| eZ©gv‡bi wbqš¿Ynxb
AcwiKwíKfv‡e f‚wg eënvi cwiKwíZfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki evm¯’vb
86
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Ges dmwj Rwg iÿv; `ywUB Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª abx-Mixe wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU bvMwiK‡K
b~¨bZg g~‡j¨ Zvi wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii Rb¨ b~¨bZg evm¯’vb cÖ`vb Ki‡e| hvi evm¯’vb
GKmv‡_ ev wKw¯Í‡Z †Kbvi mvg_© †bB ivóª Zv‡K by¨bZg evm¯’vb webvg~‡j¨ cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| GB b~¨bZg eë¯’vi evB‡i bvMwi‡Kiv wbR¯^ A‡_© eo AvKv‡ii ev wba©vwiZ
DbœZ ¯’v‡b evm¯’vb wKb‡Z cvi‡eb|
L) †`‡ki mKj Rwg; evm¯’vb, dmwj Rwg, Lvj-wej-b`x, Rjvkq, wkívÂj, wkÿv
cÖwZôvb, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`-gw›ì, C`Mv, ebvÂj, cÖZZ œ Ë¡ GjvKv, AfqviY¨, grm¨
cÖRbb †K›`ª, cvK© ev †Ljvi RvqMv BZ¨vw`‡Z mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ _vK‡e| Gme
wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi Rwg †KejgvÎ wbw`©ó Kv‡RB eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
M) eZ©gv‡bi Q‡bi-wU‡bi-†mwgcvKv-cvKv Nievoxi e`‡j Kgy¨wbwUwfwËK eûZj DPz
`vjvb wbg©vY K‡i evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e| GBme evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cvwb-cq
wb®‹vlY, we`y¨r, we‡bv`b, †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| cwievicÖwZ dmwj
Rwgi m‡e©v”P wmwjs n‡e 5 GKi ev cvP‡kv kZvsk| evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ivRavbx kn‡i
e¨w³MZfv‡e wZwik kZvs‡ki †ewk, †Rjv kn‡i 50 kZvs‡ki †ewk, Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv
m`‡i 100 kZvs‡ki †ewk Rwgi gvwjK _vKv hv‡ebv| mKj Lvm Rwg †KejgvÎ
f‚wgnxb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| ivóª DØ„Ë Rwg evRvi `‡i wK‡b f‚wgnxb‡ì cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| f‚wgnxbiv GB Rwg eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e-wKš‘ †Kvbfv‡eB wewµ K‡i ¯^Ë¡
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Zgb Ae¯’vq miKv‡ii eivÏ evwZj n‡q hv‡e Ges †mB
f‚wgwU miKvi cybivq †Kvb f‚wgnxb‡K eivÏ †`‡e|
N) f‚wg eë¯’v wRAvBGm cÖhyw³wbf©i WvUv‡eRwfwËK n‡e| Rwgi †iwRw÷ª I bKkv
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i †`‡ki cÖwZ BwÂ f‚wgi wWwRUvj bKkv _vK‡e| Rwgi †ePv-†Kbv,
DËivwaKvi, eÈb, `vb BZ¨vw` Ges mKj ai‡bi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †iwR‡óªkb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
Kw¤úDUv‡i Kiv n‡e| Rwg msµvšÍI mKj Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Kiv n‡e Ges
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ ivLv n‡e|
3.9 `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY I wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
miKvi GLb Avi Av‡Mi g‡Zv cÂ evwl©K cwiKíbv ˆZix K‡ibv Ges †mB Q‡K ivóª
cwiPvjbv K‡ibv| Gi e`‡j `vZv‡ì- cwÛZ‡ì eyw×‡Z Avgiv GLb
wcAviGmwc ev `vwi`ª`~ixKiY †KŠkjcÎ wb‡q PjwQ| GiB gv‡S GB †KŠkjc‡Îi
cÖ_g ch©vq ev wZb eQi †kl n‡q‡Q| GLb wØZxq ch©vq Pj‡Q| cÖwZ wZb eQie¨vcx
GB †KŠkjcÎ AbymiY Kiv nq| Avgiv mvwe©Kfv‡e mswkøó mKj welqvw` Avgv‡ì
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k wK iKg nIqv DwPZ Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i AvmwQ| Gevi
Avgiv wKQz wKQz wel‡q mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB Ges GBme Lv‡Z KiYxq wb‡qI
wKQz K_v ej‡Z PvB|
miKv‡ii 2004 mv‡ji cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P emevmKvix
87
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gvby‡li msL¨v kZKiv cÖvq 41 fvM| 81-82 mv‡ji Z‚jbvq GB nvi h‡_ó K‡g‡Q|
Z‡e GwU Av‡iv `ªæZMwZ‡Z k~b¨ n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †`‡ki `wi`ª RbMY‡K `vwi`ª¨
mxgvi Ici Zz‡j Avbvi Rb¨ Lvm Rwg weZiY, evm¯’vb cÖ`vb, cÖhyw³wfwËK wkí,
K…wlwfwËK wkí, KzwUiwkí Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkí-eëmv-evwYR¨ Kivi Rb¨ cywR mieivn,
ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|
Kg©ms¯’vb gvby‡li GKwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v| gvby‡li wkÿv ev mvwU©wd‡KU Av‡Q A_P
Kg©ms¯’vb †bB †mB Ae¯’vq Zvi Rxeb `ywe©ln n‡q DV‡Z eva¨| DbœZ †`‡k ivóª
bvMwi‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb wbwðZ K‡i| hw` †Kvb bvMwiK †Kvb Kvi‡Y Kg©ms¯’vb bv cvq
Z‡e ivóª Zvi Rb¨ †eKvi fvZv cÖ`vb K‡i| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi‡ì wb‡q †Kvb
wPšÍvB †bB| weMZ wZbhy‡M evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi nvi evovi cvkvcvwk †mB Abycv‡Z
Kg©ms¯’vb bv nIqvq wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii msL¨v e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| ˆ`wbK AvR‡Ki
KvMR Abyhvqx †`‡k 2006 mv‡j wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii msL¨v `yB †KvwU 40 jvL| Zviv
mvwU©wd‡KU nv‡Z wb‡q AwbwðZ I AbvMZ fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K| Zvi
Kg©ms¯’vb bv n‡j ivóª Zvi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ †bq bv| GgbwK bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb
ˆZixi Rb¨ ivóª GLb †Kvb f‚wgKvI cvjb K‡i bv| wkÿvi Avg~j ms¯‹vi K‡i
GKw`‡K bZzb wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K bZzb mg‡qi Dc‡hvMx Kg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e,
hv‡Z G‡ì †eKviZ¡ bv _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY w`‡q eZ©gv‡b †hme
wkwÿZ †eKvi Av‡Q Zv‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª †hvM¨Zv _vKv ¯^‡Ë¡I B”QzK
bvMwiK‡Ì Kv‡iv Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †eKvi fvZv cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K e„×, Aÿg, cÖwZeÜx, weaev I we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóª
Rxebavi‡bi Dc‡hvMx fvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
G cÖm‡½ mswÿßmvi wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, †`‡ki `wi`ª RbMY‡K `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi Ici
Zz‡j Avbvi Rb¨ Lvm Rwg weZiY, evm¯’vb cÖ`vb, cÖhyw³wfwËK wkí, K…wlwfwËK wkí,
KzwUiwkí Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkíe eëmv-evwYR¨ Kivi Rb¨ cywR mieivn, ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vb
Ges Ab¨vb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ wkÿvi Avg~j ms¯‹vi K‡i
GKw`‡K bZzb wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K bZzb mg‡qi Dc‡hvMx Kg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e,
hv‡Z G‡ì †eKviZ¡ bv _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY w`‡q eZ©gv‡b †hme
wkwÿZ †eKvi Av‡Q Zv‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU Kg©ÿg bvMwi‡Ki
Kg©ms©¯’vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` †Kvb bvMwiK iv‡óªi AÿgZvi Kvi‡Y Kg©ms¯’vb
bv cvq Z‡e ivóª Zvi Rb¨ †eKvi fvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K e„×, Aÿg,
cÖwZeÜx, weaev I we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóª Rxebavi‡bi Dc‡hvMx fvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
88
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
3.10 ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv

evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li ¯^v¯’ëë¯’v Kvh©Z fv‡Mï Dci wbf©ikxj| mviv `ywbqvq GKwU
AvaywbK ivóª Zvi bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ †hme b~¨bZg welq wbwðZ K‡i Zvi GKwU n‡jv
¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq mK‡jB (wKQzmsL¨K fvMëvb Qvov) Jla cvqbv,
Wv³vi cvqbv ev nvmcvZv‡ji wUwKI †`‡Lbv| miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev AcÖZzj I `ybx© wZ‡Z
fiv| miKvi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ibv| miKvwi nvmcvZv‡j gvbyl
gi‡Z hvq ev givi mvwU©wd‡KU †c‡Z hvq| kn‡i wKQz †emiKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ †mev D”Pg~‡j¨
cvIqv hvq| d‡j MÖv‡g emevmKvix Ges Mixe gvby‡li Kv‡Q wPwKrmv bvgK wKQz
†cŠQvq bv| ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M I AeëwnZ c‡i miKvwi nvmcvZvj¸‡jvB gvby‡li
GKgvÎ fimv wQ‡jv| †mLv‡b hvB _KzK †mB wPwKrmvB gvbyl‡K wb‡Z n‡Zv|
ˆ¯îkvmK Gikv` †emiKvix nvmcvZvj ev wK¬wb‡Ki aviYv ev¯Íevqb K‡ib| d‡j
†`‡k UvKv w`‡q ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvevi GKwU eë¯’v nq| wKš‘ †`‡ki kZKiv 90 Rb
gvbyl Gme †emiKvix nvmcvZv‡ji †mev MÖnY Kivi Avw_©K mvg_© iv‡Lbv| eis
GBme dvBf ÷vi nvmcvZv‡ji Kv‡Q w`‡q †n‡U hvevi mvg_©Ï kZKiv 90 fvM
gvby‡li †bB| ILv‡b †`kxq awbK‡kªYx wPwKrmv †bq| Gi evB‡iI we‡`‡k wPwKrmv
†bevi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx I awbK †Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G‡ì Av‡iv †ekx UvKv i‡q‡Q|
Zviv fviZ, _vBj¨vÛ, wm½vcyi ev Av‡gwiKv I †mŠ`x Avi‡e wb‡R‡ì wPwKrmv Kivb|
Avgiv jÿ¨ K‡iwQ †h, GiB gv‡S miKvi Dc‡Rjvq, BDwbq‡b ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª M‡o
Zz‡j‡Q| AšÍZ `vjvb‡KvVv‡Zv Av‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡Z Wv³vi, Jla, bvm© ev wPwKrmv
bvgK wKQz cvIqv hvqbv| †`‡ki gvbyl Kvh©Z weYv wPwKrmvq, cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q ev
Kzms¯‹v‡ii gv‡S †e‡P _v‡K| GLbI KeR-ZvweR, ISv, ê`¨, †nvgIc¨vw_,
KweivwR; Gme w`‡qB mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb P‡j| wZbhyM cvi K‡i GKwU ivóª ¯^v¯’¨
†mevq Ggb †ÌwjqvZ¡ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| eis ivóª‡K GwU Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e
†h cÖwZwU bvMwiK‡K †e‡P _vKvi g‡Zv wPwKrmv cÖ`vb Kiv Zvi `vwqZ¡|
GRb¨ we`¨gvb eë¯’vwUi Avg~j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^v¯’¨ †mev mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb
Ges mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wPwKrmv cvevi eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ cvP nvRvi
gvby‡li Rb¨ GKRb K‡i wbewÜZ Wv³vi I dv‡g©mx _vKvi cvkvcvwk cÖwZ wek nvRvi
†jv‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU K‡i 50 kh¨vi c~b©v½ nvmcvZv‡ji eë¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| MÖv‡gi
gvby‡li Rb¨ we‡klÁ wPwKrmv †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡gwWwmb c×wZi mnvqZv †bqv
†h‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi cy‡iv wPwKrmv eë¯’v wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU miKv‡ii †Kw›`ªq
WvUv‡e‡Ri Ask wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡jI †`‡ki mKj ¯^v¯’¨ †mev GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i
AvIZvq _vK‡Z cv‡i| ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Zi wecyj Z_¨vejx, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ev ¯^v¯’¨
m‡PZbZv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z gvby‡li nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji gv‡S w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU
bvMwi‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ WvUv‡eR AvKv‡i msiwÿZ _vK‡e|
89
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvmn gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq AvcZKvjxb wPwKrmvi Z_¨ AbjvB‡b
_vK‡e| RxebiÿvKvix Jl‡ai ¯^íg~j¨, mnRjf¨Zv I †`‡k Drcv`‡bi eë¯’v
Kivmn AcÖ‡qvRbxq Jl‡ai Drcv`b I Avg`vbx wbwl× Kivmn GKwU RvZxq Jla
I ¯^v¯’¨ bxwZgvjv cÖ¯‘Z Ges cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
ms‡ÿ‡c Avgiv GB cÖ¯Ívebv¸‡jv †ck Ki‡Z cvwi‡j ¯^v¯’¨ †mev mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb
Ges mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wPwKrmv cvevi eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ cuvP nvRvi
gvby‡li Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKRb K‡i wbewÜZ Wv³vi, bvm©, avÎx I Kgc‡ÿ GKwU
Jlavjq _vKvi cvkvcvwk cÖwZ wek nvRvi †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKwU K‡i 50
kh¨vi nvmcvZv‡ji eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Rb¨ we‡klÁ wPwKrmv
†cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡gwWwmb c×wZi mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi cy‡iv wPwKrmv eë¯’v
wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU miKv‡ii †K›`ªxq WvUv‡e‡Ri Ask wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡jI
†`‡ki mKj ¯^v¯’¨ †mev GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq _vK‡e| ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Zi wecyj
Z_¨vejx, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ev ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z gvby‡li nv‡Zi
bvMv‡ji gv‡S w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ WvUv‡eR AvKv‡i
msiwÿZ _vK‡e|
3.11 wbivcËv
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ kw³kvjx mvgwiK-Avav mvgwiK evwnbx M‡o
Zyj‡Z n‡e| Gme evwnbx‡K †Kej AvaywbK A‡¯¿ mw¾Z Kiv n‡ebv Zv‡ì nv‡Z w`‡Z
n‡e GKzk kZ‡Ki me©vaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³| wZb evwnbxi wWwRUvj mw¾ZKiY eë¯’v
m¤úbœ Kivi cvkvcvwk wewWAvi, cywjk, i¨ve, Avbmvimn mKj evwnbx‡K
Z_¨cÖhyw³mg„× Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †`‡ki mxgv‡iLv, Rbm¤úÌ abm¤ú`mn mKj
wKQzi c~Y© wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU bvMwiK Zvi wb‡Ri †`‡k ¯^vaxbZvi
mv‡_ wbivc` Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k GLb cÖvq mKj gvbylB wbivc`
bq| †mRb¨ †m AvZ¥wek¦vmxI bq| iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡e cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wbivcËv
weavb Kiv| iv‡óªi †Kvb bvMwiK †Kvb ai‡bi mš¿vm, ûgwK, Pv`vevRx, GwmW wb‡ÿc,
wbh©vZb ev ivR‰bwZK wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡ebv| iv‡óªi mKj‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b
ev‡qv‡gwUªKm wbivcËv weavb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Acivax‡ì weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki kvw¯Íi
eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ ivóª e¨w³i cÖvB‡fwm eRvq ivLvi wbðqZv †`‡e|
Avgv‡ì cÖ¯Ívebv n‡jv, mvgwiK evwnbx, Avav mvgwiK I AvBbk„•ÿjv evwnbx‡K
Z_¨cÖhyw³mn me©vaywbK cÖhyw³ I A¯¿ w`‡q mw¾Z Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †`‡ki mxgv‡iLv,
abm¤ú`mn mKj wKQzi c~Y© wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡e cÖwZwU
bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wbivcËv weavb Kiv| iv‡óªiª †Kvb bvMwiK †Kvb ai‡bi mš¿vm, ûgwK,
Puv`vevRx, GwmW wb‡ÿc, wbh©vZb ev ivR‰bwZK wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡ebv| iv‡óªi
mKj‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b ev‡qv‡gwUª· wbivcËv weavb Ki‡e Ges
90
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Acivax‡ì weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki kvw¯Íi eë¯’v Ki‡e| GKB mv‡_ ivóª e¨w³i cÖvB‡fwm
eRvq ivLvi wbðqZv †`‡e|
3.12 Aciva, AvBb I wePvi
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBbmg~n cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges bZzb AvBbmg~n ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v wPšÍv K‡iB cÖYxZ n‡e| cwiewZ©Z
Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z m„ó bZzb ai‡bi Aciva, mvBevi Aciva, mvBevi Kgy¨wb‡Kkb, wbD
wgwWqv, †gavm¤ú` BZ¨vw` mKj welq‡K ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Aciva msµvšÍ †dŠR`vix
Kvh©wewamn Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Aciva `gb I wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨
bZzb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv ev‡qv‡gwUª· wRb cixÿv, Acivaxi
Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Møvevj cwiRkwbs wm‡÷g, Acivaxi WvUv‡eR ˆZix Kiv QvovI
wePvi eë¯’v‡K wWwRUvj Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBbmg~n AbjvB‡b cvevi cvkvcvwk,
wWGjAvi AbjvB‡b cÖvc¨ n‡Z n‡e| wePvicÖv_©x AbjvB‡b wePvi cÖv_©bv Kivi
cvkvcvwk Zvi gvgjv †Kv_vq wK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q Zv AbjvB‡b Rvb‡Z cvivi eë¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBbRxwe AbjvB‡b Zvi e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b
wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi mnvqZvq ev`x-we`vexi e³e¨ ev mvÿ¨ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e|
3.13 MYevnb I †hvMv‡hvM
†`‡ki MYevnb ev cvewjK UªvÝ‡cvU© eë¯’v‡K `ªæZMwZi, Avivg`vqK, wbivc` Ges
¯^íe¨qx Ki‡Z n‡e| XvKv-PÆMÖvg, XvKv-wm‡jU, XvKv-w`bvRcyi, XvKv-ivRkvnx, XvKv-
Lyjbv, XvKv-gqgbwmsn-†gvnbMÄ, PÆMÖvg-wm‡jU, Lyjbv-ivRkvnx-w`bvRcyi BZ¨vw`
RvZxq iæ‡U `ªæZMvgx †Uªb mvwf©m Pvjy Kivi cvkvcvwk XvKv-PÆMÖvg †ijjvBb‡K
†UKbvd ch©šÍ m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| PÆMÖvg-XvKv-KwjKvZv †ijc‡_i cvkvcvwk
XvKv-AvMiZjv I PÆMÖvg-AvMiZjv †ij †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡Z n‡e| XvKv,
PÆMÖvgmn Ab¨vb¨ gnvbMix‡Z cwiKwíZ bMi †ij, PµvKv‡i †ij, Dckni †ij,
AvKvk †ij ev cvZvj †ij ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| XvKvmn eo eo gnvbMix‡Z µm‡ivW,
†j‡ej µwms-G d¬vBIfvi-myo½ c_ wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| wmM‡bwjsmn †hvMv‡hvM
eë¯’v‡K Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cwienb Lv‡Zi mKj ai‡bi Puv`vevwR,
A‰ea †Uvj, Nyl-`ybx© wZ K‡Vvifv‡e `gb Ki‡Z n‡e| mviv‡`‡k RvZxq moK eë¯’v‡K
cÖk¯Í, AvaywbK I wbivc` Kivi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi, AvÂwjK gnmoK
†bUIqvK©‡K e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| XvKv, PÆMÖvg I †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb
kni¸‡jvi mv‡_ KwjKvZv I AvMiZjv QvovI Bqv½yb, wf‡qbwk‡qb, bg‡cb, e¨v¼K,
Kzqvjvjvgcyi, wm½vcyi, w`jøx, KivPx, Kveyjmn AvÂwjK iæU¸‡jv‡Z AvÂwjK evm
mvwf©m Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k‡K Gwkqvb nvBI‡q‡Z †hvM w`‡Z n‡e| †hme
GjvKvq ¯’vqx moK wbg©vY Kiv hv‡ebv †mBme RvqMvq Wz‡evmoK wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki †bŠc_‡K †Kej bve¨ Kiv n‡ebv G‡Z Avivg`vqK †bŠhvb
91
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Pvjy Kivmn ¯úxW‡evU, mxUªvK I †nvfvi µvd&Umn `ªæZMvgxi hvbevnb Pvjy Ki‡Z
n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY, AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK AvKvkPjvPj mymsnZ, DbœZ
I AvaywbK Ki‡Z n‡e| Ggb eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mKj MYevn‡bi Z_¨, eywKs,
mgqm~Px, PjvPj, Ae¯’vb B›Uvi‡b‡U cvIqv hvq|
3.14 wWwRUvj wbe©vPb c×wZ

ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii mv‡eK cÖavb Dc‡`óv dKiæwÏb Avn‡g` MZ 12 GwcÖj 2007
mÜ¨vq RvwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ †`qv Zvi fvl‡Y 2008 mvj †kl nevi Av‡MB (me©‡kl w`b
31 wW‡m¤î 2008) RvZxq msm‡ì wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gi
Av‡M wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi cÿ †_‡K †fvUvi ZvwjKv I cwiPqcÎ ˆZixi mgqmxgv
AvVv‡iv gvm n‡e e‡j Rvbv‡bv nq| hwÌ miKv‡ii we‡klÁ KwgwU GB KvR Kivi
Rb¨ GK eQi (cÖ¯‘wZi Pvigvm Ges Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvU gvm) mgq jvM‡e e‡j wi‡cvU©
w`‡qwQ‡jv, ZeyI wbe©vPb Kwgkb m¤¢eZ mg‡qi Rb¨ e¨_©Zvi wi¯‹ Gov‡Z Qq gvm
evowZ mgq nv‡Z †i‡LB mgq †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jv| GwU GKw`K †_‡K cÖksmbxq|
KviY e¨_© nevi †P‡q GKUz †ewk mgq †bqv DËg| Ae‡k‡l Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i 29 wW‡m¤î RvZxq wbe©vPb I c‡i Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb K‡i dLiæwÏb miKvi
we`vq wb‡q‡Q| Z‡e †hfv‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K AviI DbœZ I wWwRUvj Kiv
†h‡Zv wKbv †mwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi|
B-†fvwUs: 1960 mv‡j cvÂ KvW© (Kw¤úDUv‡ii WvUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ GK
ai‡bi c×wZ) cÖ¯‘Z nIqv ïiæ n‡jB B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs c×wZi aviYvi Rb¥ nq|
Z‡e RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î cvÂKvW© †fvwUs c×wZ †Zgb RbwcÖqZv cvqwb| Gici
cÖPwjZ nq wWAviB c×wZ| B-†fvwUs-Gi GKwU aib n‡jv KvMRwfwËK| G‡K
WKz‡g›U-e¨vjU †fvwUs wm‡÷gI ejv nq| Ab¨wU wWAviB (WvB‡i± †iKwW©s
B‡jKUªwbK) †fvwUs c×wZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GLb ch©šÍ †hme †ÿ‡Î RvZxq wbe©vP‡b
B-†fvwUs c×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wWAviB c×wZB eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
wWAviB (WvB‡i± †iKwW©s B‡jKUªwbK) c×wZ‡Z †fvU `vb GiB gv‡S wKQz wKQz †`‡k
†ek RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| eªvwR‡j GB c×wZwU me©vwaK cÖPwjZ| ILvbKvi mevB
RvZxq wbe©vP‡b GB c×wZ‡Z †fvU †`q| Avgv‡ì cv‡ki †`k fvi‡Z GB c×wZ
1998 mvj †_‡KB Pvjy Av‡Q| 2004 mv‡jI fviZ GB c×wZ‡Z wbe©vPb K‡i‡Q|
eo †`k e‡j Zviv cy‡iv †`kUv‡Z GL‡bv GB c×wZ‡Z wbe©vPb Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
Z‡e AvMvgx wbe©vP‡b fviZ e¨vcKfv‡e GB c×wZ eënvi Ki‡e-GwU wbwðZ K‡i
ejv hvq| fviZ QvovI †b`vij¨vÛ, †f‡bRy‡qjv Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªI B-†fvwUs Pvjy
Av‡Q| wWAviB c×wZ QvovI G‡¯Ívwbqv Ges myBRvij¨v‡Û B›Uvi‡bU †fvwUs Pvjy
Av‡Q|
92
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
fvi‡Zi AwfÁZv: fvi‡Zi `ywU miKvix cÖwZôvb ev½v‡jv‡ii fviZ B‡jKUªwb·
wjwg‡UW Ges nvq`vivev‡ì B‡jKUªwb· K‡c©v‡ikb Ae BwÛqvi gva¨‡g BweGg
(B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs †gwkb)-Gi gva¨‡g 1989-90 mv‡j Drcvw`Z BwfGg w`‡q
ga¨cÖ‡`k (5wU Avmb), ivR¯’vb (5wU Avmb) I w`jøxi (6wU Avmb) †gvU 16wU Avm‡b
†fvU MÖnY K‡i 1998 mv‡j| 2004 mv‡j GB †fvU MÖn‡Yi AvIZv Av‡iv evov‡bv
nq|
†h hš¿wU w`‡q fviZ B-†fvwUs K‡i Zvi cÖhyw³ Lye mvaviY| Gi Rb¨ Rvcvb †_‡K
cÖ‡mmi Avg`vbx Kiv nq| †mB cÖ‡mm‡m bZzb †Kvb Z_¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvqbv| †gvU
`ywU As‡k wef³ _v‡K GB hš¿wU| GKwU e¨vjU Ask| GwUi
mnvqZvq †fvUvi †fvU †`q| Ab¨ AskwU‡Z †fv‡Ui Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| GB
hš¿¸‡jv e¨vUvwi PvwjZ| cÖwZwU hš¿ †gvU 3840 wU †fvU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU
h‡š¿ 16 Rb K‡i †gvU 64 Rb cÖv_©xi †fvU †èvi eë¯’v Kiv hvq| GB h‡š¿ †KD
GKevi †fvU w`‡j hš¿wU jKW n‡q hvq Ges h‡ZvB †Póv Kiv †nvK G‡Z wØZxq †fvU
Z‡ZvÿY †`qv hv‡ebv h‡ZvÿY Avevi †fvU †èvi Rb¨ †mwU AvbjK bv Kiv n‡e|
GB hš¿¸‡jvi †iKW© A‡gvPbxq| d‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b cybMYbv Kiv hvq|
wWwRUvj †fvwUs-Gi fv‡jv g›`: wWAviB c×wZi mgv‡jvPKiv e‡jb †h, Gi d‡j
Rvj †fvU m¤ú~Y© eÜ Kiv hvqbv| we‡kl K‡i †fvUvi Zvi †fvU †èvi †Kvb cÖgvYcÎ
nv‡Z cvqbv e‡j mš‘wói cÖkœ †_‡K hvq| Av‡gwiKvq GB c×wZi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
wM‡q ejv nq, DRE machines must have a voter-verifiable paper audit
trails. fvi‡Z GB c×wZi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi d‡j †Kvb
GjvKvi †fvUviiv Kv‡K Kg ev Kv‡K †ewk †fvU w`‡q‡Q Zv Rvbv hvq| Z‡e mviv `yw-
bqvi †hLv‡bB B-†fvwUs Pvjy n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bB Gi mydj¸‡jv Lye ¯úófv‡e wPwýZ Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| m¤ú~Y©fv‡e eÜ bv n‡jI wWAviB c×wZ‡Z Rvj‡fvU, †fvU †K›`ª `Lj
BZ¨vw` cÖvq A‡bKUvB eÜ Kiv hvq| †fvwUs †gwk‡b †fvU `v‡bi myweavi gv‡S Av‡Q
Lye `ªæZ †fvU MYbv Ki‡Z cvivi e¨vcviwU| GwU‡K mevi Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
GB eë¯’vq Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †fvU MYbvi cÖPwjZ wbqg Abymv‡i †fvU‡K‡›`ª †fvU
MYbv Ki‡Z K‡qK wgwbU mgq jvM‡e gvÎ| Gi gv‡b `vov‡e †h, †fvU MÖnY †kl
Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ djvdj †`qv hv‡e| †Kvb GjvKvq †K †ewk Avi †K Kg †fvU
†c‡jv †mwU Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z Rvbv hvq| d‡j fvi‡Z †h Kvi‡Y †fvwUs
†gwkb mgv‡jvwPZ, †mwU Avgv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡ebv| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, †gwk‡b
†fvU †`qvUv Avgv‡ì g‡Zv ÔAwkwÿZÕ gvby‡li †`‡k RwUjZv evov‡e| wKš‘ Zviv
nq‡Zv fvi‡Zi K_v gv_vq iv‡Lbwb| fvi‡Z cÖPwjZ c×wZi †fvU`v‡bi PvB‡Z
†gwk‡b †fvU †`qv AwkwÿZ †jvK‡ì Rb¨ mnR e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| †gwk‡b ev
Z_¨cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i †fvU`v‡b Av‡iv †hme myweavi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi gv‡S
93
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Av‡Q †fv‡Ui wbivcËv, †fvUh‡š¿i enb‡hvM¨Zv Ges wbe©vP‡bi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv| †KD
†KD e‡jb †h, GB c×wZi †fvU `v‡bi Rb¨ hš¿ eve` e¨q n‡e A‡bK UvKv| fvi‡Z
ïiæ‡Z GKwU †fvwUs hš¿ ˆZix Ki‡Z LiP co‡Zv 5500 iæcx| GLb †mwU cÖvq
A‡a©‡K †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki UvKvq G‡K eZ©gvb evRvi `‡i cvP nvRvi
UvKvi †ekx `vg co‡e e‡j g‡b Kwibv| KviY cÖhyw³i `vg K‡g‡Q A‡bK| GQvov
GB eë¯’vq †fvU MÖn‡Yi †gvU e¨q K‡g hv‡e| †Kbbv GB eë¯’vq e¨vjU †ccvi
Qvcv-cwienb, Kvwj, ÷v¤ú, ÷v‡di LiP Kg‡e| ïay ZvB bq mvwe©K mgqI Kg‡e
G‡Z|
†h‡nZz Avgiv †fvUvi WvUv‡eR K‡iwQ †m‡nZz Avgv‡ì Rb¨ KvRwU Av‡iv mnR n‡Z
cvi‡Zv| Avgv‡ì †fvUvi WvUv‡eRwU Avgiv †fvUh‡š¿ msiÿY K‡i w`‡Z cvwi Ges
†mB hš¿B mivmwi †fvU`v‡bi wnmve ivL‡Z cv‡i| †g‡gvix KvW© GRb¨ Av`k© mgvavb
n‡Z cv‡i| †fvUh‡š¿ evi‡KvW cvV Kiv, AvBwW KvW© ev Av½y‡ji Qvc cvV Kiv wKsev
Ab¨vb¨ ev‡qv‡gwUª· wdPvi †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ B›Uvi‡b‡U †fvwUs
eë¯’vI Gfv‡e Pvjy Kiv hvq| ZLb †`kxq †fvUvi ev cÖevmxiv †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡e Zvi
wb‡Ri evox‡Z e‡m|
Avgv‡ì Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv Ges RvZxq cwiPqcÎ †h‡nZz j¨vcUc w`‡q Kiv
n‡q‡Q Ges †h‡nZz Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q Z_¨‡K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q Ges †h‡nZz mviv‡`kB
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui AvIZvq Av‡Q †m‡nZz Avgiv GgbwK †fvwUs †gwkb bv wK‡b †fvUvi
ZvwjKvi Rb¨ †Kbv j¨vcUç‡jv‡KB †fvU †èvi h‡š¿ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvwi|
j¨vcUç‡jvi mv‡_ GKwU wWwRUvj e¨vjUcÎ hy³ K‡i WvUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi w`‡q
cy‡iv †fvU`vb cÖwµqv wbwñ`ª wbivcËvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| GgbwK gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª
†gwk‡b †fvU`v‡bi cvkvcvwk KvM‡Ri e¨vj‡Ui cÖwµqvi K_v hv ejv n‡q‡Q †mwUI
c~iY Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi mv‡_ wcÖ›U Kivi eë¯’v Ges e¨vjU ev‡· Zv †djvi
weKí eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvwe©Kfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv GK_v ej‡Z cvwi †h, eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wWwRUvj
†fvwUs wm‡÷g Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ evowZ †Kvb mg‡qiI ìKvi wQ‡jvbv| †fvUvi
ZvwjKvi Rb¨ †h AvVv‡iv gvm mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ Av‡iv wZb gvm mgq
†hvM K‡i †gvU GKzk gv‡mi gv‡S Avgiv Avgv‡ì †fvU`vb c×wZwU cy‡ivcywi e`jv‡Z
cviZvg| Avgv‡ì ivRbxwZweìv myôz wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ ¯^”Q¡ e¨vjU ev· `vex K‡ib|
wKš‘ Zviv GwU GL‡bv †f‡e †`‡Lbwb †h, ¯^”Q¡ ev Kv‡Pi ev· w`‡jB †fvU`v‡bi
Awbqg mgvß n‡ebv| KvM‡Ri e¨vj‡U kZe‡l©i cyiv‡bv Kvq`vq Rvj‡fvU †èvi †h
Aeva my‡hvM _vK‡Q Zv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©b| Avi †mB cwieZ©bwU Avm‡Z
cv‡i †fvU †èvi c×wZwU‡K Z_¨cÖhyw³ wbf©i Kivi gva¨‡g| Avwg g‡b Kwi,
dKiæwÏb mv‡n‡ei miKvi Zvi Kv‡Q _vKv 24 gvm _vKv mgq‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
†fvU`v‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj c×wZ cÖeZ©b Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cvi‡Zb|
94
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
`yf©vM¨µ‡g †mB KvRwU wZwb Ki‡jb bv|
MZ RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b Awbevmx ev cÖevmxiv †fvU w`‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv bvMwiK
n‡qI GB bvMwiK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q‡Q| wbe©vwPZ nvwmbv miKvi Aek¨
cÖevmx‡ì †fvUvwaKvi `v‡bi c‡ÿ|
wdwjcvB‡bi GKRb cÖevmx bvixi †fvUvwaKvi: wdwjcvB‡b Rb¥ †bqv GKRb gwnjv
†mB †`‡ki ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡ AvB‡bi Aax‡b wdwjcvB‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY K‡i †mB
†`‡ki 2004 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b †fvUvi nevi Av‡e`b Rvbvq| wKš‘ wbe©vPb Kwgkb
Zv‡K †fvUvw`Kvi †`qwb| Kwgk‡bi ARynvZ wQ‡jv †h, wZwb
wdwjcvB‡bi bvMwiK n‡jI †`‡ki Awaevmx bb| Gici wZwb wdwjwc‡Ýi D”P
Av`vj‡Z wePvi cÖv_©bv K‡ib| Av`vjZ AvM÷ 4, 2006 Zvwi‡L †`qv iv‡q H
gwnjvi †fvUvi nevi AwaKvi‡K mgybœZ iv‡L| wdwjcvB‡bi GB ˆØZ bvMwi‡Ki
welqwU we‡kl K‡i †hme †`‡ki cÖevmx-Awbevmx bvMwi‡Ki msL¨v †ewk Zv‡ì gv‡S
¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
cÖevmx‡ì †`qv wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq mËzi jvL †jvK cÖev‡m evm K‡ib|
GB wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU Ask ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡ enb K‡i| A_©vr †h †`‡k Zviv
emevm K‡i †mB †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ Zviv †fvM K‡i| Gi mv‡_ Rb¥m~‡Î Zviv
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| G‡ì A‡b‡KiB mšÍvbvw` we‡`‡kB Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| evev-gvi
m~‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Zv‡ì m¤úK© _vK‡jI Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki †fv‡Ui e¨vcv‡i
†Zgb AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i e‡j g‡b nqbv| fviZ ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡ Ges †fvUvwaKvi
welqwUi wb¯úwË Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| fvi‡Z 22 wW‡m¤î 2003 Zvwi‡L cvk Kiv I
2 A‡±vei 2005 †_‡K Kvh©Ki GKwU AvB‡bi Aax‡b Pvi cÖRb¥ ch©šÍ cÖevmx‡K
fviZxq AwiwRb e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Zviv A‡bK myweavB †fvM K‡i| Z‡e Zv‡ì
†fvUvwaKvi Av‡Q Ggb Lei Avwg cvBwb| evsjv‡`‡kiI wecyj msL¨K †jvK Ggb
msÁvq c‡o| G wel‡q †Zgb †Kvb my®úó weavb Av‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| eis
evsjv‡`kx AwiwRb nevi c‡iI we‡`‡ki bvMwiK nevi d‡j Avgv‡ì miKv‡i
AskMÖnYKvix wKQz †jv‡Ki wel‡q cÖkœ DÌvwcZ nIqv †_‡K GwU Dcjwä Kiv hvq †h
welqwU AvBbMZfv‡e êa bq| wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, welqwU GLbB ¯úó Kiv ìKvi|
wKQzw`b Av‡M †_‡KB weª‡Ub-gvwK©b cÖevmx A‡bK evsjv‡`kxi †gBj, †dvb I e¨w³MZ
mvÿvr cvw”Q-hviv Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi wb‡q K_v ej‡Qb| Gi gv‡S cÖevmx evsjv
cwÎKvi m¤úv`K †_‡K Avgvi †jLvi cvVK ev weRq evsjv mdUIq¨v‡ii
eënviKvixivI i‡q‡Qb| wKQzw`b Av‡M cÖevmx‡ì cÿ †_‡K wbe©vPb Kwgk‡b ¯§viK
wjwc cÖ`vb Ges wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡ì mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi LeiI Avgiv c‡owQ|
†fvUvwaKv‡ii welqwU wb‡q hviv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ msK‡U Av‡Qb Zviv evsjv‡`‡kiB
Awbevmx bvMwiK| mviv `ywbqv‡ZB Giv Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni
kvwšÍevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vbKvix mk¯¿evwnbx, `~Zvevm Kg©Pvix ev we‡`‡k
95
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
miKvwi-†emiKvwifv‡e Kg©iZ, emevmKvix ev wkÿviZ evsjv‡`kx bvMwi‡Kiv GB
†kÖYxfz³| cÖevmx‡ì GB Ask A¯’vqxfv‡e †`‡ki evB‡i Qq gv‡mi ev Zvi †P‡q
†ewk mg‡qi Rb¨ Kg©Rxeb KvUvq| Giv mK‡jB †KejgvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡
aviY K‡i| ev¯Íe Ae¯’v n‡jv, GB cÖevmxiv †`‡ki ivRb‰bwZK aviv †_‡K †gv‡UB
wew”Qbœ bq| we‡`‡k Zviv evsjv‡`kx ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi kvLv MVb K‡i mKj
ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐB cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ †`‡k Ae¯’vb bv Kivq ev Av‡iv ¯úó
K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYxZ nevi mg‡q †`‡k bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Zviv
†fvUvi ZvwjKvq AšÍf©³ z n‡Z cv‡ibv| Avevi hw` †KD H mg‡q †`‡k G‡m ev Zv‡ì
cQ›`g‡Zv mg‡q †`‡k G‡m †fvUvi n‡ZI cv‡i Z_vwc Zviv †`‡k Ae¯’vb bv Ki‡j
†fvU w`‡Z cv‡ibv| cÖev‡m †fvU MÖn‡Yi †Kvb Dcvq GL‡bv Avgv‡ì wbe©vPb Kwgkb
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q e‡j Avwg Rvb‡Z cviwQbv| we‡`‡k Kg©iZ evsjv‡`‡ki ˆmwbK Ges
`~Zvev‡mi Kg©Pvixiv wKfv‡e †fvU w`‡Z cv‡i ev Av‡`Š †fvU w`‡Z cv‡i wKbv ev †fvU
w`‡jI Zv‡ì †fvU Av‡`Š wnmv‡e Av‡m wKbv GB welqwUI Avgvi Kv‡Q ¯úó bq|
Avgvi Rvbvg‡Z, †cv÷vj e¨vjU eë¯’vwU †KejgvÎ †`‡k Kg©iZ †fvUvi‡ì ev
AZ¨šÍ mxwgZfv‡e we‡`‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡”Q| Z‡e Rq civR‡q GB †fvU¸‡jv
†Kvb f‚wgKv iv‡L wKbv †mwU Avwg eywSbv| Gme †fvU h_v¯’v‡b †cŠQv‡bvi Av‡MB
m¤¢eZ wbe©vP‡bi djvdj †NvlYv n‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K nq‡Zv GB †fvU¸‡jv msL¨vq
G‡Zv Kg †h, djvdj wbY©‡q G¸‡jv †Kvb f‚wgKvB cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| wKš‘ mKj
Awbevmxi †fvU RvZxq wbe©vP‡b Aek¨B weivU f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| bxwZMZfv‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki ˆØZ bvMwiK‡ì wel‡q weZK© _vK‡jI GKgvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK
A_P Awbevmx (cÖevmx) Rb‡Mvôxi †fvUvwaKvi bv _vKvi †Kvb hyw³m½Z KviY †bB|
Lye ¯úófv‡eB GK_v Avgv‡ì ¯^xKvi Kiv DwPZ †h Giv †Kej ê‡`wkK gy`ªvB †`‡k
cvVvqbv, Giv G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ, mgvR I Rxebavivi GKwU kw³kvjx cÖevn| Giv
†`kkvm‡b Ask †b‡ebv GUv n‡ZB cv‡ibv| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GKwUB ARynvZ n‡Z cv‡i
†h, Zviv †`‡k evm K‡ibv| wKš‘ hviv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK Ges Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡ki
bvMwiK bq Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi wb‡q †Kvb cÖkœ IVvi my‡hvM †bB| we‡kl K‡i RvZxq
wbe©vP‡b Zv‡ì †fvU †èvi cyY© AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi DwPZ Zv‡ì‡K
†fvUvi Kiv I Zv‡ì †fvU MÖnY Kivi eë¯’v Kiv| cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡ì‡K †fvUvi
evbv‡j †fvU †bqv n‡e †Kgb K‡i? Z‡e †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡kœ Av‡iv GK ai‡bi cÖkœ
wb‡q wKQz Lei †`qv DwPZ e‡j Avwg g‡b KiwQ|
AbvMwiK‡ì †fvUvwaKvi: mv¤úªwZKKv‡j †Kej †`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì †fvUvwaKvi bq
eis GB avibvwU cÖej n‡”Q †h †Kej AbvMwiK wKš‘ wbevmx Zv‡ì‡KI AšÍZ ¯’vbxq
wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| mviv `ywbqv‡ZB GLb †fvUvwaKvi ev MYZ‡š¿i msÁv
e`jv‡”Q| d‡j †KejgvÎ bvMwi‡Kiv bb, AbvMwiK wbevmxivI †fvUvwaKvi †c‡Z ïiæ
Ki‡Qb|
96
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Av‡gwiKvi wbDBqK †cv÷-Gi m~Î a‡i ZvB‡c UvBgm cwÎKvi 3 gvP© 2007 Zvwi‡L
cÖKvwkZ Le‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wbDBq‡K©i AbvMwiKiv ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU †èvi
AwaKv‡ii `vwe Zzj‡Q| Zviv g‡b K‡i, bvMwiK‡ì g‡ZvB Zviv U¨v· cÖ`vb K‡i|
m~Zivs ZvivI bvMwiK‡ì g‡ZvB †fvU †èvi AwaKvi iv‡L| cwÎKvi Lei Abyhvqx
we‡k¦i AšÍZ 24wU †`k wbevmx AbvMwiK‡ì‡K †fvU cÖ`v‡bi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|
ÒAt least 24 nations let non-citizens vote at some level. EU mem-
bers allow resident aliens from other EU countries to vote in local
elections. New Zealand lets any resident of a year or more vote in
local and even national elections. Chile and Uruguay also allow non-
citizen voting at the national level.”
12 GwcÖj 2007 Zvwi‡Li UvBg cwÎKvi Lei n‡jv, IqvwksU‡bi GKwU Dckn‡i
AbvMwi‡K‡ì‡K ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU w`‡Z AbygwZ †`qv n‡q‡Q Ò Earlier this
year, Takoma Park, Md., A suburb of Washington with a liberal tilt,
held a special election to fill a vacant city-council seat. It was the
town’s latest contest under a 1992 law that allows any adult resi-
dent—including noncitizens—to vote for local offices.Ó
27 GwcÖj 2007 Zvwi‡Li KvbvWxq cwÎKv b¨vkbvj †cv÷ cwÎKvi Lei n‡jv, `yB
WR‡bi †ewk KvDw›U‡Z AbvMwiK‡ì‡K †fvU cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †`qv nq| ÒMore than
two dozen countries today give voting rights to non-citizen residents.
This includes the United Kingdom, Ireland and even parts of the
United States where non-citizen permanent residents can vote in local
elections. The most permissive voting system is in New Zealand,
where all immigrants can vote in both local and national elections
after one year of residency.
mvwe©Kfv‡e G welqwU cwi®‹vi †h, w`‡b w`‡b †fv‡Ui welqwU cyiv‡bv aviv AwZµg
Ki‡Q| GKw`‡K †`‡ki RvZxq Ges ¯’vbxq GB `yB ai‡bi wbe©vP‡b `ywU wfbœ †fvUvi
ZvwjKv ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb| KviY GKRb bvMwiK B‡”Q Ki‡j RvZxq wbe©vP‡b GK
¯’v‡bi Ges ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b Ab¨¯’v‡bi †fvUvi n‡Z PvB‡Z cv‡i| Avwg Avgvi ¯’vqx
wVKvbvq RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi †fvU w`‡Z cvwi| Avevi ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b Avwg eZ©gv‡b
emevm Kivi wVKvbvq †fvU w`‡Z PvB‡Z cvwi| Ab¨w`‡K AbvMwiK wbevmx
†fvUvi‡ì‡K ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU †èvi my‡hvM †`qv hvq, hviv ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU
w`‡Z cvi‡jI RvZxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU †èvi AwaKvi bvI †c‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Awbevmx
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwi‡Kiv RvZxq wbe©vP‡b †fvU w`‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡ì‡K ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b
†fvU †èvi AwaKvi bvI †`qv n‡Z cv‡i|
Avwg wek eQi hveZB GK_v e‡j AvmwQ †h, †fvUvi ZvwjKvwU wWwRUvj Kiæb| ejvi
97
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
A‡cÿv iv‡Lbv, †KejgvÎ GKwU wWwRUvj †fvUvi WvUv‡eR †_‡KB AwZ mn‡R ¯’vbxq
Ges RvZxq Dfq wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wfbœ ai‡bi †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖbqY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†mRb¨ †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb d‡g© GKwU bZzb Z_¨ hy³ Kiv DwPr| †mB Z_¨wU
n‡jv, †fvUvi RvZxq wbe©vP‡b †Kv_vq ev ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b †Kv_vq Ask wb‡Z Pvq Zvi
weeiY| Awbevmx evsjv‡`kx‡ì †fvUvi ZvwjKv `~Zvev‡mi gva¨‡g cÖYxZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†hme †`‡k D‡jø‡hvM¨ msL¨K evsjv‡`kx Av‡Q, †hgb hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, KvbvWv,
Rvg©vbx, BUvwj, †mŠw` Avie, KvZvi, mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ, gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi,
Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv, A‡÷ªwjqv BZ¨vw` Gme ev Ab¨me †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki `~Zvev‡mi
gva¨‡g evsjv‡`kx‡ì‡K Qwemn †fvUvi WvUv‡e‡R AšÍfz©³ Kiv hvq| Zviv GB Z_¨wU
Rvbv‡e †h, †Kvb msm`xq GjvKvq Zviv †fvU †`‡e| †mB m~Î a‡i RvZxq †fvUvi
WvUv‡eR Avc‡WU n‡e Ges †fvUvi ZvwjKvi Lmov I P‚ovšÍwU gyw`ªZ n‡e|
Z‡e me‡P‡q eo cÖkœ n‡e †fvU MÖnY Kiv wb‡q| mviv `ywbqv †_‡K †`‡ki wZb‡kvwU
msm`xq Avm‡b wKfv‡e †fvU MÖnY Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| GwU m¤¢e †h, `~Zvevm¸‡jv
†fvUMÖnY †K›`ª n‡Z cv‡i| `~Zvev‡mi AvIZvq cÖ‡qvR‡b GKB †`‡k GKvwaK †fvU
†K›`ªI ¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| †fvU MÖn‡Yi mgq wb‡q cÖkœ DV‡e| KviY evsjv‡`‡k hLb
†fvU MÖnY Kiv n‡e ZLb †Kvb †`‡k nq‡Zv ivZ ev †fvU bv †èvi mgq n‡Z cv‡i|
GB mgm¨vwU AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k †fvU MÖnY Kivi mgq †kl nevi Av‡MB
we‡`‡k †fvU wb‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKw`b Av‡M †fvU †bqv hv‡e| wKš‘ ZLb †fvU
Mbbv Kiv hv‡ebv| †fvU Mbbv Kiv n‡e evsjv‡`‡k †fvU MÖnY KvR mgvß nevi
mg‡q|
wKš‘ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB KvM‡Ri e¨vjU †ccv‡i GB †fvU MÖnY Kiv hv‡ebv| GRb¨
wWwRUvj †fvU c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| (`ªóe¨: ˆ`wbK RbKÉ 15 GwcÖj 2007)|
GKwU †fvU h‡š¿ (GwU †Kvb †Rbv‡ji cvicvm Kw¤úDUvi ev Gg‡e‡WW hš¿ n‡Z
cv‡i) †fvUvi †fvU †`‡eb| †mB h‡š¿ RvZxq msm‡ì wZb‡kv Avm‡bi e¨vjU †ccvi
msiÿY Kiv _vK‡e| †mB h‡š¿ Avmb b¤î Abymv‡i wWwRUvj e¨vjU †ccvi Bmy¨ Kiv
n‡e| Gici †fvUvi Zvi †fvU cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| GB hš¿wU AZ¨šÍ ¯^qswµqfv‡e
†fvU¸‡jv‡K msm` GjvKv wfwË‡Z evQvB K‡i djvdj cÖ`vb Ki‡e| †`‡kI †fvwUs
†gwk‡b †fvU †bqv n‡e| GLv‡b †Rbv‡ij cvicvm Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡ebv|
wKš‘ †fvU Mbbvi djvdj mvf©vi RvZxq Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e e‡j evB‡ii
†fvU¸‡jvI mivmwi GB mvf©v‡i WvUv Avc‡jvW Ki‡e| `~Zvevm¸‡jvi GB WvUvq
n¯Í‡ÿc Kivi †Kvb my‡hvMB ivLv n‡ebv|
m~Zivs Avwg Avev‡iv Aby‡iva Ki‡ev GKwU wWwRUvj †fvUvi ZvwjKvq wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z †fvUMÖnY K‡i †`kwU‡K GKzk kZ‡K cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z w`b|
98
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
3.15 ag©
bvix cyiæ‡li mgAwaKvi ev¯Íevqb Ges 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi
cÖZ¨q wb‡q Ôbvixi ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjbÓ bv‡gi GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MwVZ n‡q‡Q
MZ 24 †g 2008 RvZxq †cÖmK¬v‡e Av‡qvwRZ GK mvsevw`K m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g
(ˆ`wbK Avgv‡ì mgq, 25 †g 2008)| `‡ji AvnŸvwqKv bvwn` bRiæj wmZviv Ges
hyM¥ AvnŸvwqKv gvKmy`vn †di‡`Šm Lvb GwjRv| GB `‡ji cÖavb gyLcvÎ †gnRvweb
ingvb|
GB `j hviv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì‡K Avwg wPwbbv| wKš‘ Zviv †h wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi
K_v e‡j‡Qb Ges †h mg‡q †mwU Kivi A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Qb †mwUi mv‡_ Avgvi
e³‡eï wgj Av‡Q| AvwgI g‡b Kwi, evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi 50 eQi A_©vr 2021
mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^‡ii gv‡S Avgv‡ì‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Mo‡Z n‡e| GiB gv‡S
2020 mv‡j wWwRUvj cøv‡bU Ges wWwRUvj Gwkqv M‡o †Zvjvi cÖZ¨q †NvlYv K‡i‡Q
wek¦ Z_¨cÖhyw³ mwgwZ Ges Gwkqv I‡mwbqv Z_¨cÖhyw³ mwgwZ| †mB GKB ev
KvQvKvwQ mgqKv‡j Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o Zzj‡Z cvwi| GB D‡Ïk¨ hviv
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡ì Rb¨ wKQz ¯úó K_v, wKQz w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖKvk Kiv ìKvi|
GB Kjv‡g µgvš^‡q Avgiv †mB KvRwU Ki‡Z PvB|
†hfv‡eB we‡ePbv Kiv †nvK, ¯§iYvZxZKvj †_‡KB ag© bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z GwU Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk
Zvrch©c~Y©| KviY Avgiv GK mg‡q a‡g©i bv‡g GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡qwQjvg|
GL‡bv †mB welv³ wbtk¦vm Avgv‡ì Nv‡oi Ici co‡Q| †kvbv hvw”Q‡jv, kvgymj
û`v mv‡n‡ei wbe©vPb Kwgkb weMZ mvaviY wbe©vPb‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨, wbi‡cÿ I myôz
Kivi Rb¨ †Kej weMZ mg‡qi ivRbxwZi mvaviY `ye„©Ëvqb ev jy‡Uiv KvjPviB aŸsm
Ki‡ebv, †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i g~j wfwË‡K mgybœZ ivLvi Rb¨ ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ
wbwl× Ki‡e| hw` ZvB n‡Zv, Z‡e Avgiv eû eQ‡ii GKwU Awfkvc †_‡K gy³ n‡Z
cviZvg| wKš‘ †klvewa ce©‡Zi gywlK cÖm‡ei g‡Zv wbe©vPb Kwgkb Ô†KejgvÎ ag©xq
Dcvmbvj‡q wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv wbwl×Õ K‡i‡Q| Gi gv‡b ùvov‡”Q †h, †Kvb wbe©vPb
cÖv_©x Dcvmbvj‡q †fvU PvB‡Z cvi‡ebv| wKš‘ ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ wbwl× bv Kivi
dvu‡K RvgvZmn ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv h_vixwZ gmwR`‡K ivRbxwZi NvwU
wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi Pjgvb my‡hvM Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cvi‡e| Bmjv‡gi bv‡g R½xevÌ
gmwR`‡K NvwU wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi †NvlYv †_‡K GwU cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q, Zviv GwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv
†h, mv¤úªwZKKv‡j ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ I R½xev` †Kej Avgv‡ì †`‡kB bq, mviv
`ywbqv‡ZB GKwU wekvj msK‡Ui m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| 9/11-G hy³iv‡óªi UzBb UvIqv‡i
nvgjv I aŸsm Kivi NUbv, eû eQi a‡i Pjgvb c¨v‡j÷vBb-Bmiv‡qj msNl©, Pjgvb
99
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kvwk¥i wb‡q cvK-fviZ we‡iva, AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b Zv‡jevb DÌv‡bi ARynv‡Z I Biv‡K
MYweaŸsmx gviYv¯¿ _vKvi ARynv‡Z ee©i gvwK©b nvgjv, _vBj¨v‡Û Bmjvwg R½xev‡ì
†R‡M IVv, wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb AÂ‡j weivRgvb gymwjg †ivwn½v wew”QbœZvev`x
Av‡›`vjb Ges cvwK¯Ívb, BivY I evsjv‡`‡k ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi AvkvZxZ cÖmv‡ii
d‡j Bmjvwg R½xev` w`‡b w`‡b mviv `ywbqvi Rb¨B AvZ‡¼i wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Imvgv web jv‡`‡bi Avj Kvq`v MÖæc GLb Bmjvwg R½xev‡ì me‡P‡q
eo msMVb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvdMvb mxgvšÍ AÂ‡j I cvwK¯Ívbx †gvjøv‡ì gv‡S Gi
cÖfve e¨vcK i‡q‡Q| Aek¨ cvwK¯Ívb wb‡RB ag©wfwËK R½x ˆZixi me‡P‡q eo
KviLvbv n‡q Av‡Q| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rvgv‡Z Bmjvwg wb‡RI GKwU Bmjvwg R½xevw`
msMVb| Kvwk¥i, fviZ‡Zv Av‡QB evsjv‡`‡kI cvwK¯Ívbxiv Bmjvwg R½x ißvbx K‡i|
jÛ‡bi †Uªb I ev‡m †evgv nvgjvq cvwK¯Ívbx R½xiv RwoZ wQ‡jv| Awf‡hvM Av‡Q †h,
wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb AÂj I _vBj¨v‡Ûi gymwjg Aay¨wlZ GjvKv‡ZI cvwK¯Ívb
gymwjg R½x‡ì‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívbx †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v AvBG-
mAvB-Gi ZrciZv _vKvi cvkvcvwk cvwK¯Ívbx R½x‡ì ZrciZv _vKv QvovI
evsjv‡`k‡K wfwË K‡i fvi‡Z R½x nvgjvi wel‡qI fvi‡Zi Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k wgqvbgvi I fviZxq R½x ms¯’v¸‡jvi NvwU Av‡Q Ggb Awf‡hvMI cvIqv
hvq|
evsjv‡`k GKwU gymwjgcÖavb †`k| †mRb¨ AšÍi I evBi †_‡K GLv‡bI gymwjg
R½xev‡ì cÖmv‡ii ZrciZv weivR K‡i| GBme ZrciZv wel‡q AZx‡Zi †Kvb
miKviB mwVKfv‡e Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwb| 27 eQi a‡i wRqv-Gikv`-Lv‡j`v
miKvimg~n Bmjvwg R½xev`x Kg©KvÐ‡K mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Z‡e Avgiv fvMëvb †h,
GLv‡b ag©vÜZv, †gŠjev` I DMÖ R½xev` KL‡bvB †Kvb ch©v‡qi Rbmg_©b cvqwb|
Rvgv‡Z Bmjvwgmn Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi ¯^í †fvUcÖvwß GB e³‡eï mZ¨Zv cÖgvY K‡i|
cÿvšÍ‡i Abvw`Kvj †_‡K G‡`‡k wn›`y, †eŠ× I Lªx÷vb ag©vej¤^xiv cvkvcvwk emevm
K‡i Avm‡Q| HwZnvwmK Kvj †_‡KB GLv‡b ag©xq mwnòzZv weivR Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB
c~Y© ¯^vaxbZvq wbR wbR ag© PP©v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| msweav‡b A‡bK KvU QvU I cwieZ©b
Kivi ciI evsjv‡`k ivóª Zvi cÖK…Z PwiÎ G‡Kev‡i e`jvqwb| GLv‡b we‡kl †Kvb
ag©‡K wfwË K‡i Kv‡iv cÖwZ Ab¨vq-AwePvi ev Amvg¨ m„wó Kiv nqbv| GKvË‡ii
gyw³hy×, †`‡ki 71 mv‡ji msweavb I mKj ivóªxq AvBb †mB ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨
wbwðZ K‡i| wKš‘ wKQzmsL¨K †jvK wb‡R‡ì nxb ivR‰bwZK ¯^v‡_© mv¤úª`vwqKZv m„wó
Kivi †Póv K‡i Avm‡Q| †Kej wn›`y-gymjgvb Bmy¨ bq, gymjgvb-gymjgvb cÖm‡½
Kvw`qvbx‡ì Ici e¨vcK R½x nvgjv Kiv nq| GwU Kvh©Z cvwK¯Ívbx ivRbxwZi
avivevwnKZv| cvwK¯Ív‡b gI`y`xev` Ges Kvw`qvbx we‡ivaxZvi cvkvcvwk wkqv-mybœx,
wenvix-Awenvix `v½vI fqsKi iƒc wb‡q Av‡Q| fviZ we‡ivaxZv Ges Bmjvg †Mj-
GB †køvMvb w`‡q cvwK¯Ívbx R½x kvmKiv †hfv‡e cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvaviY
100
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gvbyl Ges ev½vjx‡ì b¨vh¨ AwaKvi I Rxeb msMÖv‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv‡K wfbœ
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†Rv‡Ui kixKmn ag©vÜiv mvZvk eQi a‡i ZvB K‡i AvmwQ‡jv| G‡ì AvkÖq-cÖkÖ‡q
†`‡k ag©xq R½xev‡ìI Pig DÌvb N‡U‡Q| †`ke¨vcx G‡Ki ci GK bviKxq R½x
nvgjv Ges R½x‡ì duvwm ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZiB Awbevh© cwiYvg| cvwK¯Ívb
kvmbvg‡j 52-Gi fvlv Av‡›`vjb, ev½vjxi fvlv-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ PP©v, Qq `dv,
AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv BZ¨vw`‡Zv e‡UB ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgqI Ôevsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g Bmjvg I Bmjvwg ivóª‡K aŸsm Kiv n‡”QÕ Ggb weåvwšÍKi cÖPviYv
Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †mŠfvM¨ Avgv‡ì †h, G‡`‡k mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q ag© cig
wcÖq welq n‡jI ag©xq R½xev` Ges ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ KL‡bv †kKo Mvo‡Z cv‡iwb|
m`¨we`vqx mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi Pvi`jxq †Rv‡Ui kvmbKv‡j wn›`y
I Kvw`qvbx‡ì Dci GK`j ag©vÜ jy‡Uivi mxgvnxb bviKxq AZ¨vPvi BwZnv‡mi
mKj mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| Zviv gymjgvb A_P wfbœ gZvej¤^x wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i
Kvw`qvbx‡ì evoxNi R¡vwj‡q‡Q| jyUcvU K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì mnvq m¤ú`| †hme GjvKvq
GB wfbœ gZvej¤^xiv emevm Ki‡Zv †mLv‡b Zv‡ì‡K GKN‡i K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zv‡ì
Dcvmbvj‡q nvgjv Kivi cyb‡cŠwYK †Póv n‡q‡Q| †mB mg‡q GgbwK wbRvgx-Lv‡j`v
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ag©vÜ‡ì `vwe wQ‡jv, Kvw`qvbx‡ì Agymwjg †NvlYv Kiv| GRb¨ Zviv eQ‡ii ci
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G‡ì Rb¨ ag©xq wfbœgZ I Abäg© wb‡q G‡`‡k msL¨vjNy‡ì emevm KwVb n‡q
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AZx‡Zi mKj †iKW© AwZµg K‡i| Gi Av‡M wRqv ev Gikv‡ì Avg‡j wn›`y‡ì
Ici wbh©vZb n‡jI Lv‡j`vi †kl AvgjwU wQ‡jv AÜKvi hy‡Mi g‡Zv| cvwK¯Ívbx
nv‡qbv‡ì g‡Zv wn›`y‡ì evoxNi R¡vwj‡q-cywo‡q †`qv, jyUcvU Kiv, gvwngv-c~wY©gvi
g‡Zv wK‡kvix‡ì al©Y Kiv, PÆMÖv‡gi evkLvwj‡Z msNwUZ N‡ii †fZ‡i †i‡L Av¸b
w`‡q mesk cywo‡q gviv Ges PvUMvi †Mvcvj K…ò gyûixi g‡Zv wkÿK‡K Lyb Kiv
QvovI †`ke¨vcx wn›`y‡ì evox-Ni-eëmv cÖwZôvb `Lj Kiv wQ‡jv GB Avg‡ji
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miKvi, `j Ges cÖkvmb †_‡K| d‡j GwU wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq †h, mvaviY gvby‡li
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ag© eënvi K‡i ag©vÜ ivRbxwZ Kivi d‡j|
G‡`‡k ag© GKwU ms‡e`bkxj welq wn‡m‡e ivRbxwZ‡Z eûjfv‡e eëüZ n‡q
101
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Avm‡Q| cvwK¯Ívb m„wó †_‡K Gi m~Pbv| ¯^vaxbZvi ci G‡ì ivRbxwZ wbwl× †NvlYv
Kivi ciI 75 cieZ©xKv‡j Rvgv‡Z Bmjvwgmn ag©vÜ wKQz ivR‰bwZK `j
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi g~j †NvlYvi wec‡ÿ gymwjg evsjv, Bmjvwg cÖRvZš¿, Bmjvwg
kvmb, Avjøvni AvBb BZ¨vw` jÿ¨ wb‡q cÖKv‡k¨ ivRbxwZ Kii AbgywZ I êaZv
cvq| G‡ì †NvwlZ bxwZ I Av`k© mivmwi ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi kvwgj| Giv †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ gv‡bbv| MYZš¿ G‡ì jÿ¨ bq| Giv †`‡ki msweav‡bi †gŠwjK
welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ ¯úó we‡ivaxZv K‡i| G‡ì Kv‡Q fvlv Av‡›`vjb, knx` wèm, Qq
`dv, ¯^vaxbZv AR©b, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa, gyw³‡hv×v Gm‡ei †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| Zviv GL‡bv
cvwK¯Ív‡b wek¦vm K‡i| G‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li ag©cÖvYZvi my‡hvM wb‡q ag©vÜ
`j¸‡jvi GB Kvh©µg †`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z GK Pig msKU ˆZix K‡i‡Q| ZeyI weMZ
cqwÎk eQ‡ii gv‡S 27 eQiB Zviv miKv‡ii c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡q‡Q|
75 mv‡j e½eÜzi g„Zzï ci wRqv-Gikv`-Lv‡j`v evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax ivRvKvi-
Avjeì‡ì msMwVZ I cybe©vmb K‡ib| wRqv ivRvKvi‡ì‡K mivmwi Zvi wb‡Ri
gš¿xmfvq AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| GgbwK kvn AvwR‡Ri g‡Zv wPwýZ evsjv‡`k we‡ivax
cvwK¯Ívbcš’x‡K wRqv cÖavbgš¿x evbvb| Kvh©Z ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ I †gŠjev‡ì m~Pbv
K‡ib †Rbv‡ij wRqv| GwU wQ‡jv GKRb gyw³‡hv×vi cÿ †_‡K gyw³hy×we‡ivax GKwU
RNb¨ KvR| †K Gg †mvenv‡bi g‡Z, ÒwRqv e½eÜzi K…cvab¨ wQ‡jb| e½eÜz Zv‡K
†iKW© mg‡q †gRi †_‡K †gRi †Rbv‡ij c‡` DbœxZ K‡ib| ZLb wZwb e½eÜzi
cÖksmvq AÜ wQ‡jb| e½eÜzi nZ¨vi †cQ‡b †Rbv‡ij wRqvi f‚wgKv wQj Zv AZ¨šÍ
cwi®‹vi fvlvq †jLv Av‡Q Gš’wb g¨vmKv‡ibnv‡mi ÔwjM¨vwm Ae eøvWÕ cy¯Í‡K|
†Rbv‡ij wRqv evsjv‡`k †_‡K ag©wbi‡cÿZv we`vq K‡ib| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb ms‡kvab K‡i msweav‡bi 12 Aby‡”Q` evwZj K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z
agx©q `j¸‡jv‡K cybtcÖwZwôZ K‡i mvRv‡bv wbe©vP‡b Zv‡ì 6wU Avmb w`‡q msm`
m`m¨ nIqvi my‡hvM K‡i †`b| Õ79 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
ivRbxwZ‡Z Avevi ag©wfwËK `j¸‡jv cÖ‡ek K‡i|Ó (hyMvšÍi 20 GwcÖj 2007)
GikvÌ wRqvi c‡_B P‡jb| Zvi Pvicv‡k bxwZ wba©viY ch©v‡q-`‡j-gš¿xmfvq
evsjv‡`kwe‡ivaxivB `vc‡Ui mv‡_ wePiY K‡i‡Q| Gikv` wRqvi PvB‡Z Av‡iv
GKavc Av‡M †e‡o Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© †NvlYv K‡i| Gici Lv‡j`v wRqv Gikv‡ì
RyZv‡ZB cv †XvKvb| wZwb we‡kl K‡i 2001 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b wR‡Z GB NvZK‡ì
wb‡q miKvi MVb K‡ib| wbRvgx-gyRvwn`‡ì‡K gš¿xmfvq ewm‡q Lv‡j`v cvuP eQi
†`k kvmb K‡ib| ejv hvq, ïiæ †_‡KB Gikv` Ges Lv‡j`vi ivRbxwZ wQ‡jv gvby‡li
ag©cÖvYZv Ges Zvi mv‡_ fviZwe‡ivaxZv‡K hy³ K‡i| Giv `yR‡bB ag©vÜ ivR‰bwZK
msMVb Rvgv‡Z Bmjvwg‡K Avw_©Kfv‡eI mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb| †`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb
A_©bxwZwe` Ges A_©bxwZ mwgwZi mvaviY m¤úv`K cÖ‡dmi W. Aveyj eviKvZ Zvi
M‡elYvjä GKwU cyw¯ÍKvq cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgx wewfbœ eëmv †_‡K eQ‡i
102
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wbU Avq K‡i 1200 †KvwU UvKv| GB eëmvi AwaKvskB †RvU miKv‡ii kwiK
_vKve¯’vq ÿgZvi Aceënvi K‡i Gme eëmv ïiæ K‡i‡Q, bv nq c„ô‡cvlKZv
K‡i‡Q| Gikv` Avg‡jI Gme eëmvi c„ô‡cvlKZv Kiv nq| GBme eëmvi m‡½
hviv hy³ Zviv mevB †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e ÿgZvi Aceënvi I `ybx©wZi mv‡_I RwoZ|
Kvh©Z weMZ 35 eQ‡ii gv‡S 27 eQ‡ii jvjb cvj‡bi cwiYv‡g †`k GLb
†gŠjev‡ì AvLovq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| 11 Rvbyqvwi Riæix Ae¯’v Rvwii ci †`‡k mKj
†ÿ‡ÎB GKwU bZzb m¤¢vebv ˆZix n‡q‡Q| `yb©xwZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ivRbxwZ cwi®‹vi
Kivi mKj Kv‡RB GKwU `„p c`‡ÿc Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q| wKš‘ ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ
wb‡q †Kvb Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc †bqv n‡”Q bv| ejv n‡q‡Q, wbe©vPb Kwgkb ag©xq
Dcvmbvj‡q wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv wbwl× Ki‡e| (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 20 GwcÖj 2007) GwU
Av‡`Š †Kvb ewjô c`‡ÿc bq| ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ envj †i‡L GB eë¯’v †bqv n‡j
eis mvc RxešÍ †i‡L †jR gvivi kvwgj n‡e| Gi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z
ag©wfwËK mv¤úª`vwqKZvi wjM¨vwm cvKv‡cv³fv‡e wUwK‡q ivLv n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi Rb¨ R½xev‡ì mv‡_I cy‡iv †`kwU‡KB hy× Ki‡Z
n‡”Q| Avgv‡ì‡K eyS‡Z n‡e †h, R½xev` I ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ GKm~‡Î Mv_v|
d‡j †Kej ag©xq Dcvmbvj‡q wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv wbwl× Ki‡jB †Kvb mydj cvIqv
hv‡ebv| cÖ_‡gB ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwl× Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov ag©xq
R½x‡ì weiæ‡× eë¯’v †bevi cvkvcvwk †gŠjev‡ì †kKo Dc‡o †djv Ges ag©wfwËK
ivRbxwZi g~j bó Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Av‡iv wKQz mywbw`©ó KvR Kiv|
Ab¨ A‡bK Kv‡Ri gv‡S Avwg ïaygvÎ GKwU wel‡qi cÖwZ GLv‡b `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z
PvB| †hme KviLvbvq ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK Kg©x Ges R½x‡ì Rb¥ nq Zvi bvg
AwbewÜZ gv`ªvmv| weªwUk Avgj †_‡KB GB AÂ‡ji gymjgvb‡ì‡K cðv`c`
wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ m‡e‡P‡q †ewk Ae`vb ivL‡Q GB AwbewÜZ gv`ªvmv¸‡jv| Mixe
gvby‡liv A‡_©i Afv‡e Ges ag©cÖvY gvby‡liv ag©xq Abf‚wZi Kvi‡Y GB gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z
mšÍvb‡ì‡K †jLvcov †kLvi Rb¨ cvVvq| gv`ªvmv¸‡jvi wm‡jev‡m ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb
hvcb, fvlv-mvwnZ¨, A¼, BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj I weÁvb BZ¨vw` †bB| Bs‡iRx‡Zv `~‡ii
K_v GgbwK †Kvb †Kvb gv`ªvmvq gvZ…fvlvI cov‡bv nq bv| Avgiv g‡b Kwi, †`‡ki
cÖPwjZ g³e¸‡jv‡Z ag©wkÿvi †h eë¯’v Av‡Q; †Kvivb, nvw`m, bvgvR wkÿv BZ¨vw`
ILv‡b hv cov‡bv nq ag©PP©vi Rb¨ ZvB h‡_ó| ¯‹zj ch©v‡q Ackbvj welq wn‡m‡e
ag©wkÿv, Aviex-ms¯‹…Z-cvwj BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †KD hw` ag© wel‡q D”PZi
wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq Z‡e †mRb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡q a‡g©i wewfbœ welq cov‡bv
n‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki Bmjvwg wek¦we`¨vjqwU GRb¨ PgrKvi f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvix wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jvI G‡ÿ‡Î wefvM Ly‡j D¾¡j f‚wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ¯‹zj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki mKj gvby‡li wkÿvi aviv n‡Z n‡e
GKwUB|
103
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Ab¨w`‡K ag©xq Dcvmbvjq¸‡jvi AcwiKwíZ weKvk‡K cwiKwíZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
RbmsL¨v Abycv‡Z Zv‡ì ag©PP©vi wfwË‡Z miKvi‡K gmwR`, gw›ì, MxR©v, C`Mvn,
Kei¯’vb, k¥kvb BZ¨vw` ˆZix K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| GBme cÖwZôv‡bi wbg©vY, iÿYv‡eÿY
Ges Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb, we`y¨r wej, cqt-cvwbi eë¯’v BZ¨vw` ivóª‡KB Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZwU gmwR‡ì mv‡_ g³e _vK‡e hv‡Z ag©wkÿv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| GBme g³‡ei
wkÿ‡Ki †eZb QvovI wkÿv DcKiY miKvi mieivn Ki‡e| wn›`y‡ì Rb¨ ms¯‹…Z
†Uv‡ji eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Kg©m~wP: ivóª Bmjvg ag©mn Avwèvmx ev msL¨vjwNó RbM‡Yi ag©PP©vi AwaKvi msiÿY
Ki‡e I ag© welqK M‡elYv DrmvwnZ Ges Gi Abykxj‡b mecÖKvi mnvqZv Ki‡e|
ivóª Zvi mKj bvMwiK‡K Zv‡ì wbR wbR ag© PP©v Kivi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z
†`‡e Ges †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki Ici †Kvb ag© Pvwc‡q †`‡ebv ev †Kvb we‡kl ag© cvj‡b
KvD‡K eva¨ Ki‡ebv| ag©PP©vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk ag©xq
AeKvVv‡gv cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| AcwiKwíZ gw›ì gmwR`-MxR©vi
e`‡j cwiKwíZ evm¯’v‡bi g‡ZvB RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z evm¯’vb I Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_
ag©¯’vb miKvix e¨‡q wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| ivóª mKj ag© cÖwZôv‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY I
†givgZmn mKj e¨qfvi enb Ki‡e| ivóª cÖwZwU ag©PP©vi †ÿ‡Î wfbœg‡Zi mn
Ae¯’vb‡K wbwðZ Ki‡e| ag©xq †Mvovwg cÖwZ‡iva Kivi cvkvcvwk mwVK ag©wkÿvi
†ÿ‡Î ivóª mnvqK n‡e|
3.16 †gavm¤ú` m„wó I myiÿv

