Quadratic Equation Theory - H

MATHS
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1
Quadratic Equation
1. r s< (Polynomial) :
+i : +n- f := v+i liili- ti l+
f(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n 1
x
n 1
+ .......+ a
1
x + a
0
ti a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
n
e R -i t +n- f, i--l+ n ii +i ini n ii- +i t < +tni-i t l+
a
n
= 0, n e W
l< a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, ....., a
n
e C ti . -i t =l-n n ii +i ini t < +tni-i t
2. fziia r s< y fziia ut+i (Quadratic polynomial & Quadratic equation) :
<i ii- +i (+ t < l,ii- t < +tni-i t +i: =ni+i f(x) = 0, ti f l,ii- t < t . l,ii- =ni+i
+tni-i t l,ii- =ni+i +i i+ l--- t
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 .......(i)
ti a, b, c i--l+ = i( t l+ a = 0.
l< a = 0 ti . -i =ni+i (i) li+ =ni+i - i-i t
3. ut+i y u uf+i -a (Difference between equation & identity) :
l< +i: +i- - + =ii ni-i + ln( = ti. -i +i- ==ln+i +tni-i t l< +i- - + +z ti ni-i
+ ln( = ti . -i +i- =ni+i +tni-i t
a<iri: (i) (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 6x + 9 (+ = =ln+i t
(ii) (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 6x + 8 (+ =ni+i t l=+i +i : n n -ti t
(iii) (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 5x + 8 (+ =ni+i t l=+i (+ n n 1 t
(+ l,ii- =ni+i + ai+ <i n n ti - t i i--l+ (=ni- i ~=ni-) i +i-l-+ ti =+- t
a x
2
+ b x + c = 0
(+ l,ii- =ni+i ti ni l< a = 0 <i n n
li+ =ni+i ti ni l< a = 0, b = 0 (+ n n
liiiii= t l< a = b = 0, c = 0 +i : n n -ti
= =ln+i tini l< a = b = c = 0 ~--- n n
l< ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, x + -i- li--li-- ni-i = =-- ti . -i t (+ = =ln+i ti ni
a<iri # 1 : (i) 3x
2
+ 2x 1 = 0 (+ l,ii- =ni+i t . ti a = 3 t
(ii) (x + 1)
2
= x
2
+ 2x + 1, x n (+ = =ln+i t
rn : ti l< n =-i n x +i ~li+-n ii- 2 t ( t = -i x + -i- li--li-- ni-i x= 0, x = 1
~i x = 1 = = -- ti -i t ~- t (+ ==ln+i t +i l+ (+ n ii- + t < =ni+i + n
= i<i li--li-- nn -ti ti =+- t
4. ni aii n ii +i u-ri (Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients) :
(i) l,ii- =ni+i a x
2
+ b x + c = 0, (a = 0) + tn x =
a 2
c a 4 b b
2

,ii l< i- t
MATHS
2
+ b
2
4 a c D, l,ii- =ni+i +i l -+ +tni-i t
(ii) l< l,ii- =ni+i
a x
2
+ b x + c = 0 .......(i)
+ n n o, | ti . -i =ni+i (i) +i a(x o) (x |) = 0 ,ii lnii i =+-i t
i ax
2
a(o + |)x + a o| = 0 ......(ii)
=ni+i (i) ( (ii) (+ =ni- t
n ii +i +i - n-i +-
n ni +i i n = o + | =
a
b
=
xq.kkad dk
xq.kkad dk
2
x
x
-ii n ni +i n i-+n = o| =
a
c
=
dk xq.kkad
vpj in
2
x
(iii) =ni+i (i) +i a = liil- +-
x
2
+
a
b
x +
a
c
= 0
x
2

|
.
|
\
|
a
b
x +
a
c
= 0
x
2
(o + |)x + o| = 0
x
2
(n ni +i i n) x + (n ni +i n i-+n) = 0
:== l-+i l-+n-i t l+ l,ii- =ni+i l=+ n n o ( | ti . x
2
(o + |)x + o| = 0 ti -i t
a<iri # 2 : l< ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 + <i n n o ~i | ti . -i t =ni+i ai- +il( l=+ n n o + 2 ~i | +
2 t
rn l< n =ni+i n x