wek¦ †gavm¤ú` wè‡m 2009 mv‡ji cÖwZcv`¨ welq wQ‡jv cwi‡ek| wek¦ †gavm¤ú`
ms¯’vi GB fvebvwU wbtm‡›`‡n mg‡qvc‡hvMx| wek¦ DòvqY Ges wmGdwmRvZ msKU
wb‡q †gavm¤ú` m„wóKvix‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv‡Z GB ms¯’vi `~i`wk©Zv KvR Ki‡Q
†mwU ej‡ZB n‡e| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †hme Mixe †`k A‡bï D™¢vweZ cY¨ wK‡b Rxeb
PvjvB †mBme †`‡ki gvbyl‡ì RbÏ †gavm¤ú` m„wó Kivi c‡ÿ RbgZ m„wó Kiv
ìKvi| g~jZ wek¦‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ wmGdwm †bB Ggb Avwe®‹v‡ii cÖwZ gb‡hvMx
nevi Rb¨ 2009 mv‡j wek¦ †gavm¤ú` ms¯’v AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q| meyR Avwe®‹v‡ii
w`‡K gb‡hvMx nevi Rb¨ `ywbqvi mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y KivB GB AvnŸv‡bi g~j jÿ¨|
DbœZ †`‡ki Rb¨ GwU Aek¨B Dc‡hvMx I mgqvbyM AvnŸvb| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì welqwU
GB AvnŸv‡bi PvB‡Z A‡bKUvB wfbœ| KviY Avgiv‡Zv GLb Avwe®‹viB Kwibv-meyR
Avwe®‹vi‡Zv Gi c‡ii K_v| Z‡e welqwU Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h, Avgiv †h‡nZz
Avwe®‹v‡ii †Luv‡R GLbI †ei nBwb †m‡nZz Avwe®‹v‡i hLb Avgiv gb‡hvMx n‡ev ZLb
†hb Avgiv meyR Avwe®‹v‡ii K_v fvwe| Avgv‡ì Avwe®‹vi †hb GB `ywbqvwU‡K euvwP‡q
ivLvi mnvqK nq †mB fvebvwU Avgv‡ì gv‡S KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
104
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k GKwU wk‡ívbœZ †`k bv nevi d‡j wmGdwmewR©Z Avwe®‹v‡i gb‡hvMx nevi
welqwU Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †Zgb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡ibv| e¯‘Z wmGdwmi wec` Avgiv
ˆZix Kwibv| eis Ab¨‡ì wmGdwmhy³ cY¨ eënvi K‡i Avgiv cwi‡e‡ki ev
wb‡R‡ì ÿwZ KiwQ| †mRb¨B evsjv‡`‡ki Kv‡Q me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q
†gavm¤ú` m„wó I iÿv Kiv| mvaviYfv‡e †gavm¤ú` m„wó I iÿv Kiv‡Zv Avgv‡ì
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ n‡qB Av‡Q| G wel‡q Av‡`Š Avgv‡ì †Kvb mP‡ZbZv †bB| eis
Avgiv GLb fvewQ WweøIwUI-Gi AvIZvq 2016 mvj ch©šÍ c¨v‡U›U eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î
†iqvZ cvevi d‡j AvcvZZ Avgv‡ì †Zgb †Kvb msKU †bB| wKš‘ 2016 †h Nv‡oi
Ici k¦vm †dj‡Q Ges c¨v‡U›U Qvov KwcivBU I Ab¨ me †gav¯^Ë¡ welq †h Avgv‡ì
Rb¨ AwZ Riæwi Ges we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì KwcivBU myiÿv Kiv †h fxlY
Riæwi †mB wel‡q Avgv‡ì †Kvb gv_ve¨_v Av‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡”Qbv| GLb
Avgv‡ì GBme fvebvi mv‡_ AviI GKwU bZzb Abym½ †hvM n‡q‡Q-wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k| Avgv‡ì‡K GLb fve‡Z n‡”Q †gav¯^‡Ë¡i mv‡_ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki
fvebvwU‡K wKfv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wKfv‡e †gavwfwËK Drcv`b eë¯’v, Ávb-
wfwËK mgvR wewbg©vY I mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î †gavm¤ú‡ì welqwU‡K †`Lv hv‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki bv‡g RvZxq ¯^cœ: 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GKwU Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨welq _vKvi d‡j Ges wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb
Rvbv‡bv `j AvIqvgx jxM ÿgZvmxb nevi d‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU Avgv‡ì
RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©ÎB ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| †kL nvwmbv I Zvi miKvi AZ¨šÍ ¯úófv‡e
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq Zvi Abo wm×v‡šÍi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Avgiv †mB
wm×všÍwU‡K ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z PvB|
gRvi welq n‡jv, 2008 mv‡ji †gavm¤ú` wè‡m Avwg wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k I
†gavm¤ú` wb‡qB K_v e‡jwQjvg| my‡Li welq †mB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU GLb
GKwU RvZxq ¯^‡cœ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡ n‡jv GB RvwZ‡K †mB ¯^cœUvI
†`Lv‡bv †h wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q †gavm¤ú` m„wó
I myiÿv Kiv|
†gav m¤ú` wK: hwÌ GB welqwU wb‡q A‡bK¸‡jv †mwgbvi n‡q‡Q Ges Avgiv
evievi Gi msÁv D”PviY K‡iwQ ZeyI Avgv‡ì‡K h‡ZvUv m¤¢e fv‡jv K‡i evievi
GwU eyS‡Z n‡e †h †gav m¤ú` ej‡Z wK †evSvq| IqvB‡cvi g‡Z, Intellectual
property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and
artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in
commerce.
A_©vr †gavm¤ú` g‡bi m„wó| Gme m„wó Avwe®‹vi, mvwnZ¨ I wkíKg©, cÖZxK, bvg, wPÎ
I evwYwR¨K wWRvB‡bi gv‡S cwiù‚U| Avwg IqvB‡cvi GB msÁvq cwic~Y©fv‡e Z…yß
bB| KviY GwU †Kej †h g‡bi m„wói gv‡SB mxwgZ Zv nq‡Zv GLb Avi ejv hv‡ebv|
105
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
g‡b wKQz m„wó Ki‡j& wK †mwU †gavm¤ú` n‡q hvq| Avwg g‡b g‡b GKwU Mvb iPbv
Kijvg-‡mwU wK †gav m¤ú`? h‡Zvÿb ch©šÍ g‡bi fve cÖKvk bv cvq †gavi Øviv hLb
†mwU m¤ú‡` cwiYZ bv nq Z‡ZvÿY ch©šÍ †mwU †gavm¤ú` bq| eis G‡K †gav I
gbb bvgK `ywU kã w`‡q m„ó e‡j wPwýZ Kiv DwPZ| g‡bi mv‡_ †gavi †hvMm~Î bv
n‡j †mwU m¤ú‡` cwiYZ nqbv| ZvQvov Avgiv hLb GKwU ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v
ewj ZLb G‡K †Kej evwYwR¨K wWRvB‡bi welq ejv wVK bq| GwU GLb wkí, mgvR
I A_©bxwZi g~j wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
IqvB‡cvi g‡Z †gavm¤ú` `ywU †kÖYx‡Z web¨¯Í| Gi GKwU n‡jv wkí msµvšÍ Ges
Ab¨wU n‡jv KwcivBU| Avwg Gi Av‡M †jLv GKwU wbe‡Ü †gavm¤ú` K‡Zv cÖKvi
Ges wK wK †mBme welq D‡jøL K‡iwQ| †mB Kvi‡YB we¯ÍvwiZ bv wM‡q IqvB‡cv
†hfv‡e †gavm¤ú`‡K †`L‡Q †mwU D‡jøL KiwQ|
Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial prop-
erty, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial de-
signs, and geographic indications of source; and Copyright, which
includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays,
films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, pho-
tographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to
copyright include those of performing artists in their performances,
producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcast-
ers in their radio and television programs.
Gevi Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡Z cv‡i †h wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~Px †NvlYvi ci
†mB †gavm¤ú`‡K Avgiv wKefv‡e †`L‡ev| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡Z GB
†gavm¤ú` wKfv‡e i‡q‡Q †mwU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvwi| Avgvi †jLv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wPi ïiæ‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒR. wWwRUvj hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv AwaKZi
†gavm¤ú` ˆZix, msiÿY I weKvk Kiv|Ó
†mB Kg©mw~Pi AMÖvwaKvi wn‡m‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒwWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg
AMÖvwaKvi n‡Z n‡e ÁvbwfwËK A_©bxwZ I Drcv`b eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv| GRb¨ Avw_©K
cÖkvmb, ivR¯^ Avq I e¨q eë¯’vcbv, evwl©K Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Ges
wWwRUvj Kgvm©-Gi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©bxwZ, eëmv-evwYR¨-
wkí me©Î †jb-†`b †_‡K hš¿cvwZ‡Z _vK‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj c×wZ| †gavwfwËK wk‡íi
weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e Ges RvZxq †gav msiÿY I weKvk NUv‡bvi cvkvcvwk weÁvb PP©v,
Avwe®‹vi I M‡elYvq cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡e|Ó
GQvovI wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©mw~ Pi gv‡S ¯úó K‡i ejv Av‡Q, Ò3.11 \ evsjv‡`‡ki
wkímg~n K…wlwfwËK, †fv³v ev jvBd ÷vBjwfwËK Ges ÁvbwfwËK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
n‡e| K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi cÖavbZg D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †`‡ki K…wlm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, K…wlcY¨
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖwµqvKiY, †`kevmxi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`qv Ges DØ„Ë K…wlcY¨ ißvbx Kiv| †fv³v
ev jvBd÷vBj wfwËK wkí gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb, Rxeb hvc‡bi gvbe„w× Ges
mg„w× I mnvqZvi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡e| wkí KviLvbv‡K ivRavbx ev †g‡UªvwmwUi e`‡j
†Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges MÖv‡g ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl I ÁvbwfwËK wkí ¯’vc‡b MÖvgB
n‡e Av`k© ¯’vb| ˆ`bw›`b †fv³v cY¨ MÖv‡gB Drcvw`Z n‡e| cÖwZ `k nvRvi gvby‡li
Rb¨ GKwU K‡i ÿz`ª wkí cøU _vK‡Z n‡e| Dc‡Rjv I †Rjvq GKwU wkí GjvKv
_vK‡Z n‡e| miKvi wkíLv‡Z e¨vcK mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| miKvi wk‡íi weKv‡ki
AbyK‚j wkíbxwZ _vKv QvovI wkí ¯’vc‡b Rwg, miÄvgvw` Ges A‡_©i †hvMvb †`‡e|
†`‡k Dchy³ ¯’v‡b nvB‡UK cvK©, wkí cvK©, mdUIq¨vi †UK‡bvjwR cvK©, Mv‡g©›Um
cjøx, Pvgov cjøx BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| †fbPvi K¨vwcUvj I BKz¨BwU
G›UvicÖ‡biwkc dv‡Ûi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ ißvbx mnvqZv I ÿz`ª-gvSvwi
D‡`¨v³v Znwej M‡o Zz‡j mivmwi D‡`¨v³v‡ì mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
ÁvbwfwËK wkí I †mevi wfwË n‡e †gavwfwËK| c~‡e©v³ LvZmg~‡n cÖhyw³ mieivn,
D”PZi cÖhyw³i Rb¨ M‡elYv, Z_¨cÖhyw³ wfwËK eë¯’vcbv I `ybx© wZ‡iva QvovI ißvwb
Avq GB Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡e| †gav m„wó I myiÿvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i eënvi
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡eÓ
G‡Z jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e †gavi m„wó Ges myiÿvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| †gavi m„wó I weKvk‡K
AMÖvwaKvi †èvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K wkí Kj-KviLvbv‡K †gavwfwËK Kivi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©mw~ P‡Z †gav‡K G‡ZvUv ¸iæZ¡ †èvi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q wWwRUvj
hy‡M RvZxq Av‡qi e„nr Ask ev GK mg‡q cÖvq cy‡ivUvB Avm‡e †gav †_‡K| GLbB
eû RvwZi RvwZq Av‡qi †ek eo Ask †gavm¤ú` †_‡K Av‡m| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv GLb
GB ch©v‡q †cŠ‡Q‡Q| GLbB †Kvb †Kvb †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvbxi mKj ev AvswkK Avq
†gavm¤ú` †_‡K n‡q _v‡K| AwZ mvgvb¨ K‡qK eQ‡ii gv‡S Avgiv GB Avq‡K
AvKvk Qz‡Z †`L‡ev|
wkí hyM †_‡K Gi weKvk G‡Zv `ªæZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges wWwRUvj hy‡M Gi m¤úªmviY GZv
†ewk n‡e †h †Kvb RvwZ †gavm,¤ú`‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv| GgbwK
†Kvb RvwZ hw` Zvi wb‡Ri †gav‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q h_vh_fv‡e cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e Zv‡K avi Kiv †gavi Rb¨ Ggb Pig g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡e hv Zvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ûgwKi gy‡L †d‡j †`‡e|
†gavm¤ú` m„wó bv Ki‡j ïaygvÎ GKwU Lv‡Z Avgiv wK fqsKi wech©‡qi gy‡L co‡Z
cvwi GLv‡b †mwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi| 2016 mv‡ji ci Avgv‡ì Jla †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv
hw` we‡`wk †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi KvQ †_‡K c¨v‡U›U AwaKv‡ii jvB‡mÝ wb‡q Jla evbvq
Z‡e Avgv‡ì Jl‡ai `vg eû¸Y †e‡o hv‡e| GQvovI c¨v‡U›U AvBbwU Avc‡W‡UW
bv nevi d‡j mdUIq¨vi LvZ GB AvB‡bi mnvqZv wb‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Ab¨vb¨ wkíLv‡ZI Avgiv †Kvb ai‡bi Avwe®‹vi KiwQ bv| Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †h
M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì eivÏ †bB| Avgiv weÁvb PP©v Kwibv-G‡K Dr-
mvwnZ Kwibv| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k evbv‡Z n‡j GB Ae¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b ìKvi|
Ab¨w`‡K Avgiv cÖvq cÖwZ eQi gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Kv‡jv ZvwjKvi mycvwi‡k hvw”Q Ges
nvZ cv a‡i gy³ nw”Q| Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Z_vKw_Z KwcivBU Uv¯‹‡dvm©
ˆZix K‡iwQ Ges †Kvbg‡Z duvwK w`‡q Pjvi †Póv KiwQ| KwcivBU f½ Kivi weiæ‡×
†Kvb ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡”Qbv| GwU A‡bKUvB AvZ¥cÖeÂbvi g‡Zv| Uv¯‹‡dvm©
†Kej mfvi ci mfv Ki‡Q-wKš‘ AvBb f½Kvix‡ì weiæ‡× wKQzB Ki‡Qbv| cywj‡ki
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b, i¨v‡ei bv‡Ki WMvq GgbwK Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i m`m¨‡ì m¤ú` cvB‡iwm
n‡”Q wKš‘ Zvi weiæ‡× †Kvb eë¯’v †bqv n‡”Qbv| Gi d‡j we‡`kx‡ì `kv hvB †nvK
†`kxq mdUIq¨vi wkí gyL _ye‡o c‡o‡Q| GK mg‡q G‡`‡k †QvULv‡Uv gvwëwgwWqv
mdUIq¨vi ˆZix n‡Zv| GLb †mBme Avi ˆZix nqbv| Gi cÖavb KviY cvB‡iwm|
gywf I Mv‡bi wkí LvZwU g„Zz¨c_hvÎx| hw` eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e `y‡qK
eQ‡ii gv‡SB Avgiv Gme Lv‡Z †Ìwjqv n‡q hv‡ev| cÖKvkbv wk‡íI cvB‡iwm
SvwK‡q e‡m‡Q| GwUI †h †Kvb w`b gviv hv‡e|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv GB K_vwU Lye fv‡jvfv‡eB ej‡Z cvwi †h, cvB‡iwm wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK A‡bï †gavi Ici wbf©i KivI wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki Kvg¨ bq| eis wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ c~iY Ki‡Z n‡j †gavm¤ú`
m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e, RvZxq Av‡q †gavm¤ú` †_‡K Drcvw`Z c‡Yï fvM evov‡Z n‡e Ges
mKj †gavm¤ú` myiÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
109
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
PZz_© Aa¨vq
cÖm½ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍ‡ii ¯^cœwU Avgvi `xN©w`‡bi| 1987
2007 mv‡ji 28 †k GwcÖj hLb Avwg cÖ_g Kw¤úDUPv‡ii †evZvg ¯úk© Kwi ZLb
Avwg GB h‡š¿i †Kvb gvnvZ¥ eywSwb| 1988 mv‡ji 16 wW‡e¤î hLb weRq Kx‡evW©
I mdUIq¨vi cÖKvk Kwi ZLbI Kw¤úDUvi Avgvi Rb¨ wQ‡jv evsjv †jLvi evnb|
wKš‘ ax‡i ax‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ÿgZvi K_v Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi| †mB mg‡q Z_¨ hy‡Mi
cÖevnwU Abyfe Ki‡Z ïiæ Kwi| we‡kl K‡i 92 mv‡j evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi
mv‡_ hy³ nevi ci Z_¨cÖhyw³ I RbM‡Yi welqwU gv_vq cÖ‡ek K‡i| ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i †`kUv‡K e`jv‡bvi wPšÍv 89 mvj †_‡KB P‡j Avm‡Q|
w`‡b w`‡b †mwU cwic° n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wgwWqv †m‡j KvR Ki‡Z
wM‡q GwU‡K GKwU wjwLZ iƒc †èvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe Kwi Avwg| GQvov Rvm‡ì
`jQzU †bZv-Kg©x‡ì mvg‡b GKwU ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP †èvi †PóvwU‡KI wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP iPbvi ZvwM` wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq|
26 †k gvP© 2007 GwU cÖ_g gyw`ªZ Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e ˆ`wbK Ki‡Zvqv, msev`mn †ek
K‡qKwU cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| 2008 mv‡j AbywôZ evsjv GKv‡Wgxi GKz‡ki
eB‡gjvq evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi bv‡g Avwg †køvMvb w`B, ÒGKz‡ki ¯^cœ
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k| 2008 mv‡ji 17-21 b‡f¤^‡ii BCSICTWORLD - Gi
†køvMvb †`qv nqÓ ÒTOWARDS DIGITAL BANGLADESH” | 26 GwcÖj
2008 wek¦‡gavm¤ú` wèm cvjb Dcj‡ÿ¨ cÖKvwkZ ¯§iwYKvq †gavm¤ú` wb‡q iwPZ
GKwU wbe‡Ü Avwg wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k I †gavm¤ú‡ì †cÖwÿZ wb‡q wjwL| 6B
wW‡m¤î 2008 Avwg wb‡Ri nv‡Z AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i 2021 mv‡j
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi A½xKv‡ii K_v wjwL|
beg RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi mgq evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM Zvi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡ii
2021 iƒcK‡í wek GKzk mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Q|
MZ 12 wW‡m¤î 2008 †kL nvwmbv Zvi `jxq Bk‡Znvi cÖKvk Kivi mgq mviv
†`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi K_v e‡jb| cÖ_g w`‡K †kL
nvwmbvi GB e³e¨ KviI KviI e¨½ ev mgv‡jvPbvi wel‡q cwiYZ nq| wKQz eyw×Rxex,
wKQz wkÿvwe` I Kw¤úDUvi wk‡íi wKQz AwZ cwšÍ †jvKRb Ggb K_v ejvi †Póv
K‡ib †h, cÖm½wU BD‡Uvcxq| ivRbxwZK gvwn we †PŠayixmn AviI A‡b‡KB †kL
nvwmbvi GB e³e¨wU‡K e¨½ K‡i Zv‡K cÖ_‡g GbvjM evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi AvnŸvb
Rvbvb| †Kvb †Kvb eyw×Rxex ejvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h, Avgiv wK GbvjM evsjv‡`‡k
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
AvwQ †h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Mo‡Z n‡e?
Avwg AwZ mweb‡q GB K_vwU ej‡Z PvB †h, GwU Avgvi wb‡Ri †Kvb Avwe®‹vi bq-
GwU mviv `ywbqvi wWwRUvj hy‡Mi cÖeYZv| 1997 mv‡j RvwZmsN GB cÖwµqvwU
¯úófv‡e ïiæ K‡i| In 1997 the United Nations Committee for Science and Tech-
nology for Development, in its publication entitled The Knowledge
Societies and Sustainable Development, encouraged governments all over the
world to take ownership of ICT strategic development and initiate national ICT
strategy activities to ensure a proactive stand towards meeting the challenges of the
ICT global revolution. (http://us.oneworld.net/article/development-knowledge-
based-society)
GKwU wel‡qi cÖwZ bRi †èvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡jvPK‡ì Aby‡iva
Ki‡ev, Zviv †hb AbyMÖn K‡i GB welqwU m¤ú‡K© B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖvß Z_¨vejx ch©v‡jvPbv
K‡ib Ges GwU wbwðZ K‡ib †h, GKwU wWwRUvj `ywbqv ev ÁvbwfwËK mgvR M‡o
IVvi cÖwµqv wK `ªæZ MwZ‡Z mviv we‡k¦ weKwkZ n‡”Q| mviv `ywbqvi gvby‡li Kv‡Q
AwZ cwiwPZ ÁvbwfwËK mgvR KvVv‡gv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡j Avgv‡ì wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©m~wPi ev¯ÍeZv Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e| †Kej evsjv‡`k bq, we‡k¦i cÖvq
mKj †`‡kiB Ggb Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Avgiv Avgv‡ì Av_© mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q GB Kg©m~wP cÖYqb K‡iwQ|
Ab¨w`‡K hviv g‡b Ki‡Qb †h, GwU †KejgvÎ GKwU AvBwmwUi welq Zv‡ì RbÏ
Avgvi e³e¨ n‡”Q †h, GwU †Kej AvBwmwUi welq bq eis GwU GKwU Av‡›`vj‡bi
bvg-GwU GKwU wWwRUvj jvBd÷vB‡ji Kg©m~wP| G‡K †KejgvÎ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i gv‡S mxwgZ Kiv wVK n‡ebv| †`‡k †`‡k Gi wfbœZv Av‡Q| †h‡nZz mviv `yw-
bqvi gvby‡li Ae¯’vb I mgm¨v GK bq, †m‡nZz Zviv GK mg‡q GKB c×wZ‡Z Ávb-
wfwËK mgvReë¯’vq †cŠQv‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zv‡ì mK‡ji GKB Kg©m~Px _vK‡ebv|
GgbwK Zv‡ì GKB AMÖvwaKviI _vK‡ebv| Avgv‡ì wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP
Gwkqv-Avwd«Kv, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvmn we‡k¦i `wi`ªZg †`k¸‡jvi; hv‡ì mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mwgjZv Av‡Q
Zv‡ì Rb¨ GB Kg©m~wP| ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`‡ki we‡kl Ae¯’vi welqwU e¨ZxZ g~j
D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ Awfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL¨ MZ 11 wW‡m¤î 2008 Avwg GB Kg©m~wPwU
nsKs-Gi G‡mvwmI mvwg‡U cÖKvk K‡iwQ| D³ mvwg‡U AskÖMnYKvix mK‡j GwUi
f‚qmx cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡ki me©¯Í‡ii gvby‡li Kv‡Q GLb GKwU eo AvKv•ÿv n‡”Q ÒwWwRUvj
evsjv‡`kÓ wel‡q Rvbv| miKvi Zv‡ì GB ¯^cœUv‡K wKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e- Zv‡ì
†Kvb cwiKíbv Av‡Q wKbv ev †mBme cwiKíbvi †cQ‡b †Kvb †ivWg¨vc Av‡Q wKbv
Zv gvbyl Rvb‡Z Pvq| ÒwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÓ wK, †K, K‡e, KLb GB kãwU D”PviY
K‡ib Ges GwU wKfv‡e AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i Av‡m; †mBme wel‡q
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†bc_¨K_vwU wK; †mwU Rvbvi AvMÖnI Av‡Q A‡bK gvby‡li| GiB gv‡S GB k‡ãi
eyrcwË wb‡q bvbv K_v cÖPwjZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Avgvi Kcvj fv‡jv †h, GB welqwU
wb‡q Avwg †Kej †gŠwLK Av‡jvPbv Kwiwb, Gi wjwLZ I cÖKvwkZ cÖgvYvw` i‡q‡Q †h,
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki aviYv ev ¯^cœwU AvgviB †`Lv| Z‡e Zvic‡iI GwU mZ¨ †h,
gvbyl Avgvi Kv‡QB Rvb‡Z Pvq, Ggb GKwU ¯^cœ †Kgb K‡i Gfv‡e †kL nvwmbvi ev
cy‡iv RvwZi ¯^‡cœ cwiYZ n‡jv|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯úóvqb: 2008 mv‡ji beg RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb †_‡K
ÒwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÓ me‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi Bk‡Znv‡i 2021 mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi cÖZ¨q e¨³ Kivi ci 12
wW‡m¤î 2008 AvIqvgx jxM †bÎx Rb‡bÎx †kL nvwmbv †mwU jvBf †UwjKv‡÷i
gva¨‡g cy‡iv †`kevmxi mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡ib| Gici cÖwZw`b cÖwZevi h‡ZvB wZwb
Rbmfvq fvlY w`‡q‡Qb ev wgwWqvi mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb ev wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs K‡i‡Qb
ZLbB 2021 mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| 26 wW‡m¤î 2008
cëb gq`v‡bi Rbmfvq wZwb †Kej wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki K_v e‡jbwb, wZwb MÖv‡g
MÖv‡g B›Uvi‡bU †cŠQv‡bvi K_v e‡jb Ges QvÎ‡ì nv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi †cŠQv‡bvi K_v
e‡jb| 27 wW‡m¤î 2008 RvwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ`Ë wUwffvl‡YI †kL nvwmbv wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`‡ki K_v ¯úó K‡i e‡jb| wbe©vP‡b gvBjdjK weR‡qi ci Kvh©Z wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GKwU cÖavb M‡e©i wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| weRqx nevi ci
GLbI AvIqvgx jxM ej‡Q †h, 2021 mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvB RvwZi Rb¨
me©vwaK AvKvw•ÿZ welq|
2009 mv‡ji RvZxq wbe©vP‡b †NvwlZ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i D‡jøL
i‡q‡Q, Ò10.5 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : AvBwmwU Lv‡Zi m¤¢vebv‡K ¯^v_©K K‡i
†Zvjvi eë¯’v †bIqv n‡e| †`‡ki cÖwZfvevb ZiæY I AvMÖnx D‡`¨v³v‡ì
m‡e©vZfv‡e mnvqZv w`‡q mdUIq¨vi wkí I AvBwU mvwf©‡mi weKvk mvab Kiv n‡e|
G‡Z idZvwb evo‡e Ges e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v n‡e| 2021 mv‡ji jÿ¨ n‡jv
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k| 2013 mv‡j gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Ges 2021 mv‡j cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i AvBwU
wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK n‡e| AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii Avg‡j MwVZ Ges †RvU miKv‡ii
Avg‡j wbw®Œq Kiv cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…Z¡vaxb Z_¨-cÖhyw³ welqK Uv¯‹‡dvm© mwµq I
Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡e| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b nvB‡UK cvK©, mdUIq¨vi †UK‡bvjwR cvK©,
AvBwmwU BbKz‡eUi Ges Kw¤úDUvi wf‡jR ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|Ó Ab¨w`‡K Bk‡Znv‡ii
2021 mv‡ji iƒcK‡í ejv nq, Ò2021 mv‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³‡Z wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wn‡m‡e
evsjv‡`k cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡e|Ó
wKš‘ †kL nvwmbv wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi †NvlYvi mgq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ
jvf Ki‡e GK_v ejvi e`‡j 2021 mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi K_v e‡jb|
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beg RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi cÖPviYv PjvKv‡j †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv Abyfe K‡ib †h,
†kL nvwmbv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi cÖZ¨q †NvlYv K‡i ZiæY‡ì AvK…ó K‡i †djvi
c`‡ÿc wb‡q †d‡j‡Q| ZiæYiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi A½xKv‡ii Rb¨ AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi w`‡K Sz‡K c‡o‡Q- GB fvebv †_‡K 23 wW‡m¤î 2008 Kzwgjøvi UvDb nj
gq`v‡b Av‡qvwRZ GK Rbmfvq Pvi`jxq †RvU‡bÎx †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvI wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi cÖZ¨q †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb eis e‡jb †h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Movi Rb¨ 13 eQi A‡cÿv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wZwb Gi Av‡MB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Mo‡Z Pvb| wZwb GwUI e‡jb †h, Zvi kvmbKv‡j wZwb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi
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nq| eBwU Avgv‡K `viæYfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Gici Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b
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miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Gi Dbœqb msµvšÍ cÖ¯Ívebv †ck Kiv wKsev †`‡ki bxwZ wba©vi‡Y
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Avgvi wb‡Ri ivR‰bwZK AZxZ Aek¨B Avgv‡K Ggb GKwU KvR Kivi Rb¨ `xN©w`b
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gva¨wgK cÖ_g e‡l©i QvÎ| †hvMv‡hvM nq XvKv K‡jR QvÎjx‡Mi mv‡_| Gi Av‡M
nweMÄ †Rjvi AvRwgixM‡Äi weivU MÖv‡gi ¯‹z‡j coZvg| †mLv‡b ivRbxwZ ej‡Z
†Kvb wKQz wQ‡jvbv| H ¯‹z‡j cvuP eQi cov‡kvbv Kivi mgqKv‡j GKw`b m¤¢eZ
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ejv hv‡ebv|
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ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ KiZvg bv| m¤¢eZ †Zgb †Kvb my‡hvMI wQ‡jv bv| Avwg ¯§iY
Ki‡Z cvwi ZLb XvKv K‡j‡Ri †fZ‡i GgbwK wjd‡jUI wewj Kiv †h‡Zvbv| 68
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mv‡j Avwg XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M fwZ© nB| cÖ_‡g eo †ev‡bi evmvq I
c‡i ZrKvjxb †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn n‡ji AvevwmK QvÎ nB| 249, 558 Ges 367
bs iæ‡g Avgvi emevm wQ‡jv| Kvh©Z ZLb-B ev XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Rxeb †_‡KB
ev½vjx RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZi mv‡_ Avgvi Mfxi m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| 69-Gi MY
Av‡›`vj‡bi ci QvÎjx‡Mi GKwU Ask cÖKv‡k¨ mk¯¿ hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb evsjvi
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GKwU †Mvcb msMV‡bi cwiPvjbvq ivR‰bwZK jovBUv Pvjvw”Q‡jv| hwÌ wZwb
QvÎjx‡Mi mv‡eK †bZv wQ‡jb Ges ZLb †Kvb c` AwaKvi Ki‡Zb bv Z_vwc wmivRyj
Avjg Lvb wQ‡jb GB ZiæY `jwUi ivR‰bwZK ¸iæ| AvwgI Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvwikgvq
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ZvB WvKZvg| Avmg Avãyi ie-kvnRvnvb wmivR, KvRx Avwid Avn‡g`, gvk©vj gwb
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Avn‡g‡ì mv‡_ wQ‡jv Avgvi MfxiZg eÜzZ¡| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, ivRbxwZ wel‡q Avgvi
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kwidzjøvn fzBqv, giûg mvnveywÏb Avn‡g`, cigvYy kw³ Kwgk‡bi mv‡eK Kg©KZ©v
gyn¤§` Rvjvj, eëmvqx AvwZqvi ingvb AvwZK, BD‡b‡¯‹vi mv‡eK Kg©KZ©v kvgmywÏb
Avn‡g`, evsjv‡`k e¨v‡¼ Kg©iZ AvbmviDwÏb, M‡elK gwnDwÏb eyjeyjmn Rûi,
m~h©‡mb I gnwmb n‡ji GKwU wekvj Uxg Avgv‡ì GB `‡j wQ‡jv| Avgiv QvÎjx‡Mi
†mB AskwU gyw³hy‡× weGjGd ev gywRe evwnbx bv‡g Ask wbB| GB `jwUB ¯^vaxbZvi
c‡i Rvm` wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Kiv Rvm‡ì mv‡_ hy³ nB| Avwg Rvm‡ì gyLcÎ
MYK‡Éi mv‡_ hy³ _vwK| MYK‡É mvsevw`KZv Kiv QvovI QvÎjx‡Mi n‡q nj
msm‡`-wefv‡M wbe©vPb Kwi| QvÎjxM XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq kvLvi GKwU m¤úv`Kxq
c‡Ì wQjvg Avwg| MYK‡Éi cÿ †_‡K Avwg 1973 mv‡j XvKv mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi
mvsMVwbK m¤úv`K c‡Ì wbe©vPb K‡i Rqx nB| cPvË‡ii Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ MYKÉ Pvjy
wQ‡jv| Avwg †klw`b ch©šÍ cwÎKvi mv‡_ hy³ wQjvg| MYK‡Éi mgevq Ges mvsevw`K
BDwbq‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_ Avgvi m¤úK© wQ‡jv| Rvbyqvwi‡Z MYKÉ eÜ n‡j 75 mv‡ji
gvSvgvwS‡Z Avwg GKwU Uªv‡fj G‡RÝx‡Z PvKzwi wbB| e¯‘Z mvsMVwbKfv‡e KLbI
Avwg mivmwi Rvm‡ì mv‡_ hy³ wQjvg bv| ZeyI cPvË‡ii mvZB b‡f¤î ch©šÍ
MYevwnbxi cwÎKv jovB-Gi mv‡_ Avgvi m¤úK© wQ‡jv| Ab¨ †Kvb ivR‰bwZK
Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ Avgvi †Kvb m¤úK© wQ‡jvbv| GgbwK Avwg Gm‡ei †Kvb LeiI
ivLZvgbv| mvZ b‡f¤î nVvr †iwWI‡Z kvgmywÏ‡bi Mjv ï‡b Avwg Abyfe Kwi †h,
114
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Rvm‡ì cÿ †_‡K wKQz GKUv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gwjd¨v›U †iv‡W †KweGg gvngy‡ì evmvq
jovB cwÎKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgvi Avmv hvIqv wQ‡jv| kvgmywÏb jovB cwÎKvwU
m¤úv`bv Ki‡Zv| Avwg-Rvjvj; Avgiv Zv‡K mnvqZv KiZvg| mvZ b‡f¤^‡ii wmcvnx
wecø‡e Rvm‡ì e¨_©Zvi ci Avwg jovB-Gi Kv‡RI m¤ú~Y© wbw¯Œq n‡q hvB| jovB-
Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ n‡q hvq| GiB gv‡S Rvm` fv½‡Z _v‡K Ges UzK‡iv Rvm`-
evm`¸‡jv Avgvi Kv‡Q KiæYvi welq n‡Z _v‡K| Gme evm`-Rvm` †bZ…e›„ `‡K ZLb
Avgvi G‡Kev‡iB AMÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b n‡Z _v‡K| GK mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ Avgv‡K
AvKl©Y K‡i Ges †`kwU‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqZvq mg„× KivB Avgvi cÖavb j‡ÿ¨
cwiYZ nq| †mB mg‡q AviI Abyfe Kwi †h, Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqZvq Dbœq‡bi ¯^cœwU
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK kw³ ìKvi| GiB gv‡S †`‡ki ivRbxwZi e¨vcK
†giæKiY nq Ges Kvh©Z `ywU ivR‰bwZK aviv cÖavb n‡q I‡V| wb‡Ri gvbwmKZvi
mv‡_ †Kvbfv‡eB weGbwc‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cviwQjvg bv| Z‡e h‡ZvUzKz mwgjZv
i‡q‡Q ZviB Kvi‡Y `xN©w`b wbw®Œq _vKvi ci 96 mv‡j †bÎ‡KvYv †Rjv AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z hy³ nB| Gici Avgv‡K †bÎ‡KvYv †Rjv AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ c‡i hLb †bÎ‡KvYv †Rjv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
m‡¤§jb nq ZLb Zviv Avgv‡K †Rjv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi m`m¨ ivLvi Dchy³I g‡b
K‡i bvB| Gic‡i Avwg AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †Kvb kvLvi †Kvb c‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kwi
bvB| eis AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi evB‡i Gi cÖwZ mg_©b w`‡q hy³
AvwQ| †mB mg_©‡bi †cQ‡bI me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welqwU n‡jv AvIqvgx jxM mfv‡bÎx
Rb‡bÎx †kL nvwmbvi cÖwZ AKzÉ wek¦vm| 2006 mv‡ji †kl ev 2007 mv‡ji ïiæ‡Z
†`‡k †h wba©vwiZ wbev©Pb Abyôv‡bi m¤¢vebv wQ‡jv Zv‡Z AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GKwU wgwWqv
†mj cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ wQ‡jv Avgvi Ici| †g 2006 †_‡K †mB `vwqZ¡ Avwg cvjb
Ki‡Z _vwK| Rvbyqvwii Riæwi Ae¯’v ch©šÍ GwU LyeB mwµq wQ‡jv| †g 2007 ch©šÍ
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cÖPvi DcKiY eënvi K‡i †mBme wgwWqv †m‡ji ˆZix Kiv| Ryb 2007 †_‡K GwUi
Awdm eÜ n‡q hvq| 2008 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i †mB †mjwU avbgwÛi 3/G mo‡Ki
wbe©vPbx Kvh©vj‡qi GKwU iæ‡g Avevi Pvjy nq|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx cÖPvi Awfhv‡bi GKwU
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ch©šÍ cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jvbv, Z_vwc Avgiv cÖPvi †m‡ji wgwWqv †‡mj AZ¨šÍ wmwiqvmwj GKwU
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115
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv welqK wgwWqv †m‡ji KvR Lye †ewk w`b Pj‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY †mjwU
Pvjy Ki‡ZB A‡bKUv mgq Mwo‡q hvq| Kvh©Z 2009 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †Zgb
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
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Kwi| m½Z Kvi‡YB †m Lye Lykx n‡qwQ‡jv| †hLv‡b †jvKRb g‡bvbqb cvevi Rb¨
Rxeb cY K‡i †mLv‡b †kL nvwmbv wb‡R g‡bvbqb w`‡Z ej‡jv-G‡Z Lykx neviB
K_v| ZLb Av‡bvqvimn mevB Rvb‡Zv †h, kwd Avn‡g` bvgK GK hyeK H Avm‡b
117
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cÖv_©x nevi Rb¨ gwiqv n‡q jovB Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Avgvi Zv‡Z †Kvb Drmvn wQ‡jvbv|
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi `jxq ivRbxwZ I msm` m`m¨c`; `ywU ivR‰bwZK
wel‡qi †KvbwU‡ZB Avgvi wb‡Ri †Kvb AvMÖn wQ‡jvbv| Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q, Avwg
Gme ivR‰bwZK c` MÖnY Kivi Dchy³I bB| wb‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv I gvbwmKZvi mv‡_
ivR‰bwZK mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z bv cvivi GKwU cÖeYZv Avgvi gv‡S
KvR K‡i|
Gme wel‡q Avgvi mv‡_ A‡bKÿY K_v e‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx cÖPvi KwgwUi
wgwWqv †m‡ji cÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ †bevi Rb¨ ej‡jb wZwb| Avwg †f‡ewQjvg,
welqwU mvgwqK Ges †kL nvwmbv c‡i nq‡Zv Avi G wel‡q †Kvb D‡`¨vM wb‡eb bv|
Gi Av‡M wKš‘ wgwWqv †m‡ji e¨vcviUv Avwg wmwiqvmwj †bevi K_v fvwe| Avgvi
wb‡Ri aviYv GwU Avgvi KvR Kivi †ÿÎ| Gi Av‡MI Avwg AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx
cÖPv‡i wgwWqvi KvR K‡iwQ| Av‡M 96 mv‡j Avgvi wbDR mvwf©m Avev‡mi gva¨‡g
GB `vwqZ¡wUi Askwe‡kl Avwg AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ cvjb K‡iwQjvg| †mB mg‡q
Avwg Kw¤úDUvi, ¯‹¨vbvi, g‡Wg I †Uwj‡dvb jvBb w`‡q †kL nvwmbvi wbe©vPbx Rbm-
fvi Qwe XvKvq cvVvB, hv c‡i wgwWqvq †`qv nq| †kL nvwmbvI m¤¢eZ Avgvi Rb¨
wgwWqv †m‡ji KvRwU‡K ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ekx ¸iæZ¡ †`b Ges AwZ `ªæZ GB †m‡ji
KvR ïiæ nq| gywnZ fvB, Bgvg fvB, byi fvB, mv‡ei fvB, †jwbb, Wt Av‡iwdb, Wt
nviæY, †kLi`v, nviæY nvwee I AvRv` mv‡ne wg‡j Avgv‡ì †mjwUi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
wKQzUv mgq gybZvwmi gvgyb Avgv‡ì mv‡_ KvR K‡i‡Q| Gi mv‡_ byi fvB-Gi cÖPvi
†mj I †jwb‡bi Z_¨ I M‡elYv †mjI hy³ nq| GB cÖwµqvi mv‡_ wmAviAvB-Gi
gvmyg, civM, kvwKj-†kKomn wgwWqvi AviI A‡b‡K hy³ nb| byi fvB-Gi Awd‡mi
ksKi mvIRvjmn AviI †KD †KD Avgv‡ì mv‡_ KvR K‡i‡Qb| wgï bv‡gi GKwU
†g‡qI KvR Ki‡Zv MÖvwd‡·| g. nvwgÌ GKw`b Avgv‡ì Awd‡m G‡mwQ‡jb|
Kjvwg÷ I mvsevw`K ¯^‡`k ivqmn AviI A‡b‡K †cQ‡b †_‡K KvR Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
†m¸b evwMPvq Bgvg fvB‡qi Awd‡mi (8/1/4) bxPZjvq Avgv‡ì Awdm ¯’vwcZ
nq| wgwWqvi bvbv KvR †mLv‡b n‡Z _v‡K| Avgvi c~e© cwiwPZ kÖ‡×q iIkb
Aviv fvex, AsKbwkíx wU‡Uv, Kw¤cDUvi Acv‡iUi KYv I d‡Uv
mvsevw`K †mwjg mve©ÿwYKfv‡e ILv‡b KvR Ki‡Zv| H Awdm †_‡K Avgiv
Avevm-Gi gva¨‡g Kjvwg÷‡ì †jLv cÖPvi Kivi evB‡iI AwWI-wfRyqvj bvbvwea
cÖPvi DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z I weZiY Kwi| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †QvU GKwU Awd‡m eo ai‡bi
KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K| Avgv‡ì Ux‡gi me‡P‡q eo fvebvwU wQ‡jv 2007-Gi wbe©vP‡b
Rqx nevi Rb¨ cÖPvi-†KŠkj wba©viY I cÖPvi DcKiY ˆZix Kiv|
2007 mv‡ji wbe©vPbx cÖPvi‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L wgwWqv †mj MV‡bi ci †_‡KB Avgiv
fve‡Z _vwK, bZzb cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ †Kvb ¯^cœUv Avgiv †`Lv‡Z cvwi| cÖPvi †KŠkj
wba©viY Kivi mg‡q GKw`‡K †hgb Avgv‡ì Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQ‡jv Mixe gvbyl, mvaviY
118
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
K…lK, MÖv‡gi gvbyl I gwnjv †fvUvi, †Zgwb Avgv‡ì fvebvi †K‡›`ª wQ‡jv bZzb
cÖR‡b¥i gvbyl‡ì fvebv-wPšÍv| Avgiv Abyfe KiwQjvg, GKwU bZzb cÖRb¥ w`‡b
w`‡b †e‡o IV‡Q A‡b‡KiB Aj‡ÿ¨| Giv B›Uvi‡bU hy‡Mi gvbyl| Iiv †dmey‡K
eÜzZ¡ K‡i, Avi †gvevBj †dv‡b ivZ KvUvq|
wewfbœ mfvi G wel‡q wgwWqv †m‡ji mK‡jB GKgZ nb †h, beg RvZxq msm‡ì
wbe©vP‡b bZzb †fvUviiv GKwU eo d¨v±i n‡e| Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q GwU GKwU eo welq
wQ‡jv †h bZzb †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bZzb †fvUv‡ii msL¨v wQ‡jv cÖvq GK †KvwU `k jvL|
Avgiv RvbZvg †h, Zviv †hw`‡K hv‡e wbe©vP‡bi djvdj †mw`‡KB hv‡e| ejvevûj¨
mK‡jB G‡Z GKgZ nb †h, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³B bZzb cÖRb¥‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Avgiv G wel‡q GKgZ nB †h, Pviw`‡K nZvkv, eÂbv, `vwi`ª, `ybx© wZ, R½xev`
BZ¨vwì gv‡SI Kg eq‡mi gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q GKwU my›ì fwel¨r I GKwU mg„×
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ i‡q‡Q| Lye m½Z Kvi‡YB G wel‡q Avgvi IciB `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq †h,
AvBwmwUi †Kvb GKwU welq‡K Avgiv mvg‡b Avb‡Z cvwi wKbv|
†mB mg‡q Avgiv GB welqwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Dcjwä Kwi †h, weGbwc ev Pvi`jxq
†Rv‡Ui ÿgZvi mv‡_ cÖwZcÿ wn‡m‡e wgwWqvq `vov‡bvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
†bB| wK wcÖ›U, wK B‡jKUªwbK; †Kv_vI AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cv †djvi RvqMv wQ‡jvbv|
we‡klZ weGbwc-Pvi`‡ji Zv‡iK ingv‡bi `vc‡Ui cv‡k `vovevi †Kvb c_ Avgv‡ì
wnmv‡eB Avbv m¤¢e nqwb| Zv‡i‡Ki ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I AvšÍR©vwZK ÿgZv‡K
mvgvj †`qv hv‡e †Kgb K‡i †mwU fvevB KwVb wQ‡jv| wgwWqvq Pvi`jxq †Rvv‡Ui
`vcU Avgiv 2001 mv‡jB †`‡LwQjvg| 2006 mv‡j †mwU †h nvRvi ¸Y †e‡owQ‡jv
†mwU KviI ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡Lbv| ZeyI Avgiv mvnm nvivBwb| gywnZ fvB, Bgvg
fvB, Wt gwkDi, †jwbb I Avgvi Ux‡gi KviI k¼v wQ‡jvbv| byi Ges mv‡ei mv‡neI
wbivkvev`x‡ì `‡j wQ‡jb bv| G‡ì gv‡S †jwb‡bi K_v Avgv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e ¯§iY
Ki‡Z n‡e| †jwb‡bi g‡Zv wb‡ew`Z cÖvY `jxq †bZv Lye †ewk Avwg †Lv‡R cvBwb|
Aek¨ Avgvi mv‡_ GB `‡ji Lye †ewk †bZvi KvQvKvwQ cwiPq nqwb| d‡j Avgvi
Ggb Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nIqvUv ¯^vfvweK| Z‡e Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q AvIqvgx jx‰Mi mvaviY
Kg©x I mg_©K‡ì †Kvb Z‚jbv nqbv| Iiv mevB †jwbb| Z‡e †bZ…‡Z¡I GB `jwU‡Z
A‡bK¸‡jv †jwbb Av‡Q e‡jB nq‡Zv GwU AšÍZ 2001 †_‡K 2008 mvj ch©šÍ `ye©v
Nv‡mi g‡Zv †e‡P wQ‡jv|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Z_¨ I M‡elYv m¤úv`K b~n Dj Avjg †jwbb me wel‡qB wmwiqvm
†jvK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| AšÍZ Avwg Zv‡K †miKgB †`‡L AvmwQ| Avgv‡ì †m‡ji
e¨vcv‡iI Zvi wmwiqvm‡bm wQ‡jv cÖksmbxq| †jvKRb‡K †W‡K R‡ov Kiv ev wbqwgZ
I mgqg‡Zv wgwUs K‡i wm×všÍ †bqv Ges †mBme wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î
†jwbb KLbI fz‡j _v‡Kbv| GKw`‡K avbgwÛi wZb b¤^&i †iv‡Wi Awd‡m wbqwgZ
Awdm Kiv I Z_¨-M‡elYv wel‡q h_vm¤¢e KvR Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K Av‡kcv‡ki
119
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
`vwqZ¡¸‡jv‡KI m‡PZbfv‡e mwµq ivLvi †ÿ‡Î †jwb‡bi g‡Zv Avi KvD‡K Avwg
G‡ZvUv mwµq †`wLwb| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †jwbb Avgv‡K Zvwo‡q †eovw”Q‡jv| Avgvi
gv‡S wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ wKQzUv n‡jI †jwbb ev wgwWqv †m‡ji ZvwM` †_‡K
Drcbœ nIqv| Aek¨ 2007 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU mwZ¨
mwZ¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z cviZvg wKbv Zv‡Z Avgvi wb‡Ri m‡›`n Av‡Q| Kcvj fv‡jv
wbe©vPbUv wcwQ‡q‡Q| hwÌ Zvi A‡bK Av‡M Avwg ÁvbwfwËK mgvR wb‡q K_v e‡jwQ,
Z_vwc wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k e¨vcviwU GKwU ivR‰bwZK Kg©mw~P n‡Z cv‡i †Zgb aviYv
Rb¥ †bq 2007-Gi wbe©vPbx ZvwiL cvi n‡q hvevi ci|
Z‡e †mB wbe©vPb‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB Avgiv †mB wgwWqv †mj †_‡K Ggb wKQz KvR
2006 mv‡jB K‡iwQjvg hv weGbwc I Zvi †`vmiiv fve‡ZI cv‡iwb| wmwW
wgwWqv I wcÖ›U wgwWqvq Kiv Avgv‡ì †mBme Kv‡Ri cÖvq cy‡ivUvB 2008-Gi
wbe©vP‡b eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB mg‡q Avwg Avgvi g‡Zv K‡i AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ivRbxwZ‡K †evSvi †Póv Kwi|
KviY Avgvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q g‡b nq, wbe©vP‡bi cÖPvi Awfhv‡bi mv‡_ `‡ji wbR¯^
kw³i GKUv mgš^q _vKv ìKvi| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi MVbZš¿, †NvlYvcÎ BZ¨vw` cvV
K‡i, †bZv-†bÎx‡ì e³e¨, Bk‡Znvi I A½xKv‡ii K_v ï‡b Avwg GwU ej‡Z cvwi
†h, AvIqvgx jxM †Mvov †_‡KB GKwU wjev‡ij ey‡R©vqv `j wn‡m‡e †e‡o I‡V‡Q| GwU
†Kvb †iwR‡g‡›UW cvwU© ev wecøex `j bq| G‡Z ivZvivwZ i¨vwWK¨vj cwieZ©‡bi †Kvb
Avkv Kiv hvqbv| Z‡e GwUi MYwfwË me‡P‡q k³| Gi Kg©xiv †Kej wb‡ew`ZcÖvYB
bq, `‡ji kxl© †bZvi wb‡`©‡k †h‡Kvb cwieZ©b MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev †mRb¨ wb‡R‡K
e`jv‡ZI cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi gv‡S nq‡Zv Gi PvB‡Z eû¸Y
†ewk †iwR‡g‡›UW `j _vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ mewKQz wgwj‡q AvIqvgx jx‡Mi PwiÎwU
Abb¨ I Abe`¨|
cPvË‡i e½eÜz nZ¨vi ci `jwU D‡V ùvov‡Z wKQzUv mgq wb‡jI GwU g~jZ ¯^vaxbZvi
g~j evYx‡K aviY K‡i| A‡b‡KB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi A‡bK wKQzi mv‡_ GKgZ bvI
n‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ hw` GKvË‡i †`kwUK ¯^vaxb Kivi Rb¨ ey‡S ï‡b †KD hy× K‡i
_v‡Kb Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ GLb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cøvUdi‡g `vov‡bv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb weKí
ivR‰bwZK cøvUdig Zvi mvg‡b †bB| Avgv‡ì †hme eÜziv GK mg‡q mgvRZvwš¿K,
KwgDwb÷ ev evg ivRbxwZi K_v ej‡Zb, Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GLb †mB wjev‡ij ey‡R©vqv
`jwUB †kl fimv|
Avgiv wgwWqv †m‡ji Kv‡R GB fvebvwU‡K mvg‡b ivLvi †Póv Kwi| GKB mv‡_ Avwg
g‡b ivL‡Z †Póv Kwi †h, †kL nvwmbv n‡jb AvaywbK evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ| m~Zivs
Avgv‡ì bZzb cÖRb¥ Zvi KvQ †_‡KB wKQz GKUv cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡e GwUB ev¯ÍeZv|
GLb wK g‡b n‡”Qbv †h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`kB n‡”Q Zv‡ì †mB cÖZ¨vkv, hv Zviv †kL
nvwmbvi gy‡L ïb‡Z †P‡q‡Q?
120
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Avwg e¨w³MZfv‡e †`‡ki †hme ivR‰bwZK `j Av‡Q Zv‡ì cÖvq mK‡ji eZ©gvb
Kg©m~wP‡ZB cwic~Y©fv‡e mš‘ó bB| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki K_v GKgvÎ AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi Kg©m~wP‡Z i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †mwUI c~Y©v½fv‡e Av‡mwb| Ab¨ `j¸‡jv‡Zv GLbI
gvbe mf¨Zvi hyM cwieZ©‡bi welqwU AvZ¥¯’B Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Avgvi aviYv, Gme
`‡ji A‡b‡KB eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡Z GKzk kZ‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †bZ…Z¡ †èvi †hvM¨Zv
I ÿgZv iv‡Lbv| Zv‡ì mvaviY a¨vb avibv AšÍZ †ò‡kv eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv| AvVv‡iv
kZ‡Ki †kl Ges Dwbk kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z †h wkí wecø‡ei m~Pbv nq Zvi e¨vL¨v`vZv‡ì
gv‡S Kvj© gvK©m n‡jb me©‡kl ivR‰bwZK ¸iæ| hwÌ gvI‡mZzs-Gi wPšÍvaviv ev
mvs¯‹…wZK wecøe Avgv‡ì AÂ‡j e¨vcK ivR‰bwZK cÖfve †d‡jwQ‡jv Z_vwc Avgv‡ì
me‡P‡q AvaywbK `j gv‡b n‡”Q mgvRZvwš¿K ev KwgDwbó avivi `j¸‡jv| wKš‘ GLb
ch©šÍ Gme †Kvb `‡ji KvQ †_‡K Avgiv wWwRUvj hy‡Mi K_v ïwbbv| Zv‡ì
ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP †Kvbfv‡eB wWwRUvj hy‡Mi Dc‡hvMx ev mg mvgwqK bq|
mvaviYfv‡e Zviv Zv‡ì Q‡Ki evB‡i bZzb wKQz MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i,
AvIqvgx jxM wK e¨wZµg? mvaviYfv‡e GB cÖ‡kœi Reve n‡jv, bv| Z‡e 12 wW‡m¤î
2008-G AvIqvgx jxM I Zvi †bÎx †kL nvwmbv AZ¨šÍ ¯úófv‡e GwU cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb
†h, Ggb GKwU ey‡R©vqv `jI GKwU hyMvšÍKvix w`b e`‡ji mvnmx Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| bB‡j Avi hvB †nvK AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Bk‡Znv‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k kãwUB
Avm‡Z cvi‡Zvbv| Avwg †`‡LwQ †h, 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b KwgDwbó cvwU©, evm` ev
RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `‡ji g‡Zv cÖMwZkxj ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvI Zv‡ì cyiv‡bv QK
†_‡K †ei n‡Z cv‡iwb|
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv hv‡Z wWwRUvj hy‡Mi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Zv‡ì Kg©m~wP e`jv‡Z cv‡i
†mRb¨B ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Avgvi Kb‡mÞ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wP Avwg cÖYqb Kwi| GwU GKwU `‡ji wbw`©ó jÿ¨ nevi PvB‡Z GKwU RvZxq
Kg©m~wP †nvK, †ZgbwUB Avwg PvBwQjvg| NUbvP‡µ G‡`‡ki cÖvq mKj wkwÿZ ev
Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix gvbyl Avgv‡K †KejgvÎ AvBwmwU ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³
gvbyl wn‡m‡eB †P‡b| Zviv fv‡e weRq evsjv mdUIq¨vi w`‡q evsjv †jLvB n‡jv
Avgvi w`biv‡Zi GKgvÎ mvabv| A‡b‡KB Avgvi wb‡Ri ivR‰bwZK AZxZ
Rv‡bbbv| Avgiv ivR‰bwZK ¯^Ë¡v‡K †P‡bb bv| GgbwK Avwg †h gyw³hy‡×i mv‡_
RwoZ wQjvg †mwUI A‡b‡KB Rv‡bbbv| Zviv wK Rv‡bbbv Avgvi Rb¥ G‡`‡k?
G‡`‡ki gvby‡li nvwm-Kvbœv Avgv‡K KLbI e¨w_Z K‡i-Avevi KL‡bv Avbw›`Z K‡i|
G‡`‡ki msKU Avgv‡K wecbœ K‡i| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li weRq Avgv‡K weRqx K‡i-
A‡b‡KB GB mZ¨wU fz‡j †h‡Z Pvb|
†mRb¨B ewj, Avwg‡Zv †Kej Kw¤úDUvi PP©v Kwibv| eis ejv hvq, Kw¤úDUvi Avgvi
GKwU nvwZqvi-cwieZ©‡bi nvwZqvi gvÎ| Avwg Kw¤úDUv‡ii myo½ w`‡q cy‡iv †`k-
Kvj I Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki mgvR eë¯’vwU‡K †`wL| †mRb¨B Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq,
121
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†KejgvÎ Kw¤úDUvi bq mgvReë¯’vi cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvRb Av_©-mvgvwRK
eë¯’vi cwieZ©b| Avwg AviI g‡b Kwi, AvBwmwU‡K n‡Z n‡e GB e`‡j †èvi
PvweKvwV| GwU A‡bK w`b †_‡K Avwg Avgvi wb‡Ri gv‡S jvjb Kwi | 87 mvj
†_‡KB Kw¤úDUvi welq-Gi cvkvcvwk G welq wb‡qI †jLv‡jwL KiwQ| Z‡e 2007
mv‡ji Av‡M Avgvi G welqK fvebv †Kvb ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv
nqwb|
Lye AKc‡U GwU ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvwi, cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_B GwU Ggb eo GKwU NUbvq
cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i †mwUI fvwewb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z 1975 mvj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Uvwb©s c‡q›U| †mB eQ‡iB
cÖ_g e½eÜz evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K eë¯’vq †bevi Rb¨ GK `jxq kvmb
Kv‡qg K‡ib| we‡k¦i mgvRZvwš¿K-Kgy¨wbó ivóª¸‡jvi g‡ZvB GB eë¯’v‡K Kvh©Ki
Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb cÖej cÖwZK‚jZvi gy‡L c‡ob| GgbwK Zvi wb‡Ri `‡ji gv‡SB
wQ‡jv me‡P‡q eo evav| GLbI AccÖPvi wn‡m‡e Zvi †mB cÖ‡Póv‡K evKkvjx (Ac)
kvmb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| mvaviYfv‡e evKkvj cÖwZôv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GKwU
ÿZ e‡jB g‡b Kiv nq| e½eÜzi Ab¨ mKj KvR‡K K…wZZ¡ wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡jI
evKkvj wel‡q AvIqvgx jx‡Mi kxl© †bZvivI †Kvb K_v e‡jb bv| welqwU‡K
AvIqvgx jxM cÖksmbxq KvR wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i bv| wKš‘ AvR hLb mviv `ywbqvq
cywRev‡ì msKU Nbxf‚Z n‡”Q ZLb evKkvj cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU
mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª cwiYZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K wK †Zgb wb‡MwUffv‡e †`Lv n‡e wKbv
†mwU fve‡Z n‡e|
GB NUbvq ÿzä cÖwZcÿ gvwK©b hy³ivóª I Zvi `vjvj cvwK¯Ívb Zv‡ì †`kxq
mn‡hvMx‡ì mnvqZvq †mB eQ‡ii 15B AvM÷ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb‡K nZ¨v Kivi ci †`kwUi †gŠwjK PwiÎ e`jv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Kvh©Ki Kiv
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cvwK¯Ívbx RvZxqZvev`‡K ¯^vaxb evsjvq Pvwc‡q w`‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi nv‡ZB RvZxq
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n‡Z _v‡K| gyw³‡hv×v wRqvDi ingv‡bi GB cÖ‡Póv ¯^vaxb evsjvi †cQ‡b hvevi
Rb¨ GKwU Kv‡jv Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q Av‡Q| GB cÖ‡PóvwUi mv‡_
cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbxi ev Zv‡ì †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’vi Av`‡j evsjv‡`k
†mbvevwnbxi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v‡K eënvi K‡i weGbwc I RvZxq
cvwU© Rb¥ †bevi NUbvI N‡U| †Lv›`Kvi gykZvK I Zvi mnPiiv mivmwi cvwK¯Ívbx
`vjvj wQ‡jv| Zviv mvaviY gvby‡li fviZwe‡ivax g‡bvfve‡K ag©xq Abyf‚wZi mv‡_
hy³ K‡i GKwU cÖwZwecøe NUvq| 3iv b‡f¤î 75 †mB cÖwZwecø‡ei wec‡ÿ Lv‡j`
†gvkviid GKwU cvëv eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ wZwb e¨_© nb| 7 b‡f¤î 75 Rvm`,
K‡b©j Zv‡ni I MYevwnbx wRqv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L GKwU mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡ei †Póv
122
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
K‡i| wRqv Rvm`-Zv‡ni-MYevwnbxi mv‡_ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i Ges †Lv›`Kvi
gykZv‡Ki g‡ZvB cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡ÿ Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| Lye m½ZKvi‡YB wRqvi
mv‡_ Avjeì, ivRvKvimn mKj evsjv‡`k we‡ivaxiv hy³ nq| wech©¯Í AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk wecbœ nq Rvm`| Rvm` ¯^vaxbZvDËiKv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
we‡ivax n‡jI evsjv‡`k aviYvi c‡ÿi kw³ wQ‡jv| wRqvi †eBgvbx‡Z mKj
cÖwZ‡kv‡ai LoM †b‡g Av‡m Rvm‡ì Ici| Zv‡ni nZ¨v, ie-wmivRmn mKj kxl©
†bZvi †MÖdZvi I Kvivevm Rvm`‡K Kvh©Z c½y K‡i †`q| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †mB mgq
†_‡KB Rvm‡ì †bZv-Kg©xiv wbw®Œq n‡Z _v‡K| †KD †KD wRqv-Gikv‡ì mn‡hvMx
n‡jI A‡b‡KB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ nq| Z‡e me‡P‡q e„nr AskwU wbw®Œq n‡q
c‡o| `xN©w`b a‡i GB wbw®Œq Rvm` †bZv-Kg©xiv GKwU ivR‰bwZK cøvUdig Luy‡R
†eov‡”Q| GK mg‡q Rvm` QvÎjx‡Mi †bZv gwbcyix cvovi KvgvjDwÏb Avn‡g` GB
cÖ‡Póvi AMÖYx‡ì GKRb n‡q I‡Vb| A‡bKw`b a‡iB wZwb †Póv KiwQ‡jb mv‡eK
Rvm` †bZv-Kg©x‡ì‡K GKwÎZ Kiv hvq wKbv|
m‡Z‡ivB †deªæqvwi 2007 ivZ bUvq mv‡eK Rvm` †bZv Kvgvj DwÏb Avn‡g` Ges
mv‡eK Rvm` Kg©x gvmy` Avgvi jvjgvwUqvi 5/1, eøK we (cvP Zjv)-Gi evmvq
Av‡mb| Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv ev Rvm` cybM©Vb welqvw`
wb‡q K_v ejv| Avwg RvbZvg †h, Gi Av‡M †_‡KB Kvgvj Rvm‡ì cyiv‡bv †bZv-
Kgx©‡ì‡K GKwÎZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q Ges Zvi gwbcyix cvovi evox‡Z wbqwgZ êVK
Ki‡Q| Avwg Zv‡ì‡K 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^c‡ÿi kw³ ev AvIqvgx
jxM I Zvi †Rv‡Ui c‡ÿ mwµq Kivi K_v fvwe| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mv‡_
mvsMVwbKfv‡e hy³ †hgb †iRvmn AviI A‡b‡KB Avgvi g‡Zv fv‡e| GKw`b Avwg
I Avgvi ¯¿x eKzj †gv¯Ívdv Kvgvj‡ì gwbcyix cvovi evmvi ‰eV‡K wM‡qwQjvg| Avwg
jÿ¨ K‡iwQ †h, Rvm‡ì mv‡eK †bZv-Kg©xiv ivRbxwZi K_v fv‡eb, bvbv myL `yt‡Li
K_v e‡jb, ¯§„wZPviY K‡ib- wKš‘ Zv‡ì †Kvb my®úó D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ †bB| Zv‡ì
nZvkv Av‡Q-†MŠie Av‡Q, wVKvbv †bB| bvbv K_vq mfvi ci mfv K‡i A‡bKUv mgq
Zviv KvwU‡q w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †Kvb wKQzB w¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Kvgvj I gvmy` Avgvi
mv‡_ Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv wb‡q †ek wKQzÿY K_v e‡jb| Avwg Zv‡ì‡K †mB
K_vwUB ewj-mv‡eK Rvm‡ì †bZv-Kg©x‡ì †Kvb wVKvbv †bB| Zviv †Kvb ivR‰bwZK
`j Øviv AvK…ó n‡”Qb bv| †KD †KD †Kvb †Kvb `‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡jI †mwU Zviv
B”Qvi weiæ‡× Ki‡Qb| cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡ì Rb¨ GKwU jÿ¨ wVK Kiv| Avwg Zv‡ì
ejjvg, e½eÜz mËi `k‡K RvwZ‡K ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb| †mB ¯^cœ †_‡K
gvbyl mËi-GKvËi ˆZix K‡i‡Q| Rvm` evqvË‡i mgvRZvwš¿K evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ
†`wL‡qwQ‡jv-†mRb¨ nvRvi nvRvi ZiæY Rxeb ch©šÍ w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLb bZzb cÖR‡b¥i
Rb¨ bZzb GKUv ¯^cœ ìKvi| Avwg Zv‡ì ejjvg †mB ¯^cœUv ˆZix Ki| Kvgvj
Avgv‡K Rvbv‡jv, Zviv Avgvi K_v ïb‡Z Pvq| Avwg ejjvg, Zvn‡j †Zvgv‡ì
123
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†bZv‡ì GKmv‡_ K‡iv| Zviv †mB †gvZv‡eK 24 †deªæqvwi 2007 XvKvi
jvjgvwUqvq GKwU N‡ivqv mgv‡ek K‡i| G‡Z Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb †gvU 17 Rb (Avwg,
eKzj I Av‡bvqvi mn)| K_v wQ‡jv QqUvq em‡ev| Avwg QqUvq Avm‡Z cvwiwb-
mvZUvq Avwm| ¯’vb wQ‡jv 3/8 jvjgvwUqv, eøK -Gd| m¤¢eZ GwU GKwU GbwRIi
Awdm| Avwg wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYv wel‡q Avgvi cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb
Dc¯’vcb Kwi| GKgvÎ Rvm` †bZv wke bvivqY `vm Qvov evwK mK‡ji Kv‡QB GB
Dc¯’vcbv cQ›` n‡q‡Q e‡j Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q| wke bvivqY `vm †Kvb gšÍe¨ bv
K‡i Lye Zvovû‡ov K‡i mfv Z¨vM Ki‡Z Pvb e‡jB Avgvi GB aviYv| c‡ii kwbevi
Ges Zvi c‡ii kwbevi Zviv Avevi em‡e Ggb wm×všÍ †bq| ivZ mv‡o bUvq mfv
†kl nq| Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡KB Avwg Drmvn cvB †hb GKwU c~Y©v½ Kg©mw~ P cÖYqb Kwi|
Gici 3iv gvP© 2007 mÜ¨v QqUvq Kvgvj Zvi msMVK‡ì‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Avevi
gwbcyix cvovq e‡m| G iv‡ZB Kvgvj, gvmy`mn PviRb msMVK Avgvi evmvq †`Lv
Ki‡Z Av‡m| Zviv 10 gvP© 2007 weKvj QqUvq gwbcyix cvovq Rgv‡qZ n‡e-Ggb
Lei Rvbvq| Avgv‡K kwbev‡ii †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z e‡j| GB welqwU gv_vq
†i‡L 6 gvP© 2007 Avwg 8 c„ôvi GKwU WKz‡g›U cÖ¯‘Z Kwi| WKz‡g›UwUi cÖ_g Kwc
Hw`bB †gB‡j †`qv nq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Z_¨ I M‡elYv m¤úv`K byn-Dj-Avjg
†jwbb‡K| GKwU Kwc Avwg Avgvi eÜz kvgmywÏb Avn‡g`‡KI cvVvB| eÜz
Rvjvj‡KI cvVv‡bv nq| Gici GB `wjjwUi m¤úv`bv Ae¨vnZfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K|
Kvgvj‡ì‡K wb‡q 10 gvP© 2007 cÖ¯ÍvweZ †mB mfvwU nqwb| KviY Gi Av‡M Riæwi
Ae¯’vi miKvi mKj ai‡Yi mfv-mgv‡ek wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| Gi gv‡S AvwgI GB
†jLvwU‡K c~Y©v½ Kivi mgq cvB| 11 gvP© 2007 Kvgvj GKwU wjwLZ Kg©m~wP cÖ¯‘Z
Kivi Aby‡iva Ki‡j 12 gvP© 2007 GKwU Lmov Zv‡ì‡K mieivn Kiv nq| ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i, †mwUB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k bv‡gi cÖ_g Kg©m~wP| 13 gvP© 2007 GB
iPbvwU wb‡q Zv‡ì wdWe¨vK cvevi K_v wQ‡jv| †mwU Av‡iv c‡i cvIqv hvq| 15
gvP© 2007 mKv‡j Kvgvj Avgv‡K †dv‡b Rvbvq †h, GB †jLvwU Rbve wmivRyj Avjg
Lvb cvV K‡i‡Qb Ges `ywU †QvU ms‡kvabx Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb| Gi GKwU n‡jv †`‡ki
Ae¯’v ÔmvgšÍZvwš¿KÕ bv wj‡L G‡K ÔAbybœZ cywRev`Õ Ges Z_¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv 1992 mvj
bv e‡j 1955 mvj ejv| GQvovI GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj GB `ywU k‡ãi GKwU e¨vL¨v
w`‡Z e‡j‡Qb wZwb| Avwg wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi mv‡_ GKgZ †h, evsjv‡`‡ki
Ae¯’vwU AbybœZ cywRev` n‡e| Z‡e Z_¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv hw` †cQb w`K †_‡K ej‡Z nq
Z‡e †mwU Av‡iv Av‡Mi K_v ejv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¥‡K wWwRUvj hy‡Mi cÖvi¤¢ aiv
n‡j gvb‡Z Amyweav nevi K_v bq| wKš‘ †evSv ìKvi †h, Kw¤úDUviB wWwRUvj
hy‡Mi GKgvÎ evnb bq| e¯‘Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hLb †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev AviI
¯úó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡jv †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ hy³ nq ZLbB hvÎv ïiæ nq wWwRUvj
hy‡Mi| Avwg G‡ZvUv †cQ‡b †h‡Z PvBbv| eis B›Uvi‡b‡Ui m~PbvwU‡KB Avwg wWwRUvj
124
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
hy‡Mi ïiæ e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡Z PvB| d‡j Avwg wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi †mB aviYvi
mv‡_ HKgZ¨ cÖKvk Kwiwb| wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi e³e¨ Abymv‡i GbvjM I wWwRUvj
kã `ywUi †QvU e¨vL¨v †`qvUv h_vh_ e‡j Avwg g‡b KiwQ| Z‡e Avgvi avibv wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k avibvwU ¯úó bv nIqv ch©šÍ GwU weZ‡K©i †K‡›`ª _vK‡e|
15 gvP© 2007 Rvm` Kg©x gvmy` Zv‡ì nv‡Z †`qv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP wel‡q
K_v ejvi Rb¨ Avgvi AvivgevM Awd‡m †`Lv K‡i Ges kwbev‡ii gv‡S Kg©m~wPwUi
AviI m¤úv`bv Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡i| Zv‡ì Aby‡iv‡a Avwg wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wPi AviI m¤úv`bv Kwi Ges †mwU 17 gvP© 2007 we‡Kj cvPUvq Kvgv‡ji gw-
bcyix cvovi evmvq Dc¯’vcb Kwi| ZLb bBg Rvnv½xi, wke bvivqY `vm, eveyj,
Zv‡iK †iRv, gvmy`, Kvgvj I wRqvDj Bmjvgmn cÖvq 15/20 Rb Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Kg©m~wPwUi Kwc cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Zviv †mwU cvV K‡i wjwLZ e³e¨ ev
gZvgZ †`‡eb e‡j wm×všÍ nq| c‡i 19 gvP© 2007 mÜ¨v mvZUvq Kvgv‡ji evmvq
Avevi êVK Kivi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| êV‡K K‡qKR‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wewfbœ welq
Av‡jvPbv nq| Gici Kvgvj Rvbvq †h wmivRyj Avjg Lvb Avgvi mv‡_ êVK Ki‡Z
AvMÖnx| Kvgv‡ji cÖ¯Íve Avgv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| hwÌ ZLb wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi
mv‡_ mvgwiK evwnbxi †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q †ZgbwU cÖPvi Kiv nw”Q‡jv Ges Avwg Riæwi
Ae¯’v Rvixi ci mvgwiK evwnbxi cÖ”Qbœ Bw½‡Z †`‡ki mKj ivRbxwZ wbqš¿Y Kivi
cÖqvm‡K mg_©b KiwQjvg bv ZeyI wmivRyj Avjg Lvb Avgvi AvMÖ‡ni we›`y‡Z Av‡Qb
A‡bK w`b †_‡K| Zvi ivR‰bwZK mvdj¨ bv _vK‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i
cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Avwg Zv‡K †hgbUv †`‡LwQ Zvi d‡j Zvi cÖwZ kÖ×v Aek¨B i‡q †M‡Q|
21 gvP© 2007 ivZ `kUvq Avwg I Kvgvj wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi 46 KjvevMvb¯’ (wZb
Zjv) evmvq †cŠQvB| wmivRyj Avjg Lvb Avgv‡ì ˆbk‡fv‡R Avc¨vwqZ K‡ib Ges
cy‡iv welqwU wb‡q my`xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Avgv‡ì Kg©mw~P‡K mwVK e‡j gZ cÖKvk
K‡ib| Avgvi Rb¨ GwU wQ‡jv GK weivU cvIbv| KviY GKw`b wmivRyj Avjg Lvb
wQ‡jb Avgvi Kv‡Q wKse`šÍxi bvqK| Av‡MB e‡jwQ, Avwg GL‡bv Zv‡K cigfv‡e
kÖ×v Kwi| Z‡e Zvi ivRbxwZ-†hgb Gikv`‡K mg_©b Kiv, cÖv‡`wkK cwil` MVb ev
wØKÿwewkó msm` Avwg mg_©b Kwibv| Avwg Av‡iv GKwU wel‡q AevK nB-wmivRyj
Avjg Lvb †`‡ki miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKQz ej‡jI gvby‡li ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b wb‡q ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †Kvb Kg©m~wP cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| Zvi
Rxebaviv wel‡q bvbv R‡b bvbv K_v ej‡jI Avwg g‡b Kwi wZwbB Ab¨Zg gyw³‡hv×v
whwb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †bZ…Z¡ †èvi ciI †Kvb wewbgq †bbwb| Ggb GKwU
†jvK Avgvi nv‡Z ˆZix GKwU ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP‡K fv‡jv ej‡j Avgvi‡Zv Avbw›`Z
neviB K_v| Avwg ixwZg‡Zv Lykx njvg| wZwb GB Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| hwÌ Avwg wmivRyj Avjg
Lv‡bi eZ©gv‡bi ivRbxwZ I ivR‰bwZK avivi wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY Kwi ZeyI Avwg g‡b
125
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kwi †h mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wZwb ˆZix Ki‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb †mwUi D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv Zvi
wb‡Ri ˆZix Kiv ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP‡K mg_©b Kiv| Kvh©Z wZwb Avgvi wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi Kw¤úDUvi AskwUB MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Avgvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q g‡b
n‡qwQ‡jv †h, GwU‡K wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi avibvi gv‡S mxwgZ Kiv hv‡ebv| Zvi
mv‡_ Avgvi fvebvi cv_©K¨ ev Ab¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi cÖavb cv_©K¨ Avm‡j mg‡qi
cwieZ©‡bi cv_©K¨| Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mgqwUi mv‡_ we‡k¦i cÖhyw³
Lv‡Z cwieZ©‡bi welqwU‡K hy³ K‡iB fve‡Z PvB| wKš‘ wmivRyj Avjg Lvb GLbI
†mB 75 mv‡jB †_‡K †h‡Z Pvb| Kvh©Z 1975-Gi ci Zvi †Kvb bZzb e³e¨ Avwg
ïwbwb| †mB Pwe©Z Pe©b w`‡qB wZwb Pj‡Qb|
23 gvP©, ïµevi 2007 weKvj wZbUv †_‡K ivZ AvUUv ch©šÍ Kvgv‡ji gwbcyix cvovi
evmvq AbywôZ êV‡K GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK cøvUdi‡gi Rb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
bvgwU me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„wnZ nq Ges Gi mgš^qKvix wn‡m‡e KvgvjDwÏb Avn‡g` I
eKzj †gv¯Ívdv‡K wba©viY Kiv nq| 26 gvP©‡K GB msMV‡bi Rb¥w`b wn‡m‡e †NvlYv
Kiv nq| GB w`b ˆ`wbK Ki‡Zvqv cwÎKvi ¯^vaxbZv wèm msL¨vq wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k-Gi Kg©m~Px cÖKvwkZ nq| 27 gvP© 2007 ˆ`wbK msev`-G GKUz wfbœiƒ‡c
†mB Kg©m~Px Qvcv nq| gvwmK Kw¤úDUvi RMZ GwcÖj-07 msL¨v I gvwmK †UK‡bvjwR
Uz‡W GwcÖj-2007 msL¨vqI GB Kg©m~wP Qvcv nq| wjUj g¨vMvwRb wefvm-Gi GwcÖj
2007 msL¨vq GB Kg©m~wPwUi cÖ_g ms¯‹iY Qvcv nq| GQvov ˆ`wbK msev`, ˆ`wbK
RbKÉ, ˆ`wbK †fv‡ii KvMR, ˆ`wbK Ki‡Zvqv BZ¨vw` cwÎKvq Kjvg wn‡m‡e GB
iPbvi we¯ÍvwiZ I e„n`vsk Qvcv nq|
25 gvP© 2007 iv‡Z eªvþYevwoqvi KvRxcvov¯’ LyKz mv‡n‡ei evmvq ¯’vbxq cÖv³b
Rvm` †bZv‡ì mvg‡b GB Kg©m~wP wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| 26 gvP© 2007 iv‡Z
ev`kv-†iRvi †bZ„‡Z¡ GK`j cÖv³b Rvm` Kg©x Avgvi evmvq Gme welq wb‡q
we¯ÍvwiZ K_v e‡j Ges Zviv GB Kg©m~wP‡K c~Y© mg_©b Rvbvq| 1jv GwcÖj 2007
Kvgv‡ji evmvq Avgiv Avevi Av‡jvPbvq ewm| eªvþYevwoqv †_‡K Gi ¯^c‡ÿ gZvgZ
cvIqv hvq| ZeyI g‡b nq, Rvm‡ì cÖv³b Kg©x‡ì gv‡S GL‡bv wØavØ›Ø i‡q †M‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i GB Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e †K, †mwU GKwU eo welq n‡q `vuovq|
09 GwcÖj 2007 ch©šÍ GB welqwU wb‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi Av‡jvPbv nq| GKwUgvÎ
wjwLZ gšÍe¨ cvIqv hvq-GKRb AemicÖvß mvgwiK Kg©KZ©vi KvQ †_‡K| wZwb ivR-
bxwZ‡Z B”QzK bb Ges Zvi Kv‡Q GwU †Zgb †Kvb AvKl©Y ˆZix K‡ibv| wewkó
gyw³‡hv×v I ivRbxwZK bBg Rvnv½xi g‡b K‡ib, †Rjv msm` cÖkvmb we‡K›`ªxKiY
I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii GKwU eo wfwË n‡Z cv‡i| 64wU †Rjvq GKwU K‡i msm`
¯’vc‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib wZwb| wewkó mvsevw`K Rbve AvmdD`‡`Šjv (GK mg‡q Avgvi
em) e½eÜz‡K RvwZi RbK gvb‡Z B”QzK bb|
14 GwcÖj 2007 iv‡Z Kvgvj †dvb K‡i Rvbvq †h, GB `wjjwU wb‡q †KD †KD
126
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Pvq| 16-17 GwcÖj 2007 Kvgv‡ji evmvq GwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z
cv‡i| GRb¨ 15 GwcÖj 2007 Gi GKwU Kwc wcÖ›U Kiv nq| †mB `wjjwU Aek¨
A‡bKUvB e`‡j hvIqv| 17 GwcÖj 2007 Zvwi‡L Kvgv‡ji gwbcywi cvovi Awd‡m
`wjjwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| Rbve AvnmvbDjøvn, wke bvivqb `vm I Kv‡ìx mv‡ne
Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| Kvgvj Avn‡g` Ges bBg Rvnv½xi mv‡ne GB
Av‡jvPbvi mgq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| AvnmvbDjøvn mv‡ne wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k bvgwU
AcQ›` e‡j Rvbvb| wke bvivqb `vm e‡jb †h, GwU w_wm‡mi AvKv‡i nqwb| wZwb
ag© msµvšÍ e³e¨ cwieZ©‡bi K_v e‡jb| Zvi g‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿i avivq ag©‡K †hfv‡e
†`Lv nq †mwUB mwVK| Avwg Zv‡K †evSv‡Z †Póv Kwi †h, GB Dcgnv‡`‡k ag© welqwU
Ggb †h, G‡K we‡qvM Kivi ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ w`‡q ivRbxwZ‡Z wU‡K _vKv KwVb
n‡e| Avwg cwðge‡½i Kgy¨wb÷‡ì‡K `yM©vc~Rvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z †`Lvi welq QvovI
ag© wb‡q bxie _vKvi welqwUi cÖwZ wkey`vi `„wó AvKl©Y Kwi|| wKš‘ wkey`v
†Kvbfv‡eB ag© cvj‡bi wel‡q iv‡óªi †Kvb f‚wgKv ivLvi c‡ÿ bb| Ab¨w`‡K Avwg
g‡b Kwi, ag© cÖwZôvbmn ag© cvj‡bi mnvqK I Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv ivóª‡K wb‡Z n‡e
Ges ivóª‡K ag© cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡ìx mv‡ne we`g¨vb mgvR‡K Av‡iv DbœZ Kiv evK¨vskwU cwieZ©‡bi K_v e‡jb|
Kg©m~wPwU‡K AviI DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ 23 GwcÖj 2007 cybivq Av‡jvPbvq emvi wm×všÍ
nq| 23 GwcÖj 2007 Av‡jvPbvq emv nq Ges GKwU mswÿß †cÖvMÖvg-Kg©m~wPi Lmov
ˆZix Kivi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 27 GwcÖj 2007 cybivq emvi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| †mB
emv Avi nqwb| ZLb Avwg Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, MY AwaKvi Av‡›`vjb bv‡g Zv‡ì
GKwU msMVb Ges mvsMVwbK KwgwU Gi Av‡MB ˆZix n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv| Zviv A‡bK
wjd‡jU ˆZix K‡iwQ‡jv GRb¨| welqwU wb‡q Avwg wb‡RB weåvšÍ n‡q cwo| Avgvi
aviYv nq †h, Kvgvj‡ì cÖwµqvwU Avm‡j GKwU w¯’i RvqMvq _vK‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb LyeB Zij Ges Zv‡ì GKwÎZ n‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK mgq ìKvi| ax‡i
ax‡i †mB cÖwµqvwU Avgvi w`K †_‡K bxie n‡Z _v‡K| 2007 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi †kl
w`‡K Kvgvj-gvmy`‡ì Avgvi nZvk g‡b n‡Z _v‡K| Avwg fve‡Z _vwK †h, Zviv
µgk GK GMv‡ivi dvq`v †bevi K_v fve‡Q| Kvgvj-nvwme I Zv‡ì mn‡hvMxiv
†mbvevwnbxi †Mv‡q›`v‡ì mv‡_ êVK K‡i‡Q Ggb LeiI Avwg cvB| cwÎKvq Kjvg
†jLvi `v‡q Avgv‡K †W‡K wb‡q wM‡q Avgvi mv‡_ †mbv †Mv‡q›`v‡ì AvPiY fv‡jv
n‡jI Zviv †hfv‡e Kjvg †jLv †_‡K UK †kvi nvwRiv ch©šÍ wbqš¿Y KiwQ‡jv †mwU
†gv‡UB cQ›` nw”Q‡jvbv| eis Avwg †Kgb †hb weGbwc-RvZxq cvwU© Movi Rb¨
wWwRGdAvB †h f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jv †Zgb jÿY `L‡Z _vwK| Kvgvjiv †mw`‡KB
Nwbó n‡”Q e‡j Avgvi Kv‡Q cÖZxqgvb n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j Avwg Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K `~‡i
_vKvi wm×všÍ wbB| Kvgvj‡ì ivRbxwZi GB cU cwieZ©‡bi gv‡SI Avgvi avibvwU
AviI mg„× n‡Z _v‡K| Avwg Avgvi e`‡j hvIqv aviYvwU ˆ`wbK msev`, ˆ`wbK
127
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Ki‡Zvqv, ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, ˆ`wbK †WmwUwb, ˆ`wbK †fv‡ii KvMR Ges gvwmK
†UK‡bvjwR Uz‡W, Kw¤úDUvi RMZ I Kw¤úDUvi wewPÎvq cÖKvk Kwi| Z‡e A‡b‡KB
g‡b K‡ib †h, Avgvi †jLv cÖ_g Bk‡ZnviwU AZ¨šÍ PgrKvifv‡e GB RvwZi
¯^cœUv‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Q|
BwZnv‡mi Ask e‡jB Avgvi ˆZix Kiv cÖ_g Bk‡ZnviwU‡K cvV Kivi cÖ‡qvR-
bxqZv i‡q‡Q| hwÌ GiB gv‡S GB Bk‡ZnviwU ej‡Z †M‡j A‡bKUvB e`‡j †M‡Q
Z_vwc Gi cÖbq‡bi mgqmxgv‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L Avgiv Aek¨B G‡K h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z
cvwi|
cÖ_g Bk‡Znvi: Avgvi cÖ_g Bk‡ZnviwUi me©‡kl ms‡kvwaZ iƒc wQ‡jv GiKg:
GKbR‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k: 1. wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~Px †NvlYvi †cÖwÿZ: nvRvi
eQi †_‡KB ev½vjxiv ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ jovB Ki‡Q| evievi Zviv evB‡ii kÎæ‡ì Øviv
AvµvšÍ n‡q `vmZ¡k„•ÿ‡j Ave× n‡q‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ Avevi Zviv jovB
K‡i‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ we‡`kx‡ì ci Bs‡iRiv GK‡kv beŸyB eQi †`kwU jyU Kivi ci
cvwK¯Ívbx‡ì nv‡Z †mB jyUcv‡Ui `vwqZ¡ wb‡q we`vq †bq| Bs‡iR‡ì Ry‡Zvq cv iv‡L
cvwK¯Ívb| Zviv jyÉ‡bi cÖ_g nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e ev½vjx‡ì gvZ…fvlvi Dci nvgjv
K‡i| †mLvb †_‡KB Avgv‡ì AvR‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvi ïiæ| 52, 62, 66, 69-Gi
c_cwiµgvq †mB jovB GKw`b mk¯¿ jovB‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges bq gv‡mi gv‡SB
ivR‰bwZK jovB Amgvß †i‡L evsjv‡`k kÎægy³ nq| weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡k
†h kvmbeë¯’v P‡j, †h e¨w³, †Mvôx I ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv GB †`k kvmb K‡i Zviv
GB RvwZi AvKv•ÿv c~iY Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© e¨_© nq| GB RvwZi mKj †ÿ‡Îi AMÖMwZ
hvq †_‡g| RvwZq m¤ú` jyUcvU †_‡K jy‡Uiv ivR‰bwZK KvjPvi ˆZix Kiv ch©šÍ
Lv‡j`v-wbRvgxi cvP eQ‡ii `ytkvmbmn my`xN© mgq KvUv‡Z nq GB RvwZ‡K| 2007
mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi †`‡k Riæwi Ae¯’v Rvwi nevi d‡j ivRbxwZi †giæKiY hvq
e`‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li BwZnvm nvRvi nvRvi eQ‡ii| GB BwZnv‡m gvbyl cv_‡ii hyM,
Av¸‡bi hyM, K…wl hyM, wkí hyM cvi n‡q GLb Z_¨hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| mviv `ywbqv‡ZB
GLb Z_¨hyM we¯Í…Z n‡”Q| GB hy‡Mi GKwU jÿ¨ n‡jv, P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q gvbeRvwZi
Rb¨ wek¦‡Rvov ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl `ywbqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ
bq| d‡j GB †`kwU‡KI Z_¨hy‡M ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv g‡b
Kwi ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi jovB KivB n‡e AvR‡Ki w`‡bi A½xKvi|
mvwe©Kfv‡e GB gyn‚‡Z© cÖ‡qvRb evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKzk kZ‡Ki Ggb GK Kg©m~wP hvi
mnvqZvq GB †`kwU Zvi ¯^vaxbZvi myeY© RqšÍx‡Z GKwU DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPB n‡Z cv‡i jÿ¨ AR©‡bi
Dcvq|
128
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
1.1 wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~Px: ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡K GKwU mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb
wn‡m‡e weKwkZ Kivi cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~Px wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~Pxi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, evsjv‡`‡ki
we`¨gvb mgvR‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Av‡iv DbœZ, mg„× I `vwi`ªgy³ K‡i cÖwZwU gvby‡li
RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ K‡i mgv‡R b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Kiv Ges m¤ú‡ì mylg e›UY I
gvby‡li b~¨bZg †gŠwjK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi wbðqZv weavb K‡i weÁvb-cÖhyw³gb®‹, `ÿ,
`yb©xwZgy³, †gavm¤ú‡` mg„× AvZ¥wek¦vmx I mdj wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o Zz‡j Ávb-
wfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv|
3. RvZxqZv I bvMwiKZ¡: G‡`‡ki wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiô gvbyl RvZxqZvq evsjv‡`‡ki
ev½vjx| GB iv‡óª ev½vjx QvovI Ab¨vb¨ K‡qKwU ÿz`ª RvwZ‡Mvôx evm K‡i| ivóª
msL¨vMwiô ev½vjx RvwZ‡Mvôxi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ¯^Ë¡v‡K ¯^xKvi Ki‡e Ges
Zv‡ì RvwZ¯^Ë¡vi weKv‡k mKj Ae`vb ivL‡e| bvMwiK‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki mKj
bvMiwKB evsjv‡`kx| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
mKj weZ‡K©i evB‡i ivLv n‡e| GB iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖv‡g AskMÖnYKvix
mKj ¯Í‡ii gvbyl I RvZxq †bZ…e„›`‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e kÖ×v cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡e| GQvovI
hy×vcivax‡ì wePvi Kiv n‡e|
3.1 ag©-fvlv-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ-µxov: ivóª RbM‡Yi ag©, fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi c~Y
© msiÿY, Dbœqb I weKvk NUv‡e| ivóª GKw`‡K msL¨vMwiô †jv‡Ki ag©, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ
iÿv Ki‡e Ab¨w`‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Rb‡Mvôx, Avwèvmx ev msL¨vjwNó RbM‡Yi fvlv,
mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ I ag©‡K iÿv Ki‡e| Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì wbR wbR ag©, fvlv, mvwnZ¨
I ms¯‹…wZ© PP©v Kivi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| Kv‡iv fvlv-ms¯‹…wZ-ag©‡K
iv‡óªi my‡hvM myweav weZi‡Yi wfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡ebv| ag©PP©vi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk ag©xq AeKvVv‡gv cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q M‡o †Zvjv
n‡e| AcwiKwíZ gw›ì gmwR`-MxR©vi e`‡j cwiKwíZ evm¯’v‡bi g‡ZvB RbmsL¨vi
wfwË‡Z evm¯’vb I Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ ag©¯’vb miKvwi e¨‡q wbg©vY Kiv n‡e| ivóª cÖwZwU
ag©PP©vi †ÿ‡Î wfbœg‡Zi mn Ae¯’vb‡K wbwðZ Ki‡e| ag©xq †Mvovwg cÖwZ‡iva Kivi
cvkvcvwk mwVK ag©wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î ivóª mnvqK n‡e| ivóªfvlvmn mKj fvlvi weKvk,
mKj ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb Kiv iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡e| iv‡óªi KvRKg© n‡e †KejgvÎ ivóªfvlv
evsjvq| iv‡óªi mKj Z_¨ Aek¨B evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ n‡e| Z‡e we‡`‡ki mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î evsjvi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iwR ev Ab¨ fvlv eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
†Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Kv‡R GKKfv‡e we‡`wk fvlv eënvi Kiv hv‡ebv|
Avwèvmx ev evsjv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ fvlvfvlxiv Zv‡ì fvlv ¯’vbxq cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R
eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †mRb¨ †hme GjvKvq evsjv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ fvlvfvlx i‡q‡Q
129
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†mBme GjvKvq evsjvi cvkvcvwk Hme fvlv eënvi Kivi my‡hvM ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e|
ivóª evsjv fvlvi Dbœqb I weKv‡k me©cÖKv‡ii M‡elYvi `vwqZ¡ †b‡e| Z`ycwi evsjv
Qvov †hme fvlv-mvwnZ¨ `ye©j Zv‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI ivóª mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| ivóª evsjv
mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjx ms¯‹…wZi weKvk‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e Ges Ab¨ mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ‡K
†h‡Kvb ai‡bi AvMÖvmb †_‡K iÿv Ki‡e| we‡k¦i †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b evsjv fvlv wkÿvi
my‡hvM †èvi Rb¨ ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU `~Zvev‡mi mv‡_ evsjv fvlv wkÿvi †K›`ª
¯’vcb Ki‡e| ivóª µxov Lv‡Zi e¨vcK Dbœqb mvab Ki‡e Ges Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q µxov
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Kiv mn bvMwiK‡ì kvwiixK gvbwmK weKv‡ki Rb¨
me©vZ¥K mnvqZv Ki‡e| Acms¯‹…wZ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡e|
3.2 jy‡Uiv ivR‰bwZK Acms¯‹w… Zi Aemvb : GMv‡ivB Rvbyqvwi DËiKv‡j ivRbxwZi
`ye©„Ëvqb, A¯¿ I Kv‡jv UvKvi Dc`ªe, `yb©xwZ, mš¿vm I jy‡Uiv ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi
weiæ‡× Pjgvb Awfhvb‡K Ae¨vnZ ivLvi cvkvcvwk mr, †hvM¨ I Ávbx †jvK‡ì Rb¨
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û mwµqfv‡e Ask †bqvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡e| †`k‡cÖwgK
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ivRbxwZ Kivi cwi‡ek eRvq ivLvi msMÖvg Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e|
3.3 wbe©vPb, †fvUvi I †fvU`vb c×wZ: m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb, wbi‡cÿ I `ÿ wbe©vPb Kwgkb
cÖwZôv K‡i †`ke¨vcx wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K wb`©jxq Kiv n‡e| †`‡ki
mKj ¯Í‡ii mKj wbe©vPb Aeva I wbi‡cÿ Kiv n‡e Ges wWwRUvj †fvUvi ZvwjKvi
cvkvcvwk wWwRUvj †fvwUs c×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki Awbevmx bvMwiK‡ì‡K
RvZxq wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
4. miKvi eë¯’v I ¯’vbxq miKvi msµvšÍ mycvwik: evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq MYZvwš¿K
eë¯’vq miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡e| RvZxq msm` n‡e AvBb cÖYqbmn mKj ivóªxq
Kv‡Ri †K›`ªwe›`y| RvZxq msm`‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU RvZxq Dc‡`óv cwil`
_vK‡e| wewfbœ †ckvRxwe‡ì wbewÜZ-¯^xK…Z ms¯’v, †dWv‡ikb-†P¤^vi I Ab¨vb¨
evwYR¨ msMVb, K…lK msMVb, kÖwgK msMVb, wbewÜZ GbwRI, weÁvbx I wkÿK,
Wv³vi, cÖ‡KŠkjx‡ì ¯^xK…Z ms¯’v, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯’v, Dc‡Rjv-†Rjv-MÖvg
msm`, AvBbRxex mwgwZ, evi KvDwÝj, †dWv‡ikb, †P¤^vi ev Ab¨vb¨ AivR‰bwZK
msMVb †_‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jKfv‡e mivmwi wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Dc‡`óv cwil` MwVZ
n‡e| GB cwil` cÖavbZ miKvi‡K civgk© †`‡e| †Kvb wbe©vnx ÿgZv Zv‡ì _vK‡e
bv| Dc‡`óv cwil` QvovI RvZxq msm‡ì Aby‡gv`bµ‡g RvZxq A_©‰bwZK
KvDwÝj, RvZxq wbivcËv KvDwÝj, RvZxq wkÿv KvDwÝj I RvZxq gvbevwaKvi
KvDwÝj BZ¨vw` MVb Kiv n‡e| Dbœqb I cÖkvmb we‡K›`ªxK…Z n‡e| RvZxq ch©v‡qi
Dbœqb Ges RvZxq cÖkvmwbK KvRmn RvZxq wbivcËv I ê‡`wkK welqvw` RvZxq
miKvi Øviv wb®úbœ n‡e| wefvMxq †Kvb cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v _vK‡ebv| †Rjv I gnvbMi
ch©v‡q †gvU 70wU (64+6) msm` _vK‡e| †Rjv-gnvbMi msm`mn Dc‡Rjv/_vbv I
130
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
MÖvg msm` wbe©vPb `jxq cwiP‡q AbywôZ n‡e Ges †mLv‡bI msm`xq c×wZ Kvh©Ki
n‡e| †Rjv-gnvbMi msµvšÍ mvwe©K welqvw` †Rjv/gnvbMi msm‡ì Øviv Dc‡Rjv
msm` I MÖvg msm‡ì gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡e| eZ©gvb BDwbqb KvDwÝj MÖvg msm‡`
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| †Rjv/gnvbMi, Dc‡Rjv Ges MÖvg msm‡ì AvIZvq _vK‡e †Rjvi
Dbœqb, ¯^v¯’¨, K…wl, ¯’vbxq wkí, cwi‡ek, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, MYwkÿv
I eq®‹ wkÿv, cq, cvwb, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb, B›Uvi‡bU, we`y¨r I Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡mevmg~n,
¯’vbxq AvBbk„s•ÿjv, ¯’vbxq eëmv-evwYR¨ I nvUevRvi, cïm¤ú`, grm¨ I
Rjgnvjmn ¯’vbxq m¤ú` eë¯’vcbv I Dbœqb, Rb¥-g„Zz¨ wbeÜb BZ¨vw`| †Rjv/
gnvbMi msm` Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Dbœqb cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡e Ges Dc‡Rjv/_vbv I MÖvg
msm‡ì mnvqZvq ev mivmwi †mBme cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e| †Rjv/gnvbMi,
Dc‡Rjv/_vbv I MÖvg ¯Í‡i †ckvRxwe‡ì civgk©K KwgwU _vK‡e| civgk©K KwgwU‡Z
K…lK, kÖwgK, wkÿK, eëmvqx, ms¯‹…wZ Kg©x, mgvRKg©x, ¯’vbxq GbwRI cÖwZwbwa I
Wv³vimn ¯’vbxq bvMwiK mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaiv _vK‡eb| Z‡e ¯’vbxq Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
weÁvbm¤§Z I KvwiMwi welq RvZxq ch©v‡qi we‡klÁ‡ì w`‡q Aby‡gvw`Z Kwi‡q
wb‡Z n‡e| †fŠ‡MvwjK Kvi‡Y we‡kl AÂj; †hgb nvIi, ØxcvÂj, Rjvf‚wg-wejvÂj,
Mo GjvKv, DcK‚jxq AÂj, Avwèvmx-DcRvZxq AÂj I cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji Rb¨
Avjv`v Dbœqb cwiKíbv, ms¯’v ev cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v Pvjy Kiv n‡e| cÖRvZ‡š¿i
Kg©Pvixiv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡`©kbvq KvR Ki‡eb| †Kvb wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa
`jxq we‡ePbvq KvR Ki‡j, `yb©xwZ Ki‡j ev ¯^RbcÖxwZ Ki‡j Zvi Acmvi‡Yi
MYZvwš¿K weavb _vK‡e|
4.1 RbcÖkvmb: `y‡kv eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv AvgjvZš¿‡K GKzk kZ‡Ki Dchy³ K‡i ms¯‹vi
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖRvZ‡š¿i Kg©Pvixiv n‡eb RbM‡Yi †meK, `ÿ, `yb©xwZgy³| Zv‡ì
mKj KvR n‡e ¯^”Q I Revew`wnZvg~jK| †gavB n‡e PvKzwi I cÖ‡gvk‡bi wfwË|
4.2 wWwRUvj eë¯’v: miKv‡ii cÖPwjZ KvR Kivi c×wZ e`j K‡i wWwRUvj miKvi
eë¯’v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwRUvj miKvi ej‡Z miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z msiÿY, mivmwi wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z AbjvBb wi‡qjUvBg †hvMv‡hvM Ges
wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z miKv‡ii mKj KvR Kiv‡K †evSvq| GRb¨ miKv‡ii _vK‡e
GKwU †K›`ªxq WvUv‡eR I b¨vkbIqvBW †bUIqvK©| miKv‡ii mKj Z_¨ _vK‡e
†Kw›`ªq/we‡K›`ªxK…Z WvUv‡e‡R| †K›`ªxq/¯’vbxq WvUv‡eRwUi mKj Z_¨ ¯ÍiwfwËK
web¨¯Í n‡e| hvi †hme Z_¨ wb‡q KvR, †m †mBme Z_¨ msMÖn, cªwµqvKiY ev eënvi
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
miKv‡ii mKj Awdm, wefvM, gš¿Yvjq, ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ-Avav ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ ev wewae×
ms¯’v I cÖwZôvb, RvZxq msm`, †Rjv msm`, Dc‡Rjv msm` I MÖvg msm` Ges
cÖkvm‡bi mKj ¯Íi GB †bUIqv‡K© mivmwi AbjvBbfv‡e hy³ _vK‡e| GgbwK
miKvix-†emiKvix e¨v‡¼i wnmv‡ei cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask GB †bUIqv‡K© hy³ _vK‡e|
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii mswkøó wefvM (†hgb AvqKi-`yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb) mywbw`©ó cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
e¨v‡¼i Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î bvMwiK‡ì cÖvB‡fwm envj ivL‡Z
n‡e|
4.3 `yB ch©v‡q wWwRUvj c×wZ cÖeZ©b: GLb †_‡K `ywU ch©v‡q miKv‡ii eZ©gvb
KvR Kivi c×wZi cwieZ©b n‡e| cÖ_g ch©v‡q wWwRUvj c×wZi cvkvcvwk KvM‡Ri
e¨vKAvc _vK‡e| wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi ci KvM‡Ri e¨vK Avc dvBj ˆZix
K‡i ivLv n‡e| wØZxq ¯Í‡i KvM‡Ri e¨vKAvc wejyß n‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi
Rb¨ we`¨gvb miKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì miKvi ¯^Li‡P cÖwkÿY †`‡e| hviv cÖwkÿY wb‡Z
AvMÖnx n‡ebv ev cÖwkÿY †bevi ciI `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Zviv miKvwi
wbqg Abyhvqx Aem‡i hv‡eb Ges Z`¯’‡j bZzb Kg©xevwnbx Kv‡R †hvM †`‡e|
miKv‡ii bZzb wiµzU‡g›U n‡e wWwRUvj miKvi Pvjbvq mÿg e¨w³‡ì ga¨ †_‡K|
miKv‡ii mKj A‡Mvcbxq Z_¨ mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ Db¥y³ _vK‡e Ges wWwRUvj
c×wZ‡Z RbMY miKv‡ii †h‡Kvb ¯Íi ch©šÍ †hvMv‡hvM ev Av‡e`b Ki‡Z Ges
Av‡e`‡bi djvdj cv‡e|
5 †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb I †mev: bvMwiK‡ì b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb †hgb Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv,
¯^v¯’¨, evm¯’vb, Kg©ms¯’vb, wbivcËv BZ¨vw` m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivóª‡K †gUv‡Z n‡e| ivóª
RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK †mev †hgb we`y¨r, cvwb I cq wb®‹vlY, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vwì
cÖvwß wbwðZ Ki‡e|
5.1 Lv`¨ I e¯¿: ivóª cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Abœ-e¯¿ cvevi cwic~Y© wbðqZv †`‡e|
Lv`¨ I e¯¿ cvevi myweavi gv‡S Gm‡ei mnRjf¨Zvi cvkvcvwk bvMwiK‡ì
µqÿgZv wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| `ªe¨g~j¨ mvaviY gvby‡li Av‡qi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© ivLv
n‡e|
5.2 wkÿv eë¯’v: ivóª †`‡ki abx-`wi`ª, bvix-cyiæl, wn›`y-gymjgvb RvwZ-ag©
wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ GKB gv‡bi GKB avivi Dchy³
wkÿv wbwðZ Ki‡e| gv`ªvmv Ges ¯‹zj bvgK wfbœ wfbœ wkÿveë¯’v _vK‡ebv| cÖ‡qvR‡b
ag©xq wkÿvi myeë¯’v _vK‡e| cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ GB wkÿv A‰eZwbK I
eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡e| we`¨gvb AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb K‡i cÖwZwU cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK
we`¨vjq I gv`ªvmvq Z_¨cÖhyw³i j¨ve cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GKwU
†K›`ªxq Z_¨fvÛvi ˆZwi K‡i Zvi mv‡_ cÖwZwU wkÿv cÖwZôvb, wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡K
(100 Wjv‡i j¨vcUc) Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB Kw¤úDUvi‡K Aej¤^b
K‡i wkÿv_©xi evox I wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡ek ev AeKvVv‡gv †bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡g M‡o
Zzj‡Z n‡e| Kvh©Z Kw¤úDUvi hš¿wUB n‡e wkÿvi †K›`ª| GwU cvV¨cy¯K Í , g~j¨vqb hš¿,
cvVvMvi ev †Ljvi mvgMÖx mewKQzB n‡e| QvÎwkÿKiv Gi mnvqZv‡ZB bZzb wWwRUvj
wkÿveë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡eb| Zviv cvV¨cy¯ÍK‡K mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e cv‡e| evox‡Z,
132
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
¯‹z‡j, K¬vkiæ‡g †hLv‡bB †m _vKzK cvVvMvi Zvi nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq mKj wkÿvwelq
_vK‡e| wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM K¬vkiæ‡gi evB‡i we¯Í…Z n‡e, n‡e mve©ÿwYK|
5.3 cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ evm¯’vb, dmwj Rwg iÿv I f~wgi Aceënvi †iva:
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e
dmwj Rwg I cwi‡ek| eZ©gv‡bi wbqš¿Ynxb AcwiKwíKfv‡e f‚wg eënvi cwiK-
wíZfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki evm¯’vb Ges dmwj Rwg iÿv; `ywUB Ki‡Z
n‡e| ivóª abx-Mixe wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU bvMwiK‡K b~¨bZg g~‡j¨ Zvi wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii
Rb¨ b~¨bZg evm¯’vb cÖ`vb Ki‡e| hvi evm¯’vb GKmv‡_ ev wKw¯Í‡Z †Kbvi mvg_© †bB
ivóª Zv‡K by¨bZg evm¯’vb webvg~‡j¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| GB b~¨bZg eë¯’vi evB‡i
bvMwi‡Kiv wbR¯^ A‡_© eo AvKv‡ii ev wba©vwiZ DbœZ ¯’v‡b evm¯’vb wKb‡Z cvi‡eb|
†`‡ki mKj Rwg; evm¯’vb, dmwj Rwg, Lvj-wej-b`x, Rjvkq, wkívÂj, wkÿv
cÖwZôvb, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`-gw›ì, C`Mv, ebvÂj, cÖZZ œ Ë¡ GjvKv, AfqviY¨, grm¨
cÖRbb †K›`ª, cvK© ev †Ljvi RvqMv BZ¨vw`‡Z mywbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ _vK‡e| eZ©gv‡bi
Q‡bi-wU‡bi-†mwgcvKv-cvKv Nievoxi e`‡j Kgy¨wbwUwfwËK eûZj DPz `vjvb wbg©vY
K‡i evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e| GBme evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cvwb-cq wb®‹vlY, we`y¨r,
we‡bv`b, †Uwj †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| cwievi cÖwZ dmwj Rwgi m‡e©v”P
wmwjs n‡e `k GKi ev GK nvRvi kZvsk| evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ivRavbx kn‡i
e¨w³MZfv‡e wZwik kZvs‡ki †ewk, †Rjv kn‡i 50 kZvs‡ki †ewk, Dc‡Rjv ev _vbv
m`‡i 100 kZvs‡ki †ewk Rwgi gvwjK _vKv hv‡ebv| mKj Lvm Rwg †KejgvÎ
f‚wgnxb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| ivóª DØ„Ë Rwg evRvi `‡i wK‡b f‚wgnxb‡ì‡K cÖ`vb
Ki‡e| f‚wgnxbiv GB Rwg eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e-wKš‘ †Kvbfv‡eB wewµ K‡i ¯^Ë¡
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Zgb Ae¯’vq miKv‡ii eivÏ evwZj n‡q hv‡e Ges †mB
f‚wgwU miKvi cybivq †Kvb f‚wgnxb‡K eivÏ †`qv n‡e| f‚wg eë¯’v wRAvBGm cÖhyw³
wbf©i WvUv‡eRwfwËK n‡e| Rwgi †iwRw÷ª I bKkv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †`‡ki cÖwZ BwÂ
f‚wgi wWwRUvj bKkv _vK‡e| Rwgi †ePv-†Kbv, DËivwaKvi, eÈb, `vb BZ¨vw` Ges
mKj ai‡bi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †iwR‡óªkb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i Kiv n‡e| Rwg msµvšÍI
mKj Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Kiv n‡e Ges RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ ivLv n‡e|
5.4. ivóªxq m¤ú` eë¯’vcbv: cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPÎ, msiÿY I †`‡ki wbR¯^ m¤ú`
mwVKfv‡e eë¯’vcbv Kiv n‡e| †`k wn‡m‡e †QvU nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡Q
Cl©Yxq m¤ú`| cÖ_gZ †gavex, cwikªgx, †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôx evsjv‡`‡ki
GK wekvj m¤ú`| we‡kl K‡i Z_¨hy‡M-ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡R gvbem¤ú` AdzišÍ e¯‘MZ
I †gavm¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k‡K GB gvbe m¤ú`‡K mwVKfv‡e m„wó
Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿveë¯v’i cwieZ©b QvovI Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’vcbvi ga¨ w`‡q GB m¤ú‡ì
myiÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †hgb †Zj, M¨vm, Kqjv Ges ebR
m¤ú` AZ¨šÍ cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
133
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
5.5 ¯^v¯’¨ I wPwKrmv: ¯^v¯’¨ †mev mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb Ges mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨
wPwKrmv cvevi eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ cvP nvRvi gvby‡li Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ
GKRb K‡i wbewÜZ Wv³vi, bvm©, avÎx I Kgc‡ÿ GKwU Jlavjq _vKvi cvkvcvwk
cÖwZ wek nvRvi †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ GKwU K‡i 50 kh¨vi nvmcvZv‡ji eë¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Rb¨ we‡klÁ wPwKrmv †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡gwWwmb
c×wZi mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi cy‡iv wPwKrmv eë¯’v wWwRUvj Kiv n‡e| GwU
miKv‡ii †Kw›`ªq WvUv‡e‡Ri Ask wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡jI †`‡ki mKj ¯^v¯’¨ †mev
GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq _vK‡e| ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Zi wecyj Z_¨vejx, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ev
¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZv wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z gvby‡li nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji gv‡S w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU
bvMwi‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ WvUv‡eR AvKv‡i msiwÿZ _vK‡e|
5.6 `vwi`ª, `~ixKiY, Kg©ms¯’vb Ges †eKvi, cÖwZeÜx, c½y, e„×, weaev I Aÿg
fvZv: †`‡ki `wi`ª RbMY‡K `vwi`ªmxgvi Ici Zz‡j Avbvi Rb¨ Lvm Rwg weZiY,
evm¯’vb cÖ`vb, cÖhyw³wfwËK wkí, K…wlwfwËK wkí, KzwUiwkí Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkíe
eëmv-evwYR¨ Kivi Rb¨ cywR mieivn, ÿz`ª FY cÖ`vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡e| GKB mv‡_ wkÿvi Avg~j ms¯‹vi K‡i GKw`‡K bZzb wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K bZzb
mg‡qi Dc‡hvMx Kg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e, hv‡Z G‡ì †eKviZ¡ bv _v‡K|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY w`‡q eZ©gv‡b †hme wkwÿZ †eKvi Av‡Q Zv‡ì
Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv n‡e| cÖwZwU Kg©ÿg bvMwi‡Ki Kg©ms©¯’vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw`
†Kvb bvMwiK iv‡óªi AÿgZvi Kvi‡Y Kg©ms¯’vb bv cvq Z‡e ivóª Zvi Rb¨ †eKvi
fvZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K e„×, Aÿg, cÖwZeÜx, weaev I we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóª
Rxebavi‡bi Dc‡hvMx fvZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
5.7 mvgwiK-Avav mvgwiK evwnbx, RvZxq I e¨w³MZ wbivcËv: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mvgwiK evwnbx, Avav mvgwiK I AvBbk„•ÿjv evwnbx‡K Z_¨cÖhyw³mn
me©vaywbK cÖhyw³ I A¯¿ w`‡q mw¾Z Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †`‡ki mxgv‡iLv, abm¤ú`mn
mKj wKQzi c~Y© wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡e cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨
wbivcËv weavb Kiv| iv‡óªiª †Kvb bvMwiK †Kvb ai‡bi mš¿vm, ûgwK, Pv`vevRx, GwmW
wb‡ÿc, wbh©vZb ev ivR‰bwZK wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡ebv| iv‡óªi mKj‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvR‡b
ev‡qv‡gwUª· wbivcËv weavb Ki‡e Ges Acivax‡ì weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki kvw¯Íi eë¯’v
Ki‡e| GKB mv‡_ ivóª e¨w³i cÖvB‡fwm eRvq ivLvi wbðqZv †`‡e|
5.8 Aciva, AvBb I wePvi: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i weªwUk ev
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †_‡KB †`‡k cÖPwjZ AvBbmg~n cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e Ges bZzb
AvBbmg~n ÁvbwfwËK mgv‡Ri K_v wPšÍv K‡iB cÖYxZ n‡e| cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi
†cÖwÿ‡Z m„ó bZzb ai‡bi Aciva, mvBevi Aciva, mvBevi Kgy¨wb‡Kkb, wbD wgwWqv,
†gavm¤ú` BZ¨vw` mKj welq‡K ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Aciva msµvšÍ †dŠR`vix
134
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kvh©wewamn Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e| Aciva `gb I wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ bZzb
c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv ev‡qv‡gwUª·, wRb cixÿv, Acivaxi Ae¯’vb
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Møvevj cwRkwbs wm‡÷g, Acivaxi WvUv‡eR ˆZix Kiv QvovI wePvi
eë¯’v‡K wWwRUvj Kiv n‡e| AvBbmg~n AbjvB‡b cvevi cvkvcvwk, wWGjAvi
AbjvB‡b cÖvc¨ n‡e| wePvicÖv_©x AbjvB‡b wePvi cÖv_©bv Kivi cvkvcvwk Zvi gvgjv
†Kv_vq wK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q Zv AbjvB‡b Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| AvBbRxwe AbjvB‡b Zvi
e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi mnvqZvq ev`x-weev`xi
e³e¨ ev mvÿ¨ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e|
6. bZzb A_©bxwZ: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ˆZixi Rb¨ GKwU bZzb A_©bxwZ M‡o Zzj‡Z
n‡e| Gi bvg n‡e wbD B‡Kvbwg ev b‡jR B‡Kvbwg| GwU we`¨gvb A_©bxwZ‡K
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡e| A_©bxwZi PwiÎ n‡e wgkª| GwU cy‡ivcywi cyuwRev`x n‡ebv- Avevi
cy‡ivcywi miKvi wbqwš¿Z n‡ebv| A_©bxwZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó Ki‡jI cÖ‡qvR‡b
miKvi A_©bxwZi †ÿÎwe‡k‡l n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G‡Z ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi
cvkvcvwk e¨w³ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e, Z‡e e„nr cÖwZôvb‡K Aek¨B RbM‡Yi
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i ga¨ w`‡q weKwkZ n‡Z n‡e| 5 †KvwU UvKv ev Zvi †ewk g~ja‡bi
†Kv¤úvbx‡K Aek¨B cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx n‡Z n‡e Ges †kqvi evRv‡i †kqvi
†Q‡o Revew`wnZvg~jKfv‡e cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb e¨w³, †Mvôx,
cwievi ev cÖwZôvb GKKfv‡e †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi kZKiv 5 fv‡Mi †ewk †kqv‡ii
gvwjK n‡Z cvi‡ebv| miKvi †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Kv‡Q jvfRbK bq A_P
RbKj¨vYg~jK Ggb Lv‡Z mivmwi wewb‡qvM Ki‡e| ißvbx, RbKj¨vYg~jK,
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq I K…wlmn Riæix †mevLv‡Z ivóª cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv fZz©wK †`‡e| A_©bxwZi
evwl©K cÖe„w× Aek¨B `yB wWwR‡Ui ev kZKiv 10 fv‡Mi †ekx n‡Z n‡e| 2021 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz Avq `yB nvRvi Wjv‡i DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i wRwWwc-
Gi e„nr Ask †gavRvZ m¤ú` †_‡K Drcbœ n‡e| †gavm¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR-
bxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e| Z_¨cÖhyw³mn, cÖhyw³ cY¨ I †mev, K…wlcY¨,
wkícY¨, Mv‡g©›Um Ges †mevLv‡Zi ißvwb‡K e¨vcKfv‡e DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e|
cÖ‡qvR‡b GBme Lv‡Z A‡_©i †hvMvb †`qv n‡e Ges ißvbx mnvqZvI Kiv n‡e|
7. wkí: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki wkímg~n K…wlwfwËK, †fv³v ev jvBd ÷vBjwfwËK
Ges ÁvbwfwËK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi cÖavbZg D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †`‡ki
K…wlm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb, K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvKiY, †`kevmxi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb †`qv Ges ißvwb
Kiv| †fv³v ev jvBd÷vBj wfwËK wkí gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb, Rxeb hvc‡bi
gvbe„w× Ges mg„w×I mnvqZvi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡e| ÁvbwfwËK wkí I †mevi wfwË n‡e
†gavwfwËK| c~‡e©v³ LvZmg~‡n cÖhyw³ mieivn, D”PZi cÖhyw³i Rb¨ M‡elYv,
Z_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK eë¯’vcbv, `ÿ-Revew`wnZvg~jK MwZkxj mykvmb, AvgjvZ‡š¿i
nvZ †_‡K gyw³, `yb©xwZ‡iva QvovI ißvwb Avq GB Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡e|
135
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wkí KviLvbv‡K ivRavbx ev †g‡UªvwmwUi e`‡j †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv Ges MÖv‡g ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| K…wl I ÁvbwfwËK wkí ¯’vc‡b MÖvgB n‡e Av`k© ¯’vb| ˆ`bw›`b †fv³v cY¨
MÖv‡gB Drcvw`Z n‡e| cÖwZ `k nvRvi gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU K‡i ÿz`ª wkí cøU _vK‡e|
Dc‡Rjv I †Rjvq GKwU wkí GjvKv _vK‡e|
miKvi wkíLv‡Z e¨vcK mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| miKvi wk‡íi weKv‡ki AbyK‚j
wkíbxwZ _vKv QvovI wkí ¯’vc‡b Rwg, miÄvgvw` Ges A‡_©i †hvMvb †`‡e| †`‡k
Dchy³ ¯’v‡b nvB‡UK cvK©, wkí cvK©, mdUIq¨vi †UK‡bvjwR cvK©, Mv‡g©›Um cjøx,
Pvgov cjøx BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| BKz¨BwU G›UvicÖ‡biwkc dv‡Ûi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e|
GKB mv‡_ ißvwb mnvqZv I ÿz`ª-gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v Znwej M‡o Zz‡j mivmwi
D‡`¨v³v‡K mnvqZv Kiv n‡e|
8. K…wl: K…wl‡K GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e| GB Lv‡Z
miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq fZz©wK cÖ`vb Ki‡e| D”Pdjbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ D”P
cÖhyw³i eënvi wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| K…wl Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvi-exR-KxUbvkK
b¨vh¨/fZ©zwKg~‡j¨ cvevi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk
A_©Kix I ißvwbgyLx K…wlcY¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e| K…wlc‡Yï msiÿY I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
mKj Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bqv n‡e| Rwgi eënvi AcwUgvg Kivi Rb¨ AvBj Zz‡j w`‡q
mgevq-mvgvwRK c×wZi gva¨‡g Pvlvev` Kiv n‡e| K…wlLv‡Zi M‡elYv‡K miKvi
Ab¨Zg AMÖvwaKvi †`‡e| avb-mwâmn Lv`¨, djg~j, gvQ-nvm-gyiwM-Mevw` cï Ges
A_©Kix-ißvwbgyLx K…wlc‡Yï Rb¨ e¨vcKnv‡i M‡elYv Kiv n‡e Ges M‡elYvi
djvdj‡K h_vkxNÖ m¤¢e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e| wej-Rjvk‡qi BRvivcÖ_v evwZj K‡i
mgvRe×Zvi gva¨‡g wej-Rjvkq¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK grm¨ Pvl Kiv n‡e| †Kvbfv‡eB
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek bó Kiv n‡e bv|
9. we‡`kbxwZ: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wbcxwoZ, †kvwlZ, `wi`ª RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ
_vK‡e| GKB mv‡_ `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jv‡K wb‡q GKwU e…nËi BDwbqb ev
AvÂwjK A_©‰bwZK †RvU M‡o Zzj‡Z †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| GB AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jvi gv‡S
AvšÍ: hvZvqvZ Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³MZ †hvMv‡hvM‡K my`„p I m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡e| AvÂwjK
I AvšÍRv©wZK mš¿vmev‡ì weiæ‡× GB †`k `„p Ae¯’vb †b‡e|
10. MYevnb I †hvMv‡hvM: †`‡ki MYevnb ev cvewjK UªvÝ‡cvU© eë¯’v‡K `ªæZMwZi,
Avivg`vqK, wbivc` Ges ¯^íe¨qx Kiv n‡e| XvKv-PÆMÖvg, XvKv-wm‡jU, XvKv-w`bvR-
cyi, XvKv-ivRkvnx, XvKv-Lyjbv, XvKv-gqgbwmsn-†gvnbMÄ, PÆMÖvg-wm‡jU, Lyjbv-
ivRkvnx-w`bvRcyi BZ¨vw` RvZxq iæ‡U `ªæZMvgx †Uªb mvwf©m Pvjy Kivi cvkvcvwk
XvKv-PÆMÖvg †ijjvBb‡K †UKbvd ch©šÍ m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv n‡e| PÆMÖvg-XvKv-KwjKvZv
†ijc‡_i cvkvcvwk XvKv-AvMiZjv I PÆMÖvg-AvMiZjv †ij †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡e|
XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn Ab¨vb¨ gnvbMix‡Z cwiKwíZ bMi †ij, PµvKv‡i †ij, Dckni
136
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†ij, AvKvk †ij ev cvZvj †ij ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| XvKvmn eo eo gnvbMix‡Z
µm‡ivW, †j‡ej µwms-G d¬vBIfvi-myo½ c_ wbg©vY Kiv n‡e| wmM‡bwjsmn
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v‡K Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z Kiv n‡e Ges cwienb Lv‡Zi mKj ai‡bi
Pv`vevwR, A‰ea †Uvj, Nyl-`yb©xwZ K‡Vvifv‡e `gb Kiv n‡e| mviv‡`‡k RvZxq moK
eë¯’v‡K cÖk¯Í, AvaywbK I wbivc` Kivi cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi, AvÂwjK
gnvmoK †bUIqvK©‡K e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv n‡e| XvKv, PÆMÖvg I †`‡ki cÖavb
cÖavb kni¸‡jvi mv‡_ KwjKvZv I AvMiZjv QvovI Bqv½yb, wf‡qbwk‡qb, bg‡cb,
e¨v¼K, Kzqvjvjvgcyi, wm½vcyi, w`jøx, KivPx, Kveyjmn AvÂwjK iæU¸‡jv‡Z AvÂwjK
evm mvwf©m Pvjy Kiv n‡e| evsjv‡`k Gwkqvb nvBI‡q‡Z †hvM †`‡e| †hme GjvKvq
¯’vqx moK wbg©vY Kiv hv‡ebv †mBme RvqMvq Wz‡evmoK wbg©vY Kiv n‡e| b`xgvZ…K
evsjv‡`‡ki †bŠc_‡K †Kej bve¨ Kiv n‡ebv G‡Z Avivg`vqK †bŠhvb Pvjy Kivmn
¯úxW‡evU, mxUªvK I †nvfvi µvd&Umn `ªæZMvgxi hvbevnb Pvjy Kiv n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
Af¨šÍixY, AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK AvKvkPjvPj mymsnZ, DbœZ I AvaywbK Kiv n‡e|
mKj MYevn‡bi Z_¨, eywKs, mgqm~Px, PjvPj, Ae¯’vb B›Uvi‡b‡U cvIqv hv‡e|
11. msMVb, miKvi MVb: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi Rb¨ GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv ev
IqvK© cøvb _vK‡e| ïiæ‡Z cÖwZ †Rjv- Dc‡Rjvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Av‡›`vjb
msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ mgš^qKvix wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i GKwU msMVK BDwbU
ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢ve¨ mK‡ji nvjbvMv` ZvwjKv K‡i Zv‡ì mv‡_ GKK I
`je×fv‡e K_v ej‡Z n‡e| eZ©gv‡b cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Av‡›`vjbÕ-
Gi e¨vbv‡i †Rjv ch©v‡qi †mwgbvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Dchy³ cªwµqvq GwU GKwU
ivR‰bwZK msMV‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
11.1. mgq cwiKíbv: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GKwU mgq cwiKíbv
nv‡Z †bqv n‡Z cv‡i| GB cwiKíbvq ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kiv, wWwRUvj miKvi
cÖwZôv Ges Zv cy‡iv`‡g ev¯Íevqb Kivi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| 2021 mv‡ji gv‡S
†`‡k ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e|
11.2 miKvi MVb: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ miKvi MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
miKv‡ii evB‡i †_‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ RbgZ MVb Kiv †M‡jI †KejgvÎ
miKv‡i †_‡KB GB Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Avmbœ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ÿgZvq †h‡Z n‡e|
11.3. GB jovB-Gi ivR‰bwZK ˆmwbK Kviv?: †`‡ki mKj m‡PZb I AvaywbK
gvby‡livB GB Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡ib| we‡kl K‡i cÖMwZkxj, evg Nivbvi
ivR‰bwZK †bZv-Kg©x Ges ZiæY mgvR‡K wb‡q GB Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z
n‡e|
11.4 msMVb: RvZxq, †Rjv/wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb Dc‡Rjv/†cŠimfv Ges MÖvg msm`
137
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ch©v‡q msMVb ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iI 21 m`m¨wewkó GKwU KwgwU I 7
m`m¨ wewkó GKwU we‡klÁ KwgwU MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU KwgwU‡Z GKRb KwgwU
cÖavb (mfvcwZ, AvnŸvqK) Ges GKRb m`m¨ mwPe _vK‡eb| mem©¤§wZµ‡g GB
KwgwU MwVZ n‡Z cvi‡j fv‡jv| Ab¨_vq `yB Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡U GB KwgwU wbe©vwPZ n‡Z
n‡e| h‡ZvÿY †KD `yB Z…Zxqvsk †fvU bv cv‡eb Z‡ZvÿY wbe©vPb cÖwµqv Pj‡e
Ges m‡e©v”P †fvUcÖvß e¨w³Øq A¯’vqxfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| KwgwUi Aewkó
m`mïvmn mK‡jB mg-gh©v`vi m`m¨ n‡eb| KwgwU m¤¢e n‡j me©m¤§Z wm×všÍ
†b‡e| Ab¨_vq Kgc‡ÿ `yB Z…Zxqvsk m`‡mï gZvgZ Abyhvqx wm×všÍ †b‡e| bxwZ
wba©viYx welqmg~n †KejgvÎ RvZxq KwgwUi gva¨‡g evwl©K m‡¤§j‡b M„wnZ n‡e|
cÖwZ eQi evwl©K m‡¤§jb AbywôZ n‡e|
cÖwZ `yeQ‡i GKevi RvZxq KwgwUmn mKj KwgwUi wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e| cÖwZwU
RvZxq m‡¤§j‡b †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv KwgwUi mfvcwZ/AvnŸvqK, m`m¨ mwPe Ask MÖnY
Ki‡eb| cÖwZwU wØevwl©K m‡¤§j‡b G‡ì †fv‡U RvZxq KwgwU wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
†Rjv/Dc‡Rjvi mfvcwZ-mwPeMY `yB Z…Zxqvsk †fvU w`‡q RvZxq KwgwU MVb Ki‡e|
†Rjv KwgwU‡Z Dc‡Rjvi mfvcwZ/mwPe Ges Dc‡Rjv KwgwU‡Z BDwbqb
mfvcwZ/mwPe †fvUvwaKvi cv‡eb| Zv‡i‡ì‡KI `yB Z…Zxqvsk †fvU †c‡q wbe©vwPZ
n‡Z n‡e| RvZxq we‡klÁ KwgwUi GKRb mfvcwZ _vK‡eb| GB KwgwU RvZxq
KwgwU KZ…©K me©m¤§wZµ‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
Ic‡ii GB Bk‡ZnviwU wewfbœ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nevi ci GwU wb‡q Kvgvj‡ì
ivR‰bwZK gn‡j †ek e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv n‡Z _v‡K| Zv‡ì †KD †KD ej‡Z _v‡Kb
†h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k bvgK GB Kg©m~wP GKwU ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wPi Ask n‡Z cv‡i-
G‡K wfwË K‡i †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `j ev cøvUdig n‡Z cv‡ibv| Kvgvjiv A‡bK
Av‡MB Gi Kwc †c‡qwQ‡jv, d‡j Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbv GB aviv‡ZB Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
Avwg Zv‡ì gv‡S wØavØ›Ø †`L‡Z cvB| Avgvi mv‡_ Zviv h‡ZvB K_v ejyK Zviv
fve‡Z _v‡K †h, GwU Avm‡j GKwU LwÐZ iv&R‰bwZK Kg©m~Px| bBg Rvnv½xi, nvwme
Lvb Ges Kvgv‡ji mv‡_ AviI hviv ivRbxwZ‡Z RwoZ n‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zviv †KD
AvšÍwiKfv‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡K ivRbxwZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †NvlYv wn‡m‡e
†g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K †h, G‡K †Kvb AvBwmwU msMV‡bi
†NvlYvcÎ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-wKš‘ GwU †Kvbfv‡eB Kvgvj‡ì cÖ¯ÍvweZ ivR‰bwZK
`jwUi †NvlYvcÎ n‡Z cv‡ibv|
†`‡ki eo ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi cÿ †_‡KI GB Bk‡Znvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb cÖwZwµqv
cvIqv hvqwb| †jwbb‡K Avwg Gi Kwc w`‡qwQjvg| wKš‘ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †jwbb ev
Ab¨ †Kvb `‡ji †KD GB Kg©m~Px wel‡q †Kvb gZvgZ †`qwb| G wel‡q Avgvi †Zgb
†Kvb cÖZ¨vkvI wQ‡jvbv| KviY Avgv‡ì ivRbxwZ cÖPwjZ Q‡K AvewZ©Z nq| bZzb
†Kvb welq wb‡q ivRbxwZKiv K_v e‡jb hLb †mwU g~j‡¯ªv‡Z av°v †`q|
138
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GRb¨B wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q ZLb †_‡K hLb †mwU
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i G‡m‡Q|
ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi cvZvq G wel‡q †Kvb Av‡jvPbv nqwb| †Kvb wPwV, m¤úv`Kxq ev Dc
m¤úv`Kxq Avgvi †Pv‡L c‡owb| Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b n‡Z _v‡K, GB Kg©mP~ x ivR‰bwZK
gn‡j cÖKZ… cÖ¯Ív‡e †Kvb Av‡jvob Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| wgwWqvq GwU bRi †K‡o‡Q †mwUI
g‡b nqwb| Z_¨cÖhyw³ RM‡Zi hviv evwm›`v ZvivI G wel‡q †Kvb gšÍe¨ K‡ibwb|
G wb‡q Avgvi Aek¨ †Zgb †Kvb cÖwZwµqv †bB| Avgv‡ì AvBwmwU Lv‡Zi †jvKRb
bZzb wKQz wb‡q Lye mn‡R mvg‡b cv †d‡jb e‡j Avgvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q g‡b nqbv|
Avgiv †evanq Avgv‡ì eëmv wb‡q A‡bK †ewk e¨¯Í _vK‡Z cQ›` Kwi|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k hviv AvBwmwU Lv‡Zi †ckvRxex Zviv wb‡R‡ì †ckvq wb‡Riv gMœ
_v‡Kb| A‡bï fv‡jv g‡›` †Zgb bvK Mjv‡Z cQ›` K‡ib bv Zviv| RvZxq †Kvb
wel‡q Lye hyMvšÍKvix †Kvb wPšÍv-fvebv GB †ckvRxexiv w`‡q‡Qb †ZgbwU Avwg ¯§iY
Ki‡Z cvwibv| hviv G‡`‡ki AvBwmwU Lv‡Zi wkÿvwe`, Zviv wb‡R‡ì KvwiKzjv‡gi
evB‡i †h‡Z Pvbbv| AvBwmwU‡K RbwcÖq Kiv ev AvBwmwUi mv‡_ RbM‡Yi m¤ú„³Zv
M‡o †Zvjv Zv‡ì KvR GgbUv g‡b nqbv| eo‡Rvi QvÎ‡ì gv‡S mxwgZ ch©v‡qi
KvRKg© KivB Zviv cQ›` K‡ib| GgbwK AvBwmwU mvsevw`K‡ì e„nËi Ask GwU
D‡cÿv K‡i‡Q| GB iPbvwU wb‡q GKRb gvÎ mvsevw`K Zvi cÖwZwµqv wjwLZfv‡e
e¨³ K‡ib| wZwb n‡jb mvsevw`K Avwei nvmvb| gvwmK Kw¤úDUvi RMZ cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ Zvi GKwU †jLvq wZwb G wel‡q my`xN© gšÍe¨ cÖKvk K‡ib| Avwei‡K Avwg
Lye Nwbôfv‡e wPwb| ¯úóev`x gvbyl e‡j Zv‡K Avgvi fxlY cQ›`| Zvi †jLvwU c‡o
Avgvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q g‡b n‡q‡Q- GwU GK Awe¯§iYxq HwZnvwmK `wjj| fwel¨‡Z
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wb‡q A‡b‡K A‡bK K_v ej‡eb-Z‡e Avwei hLb G wel‡q K_v
e‡jb, ZLb Zvi gv‡S †h A‡bK `~i`k©xZv wQ‡jv †mwU Aek¨B g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv \ Avwei nvmvb: bvbv K_vB evZv‡m I‡o| bv
cÖK…Z A‡_© I‡o bv, gvbyl e‡j| hyw³i K_v e‡j, K_vi K_vI e‡j| A‡bK K_v‡K
Avgiv fq cvB, A‡bK K_vq ¯^w¯Í cvB| Avevi eûevi ejv A‡bK K_v, we‡kl K‡i
Kv‡Ri K_v hLb †Kej ejvB n‡Z _v‡K, ev¯Í‡e †Kv‡bv wKQzi †`Lv †g‡j bv, ZLb
wb‡R‡K †evKv g‡b nq| eywS, whwb ej‡Qb wZwb Avgvi g‡bi K_vB ej‡Qb| wKš‘
KZUzKz Kx Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, KZUv Zvi ÿgZvq-`ÿZvq Kzjv‡e- †m m‡›`n bv _vK,
cÖkœ †_‡KB hvq| KviY Avgiv Ni‡cvov Miæi g‡Zv| Miæ ZvI fv‡jv, evsjv‡`‡ki
mvaviY gvbyl hw` †`‡ki `Ðgy‡Ði KZ©v‡ì Zzjbvq wb‡R‡ì Miæi †P‡q BZi †Kv‡bv
cÖvYxi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i Zvn‡j wK †`vl aiv hvq?
†mB K‡e MZ kZvãxi lv‡Ui `k‡K Avgiv evwK we‡k¦i meyR wecø‡ei mv‡_ mgqg‡Zv
kvwgj n‡qwQjvg| Zvici A‡bK wKQzB n‡q‡Q K…wli mÿgZv Qvwo‡q wk‡íi mÿgZv
evov‡bvi †h êcøweK Av‡›`vjb Zvi av‡i Kv‡Q w`‡qI Avgiv hvBwb-G‡Kev‡i hvBwb
139
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ejv hv‡e bv, Avgiv K_v e‡jwQjvg, cwiKíbvI K‡iwQjvg wesk kZvãxi mË‡ii
`k‡K Avgv‡ì weAvBwWwmÕi g‡Wj d‡jv K‡iB `wÿY †Kvwiqv, ZvBIqvb wk‡í
GwM‡q †M‡Q| Avgv‡ì ivRbxwZweìv e‡j‡Qb ÔAvgivI KiwQ....|Õ wKš‘ IB ch©šÍB|
Zviv K‡qKw`b K_v e‡j‡Qb, e³…Zv w`‡q‡Qb, ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K †VKv‡bv Avi
VKv‡bvi cÖwµqvq Pj‡Z wM‡q hv e‡j‡Qb Zv †Kej K_vi K_vB i‡q †M‡Q|
fz‡j hvIqvi K_v bq, 2000 mvj ïiæi `k eQi Av‡M †_‡K Avgv‡ì
ivRbxwZwe`‡ì GKvsk kZvãx wb‡q KZ iKg cwiKíbv-gnvcwiKíbvi K_vB bv
†kvbv †M‡Q, wKš‘ wK n‡jv? Avm‡jv †Zv 2000 mvj, GKwesk kZvãx, Z…Zxq mn¯ªvã|
Zvici mvZ eQi Pj‡Q, †Kv_vq †Mj 21 kZ‡Ki P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejvi cÖZ¨q Avi
†Kv_vq †Mj DbœZ evsjv‡`k Movi Kg©KvÛ! †mRb¨B bZzb †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨q, bZzb †Kv‡bv
DbœqbgyLx Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg ïb‡Z fq nq| fq n‡”Q †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi †NvlYvcÎ c‡oI|
fq bv cvIqvi †Zv KviY †bB, †Kbbv 1991 mv‡j hLb we‡b cqmvi mve‡gwib
dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej ms‡hvM Avi wkÿvq AvBwmwU wb‡q †`bìevi ïiæ Kiv
n‡qwQj, ZLbKvi ivR‰bwZK miKv‡ii †bZviv Avg‡jB Avb‡Z Pvbwb welqwU|
A‡bK K_v ejv n‡qwQj, ZrKvjxb Z_¨gš¿x, GLb whwb †R‡j, cÖgvY Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ‡jb †h welqUv Lvivc| e‡jI e‡mwQ‡jb, Ômve‡gwib K¨vej ms‡hvM wb‡j
ivóªxq †MvcbxqZv e‡j wKQzB _vK‡e bv|Õ Z‡e †K‡bv e‡jwQ‡jb †m †Mvcb K_vwUI
†Mvcb _v‡Kwb| †Mvcb _v‡Kwb ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ivR‰bwZK
KZ©ve¨w³‡ì AÁZv Avi `yb©xwZi cÖeYZv| ¯^”QZv AvmyK Zv Zviv Pvbwb|
AZxZ †Nu‡U cyi‡bv K_v Avi cyi‡bv hš¿Yv †ewk evwo‡q jvf †bB| Z‡e GKmgq
ZvivI Z_¨cÖhyw³i K_v ej‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj Ges 1996 mv‡ji weGbwci wbe©vPbx
Bk‡Znv‡i Z_¨cÖhyw³i K_v †ek fvjfv‡eB †jLv n‡qwQj| †jLv n‡qwQj Kivi Rb¨
bq, ivR‰bwZK AvaywbKZv †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ wKsev †h‡nZz AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Bk‡Znv‡iI
wQj †mRb¨B| Zv AvIqvgx jxMI Lye GKUv ey‡Sï‡b AvBwmwUi gva¨‡g †`k Pvjv‡bvi
cÖZ¨q wb‡q Bk‡Znv‡i Z_¨cÖhyw³i K_v-GKwesk kZvãxi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvi K_v
wj‡LwQj Zv bq| AvaywbK mf¨Zvi cÖhyw³i K_v ZvivI Rv‡bb GUv Rvbvb †`qvi
Rb¨B| gvbyl †R‡b‡Q, Avkv K‡i‡Q wKš‘ KvR n‡q‡Q KZUv? hwÌ AvIqvgx jxM
Avg‡j AvBwmwU wb‡q KvR wKQyUv †ewkB n‡qwQj, wKš‘ Zv †Zv GKwesk kZvãxi
P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv ev ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi g‡Zv K‡i nqwb| †m mgq GKUv
AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv n‡qwQj wKš‘ Zv‡Z Av‡e‡Mi AvwZkh¨ hZ wQj ev¯ÍewfwËK
wb‡`©kbv ZZ wQj bv| GQvov A_©‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K Lv‡Zi c`‡ÿ‡cI wQj we¯Íi
¯^we‡ivaxZv| †m mgqKvi evwYR¨gš¿x KgwcDUv‡ii ïégyw³i e¨vcviUv‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| A_©gš¿x I cwiKíbv cÖwZgš¿x hv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Zvi m‡½ Zvi wØgZ
wQj| e¨vswKs Lv‡Z, †kqvievRv‡i, miKvwi `dZ‡ii KgwcDUvivqb wb‡q Kg
140
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Mvj‡g‡j e¨vcvi N‡Uwb|
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e‡j‡Qb, me gvby‡li b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb †hgbÑwkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, evm¯’vb, Kg©ms¯’vb,
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141
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Zv‡ì‡K wbw®Œq Kivi cÖwµqvI _vK‡Z n‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨|
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bZyb fvebv †Zv Zv‡ì gv_v‡ZB Av‡m hviv Av‡eMcÖeY| Av‡eMB cv‡i BwZnv‡mi
MwZ e`jv‡Z hw` Zvi mv‡_ MYkw³i mgš^q N‡U| nu¨v RbM‡Yi kw³i welqUv
cÖ”Qbœfv‡e Av‡Q GB Kg©m~wPi eqv‡bi g‡a¨, Z‡e Avwg hw` eyS‡Z fzj K‡i bv _vwK,
Zvn‡j G Kg©m~wP †mB gvbyl‡ì Rb¨B hviv kw³nxb g‡b K‡i wb‡R‡ì‡K jywK‡q
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GB wbðzc n‡q _vKv KÉ¸‡jvB evsjv‡`‡ki Avmj KÉ| hviv †mv”Pvi n‡j †`k n‡Zv
AbïKg, Zv‡ì‡K msMwVZ Kivi AvBwmwUwfwËK Kg©m~wP hw` †bIqv hvh Ges
Zv‡ì‡K w`‡qB cÖPvi Pvjv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j `ªæZ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi evZ©v †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e
†`‡ki Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P| g~j K_v Avwg hv ej‡Z Pvw”Q, Zvn‡jv mvsMVwbK cÖwµqv
142
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Kw›`ªf‚Z bv K‡i cÖ_g †_‡KB we‡Kw›`ªKiY Ges AskMÖnY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv
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¯^”Q Ges Revew`wng~jK †m‡nZz msMVbUvI †mfv‡e M‡o bv †Zvjvi †Zv †Kv‡bv A_©
†bB|
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP Ggb GKUv iv‡óªi K_v ej‡Q †hLv‡b
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ivL‡ZB n‡e †h, AvBwmwUB eZ©kvb Ges Av‡iv AšÍZ AvMvgx cÂvk eQ‡ii mf¨Zv
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†ÿcYv¯¿ †Zv Av‡iv c‡ii e¨vcvi| gvby‡li mf¨Zvq wesk kZvãx‡ZB me‡P‡q `ªyZ
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hLb m½x K‡i wbj ZLbB `ªæZ-Gi n‡Z jvMj mf¨Zvi Uzjm e`‡ji MwZ; cigvYy‡K
fv½v, mvBevi Iqv‡ì© †XvKv-GmeB †Zv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q MwY‡Zi Rb¨| Avi †`Lv †Mj
wesk kZvãxi †kl w`‡K wM‡q wWwRUvj Uzj‡mi KvRKg© avZ¯’ n‡q‡Q †ek wKQzUv|
gvby‡li hZ wKQz gvbweK Ges AgvbweK aŸsmvZ¥K Kg©KvÛ mewKQziB Aek¨¤¢vex
nvwZqvi GLb AvBwmwU| miKvi ivR‰bwZK ev Gi evB‡i _vK‡e †Kb? nu¨v, cyi‡bv
wbqg fvO‡Z PvB‡e bv cyi‡bv avivi †jvKRb GUv mwZ¨ K_v, wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI †Zv
†`‡k †`‡k ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi, ivóxq mvwe©K KvRK‡g©i g~j wfwËB n‡q D‡V‡Q
Uzjm| KviY gvbyl b¨vq I b¨vh¨Zv Pvq m~²fv‡e, †cwkkw³ cÖ`k©‡bi PvB‡Z
†gavkw³i cÖKvk‡KB gvbweK e‡j g‡b K‡i| Kv‡RB G‡ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj Uz‡i weKí
†bB KviY Gi i‡q‡Q MvwYwZK m~²Zv Ges G hveZKv‡j Avwe®‹…Z me‡P‡q Kg SuywKi
†gavevÜe nvwZqvi GUv|
bv, wbwðZ K‡iB ejv hvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP B-MfY©‡g›U bq| GUv B-
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n‡q‡Q Avi wKQz †UÛvievwR Kiv n‡q‡Q)| GUv‡K †VwK‡q ivLv n‡q‡Q Ges Avwg
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MfY©‡g›U wb‡q bq-Qq K‡i Avgiv eis MZ cuvP eQ‡i A‡hvM¨ZviB cÖgvY w`‡qwQ|
Avgv‡ì ivRbxwZweìv †h ÿwZUv GZw`b a‡i K‡i G‡m‡Qb †mB ÿwZ cywl‡q
GZw`b a‡i K‡i G‡m‡Qb †mB ÿwZ cywl‡q †bqvi Rb¨ GLb wjcd«M Ki‡Z n‡e Avi
ZvB cÖ‡qvRb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Kg©m~wPiB|
143
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Avwg ej‡ev, †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi mgqg‡Zv mvnm K‡i Bk‡Znv‡ii gva¨‡g †h ¯^cœ
†`wL‡q‡Qb Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ mevi| GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÿ wn‡m‡e Gi g~j¨vqb
Kivi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB| Avgiv hw` †gv¯Ívdv ReŸv‡ii Bk‡Znvi‡K GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv
wn‡m‡e †`‡L G‡K Av‡ivI mg„× Kivi †Póv PvjvB Zvn‡j †mUvB n‡e mwVK KvR|
G‡K GKwU AvDUjvBb ev iƒc‡iLv wn‡m‡e †`‡L AsklMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU
Kg©cwiKíbv ev †ivWg¨v‡ci w`‡K hvIqvUv Riæwi| KviY Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q
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mnvqZvwbf©i g‡bve„wË wb‡q †Kv‡bv RvwZ gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvov‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgv‡ì
m¤ú‡ì ¯^íZv †bB| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ¯Ívebv co‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡Ki LUKv
jvM‡Z cv‡i GB †f‡e †h, GZ e¨qeûj GKUv Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb n‡e wKfv‡e?
cvVK‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e Awbqg-`yb©xwZ ivóªxq I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e hv n‡q‡Q
†m¸‡jv‡K Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ AcPq Ges †UÛvievwRi mnvqK Kg©KvÛ‡KI wn‡m‡e
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cÂvk kZvsk ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡e| Avi cuvP eQ‡i cÂvk kZvsk n‡j evwK cÂvk
kZvsk Ki‡Z `yÕeQ‡ii †ewk mgq jvM‡e bv|
Kv‡RB K_vi K_v wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z PvB bv| Gi
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wk‡íi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZi weKvk NUv‡Z PvB‡jI AvBwmwU‡K jvM‡e| Z‡_ï AwaKvi
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†nvK wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki c‡_ c_Pjv, mdj †nvK wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP|
(gvwmK Kw¤úDUvi RMZ, †g, 2007)|
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Avevi Kvgvj: A‡bKw`b PzcPvc _vKvi ci Kvgvj Rvbvq †h, 30 Ryb 2007 iv‡Z
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`kUvq| Avwg I Avgvi ¯¿x eKzj Df‡qi Rb¨ GB w`bwU Aek¨B AZ¨šÍ ¯§iYxq GKwU
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w`‡bi K_v Avgiv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ ¯§iY ivL‡ev| `v`v Av‡Mi g‡ZvB D”P¯^‡i ˆn ˆP K‡i
K_v ej‡Z _vK‡jb| Gi gv‡S Zvi GKwU cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z Zvi Av‡Mi
cyw¯ÍKvi mvgvb¨ cwiewZ©Z bZzb ms¯‹iY GwU| Ab¨ A‡_© G‡K ejv hvq GKwU bZzb
gy`ªY| Z‡e ILv‡b `v`v evsjv‡`k‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wn‡m‡e cwiYZ Kivi K_v
e‡jb| Avwg Av‡MB `v`vi gv‡S Z_¨cÖhyw³i cÖfve Av‡Q e‡j ï‡b AvmwQ|
144
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Zvi †jLvq Gjwfb Udjv‡ii K_v Av‡Q| wZwb Avgvi wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYv‡K
cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb †mwUI mZ¨| Gici `v`v Zvi wb‡Ri Ávb evov‡bvi K_v ej‡Z
_vK‡jb| wZwb †h †P ¸‡qfviv †_‡K gvK©m meB c‡o‡Qb Zv Rvbv‡jb| wZwb wb‡R
ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ wKfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib †mwUI Rvbv‡jb| wZwb hv ej‡jb Zvi A_©
n‡jv, †mbvevwnbx mivmwi ÿgZvq bv _vK‡jI Zviv 2015 ev 2018 ch©šÍ miKv‡ii
†cQ‡b _vK‡e Ges †`kwU‡K cÖK…Z Lv‡Z wb‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| AvMvgx wbe©vP‡bi
ciB ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wd«n¨vÛ cv‡e GgbwU n‡ebv| wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb †h,
AvMvgx wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wmU n‡e 40wU| weGbwc 30wU wmU †c‡Z cv‡i| GB
`ywU `j fvO‡ZI cv‡i| †di‡`Šm †Kv‡iwki `j 20-30wU wmU †c‡Z cv‡i| evg I
Ab¨vb¨ `j¸‡jv 30/40wU wmU †c‡Z cv‡i| Rvm‡ì wbw®Œq Ask¸‡jv mwµq n‡j
Zviv GKwU †ek kw³kvjx `j wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b
n‡jv, G ai‡bi Am¤¢e I Aev¯Íe wPšÍv †_‡K KLbI ïf wKQz Avm‡Z cv‡ibv| 2008
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi djvdj †`‡L Avgiv wbwðZ n‡qwQ †h evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZi
ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ Rbve wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB|
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K_vI e‡jb| wKš‘ Avwg RvbvB †KejgvÎ `v`v cÖKvk¨ n‡jB Rvm‡ì mK‡j Zvi
†cQ‡b Avm‡e| Avwg GwUI ewj †h, Avmg ie ev Rvm‡ì Ab¨ †Kvb †bZvi c‡ÿ
Rvm‡ì mKj‡K HKë× Kiv m¤¢e n‡ebv| c‡i †mw`b Kvgvj `v`vi Kv‡Q GKwU
KvMR Zz‡j w`‡jv| Avwg †mB KvMR Gi Av‡M †`wLwb| `v`v Gi gv‡S wKQz KvUvKvwU
Ki‡jb| ivZ ev‡ivUvi mgq `v`v Avgvi evmv †_‡K †M‡jb| †mw`b Avwg wbwðZ
njvg †h wmivRyj Avjg Lvb ¯^vaxbZvDËi ivRbxwZ‡Z †h BD‡Uvcxq aviYv †cvlY
Ki‡Qb Zv †_‡K ZLbI †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ibwb| eis wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k bvgK GKwU aviYvi K_v ej‡jI ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~Px wn‡m‡e Zvi e³e¨
MÖnY KivUvB n‡jv gyL¨|
Gici GKw`b Kvgv‡ji evmvq Avgiv êV‡K emjvg| †mLv‡b Kvgvj `v`v‡K †h
KvMRwU w`‡q wQ‡jv †mwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Pvi c„ôvi H KvMRwU †`‡L Avwg
wbwðZ nB †h, GwU Avm‡j GKwU ms¯‹vi `wjj| Avwg Ges ev`j Lvb KvMRwUi †ek
KwU avivi we‡ivwaZv Kwi| ZviB Av‡jv‡K Avgv‡K GKwU Kg©m~wP iPbv Ki‡Z ejv
nq| †mB Av‡jv‡K Avwg GKwU †QvU `wjj ˆZix Kwi|
wØZxq Bk‡Znvi: Avwg wØZxq Bk‡Znvi AvKv‡i hv wjwL Zv 10 RyjvB 2007 ˆ`wbK
msev` I ˆ`wbK Ki‡Zvqv cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| Gici 11 RyjvB 2007 Kvgv‡ji
gwbcyix cvovi evmvq Avevi êVK nq Ges wm×všÍ nq †h, 19 RyjvB 2007
Kvcvwmqvq Kvgv‡ji evox‡Z e‡m GKwU ivR‰bwZK Bk‡Znvi P‚ovšÍ Kiv n‡e| Avgvi
Ici `vwqZ¡ c‡o †gvnb ivqnvb‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bvi| Avwg †mB KvRwU Kwi| Z‡e
†mw`b Kvcvwmqv hvIqv nqwb| 21 RyjvB 2007 nvwme Lv‡bi avbgwÛi Awd‡m e‡m
145
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cyiv †NvlYvcÎ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq Ges wKQz ms‡kvabxi K_v ejv nq| †mB †gvZv‡eK
Avwg Gi ms‡kvabx Kwi| Z‡e †mwUI MÖnY Kiv nqwb| eis wm×všÍ †bqv nq †h,
`yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb bv‡g GKwU msMVb ˆZix K‡i Zvi mvnv‡h¨ Kg©KvÛ Pvjv‡bv
n‡e| †gvnb Bk‡ZnviwUi Q›`gq bvg wVK K‡i †`q| Gici Kvgv‡ji mv‡_ 2 AvM÷
2007 Avevi †`Lv nq| Kvgvj Rvbvq, MvRxcy‡i Zviv KwgwU K‡i †d‡j‡Q| Z‡e
Avwg Pvicv‡k GB miKv‡ii †Kej ivR‰bwZK msKUB †`L‡Z cvB| GQvovI Avgvi
Kv‡Q g‡b n‡Z _v‡K †h, Kvgvj A‡bK †ewk K‡i ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Avkxe©v`cyó
n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Gi gv‡S Zviv ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP
ev¯ÍevqbKvix‡ì mv‡_ êVK Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡KI †mBme mfvq †hvM w`‡Z
ejv nq| wKš‘ Avwg ZLb cÖKv‡k¨ Avgvi †jLv‡jwL‡Z ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Zxeª
mgv‡jvPbv KiwQ| †mB miKvi †h †`‡ki gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK AvKv•ÿv‡K GKcv‡k
mwi‡q †i‡L mvgwiK miKv‡ii Kvq`vq ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kivi †Póv K‡i †`k‡K
†h wec‡` †d‡j‡Q Avwg ZLb †mBme K_v ejwQ Ges †mB ÿgZvevb‡ì Pÿzk~j
nw”Q| Avgv‡K ejv n‡jv †hb Avwg Gme KvR bv Kwi| Avwg ZLb wbwðZ njvg †h,
GB †Mvôxi Kv‡Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ejv, Avi Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b Kiv mgv_©K|
wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k: ÔAf¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev`Õ fvOvi Ges
ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ Movi cÖZ¨q wb‡q gv‡V †b‡g‡Qb wmivRyj Avjg Lvb-`x‡bk
`vm: m¤úÖwZ fxlY Kg©ZrciZvi ga¨ w`‡q e¨¯Í mgq KvUv‡”Qb ivRbxwZi inm¨cyiæl
wmivRyj Avjg Lvb| welqwU GiBg‡a¨ bvbvb gn‡j AvMÖ‡ni m„wó K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Kx
wb‡q Zvi Kg©e¨¯ÍZv, Kviv Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi mn‡hvMx, Kv‡ìB ev Zvi Kv‡Q wbZ¨
hvIqv-Avmv †m Z_¨B D‡V G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì mgq-Gi AbymÜv‡b|
MZ GK mßv‡n †`Lv †M‡Q, K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq co–qv QvÎ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ
`‡ji ivRbxwZK, AemicÖvß mvgwiK-†emvgwiK Avgjv, wewfbœ kÖgRxex-Kg©Rxex-
†ckvRxex †kÖYxi †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³iv `ycyi †_‡K gaïvZ ch©šÍ GKiKg jvBb w`‡q
mvÿvr Ki‡Qb Ô`v`v fvBÕL¨vZ wmivRyj Avj‡gi m‡½| mKj‡K wZwb GKwU gš¿ w`‡q
wbR wbR Kg©‡ÿ‡Î RbgZ MV‡bi Rb¨ AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡”Qb| gš¿wU
njÑ mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ÔAf¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev`Õ fvO‡Z n‡e;
Mo‡Z n‡e ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ| GRb¨ wZwb Rvm` (wRKz-iZb)mn wewfbœ mggbv
ivR‰bwZK `j, mykxj mgvR, mykvm‡bi Rb¨ bvMwiK (myRb), BDwbwU di cwjwUK¨vj
widg© (BDwcAvi), gy³ ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb, A`jxq ivR‰bwZK msMVb, ivR‰bwZK
ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb, bvix msMVb, gvbevwaKvi iÿv Av‡›`vjb, Kvh©Ki msm` Av‡›`vjb
Ges mgwš^Z †ckvRxex gnj wb‡q GKwU Ôb¨vkbvj cvUdg©Õ M‡o †Zvjvi AvnŸvb
Rvbv‡”Qb| Zvi wek¦vm G cvUdg© A`~i fwel¨‡Z GKwU ÔbZzb avivi ivRbxwZÕ M‡o
Zzj‡e|
146
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gš¿Yv`vZv wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi m‡½ mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e †gRi †Rbv‡ij (Ae.) Avwgb
Avn‡g` †PŠayix exiweµg, Wv. Rvdiæjvn †PŠayix, W. wgRvb~i ingvb †kjx, †gRi
†Rbv‡ij (Ae.) AvwRRyi ingvb exi DËg, Avmg Ave`yi ie, †¯‹vqvWªb wjWvi (Ae.)
GweGg AvnmvbDjvn, ûgvqyb Kexi nxiæ, Avãyj ev‡Zb †PŠayix cÖgyL‡K Nwbô _vK‡Z
†`Lv hv‡”Q|
†K›`ªxqfv‡e GB Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv I gwbUwis‡qi Rb¨ wmivRyj Avjg Lvb avbgwÛi
A·‡dvW© ¯‹zj K¨v¤úvm †_‡K m‡i Avmvi Rb¨ cixev‡M wWwmwm mycvi gv‡K©‡Ui (mvKziv
evi gv‡K©U) wbPZjvq MZ 1 RyjvB GKwU Kvh©vjqI D‡Øvab K‡i‡Qb| Gi Av‡M
MZgv‡m ivóªxq KvVv‡gv I kvmb eë¯’v m¤^wjZ 14 `dvi GKwU ÔivR‰bwZK †NvlYvÕ
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb wZwb| GB ivR‰bwZK †NvlYvi gyLe‡Ü wZwb e‡j‡QbÑ Ô1971 m‡bi
ci MZ 36 eQi a‡i evsjv‡`k †h kvmbeë¯’v w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡q AvmwQj Zv
GK`jxq kvmb, mvgwiK kvmb, eû`jxq MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g ˆ¯îkvmb Ges wfbœ wfbœ
iƒ‡c cwieviZvwš¿K AcivRbxwZ| hvi mgvwß N‡U‡Q 2007 m‡bi 11 Rvbyqvwi|
GRb¨ ZË¡veavqK miKvi Ges Avgv‡ì mvgwiK evwnbx‡K mvayev` RvbvB|Õ
ÔeZ©gv‡b `jxq MYZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© RbM‡Yi MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kg©m~wPi Av‡jv‡K e¨vcK mvsweavwbK ms¯‹vi| 14 `dvi g‡a¨ Zv
i‡q‡Q|Õ GB 14 `dv n‡”QÑ ivó«xq KvVv‡gv Ges kvmbeë¯’v n‡e †dWv‡ij c×wZi
†K›`ªxq miKvi| wb¤œKÿ (300 Avmb) Ges D”PKÿ (200 Avmb) mgš^‡q RvZxq
msm` n‡e| RvZxq msm‡ì mKj `‡ji m`m¨ mgš^‡q HKg‡Zï miKvi n‡e|
evsjv‡`k‡K 7 A_ev 9wU cÖ‡`‡k fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| RvZxq msm‡ì D”PKÿ †_‡K
wbe©vwPZ wb`©jxq m`m¨‡ì ga¨ †_‡K ivó«cwZ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb ZË¡veavqK miKvi MVb
Ki‡eb|
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wb`©jxq e¨w³‡K ivó«cwZ wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Dfq Kÿ †_‡K m`m¨ wb‡q
msm`xq KwgwU MVb I ivó«cwZi Aax‡b RvZxq wbivcËv KvDwÝj MwVZ n‡e| mywcÖg
†Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZi Aax‡b mvsweavwbK Av`vjZ MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj †UªW
BDwbqb I Kg©‡ckvi cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q 900 m`‡mï RvZxq A_©‰bwZK KvDwÝj
MwVZ n‡e| wePvi wefvM‡K ¯^vaxb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj
MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| mv‡K©i AvIZvq Dc-AvÂwjK A_©‰bwZK †RvU MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2020 mv‡ji g‡a¨ gv_vwcQy Avq 2 jvL UvKv Ki‡Z gvB‡µv‡µwWUmn hveZxq Kg©m~wP
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤úv`bv: iÄy (m~Î Avgv‡ì mgq 4 RyjvB 2007)
AviI GKwU D‡`¨vM: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wb‡q AviI GKwU Rvm`xq D‡`¨vM ïiæ
n‡qwQ‡jv| wKQz cÖv³Y Rvm` †bZv Avgv‡K †mB cÖwµqvq AšÍfz©³ Kivi †Póv K‡i|
XvKv kn‡ii DËivq êVK K‡i evsjv wefv‡Mi wkÿK Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK‡K
AvnŸvqK K‡i GKwU KwgwUI MVb Kiv nq| PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎjxM †bZv
147
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
mv_x wQ‡jb GB D‡`¨v‡Mi AMÖ‡mbv| wKš‘ Avwg jÿ¨ Kijvg, ZvivI wVKfv‡e
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP AvqË¡ Ki‡Z mÿg nqwb| eis Zviv Avgvi cwiwPwZUzKz
Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Pvq| †mRb¨ Aveyj Kv‡kg m¨v‡ii cv‡k Avgvi bvgI iv‡L| wKš‘
GKwUi †ewk mfvq Avwg †hvM w`Bwb| Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq, Gme D‡`¨vM †gv‡UB
mdj n‡ebv| Kvh©Z MZvbyMwZK avivi ivRbxwZ‡ZB GB MÖæç‡jv AvMÖnx _vK‡e
Ges Zv‡ì Avmj DcRxe¨ welq ÿgZvi Askx`vi nIqv| Avgvi g‡b Av‡Q, GBme
ivRbxwZK‡ì Kv‡Q Avwg Ggbfv‡e welqwU Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQjvg †h, bZzb †cÖwÿ‡Z
Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡ n‡jv †`kevmxi mvg‡b GKwU ¯^cœ RvwM‡q †`qv| mË‡ii `k‡K
Avgiv GB †`k ev RvwZi mvg‡b Avgiv ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ Zz‡j ai‡Z †c‡iwQjvg| †mB
¯^cœ G‡`‡ki gvbyl mdj K‡i‡Q| Gici GKmg‡q Rvm` mgvRZvwš¿K evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^cœ †`wL‡qwQ‡jv| †mwU mdj nqwb| Gevi hw` Avgiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœUv
gvbyl‡K †`Lv‡Z cvwi, Z‡e †mwUU mdj n‡e|
Rvm‡ì †bZviv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki †mB ¯^cœUv‡K mdjZvi w`‡K wb‡q hvevi Rb¨
Lye †ewk`~i †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Kvh©Z Zviv m¤¢eZ Avgvi aviYvwU‡K GKwU ivR‰bwZK
Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e MÖnYB Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| G‡Z Aek¨ Zv‡ì †Kvb AÿgZv Av‡Q e‡j
g‡b Kiv hv‡ebv| KviY Rvm‡ì ivR‰bwZK †bZviv †Zv e‡UB, Z_¨cÖhyw³i gvby‡livB
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| ejv hvq †mwU m¤¢eZ Avgvi
cÖ_g civRq ev Ab¨‡ì AgvR©bxq e¨_©Zv|
Z_¨cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖZ¨vL¨vZ: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Av‡›`vjb
M‡o †Zvjvi mgq †h welqwU Avgv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk Kó w`‡q‡Q †mwU n‡jv AvBwmwU
Lv‡Zi gvbyl‡ì KvQ †_‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nIqv| ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i, GwU wQ‡jv Avgvi Rb¨ m‡e‡P‡q nZvkvRbK welqI| mgv‡Ri Abïv hLb GB
aviYvwU wb‡q bvbv gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Q ZLb Avwg †gv‡UB AevK nBwb| KviY Zviv nq‡Zv
welqwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wKš‘ †ewmm mfvcwZ nvweeyjøvn Kwig ev Wt Rvwgjyi
†iRv †PŠayixiv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡ebbv †Kb, †mwU Avwg
†Kvbfv‡eB gvb‡Z cvwibv| 2008 mv‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi GKwU Z_¨cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv
cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| 2002 mv‡ji cwjwm ch©v‡jvPbv I bZzb cwjwm
ˆZix Kivi GB D‡`¨v‡M †h KwgwU MwVZ nq †mwUi †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib Wt Rvwgjyi
†iRv †PŠayix| AvwgI †mB KwgwUi m`m¨ wQjvg| GB KwgwU hLb GB bxwZgvjv P‚ovšÍ
K‡i ZLb Avwg evievi KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ| wKš‘ Zviv Avgvi wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖ¯Ívebv‡K †gv‡UB MÖvn¨ K‡ib wb|
we‡kl K‡i Avwg GB `wjjwUi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cÖm‡½ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôv ev
ÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi welhwU D‡jøL Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kwi| Rbve gywq` †PŠayix
Avgvi cÖ¯Ívebv‡K mg_©b Ki‡jI Wt Rvwgjyi †iRv †PŠayix, nvweeyjøvn Kwig, Avwbi
†PŠayix I Zv‡ì mg_©Kiv Avgvi cÖ¯ÍvewU †gv‡UB MÖvn¨ K‡ibwb| Kwig mv‡ne e‡jb
148
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†h, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ev ÁvbwfwËK mgvR BZ¨vw` nvB _U hv mvaviY gvbyl
†ev‡Sbv| Zviv eis evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU ga¨ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiYZ Kivi jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ AvBwmwU cwjwm‡Z AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| d‡j †mB bxwZgvjvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†gv‡UB GKwU kã wn‡m‡eB Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| A_P GB RvwZi ¯^cœ wn‡m‡e GwU AvmvUv
DwPr wQ‡jv|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki c‡_ \ GKz‡k eB‡gjv 2007 I Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi †gjv-
wewmGmAvBwmwUIqvì© 2008-Gi cÖwZcv`¨: Avgvi Rb¨ GB mgqKv‡ji me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq wQ‡jv- evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nIqv|
Gi Av‡Mi wbe©vP‡bi mgq Avwg wbe©vPb K‡i civwRZ nB| Avwg Rvwb ZLb Avgvi
wbe©vwPZ bv nIqvUvB fv‡jv n‡qwQ‡jv| KviY Avwg hw` ZLb wbe©vwPZ nZvg Ges
†Kvbfv‡e mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡q †hZvg Z‡e ZrKvjxb Pvi`jxq †Rv‡Ui gy‡LvgyLx
n‡Z n‡Zv evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZ‡K| Z‡e 2008 mv‡j ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii
Avg‡j mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nevi d‡j Avgvi Rb¨ myweav nq| †mB mg‡q Avwg †ek KwU
eo ch©v‡q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k kãwU‡K cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z mÿg nB| evsjv‡`k
Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZi cÿ †_‡K cÖ_g wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k‡K Avwg wb‡q †h‡Z cvwi
2008 mv‡ji GKz‡ki eB‡gjvq| 2008 mv‡ji †deªæqvix gv‡m Av‡qvwRZ †mB
GKz‡ki eB‡gjvq evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AskMÖnY K‡i|
†mLv‡b mwgwZi GKwU ÷j †bqv nq hv‡Z K‡qKwU cÖwZôvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv wb‡q
AskMÖnY K‡i| †mB †gjvq Avgiv mwgwZi cÿ †_‡K cÖ_g †køvMvb w`B, GKz‡ki ¯^cœ
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k| mwgwZi ÷‡j cy‡iv gvm Ry‡o GB †køvMvb †jLv e¨vbvi †kvfv
†c‡Z _v‡K| Avwg GB e¨vbviwU cÖKvk Kivi ci bvbv R‡bi KvQ †_‡K bvbv ai‡bi
cÖwZwµqv cvB| †KD †KD Ggb gZ cÖKvk K‡ib †h, GwU mwZ¨ mwZ¨ GKwU PgrKvi
avibv| Z‡e A‡b‡KB mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h ¯^cœ _vK‡jB evsjv‡`‡k GwU ev¯Íevqb
Kiv m¤¢e bq| Gici AviI GKwU eo cwim‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k kãwU cwiwPZ
nevi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq| Avwg Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZ b‡f¤î ( 17-21 b‡f¤î 2008)
gv‡m †h †gjvwU K‡i Zvi †køvMvb wn‡m‡e UzIqvW©m wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k GB evK¨wU‡K
MÖnY Kiv‡Z mÿg nB| Gi d‡j we`vqx ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii wkÿv Dc‡`óv Wt
†nv‡mb wRjøyi ingvb, cÖavb Dc‡`óvi weÁvb Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ welqK
mnKvix gvwbKjvj mgÏvi, ey‡qU-Gi wfwm Wt mwdDjøvn, wewUAviwmi mv‡eK
†Pqvig¨vb gÄyiæj Avjgmn mKj gn‡jB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨
aviYv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv‡Z mÿg nB| †gjv PjvKv‡j Avgiv wWwRUvj miKvi,
wWwRUvj wkÿveë¯’v BZ¨vw` wel‡q †gvU wZbwU †mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb Kwi| G‡Z we-
cyjmsL¨K ZiæY AskMÖnY K‡i| Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k-Gi cÖwZ cÖPÛ
mg_©b cvB Avgiv| †gjvq Avwg wWwRUvj miKvi I wWwRUvj wkÿveë¯’v wel‡q `ywU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mwgbv‡iiI Av‡qvRb Kwi| Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y© n‡q wewmGm-Gi †mB
149
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†mwgbvi`ywU e¨vcK mdjZv cvq|
GB mwgwZi cÿ †_‡K Avwg wW‡m¤î gv‡mi 9-11 Zvwi‡L nsKs-Gi AvBwmwU mvwg‡U
†hvM w`B| †mB mvwg‡U Avwg 11 wW‡m¤î 2008 wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYvwU‡K
Dc¯’vcb Kwi| cÖvq wZwik wgwb‡Ui GB Dc¯’vcbv mvwg‡U e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ
nq| A‡b‡KB Avgv‡K abëv` w`‡q Avgv‡ì g‡Zv AbybœZ †`‡k GB aviYvwU Dbœq‡bi
nvwZqvi n‡Z cv‡i e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| Avwg G‡Z Awff‚Z nB Ges wbwðZ nB
†h, GB aviYvwU AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡eI RbwcÖq n‡Z cv‡i|
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hy³ Kiv nq| GB Aby‡”Q‡ì Ò2021 mv‡ji jÿ¨ n‡jv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÓ evK¨wU
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w`‡q ms‡kvabI Kwi| ms‡kvwaZ AskwU Avwg †jwbb‡K cÖ`vb Kwi| Gici 11
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154
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cvi‡jv bv| AbyôvbI Avwg Lye fv‡jvfv‡eB †kl Kijvg|Õ
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155
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157
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Zv‡ì `xN© Rxeb I my¯^v¯’¨ Kvgbv Kwi|
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wWwRUvj G·‡cv 2009 bv‡g Av‡qvwRZ nq wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i cÖ`k©bx| GwU D‡Øvab
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Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| GB †gjvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k aviYv e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq|
25-28 gvP© 2009 mgqKv‡j Av‡qvwRZ wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cv PjvKv‡j 27-28
gvP© wewmGm RvwZmsN Dbœqb Znwe‡ji mnvqZvq wZbwU †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡Ki Av‡qvRb
Kiv nq| Gi meKwU‡ZB mÂvjK wQjvg Avwg|
miKv‡ii Dc‡`óv, mwPe, wkÿvwe`, Z_¨cÖhyw³we` I wewkó Rb‡ì Av‡jvPbvq
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k avibviI wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq †hgb miKvi, wkÿv I mshyw³
158
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
cv`cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jvq D™¢vwmZ nq| wWwRUvj miKvi wel‡q BDGbwWwci †K G Gg
gy‡k©` GKwU PgrKvi g~j cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| wkÿv wel‡q Abb¨ ivqnvb Gi gyj
msK‡Ui Ici A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| RbM‡Yi mv‡_ mshyw³ wel‡q gywbi
nvmvb †ck K‡ib GKwU AwZ PgrKvi g~j cÖeÜ| G‡Z AwZw_ wn‡m‡e hviv wQ‡jb
Ges hviv Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bb ZvivI evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li †h AwZ PgrKvi
†gav Av‡Q Zvi cÖgvY Zz‡j a‡ib| Avwg GB wel‡q wbwðZ nB †h, Avm‡j Avgiv B‡”Q
Ki‡jB Ggb KvRwU Ki‡Z mÿg n‡ev|
wewmGm I BDGbwWwc GB êVK¸‡jv‡K wfwË K‡i GKwU RvZxq †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡Ki
Av‡qvRb Ki‡e| RvZxq êV‡Ki mycvwik¸‡jv‡K P‚ovšÍ mycvwik wn‡m‡e miKv‡ii
m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q †ck Kivi wel‡q wewmGm AvMÖnx e‡j Rvbv †M‡Q| BDGbwWwci cÿ
†_‡KI welqwU wb‡q AviI †ewk Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges miKvi cÖavbmn miKv‡ii bxwZ
wba©viK‡ì Kv‡Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k avibvwU‡K Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡e e‡j Rvbv‡bv
nq| Avwg we‡kl K‡i gy‡k©` mv‡n‡ei cÖ‡Póv‡K AvšÍwiK e‡jB g‡b KiwQ| cÖm½Z
Gfv‡e BDGbwWwci mv‡_ hy³ nevi †cQ‡b w¯ú‡bvwfk‡bi byiæj Kwe‡ii Ae`vb‡K
¯§iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cvi ci 11 GwcÖj 2009 A·‡dvW© B›Uvib¨vkbvj ¯‹z‡j GKwU
†mwgbv‡ii Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| g~jZ wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi B”Qvq Av‡qvwRZ GB
†mwgbv‡i ¯‹z‡ji †cÖwm‡W›U mvLvIqvZ mv‡ne Ges Aa¨ÿ wbRvgDwÏb mv‡ne e³e¨
iv‡Lb| Avwg g~j Av‡jvPbv Kwi| Av‡jvPbv †k‡l wmivRyj Avjg Lvb Avgvi Rb¨
÷¨vwÛs A‡fkb cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| Avgvi Rb¨ GwU wQ‡jv GKwU wekvj m¤§v‡bi welq|
wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi Kv‡Q Avgvi aviYvwU Ggbfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ nevi d‡j Avwg‡Zv
†Kej Avbw›`ZB nBwb eis GwU Avgvi Rb¨ GKwU wekvj cÖ‡bv`bv wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| Gi d‡j GK mg‡q Avwg †hfv‡e GB avibvwU‡K Zz‡j aivi K_v †f‡ewQjvg
†mwU‡K AviI msnZ Kivi K_v fvwe| 11 GwcÖjB Avwg cÖ_g wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Kg©m~wPi gyw`ªZ ms¯‹iY weZiY Kwi| wmivRyj Avjg Lvb wb‡R Gi 50 Kwc †bb
Ges GB aviYvwU‡K cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡R D‡`¨vM †b‡eb e‡j Rvbvb| wZwb GgbwK
†mbvcÖav‡bi Kv‡Q Gi GKwU Kwc mieivn Kivi K_v Avgv‡K Rvbvb|
12 GwcÖj 2009 wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wel‡q Avgvi mv‡_ cÖavbgš¿xi cyÎ mwRe
Iqv‡R` R‡qi †`Lv nq| Avgvi mv‡_ wQ‡jv †gvRv‡¤§j evey| evey R‡qi mv‡_
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k welqK K‡qKwU cÖK‡íi K_v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKš‘ Avwg
Avm‡j †Kvb cÖK‡íi K_v wb‡q fvewQjvgbv| Avgvi gv_vq Lye ¯úófv‡e KvR
KiwQ‡jv AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii ¯’weiZv| hwÌ wewWAvi we‡`ªvn Ges AviI A‡bK
Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii †dvKvm Ab¨w`‡K †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, Z_vwc Avwg
wb‡R g‡b Kwi Avgv‡ì MwZ AviI †ewk nIqv DwPZ wQ‡jv| wewWwAvi we‡`ªv‡ni
Rb¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjvi ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡g _vKvi †Kvb KviY †bB| GB wel‡q R‡qi
mv‡_ K_v ejv cÖ‡qvRb e‡jI Avwg g‡b Kwi| Gi Av‡Mi w`b Avgiv wgwWqv wb‡q
R‡qi mv‡_ K_v ewj| †mLv‡b Aveyj evivKvZmn AviI A‡b‡K K_v e‡jb|
evivKv‡Zi GKwU e³e¨ Avgv‡K `viæYfv‡e AvK…ó K‡i| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi w`b e`‡ji mb` ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ UvKvi PvB‡Z †ewk ìKvi GKwU mvgvwRK
Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv| 24 GwcÖ‡ji Avgv‡ì mg‡q Zvi gšÍe¨ Qvcv n‡q‡Q GB e‡j
159
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†h, w`b e`‡ji mb` ev¯ÍevwqZ bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v cwvK¯Ív‡bi g‡Zv
n‡e| GB K_vwU AvwgI ewj| Avwg g‡b Kwi, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
me‡P‡q eo cÖ‡qvRb m‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b †QvU Lv‡Uv mnvqZv Kiv ìKvi
n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †KejgvÎ miKvi me Ki‡e GwU †evanq mwVK bq| 12 GwcÖj
2009 Avwg R‡qi Kv‡Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k-Gi KiYxq wel‡q Zvi `„wó AvKl©Y
Kwi| Avwg g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi, 25 gvP© wWwRUvj G·‡cvi D‡ØvabKv‡j cÖavbgš¿x
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ici †_‡K ïé I f¨vU cÖZ¨vnv‡ii wel‡q R‡qi mycvwi‡ki K_v D‡jøL
K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU LyeB ¯^vfvweK †h Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wel‡q cÖavbgš¿x mRxe
Iqv‡R` R‡qi mycvwik‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`‡eb, KviY Rq GB wel‡q we‡klÁ e‡j wZwb g‡b
K‡ib| ZeyI R‡qi mv‡_ K_v e‡j Rvbv †M‡jv †h gš¿xmfv MV‡bi mgq cÖavbgš¿x
Zvi mycvwik iv‡Lbwb| Rq GKRb AvBwmwU we‡klÁ‡K GB gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †èvi
Rb¨ mycvwik K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ cÖavbgš¿x Zvi †mB gZ‡K D‡cÿv K‡ib| Z‡e GLb
Zv‡K gš¿Yvjq cwiPvjbvq h_vh_ mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q| Avwg R‡qi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ivLwQjvg A‡bK w`b †_‡KB| wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi mgq †ek K‡qKevi
R‡qi mv‡_ êVK n‡q‡Q|
12 GwcÖj Rq‡K †evSv‡bvi †Póv Kijvg †h, Avgiv h‡ZvUv `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wm×všÍ
†b‡ev Ges cwiKíbv cÖbqb Ki‡ev e‡j †`‡ki gvbyl g‡b K‡i Z‡ZvUv `ªæZ miKvi
AvMv‡Z cviwQbv| Avgv‡ì wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k welqK †dvKvm mwVK bq e‡jI Avwg
Zv‡K RvbvB| Rq Avkvev`x K_v ej‡jv| c‡i Ii mv‡_ †gB‡j †hvMv‡hvM I †dv‡b
K_v ejv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
13 GwcÖj 2009 Avwg †Kvwiqv hvB| †Kvwiqvi BbdigvUvB‡Rkb cÖwkÿ‡Y Avgv‡K
AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| †mLv‡b 16 GwcÖj 2009 cy‡iv w`‡b Qq NÈv mgq a‡i †Kvwiqvi
AMÖMwZ, A_©‰bwZK mg„w×, Z_¨cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv Ges wWwRUvj eë¯’vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii
Z_¨¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †Kvwiqv cÖ_‡g mvBevi †Kvwiqv, c‡i B-†Kvwiqv Ges GLb
BDwe‡KvUvm †Kvwiqv Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q e‡j Rvbv‡bv nq| B›Uvi‡bU I wWwRUvj
miKvi wel‡q †Kvwiqvi AMÖMwZi K_v e‡jb Zviv| †hme Z_¨ Avgvi Kv‡Q cÖ`vb Kiv
nq Zv‡Z Avwg wbwðZ nB †h, GKwU AvBwmwUevÜe miKvi Ges RbM‡Yi B”Qv‡K
mv‡_ wb‡q evsjv‡`k †Kvwiqvi g‡Zv mdj n‡Z cv‡i| Avwg AveviI jÿ¨ Kwi †h,
Avgv‡ì wPšÍv fvebv eis †Kvwiq‡ì PvB‡Z AMÖmigvb| Iiv GLbI cÖPwjZ aviYvi B-
miKv‡ii K_v fv‡e| `ywbqv‡Z wWwRUvj miKvi wn‡m‡e cÖ_g ¯’v‡b _vKvi ciI
†Kvwiqv‡K Zv‡ì Kvh©µg †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e e‡j AšÍZ Avwg g‡b Kwi| GLb hwÌ
†Kvwiqv wWwRUvj wWfvBW wb‡q A‡bK †ewk fve‡Q, Z_vwc †Kvwiqvi cÖ_g hy× n‡jv
RbMY‡K miKvwi †mev †Ìqv| GwUB Zviv gv_vq ivL‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv †Kej RbMY‡K
†mev †èvi welq bq eis miKv‡ii KvR Kivi c×wZ e`jv‡bvi K_v ejwQ| GwU A‡bK
†ewk Kvh©Ki I mg‡qvc‡hvMx e‡j Avwg wbwðZ|
GiB gv‡S 17 GwcÖj 2009 weªwUk jvB‡eªwi‡Z AbywôZ n‡jv wWwRUvj weª‡Ub mvwgU| GwU
Avevi cÖgvY Ki‡jv †h, Avwg mwVKfv‡eB cy‡iv avibvwU‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi c‡_ AvwQ|
weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x hLb wewjqb Wjvi GB Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Kivi K_v e‡jb ZLb GwU Abyfe
Kiv hvq †h, wWwRUvj aviYvwU K‡Zv †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GwU AviI Me© K‡i ejv hvq †h,
weª‡Ub GB aviYvq †hvM w`‡q‡Q A‡±vei 2008-G| Avgiv Gi K_v e‡jwQ Gi eû Av‡M|
160
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GwcÖj 2009 mgqKv‡j Rvm‡ì Kvgvj‡ì Avevi bovPov Abyfe Kiv hvq| Zviv
Avgvi mv‡_ Avgvi ¯¿x eKz‡ji mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| eKzj ¸jkv‡b AbywôZ
I‡ì GKwU Av‡jvPbv mfvq †hvM †`q| c‡i 20 I 22 GwcÖj 2009 Kvgvj‡ì
GKwU †QvU `j Avgvi evmvq Av‡jvPbvq e‡m| Avwg Zv‡ì ¯úófv‡e RvbvB †h,
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP wel‡q Avwg †Kej Avkvev`x bB, Avwg g‡b Kwi Gi
wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^cœ †`Lv‡bvi Ges †mB ¯^cœ ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK
ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi GKwU D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡Z cv‡i| Kvgvjiv †Zgb
wKQz Ki‡j Avgvi Zv‡Z mvq _vK‡e| Z‡e Avwg GwUI ewj †h, Avgvi Kv‡Q g‡b
n‡”Q Kvgvjiv GLbI weåvšÍ| d‡j Zv‡ì c‡ÿ G ai‡bi †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡
†`qv KwVb n‡Z cv‡i| ZeyI K_v wQ‡jv 25 GwcÖj 2009 mÜ¨vq ¸jkv‡bi GdGdwm
†i‡¯Ívivq Kvgvjiv Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ †b‡e| Avgvi `vIqvZ
wQ‡jv †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKvi| wKš‘ wewUwfi Abyôvb †iKwW©s Kivi Rb¨ Avwg †mB
mfvq †h‡Z cvwiwb| c‡i Kvgvj Rvbvq †h, Zviv †mw`b e‡m‡Q Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³mg„×
MYZvwš¿K evsjv‡`k Av‡›`vjb bv‡g GKwU mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb M‡o Zzj‡e|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡jv‡K †mwUi †NvlYvcÎ ˆZix n‡e| Avgv‡K Zv‡ì‡K
mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e e‡jI Kvgvj Rvbvq| Z‡e 7 †g 2009 ch©šÍ Avwg Rvb‡Z cvwiwb
†h, Zviv GB †ÿ‡Î †Kvb AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q wKbv|
Avgv‡K AevK K‡i w`‡q Avgvi wgwWqv Ux‡gi m`m¨ I mvsevw`K eÜz nviæY nvwee
GKw`b †dvb K‡i| Zvi KvQ †_‡K Avwg Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, gvmy` †PŠayix I Av‡bvqvi
dwiw` bvgK Zvi cwiwPZ GK`j m„Rbkxj gvbyl 26 c‡e©i GKwU wUwf wmwiqvj Kivi
Rb¨ Avgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z Pvq| †m Rvbv‡jv †h, wmwiqvjwUi welqe¯‘ wWwRUPvj
evsjv‡`k| Avwg m¤§Z n‡j Zviv Avgvi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i Ges wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
bv‡gi 26 c‡e©i GKwU avivevwnK Abyôvb ˆZixi Rb¨ AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| me©‡kl MZ
7 †g Zviv Avgvi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i Ges Abyôv‡bi cvÛzwjwc ˆZix Kivi KvR Kivi
wel‡q Zv‡ì AMÖMwZi K_v Rvbvq|
GLv‡b AviI D‡jøL Kiv ìKvi †h, wewUAviwm 17 †g 2009 wek¦‡UwjKg wèm
cvjb Dcj‡ÿ¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k‡K cÖavb welq wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì mKj
Kg©Kv‡Û wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k gyL¨ †K›`ª wn‡m‡e ¯’vb jvf K‡i|
12†g 2009
161
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cÂg Aa¨vq
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †cÖwÿZ
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki welqwU †KejgvÎ wK Kw¤úDUvi welq wb‡q RwoZ? ivRbxwZi
mv‡_ RwoZ mK‡ji aviYv †ZgbB| wKš‘ Avwg AšÍZ †ZgbUv g‡b Kwibv| eis Avwg
g‡b Kwi, ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv Qvov GB Kg©mw~ P ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| †mRb¨B
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡K bvbv fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jI GwU ej‡ZB n‡e †h, †Kvb
e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKKfv‡e GB Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡ebv| GB Kg©m~wP‡K Avgiv
GKwU mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z PvB| wKš‘ GB mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb KLbI
mdj n‡ebv, hw`bv Gi †cQ‡b †Kvb ivR‰bwZK kw³ KvR K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki
ivRbxwZi AZxZ I eZ©gvb‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e †h, †Kvb ivR‰bwZK
kw³ GB Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡b h_vh_ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
NUbvP‡µ GB gyn~‡Z©i ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPwUi cÖwZ c~Y© mg_©b
w`‡q‡Q †KejgvÎ evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM| GgbwK AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mv‡_ hviv
gnv‡Rv‡U Av‡Qb ZvivI wKš‘ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbvbwb|
hwÌ wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M weGbwc †bÎx †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o
†Zvjvi A½xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb-ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv wbe©vP‡bi ci wZwb G wel‡q GKwU evKÏ
D”PviY K‡ibwb| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM GLb ÿgZvmxb n‡‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡ì
jÿ¨ n‡jv 2021 mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôv Kiv, †m‡nZz GB `jwUi mw`”Qv‡K
Awfb›`b RvbvB| Z‡e mvwe©Kfv‡e 2009 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK
kw³¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡kB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki
mnvqK ivR‰bwZK kw³‡K mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ GLbI mvZPwjø‡kvËi jÿYvµvšÍ| 2009 mvj ch©šÍ
evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ cÖavbZ †mB aviv‡ZB cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| GB ivRbxwZi avivwU
Ggb †h, GKwU †Mvôx 1971 mv‡ji mvgwiK hy‡× civwRZ nevi ci ivR‰bwZK hy× ïiæ
K‡i| Rvgv‡Zi cybe©vmb I ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi Aby‡gv`b w`‡q giûg wRqvDi ingvb
†mB c‡e©i m~Pbv K‡ib| evsjv‡`k bvgK fvlvwfwËK AvaywbK ivóªwU‡K ivR‰bwZKfv‡e
ag©wfwËK iv‡óª cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †fZ‡ii GK`j †jv‡Ki cvkvcvwk
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v AvBGmAvB Ges Zv‡ì AvšÍR©vwZK †`vmiiv evsjv‡`‡k
cvwK¯Ívbx RvZxqZv ißvwb Kivi †Póv K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Av‡gwiKvi Pv‡c I
Wjv‡ii duv‡` c‡o wb‡Ri †`‡k R½xev‡ì weiæ‡× jovB Kivi K_v ej‡jI fviZ I
evsjv‡`‡k R½x ißvbx Kiv Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg G‡RÛvq cwiYZ nq| ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv
evsjv‡`‡k Zviv GKwU ag© wbi‡cÿ AvaywbK ivóª †`Lvi wejvwmZv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
GKvË‡i Zviv †h fzj K‡iwQ‡jv †mB fz‡ji ms‡kvab Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì GB cÖ‡Póv|
162
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GB Kvi‡YB Avgiv evsjv‡`‡k e‡m †_‡KI cvwK¯Ív‡bi w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q cvwibv|
Avgv‡ì Rb¨ wbg©g ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi hLb wek GKzk mv‡j †`kwU‡K
GKwU wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡k iƒcvšÍ‡ii K_v ej‡Q, GKwU bZzb miKvi hLb msK‡Ui
ci msKU AwZµg Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges mvg‡b hvevi †Póv Ki‡Q ZLb cvwK¯Ívb
m¤ú‡K© Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q †h, †mwU GKwU e¨_© iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖavbZ
Zv‡jevb `LjxK…Z n‡q hvevi m¤¢vebv I R½xev‡ì cÖmvi cvwK¯Ív‡bi fwel¨Z‡K
wecbœ K‡i †d‡j‡Q| RvwZMZ I ag©MZ we‡ivaI cvwK¯Ív‡bi wecbœ nevi Ab¨Zg
KviY| 2009 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡ji †kl mßv‡n gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x wnjvix wK¬bUb AZ¨šÍ
¯úófv‡e GK_v e‡j‡Qb †h cvwK¯Ívb n‡jv mviv `ywbqvi Rb¨ wec¾bK| cvigvYweK
A¯¿avix GB †`kwU Zv‡jevb‡ì `L‡j †M‡j `ywbqv †h evm‡hvM¨ _vK‡ebv GwU †Kej
Av‡gwiKv bq mviv wek¦evmx wek¦vm K‡i|
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Zv‡jevb‡ì cy‡ivcywi `L‡j P‡j †M‡Q| †mLv‡b †g‡q‡ì ¯‹z‡j hvIqv eÜ K‡i †`qv
n‡q‡Q| Ae¯’vwU G‡ZvB fqsKi I Avk¼vRbK †h Zv‡jevbx kvmb‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi
kvmK‡Mvôx êaZv w`‡q‡Q| AviI bZzb bZzb GjvKv ag©vÜ‡ì nv‡Z P‡j hvevi g‡Zv
Ae¯’v m„wó n‡q‡Q| d‡j ag©vÜZv Bivb-AvdMvb-cvwK¯Ívb f‚L‡Û `„pZvi mv‡_ Av¯Ívbv
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1/11 cieZ©x miKvi| wKš‘ †klvewa miKvi‡K Gme mKj cÖwµqv †_‡K †ewi‡q
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AmsL¨ AcKg©‡K g‡b †i‡LB Avgiv 2008 mv‡j GKwU wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi
Rb¨ cÖksmv Ki‡Z PvB|
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168
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
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Rb¨ AviI myweav n‡e hw` †`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK kw³¸‡jvi ivRbxwZi PwiÎ
AviI GKUz wek`fv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †mB mv‡_ GwU Dcjwä Kivi e¨vcvi
Av‡Q †h GBme ivR‰bwZK kw³ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©mw~ P ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡ÿ K‡ZvUv
mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
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75 mgqKvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †`k kvmb
K‡i‡Qb| †mB mg‡q GKwU hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki Amgvß gyw³hy‡×i †cÖwÿ‡Z ivóª
cwiPvjbvq A`ÿZv, `yb©xwZ I jyUcvUmn bvbv msKU‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zz‡j
aivi Rb¨ wmivRyj Avjg Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ QvÎjx‡Mi GKwU Ask ¯^vaxbZvDËi
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g we‡ivax `j ÔRvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `jÕ MVb K‡i| Zviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z
_v‡K MYKÉ bvgK GKwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKv| Rvm` e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi miKv‡ii gv‡S NvcwU †g‡i _vKv GKwU Amr, `yb©xwZ-
civqY, ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax P‡µi AcKg© I jyUcv‡Ui we‡ivaxZv K‡i Ges w`‡b w`‡b
msMwVZ I RbwcÖq n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e Rvm‡ì AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivaxZvi my‡hv‡M
gvIjvbv gwZ‡bi g‡Zv evsjv‡`k we‡ivaxivI Rvm‡ì QÎQvqvq VvB cvq| Rvm‡ì
Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ wmivR wkK`vi Ges AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivax DMÖ Wvb evg ivR‰bwZK
kw³i ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi RbwcÖqZv Kg‡Z _v‡K | Rvm`
I Ab¨vb¨ we‡ivax `‡ji cÿ †_‡K Awf‡hvM I‡V †h, e½eÜz Zvi `‡ji `yb©xwZevR
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mgvRZš¿ Kv‡qg bv Kivi RbÏ we‡ivax‡ì cÿ †_‡K e¨vcKfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ nb|
mvwe©K cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv K‡i 1975 mv‡j e½eÜz GK`jxq evKkvjx kvmbeë¯’v
Kv‡qg K‡ib| Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv Kiv| wKš‘ Z‡Zvw`‡b
A‡bK †`wi n‡q †M‡Q| e½eÜzi AvkÖq cÖkÖ‡q †_‡KB mgvRZ‡š¿i kÎæiv w`‡b w`‡b
A‡bK †e‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †fZ‡i NvcwU †g‡i _vKv gykZvKPµ
†mbvevwnbx †_‡K Aemi †bqv K‡qKRb `ye„©‡Ëi mnvqZvq 75-Gi 15B AvMó e½eÜz
†kL gywRe‡K mcwiev‡i wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| Gi d‡j ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^c‡ÿi ivRbxwZi
QKUv wVK D‡ëv n‡q c‡o| Gici Rvm‡ì K‡b©j Zv‡n‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ 1975 mv‡ji
7 b‡f¤î wmcvnx-RbZvi wecøe msNwUZ nq| wKš‘ †mB wecø‡ei dmj wn‡m‡e
Rvm‡ì e`‡j ÿgZvmxb nb giûg wRqvDi ingvb| wRqv GKvË‡ii civwRZ kw³
RvgvqvZ-Avjeì-ivRvKvi, gymwjg jxM I ag©vÜ mv¤úª`vwqK evsjv‡`k we‡ivax
kw³i mv‡_ DMÖ evg Ges Pig Wvb cš’x‡ì mnvqZvq GKwU AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivax
ivR‰bwZK kw³ ˆZix K‡ib| GB kw³i Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ nq Rvm` I AvIqvgx jxMmn
gyw³hy‡× mivmwi AskMÖnYKvix, mg_©K I c‡ÿi kw³‡K wbwðý Kiv | Z‡e wRqvi
LoMi bx‡P me‡P‡q †ekx ejx nq Rvm`| wRqvi nv‡Z wePvi-webvwePvi, †Mvcb wePvi
169
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
ev cÖnm‡Yi wePv‡ii bv‡g mvZB b‡f¤^‡ii wecø‡ei bvqK K‡Y©j Zv‡nimn Rvm‡ì
nvRvi nvRvi †bZv-Kg©x, wecøex MYevwnbxi m`m¨ Ges nvRvi nvRvi gyw³‡hv×v cÖvY
nvivq| ZLb Rvm‡ì me©¯Í‡ii †bZv-Kg©x‡ì †MÖdZvi, wbh©vZb I wb‡®úlY Kiv
nq| Avgvi g‡Z, Rvm` †mB mg‡q wRqv‡K wek¦vm K‡i me‡P‡q eo fzjwU K‡i|
Kvh©Z wRqvi Avg‡j Rvm` me‡P‡q †ewk wech©¯Í nq| Zvi kvmbKv‡j w`‡b w`‡b
Rvm` `ye©j n‡q c‡o| GK ai‡bi nZvkv Rvm` †bZ…e„›`‡K bZzb †Kvb D‡`¨vM wb‡Z
mvnmx K‡iwb| †bZ…e„‡›ì †Kvb w`Kwb‡`©kbv bv †c‡q Rvm‡ì g~j‡mªv‡Zi mwµq
†bZv-Kg©xiv wbw®Œq n‡q c‡o| GB mg‡q AvIqvgx jx‡Mi g‡Zv GKwU wekvj `jI
cÖvq wQbœwfbœ n‡q c‡o| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖavb †bZviv †Kvb g‡Z `jwU‡K wUwK‡q
ivLvi †Póv Pvjvq gvÎ| ZeyI h‡Zvw`b ch©šÍ e½eÜzKb¨v †kL nvwmbv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
nvj bv a‡ib Z‡Zvw`b cuPvË‡ii wech©q †_‡K AvIqvgx jxM †ei nevi g‡Zv †Kvb
c_B Lyu‡R cvqwb|
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nb| cÖwZwecø‡ei m~PbvwU nq 15 AvM÷ 75| Z‡e wRqv †Svc ey‡S †Kvc gvivi Rb¨
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wRqvi weaev cZœx †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv GK `kK ÿgZvq _vK‡jI, wRqvi Rb¨ g‡bvig
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Rvm`Kg©x †hvM`vb K‡i| GB mg‡q †kL nvwmbvi AvIqvgx jxMI Gikv‡ì mv‡_
170
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
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G‡ZvUv j¤^v mgq ÿgZvq _vK‡Z cvi‡Zvbv| Z‡e mKj ˆ¯îvPv‡ii g‡Zv Gikv‡ìI
cZb nq| 91 mv‡j mvgwiK kvm‡bi Awbevh© cwiYwZ¯îƒc RbZvi Av‡›`vj‡bi dmj
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Lv‡j`v wRqv I †kL nvwmbv `yB Awemsevw`Z †bÎx wn‡m‡e †`kxq ivRbxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
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ivRbxwZ‡Z hviv AvIqvgx jxM‡K AcQ›` K‡i Zv‡ì cøvUdi‡g cwiYZ nq| Gi
mv‡_ mgZv‡j weGbwc‡Z KvR K‡i‡Q Awek¦vm, m‡›`n, ¯^v_©ciZv I †Kv›`j|
GKmv‡_ mvgwiK kvm‡bi my‡hvM, Ab¨w`‡K AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivaxZv; Zvi mv‡_
fviZ-wn›`y we‡ivaxZv I Bmjvg †M‡jvi bv‡g RvZxqZvev`; GB n‡q I‡V wRqvi
weGbwci ivRbxwZ|
weGbwci BwZnvmUv Ggb: 1978 mv‡ji c‡njv A‡±vei mv‡eK ivóªcwZ giûg
172
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wRqvDi ingvb mvgwiK kvm‡bi Avkxe©v` wb‡q wWwRGdAvBi cÖZxÿv mn‡hvwMZvq
weGbwc cÖwZôv K‡ib| weGbwc cÖwZôvi K‡qKw`b Av‡M RvM`j I RvZxqZvev`x d«›U
wejyß nq| †m¸‡jvI wRqvDi ingvb mvgwiK kvm‡bi Qvqv‡ZB †mbvwbevm †_‡K
ˆZix K‡ib| †mB mg‡q weGbwc‡Z hviv hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb Zviv wgkÖ ivR‰bwZK Av`k©
wb‡q †mB `‡j G‡jI cÖavbZ AvIqvgx jxM ev ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxivB ZLb GB `‡ji
g~j kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| wRqvi miKvix kw³ I mvgwiK evwnbxi cÖkÖq `jwUi wfwË
cËb Kivi cÖavb nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| wRqv Zvi RxeÏkv‡ZB weGbwc‡K
ivRvKvi, Avjeìmn RvgvqvZ, cvwK¯Ívbcš’x, Wvbcš’x, Pigcš’x I ¯^vaxbZv
we‡ivax‡ì AvLovq cwiYZ K‡ib| wKš‘ Zvi `yf©vM¨ †h, Zvi Avcb †jvK‡ì nv‡ZB
Zv‡K Lyb n‡Z nq| D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h wRqv wb‡RB ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivRvKvi
RvgvqvZ‡ì Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki wmsnØvi Ly‡j †`b| d‡j †eMg
wRqvi DËim~ix wn‡m‡e wRqv wb‡RB wQ‡jb Rvgv‡Zi cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK| m~Zivs ¯§iY
ivL‡Z n‡e; AvR †h RvgvZ weGbwci Nv‡o I‡V em‡Q Zvi m~Pbv K‡iwQ‡jb wRqv
wb‡R| Z‡e GwUI mZ¨ †h, Gi c‡iI weGbwci ivRvKvi wjM¨vwm Ae¨vnZ wQ‡jv|
81 †_‡K 2009 ch©šÍ weGbwc GKw`‡K fv½b Ab¨w`‡K ivRvKvi †Zvl‡Yi BwZnvm
iPbv K‡iB P‡j‡Q|
1981 mv‡ji 30 †g wRqvDi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi ci fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U wePvicwZ
Ave`ym mvËvi †`‡ki `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| GKB m‡½ wZwb weGbwci
†Pqvicvim‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bb| 1982 mv‡ji 24 gvP© mvËvi ÿgZvPz¨Z n‡j Aw¯ÍZ¡
msK‡U c‡o weGbwc| G mgq `‡ji K‡qKRb †bZv †eMg wRqv‡K weGbwci nvj
aivi Aby‡iva K‡ib| Zv‡ì Aby‡iv‡a 1983 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m †eMg wRqv‡K weGb-
wci fvBm †Pqvig¨v‡bi c` †`qv nq| gvwmK wbcyY cwÎKvi gvP© 83 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ
nq Zvi cÖ_g Kfvi‡÷vwi| †eMg wRqv `‡ji `vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi ci ÿzä n‡q I‡Vb
ivóªcwZ wRqvi gwš¿mfvi Z_¨gš¿x kvgmyj û`v †PŠayix I ¯îvóªgš¿x Wv. GgG gwZb|
Zv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡B weGbwc‡Z cÖ_g fvOb N‡U| Zviv weGbwci wbe©vnx KwgwU‡K
cybwe©b¨vm I `‡j MYZš¿vq‡bi `vwe Rvbv‡j Zv‡ì lohš¿Kvix wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i 1983 mv‡ji 1 GwcÖj `j †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| ewn®‹…Z `yB †bZv MVb K‡ib
weGbwc (û`v)| û`vi `‡ji †kl cwiYZ nq †eû`v| 1984 mv‡ji 10 †g †eMg wRqv
weGbwci †Pqvicvimb wbe©vwPZ nb| GKB eQi Av‡iKwU fv½‡bi Ke‡j c‡o
weGbwc| fv½‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingv‡bi gwš¿mfvi cÖavbgš¿x I weGb-
wci fvBm †Pqvig¨vb kvn AvwRRyi ingvb| wZwb ivóªÿgZvi fvM wb‡Z Gikv‡ì
mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z wM‡q GB fv½‡bi Rb¥ †`b|
1985 mv‡ji 13 Ryb mv‡eK ivóªcwZ GBPGg Gikv` MVb K‡ib RvZxq d«›U| kvn
AvwR‡Ri †bZ…Zv¡ axb weGbwci GKwU Ask Zv‡Z †hvM †`q| welqwU cÖ_‡g RvbvRvwb
bv n‡jI c‡i Zv Avi †Mvcb _v‡K bv| 29 Ryb 85 kvn AvwRRyi ingvb, e¨vwi÷vi
173
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
gI`y` Avng`, Ave`yj Avjxg I G‡KGg gvB`yj Bmjvgmn 29 Rb‡K weGbwc
†_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq|
1985 mv‡ji 30 Ryb Amy¯’ wePvicwZ Ave`ym mvËvi GK wee„wZ‡Z e‡jb, wZwb Amy¯’
_vKvq †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv‡K `‡ji fvicÖvß †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘
†eMg wRqv ÿgZvi Aceënvi K‡i‡Qb I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb GB
ARynv‡Z Zv‡K Ae¨vnwZ w`‡q kvn AvwRRyi ingvb‡K `‡ji fvicÖvß †Pqvig¨v‡bi
`vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| Rvdi Bgvg I e¨vwi÷vi gI`y` Avng` ZLb Gikv` miKv‡ii
gwš¿mfvq †hvM †`b| ZLb weGbwci myweavev`x AskwU ax‡i ax‡i Gikv‡ì `‡j
†hvM †`q|
weGbwci cieZx© fv½b N‡U `‡ji gnvmwPe †KGg Ievq`yi ingvb, Rvgvj DwÏb
Avng` I Aveyj nvmbvZ cÖgyL †bZvi gva¨‡g| 1988 mv‡j †KGg Ievq`yi ingvb
`‡ji MVbZš¿ ms‡kvab I MYZš¿vq‡bi `vwe †Zv‡jb| 21-22 wW‡m¤î Zviv Avjv`v
KvDwÝj Awa‡ekb Wv‡Kb| m‡¤§j‡b †KGg Ievq`yi ingvb‡K †Pqvig¨vb I Avng`
bRxi‡K gnvmwPe K‡i MwVZ nq Av‡iKwU weGbwc|
Gme fv½b ¯^‡Ë¡I Gikv‡ì cZ‡bi ci weGbwci cv‡j nvIqv jv‡M| wZb †Rv‡Ui
iæc‡iLvq Gikv‡ì `‡ji KvD‡K `‡j bv †bevi A½xKvi _vK‡jI weGbwc RvZxq
cvwU©i cybe©vmb †K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| Gici weGbwc‡Z P‡j g‡bvbqb I `ye©„Ëvqb
evwYR¨| 91-96 mgqKv‡j weGbwc †hfv‡eB †`k PvjvK bv †Kb 2001 mv‡ji ci
nvIqv feb I jy‡Uiv KvjPvi weGbwci †kKo ï× bó K‡i †`q|
2004 mv‡ji 8 †g weGbwci cÖ_g gnvmwPe I mv‡eK ivóªcwZ Aa¨vcK GwKDGg
eìæ‡ÏvRv †PŠayix, Zvi †Q‡j mv‡eK mvsm` gvnx we. †PŠayix I †gRi (Ae.) Ave`yj
gvbœvb weGbwc †_‡K †ewi‡q MVb K‡ib weKí aviv| †RvU miKv‡ii G‡Kev‡i †kl
gyn~‡Z© Av‡iK `dv eo ai‡bi fvO‡bi gy‡L c‡o weGbwc| weGbwci Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv
I ¯’vqx KwgwUi m`m¨ K‡b©j Awj Avng‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ MZ miKv‡ii cÖvq 15 Rb mv‡eK
gš¿x-mvsm` weGbwc †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡mb| mv‡eK w¯úKvi †kL iv¾vK Avjxmn
weGbwci A‡bK cÖexY †bZv-gš¿x-mvsmÌ Zv‡ì m‡½ weGbwc Z¨vM K‡ib| 2006
mv‡ji 26 A‡±vei Aa¨vcK eìæ‡ÏvRv †PŠayixi †bZ…Z¡vaxb weKí avivi m‡½ GKvZ¥
n‡q Zviv MVb K‡ib bZzb `j wjev‡ij †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© (GjwWwc)| GjwWwc
MV‡bi ci †_‡KB weGbwc‡Z wKQzUv eo ai‡bi am bv‡g| weGbwci ewÂZ A‡bK
†bZv cieZx© mg‡q †hvM †`b GjwWwc‡Z| Aek¨ weKí aviv I GjwWwci HK¨ ¯’vqx
nqwb| GLb `ywU `jB Avjv`v Aw¯ÍË¡ wb‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K weGbwci mv‡eK †bZv
†di‡`Šm †Kv‡iwk Ae¯’vi dvq`v jyUvi Rb¨ bZzb `j MVb K‡i Lye myweav Ki‡Z bv
cvivq Riæix Ae¯’vi gv‡S mvgwiK evwnbxi mv‡_ AvZvZ K‡ib| mvgwiK †Mv‡q›`v
evwnbxi mnvqZvq bZzb `j MVb K‡i bZzb `jxq Awdm ˆZix K‡i †Kv‡ikx mv‡ne
bZzb wKsm cvwU© M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ mvgwiK evwnbx ÿgZv `Lj bv K‡i,
†emvgwiK ZjøxevnK miKvi MV‡b D‡`¨vM bv †bqvq †Kv‡ikx mv‡ne wR‡iv‡Z cwiYZ
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174
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
GB mg‡q weGbwci Nv‡o RvgvZ mIqvi nevi me‡P‡q eo `„óvšÍ n‡”Q RvgvZx‡ì
2001 cieZ©x miKv‡ii Askx`vi nIqv| GiB gv‡S †eMg wRqvi weGbwci
ivRbxwZi e¨vcK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| eis ejv hvq, weGbwci ivRbxwZi am weGbwc‡K
AviI †ekx RvgvZwbf©i K‡i‡Q|
†eMg wRqv Zvi me©‡kl kvmbKv‡j Zvi DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e Zv‡iK ingvb‡K
†hfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †mwU Kvh©Z ¯Íä n‡q †M‡Q GMv‡ivB Rvbyqvwii
Riæwi Ae¯’vi Rb¨| Zv‡i‡Ki †MÖdZvi, Rvwgb, ivRbxwZ †_‡K Aemi I we‡`k
hvÎvi ci weGbwci ivRbxwZ GLb Kvh©Z Lv‡j`v‡Kw›`ªK| wKš‘ †mwU Lye cÖxwZKi
Ae¯’vq †bB| Lv‡j`v‡K Zvi GKKvjxb myü` Avkivd-gvbœvb fzBqvi g‡Zv
†jvK‡ì‡K `j †_‡K ewn®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| `‡j mvBdziiv wd‡i G‡jI †`‡jvqvi
mv‡n‡ei gnvmwPe‡Z¡ kZ kZ eo †bZv‡K †R‡ji †fZ‡i ev cjvZK †i‡L 29
wW‡m¤î wbe©vP‡b Pig fivWzwe n‡q‡Q | GKmg‡q weGbwc wbe©vP‡b Ask bv †bevi
K_v †f‡ewQ‡jv| †`‡jvqvi mv‡ne †kl ZK Riæwi Ae¯’v cÖZ¨vnvi bv Ki‡j wbe©vP‡b
hv‡evbv Ggb ûgwK w`‡jI mevB Rvb‡Zb, mg‡qi †h Q‡KB wbe©vP‡bi Rvj cvZv
†nvK, Zv‡Z weGbwc‡K aiv co‡ZB n‡e| KviI KviI aviYv †eMg wRqv wbe©vP‡b
Ask †bevi Iqv`v K‡iB Zv‡iK ingvb I †Kv‡Kv‡K †Rj †_‡K †ei K‡i we‡`k
cvVvevi eë¯’v K‡ib Ges wb‡R gyw³ cvb| †mRb¨B †hfv‡eB †nvK †eMg wRqv‡K
†h †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB wbe©vP‡b †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| GgbwK m¤¢eZ civwRZ n‡eb GwU †R‡bB
Ò†R‡b ï‡b wel cvbÓ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b G‡Kev‡i Gikv‡ì
KvZv‡i †b‡g covq weGbwc‡K Avevi I‡V `vov‡Z wbðqB Kó Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e
weGbwci g‡Zv cøvUdig evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r ivRbxwZ‡Z K‡ZvUv wU‡K _vK‡e †mwU
weGbwci PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk wbf©i Ki‡e AvIqvgx jx‡Mi miKvi cwiPvjbvi Ici|
GB gyn~‡Z© weGbwc ax‡i ax‡i ivRc‡_ bvgvi D‡`¨vM wb‡”Q| †eMg wRqv‡K †mbvwbevm
†_‡K †ei Kivi †bvwUk‡K †K›`ª K‡i GwU †Rvi`vi Kivi †Póv Pj‡Q| weGbwci gn-
vmwPe †`‡jvqvi mv‡ne gvSLv‡b GKw`b miKvi DrLv‡Zi ûgwK w`‡q‡Qb| mvKv
†PŠayix msm‡ì ev‡RU Awa‡ek‡b †hvM bv †èvi ûgwK w`‡q‡Qb| weGbwc Awd‡mi
mvg‡b ev gy³v½‡b mgv‡ek K‡i miKvi‡K wKQz wKQz Mig K_vI †kvbv‡bv n‡”Q|
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m~Pbv wn‡m‡e Gme Kg©KvÐ‡K †`Lv n‡j GwU eyS‡Z n‡e †h weGbwc KZ`~i ch©šÍ
Av‡M hvevi mvnm cv‡e|
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RvgvZ‡K †eMg wRqvi evox D×v‡i m‡½ cvevi †Zgb wbðqZv bv _vKvq gvme¨vcx
Av‡›`vjb R‡g bvI IV‡Z cv‡i| Av‡›`vjb ivRc‡_ mwnsm n‡j AvIqvgx jxM
ivR‰bwZK I miKvix ÿgZv‡K eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j weGbwc ivR‰bwZK
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175
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
Lye mnR Kvi‡YB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ivRbxwZ‡Z weGbwc‡K cvIqv KwVb
n‡e| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i GB gyn~‡Z© weGbwci ivRbxwZ †Kvb c‡_ hvIqv DwPr| hw`
Avcbv‡KB †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi e`‡j weGbwc cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq Z‡e
Avcwb wK Ki‡eb? g‡b ivLv ìKvi †eMg wRqv cy‡ivcywi c½y n‡q Rxe‡bi †kl
gyn~‡Z©i wech©q‡K bv‡Ki WMvq wb‡q A‡cÿv Ki‡Qb| `yB cyÎ‡K Kviv`Û I mvRvi
gv‡S we‡`‡k †i‡L Zvi c‡ÿ miKv‡ii weiæ‡× K‡ZvUv hvIqv m¤¢e †mwU fve‡Z
n‡e| RvgvZ‡KI hw` b½x bv cvIqv hvq Z‡e Zvi wb‡Ri `j evuPv‡bv `y®‹i n‡e|
mvBdziiv ZLb `j Qvo‡e| Bwjqvm Avjx-Avgvb-wc›Uziv weMZ miKv‡ii av°v mvgvj
w`‡Z cvi‡eb wKbv †mwUI wPšÍvi welq| MÖv‡g M‡Ä weGbwc mg_©Kiv ¯^v_© †_‡K ewÂZ
n‡Z n‡Z K‡Zv`~i ch©šÍ `‡ji mv‡_ _vK‡e I Av‡›`vj‡b _vK‡e †mwUI fve‡Z n‡e|
†eMg wRqv‡K Aek¨B miKv‡ii mv‡_ mg‡SvZv K‡i `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi †Póv
Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡cvlnxb †bÎx hw` cvnv‡oi mv‡_ av°v jvMvUv‡KB wb‡Ri ivR‰bwZK
jÿ¨ w¯’i K‡ib Z‡e wRqv-Lv‡j`v wjM¨vwm evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi cvZvq AwZ ÿz`ª
As‡k cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Dfq msK‡Ui gy‡L †eMg wRqvi Rb¨ VvÛv gv_vq
KvR KivB h_vh_ n‡e| AšÍZt 2012 mv‡ji Av‡M †Zgb †Kvb eo wi¯‹ bv †`qvUvB
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mgvRZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K GB avivq †djv n‡Zv| mviv `ywbqv‡ZB Iiv
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Ab¨Zg KviY| gvIjvbv fvmvbxi mgvRZš¿ I Bmjv‡gi KK‡Uj GKwU bZzb gvÎvi
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ej‡Zb| a‡g© Awek¦vmx gvIev`xiv ZeyI gvIjvbv fvmvbxi AvkÖq Z¨vM Kivi K_v
fv‡ewb| gvIjvbv wb‡R mvaviY Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb Ges mvaviY gvby‡li mv‡_ Zvi
m¤úK© Mfxi wQ‡jv| wKš‘ Zvi ivRbxwZi GKwU ¯úó aviv wQ‡jvbv| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
weGbwci mv‡_ Zvi ivRbxwZ‡K wgwj‡q †`Lv hvq| wZwb bvbv gZ I bvbv c‡_i
cøvUdig wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zb| wewfbœ gZ I c_ †_‡K G‡KKRb gvIjvbv fvmvbxi
cÿcy‡U Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ AvkÖq wb‡Zb| G‡ì †ewki fvM wQ‡jv
eY©‡Pviv| GK ai‡bi K¨v‡gvd¬¨vR Kiv wQ‡jv Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨| weGbwc gvIjvbv
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176
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
wQ‡jb ZvivB weGbwc‡Z †hvM †`b|
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`j¸‡jv Lye m½Z Kvi‡YB AvIqvgx cš’x‡Z cwiYZ nq| 2009 mv‡ji w`‡K ZvKv‡j
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gv‡S AZ¨šÍ ¯úó n‡q I‡V| ¯^vaxbZv hy×Kv‡j gywReevwnbx MVb I Zvici †`k
kvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvbv Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi gv‡S QvÎjx‡Mi evg AskwU‡K †K›`ª K‡i Rvm`
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wef³ nevi cvkvcvwk evm` bvgK AviI GKwU evg ivR‰bwZK avivi Rb¥ †`q|
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GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j| Rvm` Bby gnv‡Rv‡Ui Ask wn‡m‡e cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv msm‡`
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G‡ì mv‡_ AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivax Rvm‡ì GKwU ÿz`ª AskI i‡q‡Q|
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`yb©xwZ `gb ev mš¿v‡mi Rb¨ †Zgb †Kvb eo ai‡bi Pv‡c c‡owb| KviY GB
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cvIqv hvq| Avi ÿgZv _vK‡j †mB ÿgZvi Aceënvi Kiv hvq| evg `j¸‡jv
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mv‡_ hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb Zviv Riæix Ae¯’v †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| evg `j¸‡jvi
bxwZ I Av`k© A‡cÿvK…Z bZzb Ges Zv‡ì †bZv-Kg©x‡ì gv‡S ÁvbPP©vi avivwU
177
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
engvb i‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì ivRbxwZi Av`jUvI A‡cÿvK…Z AvaywbK| wKš‘
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Av‡Q| Zviv GB `~iZ¡Uv AwZµg Ki‡Z Pvq wKbv ev cvi‡e wKbv †mwU wb‡q GL‡bv
wekvj cÖkœ i‡q †M‡Q|
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g‡Z, mgvRZš¿ GKwU AvaywbK aviYv| †mRb¨B gvK©mev` GLbI ivR‰bwZK aviv
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mbv³ Kiv nq Zv HwZnvwmKfv‡eB kw³kvjx nqwb| we‡kl K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi ci evg
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mnvqK wn‡m‡e Zviv GB eë¯’vwU‡KB wUwK‡q ivL‡Z Pvq| Avgv‡ì cv‡ki †`k
fvi‡Zi cwðge½ Ges Av‡iK cÖwZ‡ekx †`k †bcv‡ji evg ivRbxwZi †Kvb cÖwZwµqv
Avwg GLbI Avgv‡ì evg Nivbvi ivRbxwZ‡Z †`L‡Z cvw”Qbv| d‡j G‡ì
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n‡e| GB Nivbvi ivRbxwZ hwÌ cÖKv‡k¨ Kgy¨wbR‡gi (GKgvÎ Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU© Qvov)
K_v e‡jbv, Z_vwc Kgy¨wbR‡gi cÖfvegy³ bq| Avwg g‡b Kwi, G‡ì‡K wkíwecø‡ei
ZË¡ †_‡K Z_¨hy‡Mi ev¯ÍeZvq Avm‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k Kgy¨wbRg Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨_©Zv,
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Kg©m~Px-†hgb wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Gi g‡Zv Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i kw³kvjx n‡Z n‡e|
Kgy¨wbRg bxwZ wn‡m‡e AKvh©Ki bv n‡jI WMgv wn‡m‡e GLb Avi MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
mgvRZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb ev wkíhy‡Mi mvgvwRK wecøe †mB Av‡Mi di‡g Av‡Mi bv‡g
GLb Avi Kiv hv‡ebv| evsjv‡`‡k Kgy¨wbRg Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨_©Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY
n‡”Q GB †`‡k wkíwecøe bv nIqv, cywRi weKvk bv nIqv, cywRi mvgšÍZvwš¿K PwiÎ
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178
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
kÖwgK †kÖYx M‡o bv IVv| Kgy¨wbóiv evsjv‡`‡k ag©we‡ivax Ae¯’vb wb‡qI GKwU
†KŠkjMZ fzj K‡i‡Q| Avwg g‡b Kwi, Avgv‡ì evg Nivbvi ivRbxwZKiv we‡kl K‡i
†bcvj I cwðge‡½i evgd«‡›Ui ivRbxwZ †_‡K wkÿv wb‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqwU n‡jv wkíhy‡MvËi ivRbxwZ Avi wWwRUvj hy‡Mi ivR-
bxwZi dvivKUv Abyfe Ki‡Z n‡e| evg ivRbxwZKiv hw` GwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i †h wWwRUvj hy‡M †Kej †h kÖwgK †kÖYxi PwiÎ e`jv‡e ZvB bq eis †h bZzb
kÖwgK †kÖbxi Rb¥ n‡e Zvi mwewKQzB wkí hy‡Mi PvB‡Z wfbœ n‡e| KviLvbvi kÖwgK
Ges ÁvbKg©xi fvebvB GK n‡ebv|
ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q, Avgv‡ì evg ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv GB mvgvwRK cwieZ©bUv eyS‡Z
Aÿg| eivei GB AÂ‡j Ávbx †jv‡Kiv evg ivRbxwZ Ki‡Zv| †mB myev‡` wWwRUvj
hy‡Mi ¯úk©Uv evg ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi IciB Av‡M covi K_v| wKš‘ 2008 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b GwU jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡jv †h evg `j¸‡jvi PvB‡Z AMÖmi wPšÍv-fvebv AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi| GgbwK AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mv‡_ †RvUe× n‡qI Rvm`, IqvK©vm© cvwU© wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP‡K mg_©b w`‡Z cv‡iwb|
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Av‡jv cwÎKvq ivRbxwZ‡Z ZiæY‡ì fvebv wb‡q GKwU Rwic cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2006 mv‡ji b‡f¤î-wW‡m¤î gv‡m 18 †_‡K 25 eQi eqmx ivRbxwZ‡Z RwoZ bq
Ggb ZiæY‡ì gv‡S GB RwicwU Pvjv‡bv nq| cÖ_g Av‡jv cwÎKvi cÿ †_‡K
XvKvmn †`‡ki QqwU wefvMxq kn‡i GB Rixc Pvjv‡bv nq| 15 Rb mvsevw`K
RwicKvixi my`xN© cÖkœgvjvi Reve †`b 211 Rb ZiæY| Gi gv‡S kZKiv 72 kZvsk
ev 151 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx| 211 Rb DËi`vZvi gv‡S 26 kZvsk ev 55 Rb bvix|
bvix‡ì gv‡S kZKiv 69 ev 38 Rb QvÎx|
GB Ziæ‡Yiv kZKiv 85 Rb g‡b K‡i ivRbxwZKiv Zv‡ì K_v fv‡ebv| kZKiv gvÎ
11 Rb g‡b K‡i †h ivRbxwZKiv Zv‡ì K_v fv‡e| kZKiv 60 Rb QvÎ ivRbxwZ
_vKv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K kZKiv 73 Rb ivRbxwZ‡Z AvMÖnx|
DËi`vZv‡ì kZKiv gvÎ 28 Rb eZ©gvb ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Av¯’vevb Ges kZKiv 72
fvM eZ©gvb ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Av¯’vevb bq| DËi`vZv‡ì kZKiv 57 kZvsk
ivRbxwZK‡ì jyUcvU, ¯^v_©ciZv, ÿgZvi †jvf, AmZZv, `yb©xwZ, msNvZ-msNl©
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì‡K cQ›` K‡ibv| eZ©gvb ivRbxwZ‡K Ziæ‡Yiv ivRZš¿ g‡b
K‡ib| GB Rixc †_‡K GwU AZ¨šÍ ¯úó †h evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb ivRbxwZ ZiæY‡ì
AvKl©Y K‡ibv| Ziv ivRbxwZ‡Z AvMÖnx n‡jI G‡Z Ask †bqbv ivRbxwZK Ges
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi AmviZvi Rb¨|
Rwic †_‡K GwU Av‡iv ¯úó †h, ¯^vaxbZvc~e© Ges ¯^vaxbZvDËiKv‡ji cÖvq `yB `kK
ZiæY-QvÎ-hyeviv evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z mwµq _vK‡jI GLb evsjv‡`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi GKwU eo msKU n‡jv ZiæY mgvR ev bZzb cÖRb¥ hv‡ì eqm
wZwik AwZµg K‡iwb, we‡kl K‡i QvÎ-hyev, Zviv GBme `‡ji mv‡_ †Kvb m¤úK©
iv‡Lbv| Zv‡ì mvaviY avibv, †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `jB †`‡ki Rb¨ KvR K‡ibv-Zviv
179
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
†Kej wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© †`‡L|
Z‡e wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©m~wP ZiæY‡ì‡K e¨vcKfv‡e
AvK…ó K‡i e‡j mK‡jB g‡b K‡ib| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h AvIqvgx jx‡Mi gnvweR‡qi
†cQ‡b ZiæY mgvR I wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki wekvj f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| †mB m~Î a‡iB ejv
hvq †h wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †ZvjvUv GB gyn~‡Z© evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡MiB KvR|
GB miKv‡ii †gqv` †k‡l ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hv‡e Kvi mvdj¨ K‡ZvUv|
AvIqvgx jxM, Riæix Ae¯’v I wbe©vPb: wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZi K_v ej‡jB
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ivRbxwZi K_v ej‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Rb¥ 23 Ryb
1949 m‡b| cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM †_‡K †ewi‡q GwU Aj cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg
jxM wn‡m‡e c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h H mg‡q
gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (e½eÜz †kL gywRei ingvb beMwVZ GB msMV‡bi
hyM¥ m¤úv`K wQ‡jb) c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM ˆZix Ki‡jI Zvi `j
†NvlYvi wKQzw`‡bi gv‡SB cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cxi gvbKv kixd GKB bv‡gi Av‡iv GwU
msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1950 mv‡j †nv‡mb knx` †nv‡mb knx` †mvn‡ivqv`©xi †bZ…‡Z¡
`ywU cÖwZôvb GKxf‚Z nq| 1955 mv‡j AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡K gymwjg kã ev`
†`qv nq| 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ
nb| Gici 68-69-70 mv‡j AvIqvgx jwN G‡Zv RbwcÖh nq †h ZrKvjxb
c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b Avi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍË¡B †Lv‡R cvIqv hvqwb| GKB mv‡_
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKK †bZvq cwiYZ nb| GB `j †`‡ki
¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`q| ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv Abymv‡i AvIqvgx jxM 75 ch©šÍ
†`k kvmb K‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi ci 75-Gi 15 AvM÷ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
nZ¨vi ci Pvi †bZv‡KI nZ¨v Kiv n‡j GB `‡j GKwU †bZ…Z¡nxb Ae¯’v ˆZix nq|
ZLb Avãyi iv¾v‡Ki †bZ…Z¡ evKkvj MwVZ n‡jI AvIqvgx jxM Avevi cyYM©wVZ
nq| 1981 mv‡j †kL nvwmbv bZzb K‡i msMwVZ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
GMv‡ivB Rvbyqvixi ci wech©¯Í weGbwc‡K wecbœ Ae¯’v‡Z †i‡LB, Ab¨ †KD ivR-
bxwZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ nevi Av‡MB, AvIqvgx jxM GKwU Zw¡iZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv
Ges ejvevûj¨ Zviv g‡b KiwQ‡jv †h †Zgb Ae¯’vq wbe©vP‡b Zv‡ì Rqx nevi m¤¢vebv
kZKiv cÖvq kZfvM wQ‡jv| wKš‘ AvIqvgx jxM Zvi `jxq ivRbxwZ‡K GB Q‡K mdj
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb | wbe©vPb wcwQ‡q hvq `y eQ‡ii Rb¨| miKv‡ii kc_ Abyôv‡b
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dLiæwÏb miKvi wQ‡jv L—Mn¯Í| GB gvÎv †kl ch©šÍ †kL nvwmbv ch©šÍ Mwo‡qwQ‡jv|
Rwjj I †mwjg‡K †MÖdZvi Kivi ci AvIqvgx jx‡Mi msKU Av‡iv †e‡owQ‡jv| GK
mg‡q GgbI g‡b n‡q‡Q †h, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi c‡ÿ Zv‡ì eZ©gvb †bZ…Z¡ ûeû AUzU
ivLv KwVb n‡e| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ GwU cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Rb¨ †kL
nvwmbvi †bZ…‡Z¡i †Kvb weKí †bB| AZx‡ZI †`Lv †M‡Q GB `j †_‡K †ewi‡q wM‡q
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180
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
c‡owQ‡jv| MZ 9 GwcÖj 2007 Zvi weiæ‡× wZb †KvwU UvKvi Pvu`vevwR gvgjv nevi
ci AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ivRbxwZi QK cvëv‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jv| A‡b‡KB cÖKv‡k¨
AvIqvgx jx‡M ms¯‹v‡ii K_v ej‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| 15 gvP© 2007 we‡`k hvevi Av‡M
†kL nvwmbv e‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb †h, wZwb ÿgZvq †M‡j GB miKv‡ii mKj Kg©KvÐ êa
Ki‡eb| H mg‡qB Av‡gwiKvq e½eÜzi Lybx aiv c‡o‡Q Ges cÖavb Dc‡`óv
dKiæwÏb Avn‡g` Rb¥w`‡b e½eÜzi gvRvi wRqviZ K‡i‡Qb| e½eÜzi Lybx‡K †`‡k
wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv Ges †mbvevwnbx cÖavb KZ…K
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AvnŸvb †_‡K GB miKv‡ii bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© GKwU bZzb w`Kwb‡`©kbvI cvIqv
wM‡qwQ‡jv| Z‡e GB †NvlYv cÖ`v‡bi wKQzw`b c‡iB †mbvcÖav‡bi bxieZv jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq Ges †kL nvwmbvi †`‡k †div AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o| cÖ_g cÖ‡Póvq †kL nvwmbv
†`‡k wdi‡Z cv‡ibwb| nvwmbvi weiæ‡× GKwU †mvqv wZb †KvwU UvKvi Pv`vevwRi
gvgjv Kivi ci cëb nZ¨v gvgjvq †kL nvwmbv‡K Rwo‡q PvR©kxU cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
Av`vjZ †mB gvgjvq †kL nvwmbvi weiæ‡× †MÖdZvwi c‡ivqvbvI Rvix Kiv nq| hwÌ
12 GwcÖj 2007 miKvi AZ¨šÍ ¯úó K‡i GK_v e‡jwQ‡jv †h, †kL nvwmbv‡K
†MÖdZvi Kivi †Kvb B”Qv Zv‡ì †bB| Zvi †`‡k wdi‡ZI †Kvb evav †bB| wKš‘ 17
GwcÖj 2007 miKvi †kL nvwmbv‡K †`‡k wdi‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kivi Rb¨ GKwU
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wQ‡jv| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ 19 GwcÖj 2007 wZwb jÛb †cŠQvb| Z‡e †Kvb GqvijvBÝ
hv‡Z Zv‡K XvKv ch©šÍ enb bv K‡i †mRb¨ miKvi mivmwi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| 23
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cvm cvbwb| Ab¨w`‡K 23 GwcÖjB cëb nZ¨v gvgjvq †kL nvwmbv‡K AšÍfz©³ K‡i
cÖ`vb Kiv PvR©kx‡Ui †cÖwÿ‡Z Zvi weiæ‡× Bmy¨ Kiv †MÖdZvwi c‡ivqvbv cÖZ¨vnvi
Kiv nq| 25 GwcÖj 2007 miKvi nvwmbv‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †cÖm‡bvUwUI cÖZ¨vnvi
Kiv nq| 7 †g 2007 †kL nvwmbv †`‡k wd‡i wecyj m¤â©bv cvb Ges cÖvq gy³ gvbyl
wn‡m‡e †`‡k Pjv‡div Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GB Ae¯’v e`‡j hvq Rwjj-†mwjg †MÖdZvi
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Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i miKvi wWwRGdAvB w`‡q ivR‰bwZK wbh©vZb Ki‡Q-
Ggb Awf‡hvM †Zv‡jb wZwb| wZwb `ªæZ wbe©vPb `vex K‡ib Ges miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
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vweRq AR©b K‡ib| GB `j Zv‡ì wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡i w`b e`‡ji K_v e‡j Ges
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Avmv BZ¨vw` bZzb RwUjZvi wkKvi n‡”Q GB miKvi| cvwb I we`y¨r msK‡Ui Rb¨
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Zv‡ì‡K DØy× Kivi I Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡R jvMvevi g‡Zv kw³ I †bZ…Z¡ bv _vK‡j GB
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Ggb cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
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wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k

cÖ_g cÖKvk : 3 ˆRô¨ 1416, 16 †g 2009

Ggb hš¿ gvbyl‡K †cŠQvq wkíhy‡M

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP

MZ 25 gvP© 2009 wewmGm wWwRUvj G·‡cv-2009 Gi D‡Øvabx Abyl&Vôv‡b cÖavbgš¿x †kL

GB Kg©m~wPi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv:

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k-Gi mswÿß cÖ¯Ívebv

dvBj I wdZvwfwËK miKvi e¨e¯’vi e`‡j miKvi KvR Ki‡e †bUIqvK©W,

RvZxq m¤§vbbv MÖn‡Yi ci †mbvevwnbx cÖavb †Rbv‡ij gBb BD Avn‡g` Gi mv‡_

AbjvBb wWwRUvj wek¦‡Kvl DBwKwcwWqvi D×…wZ Abymv‡i, Democracy is a

form of government in which power is held directly or

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of different parties appear to work together as a corporate body.

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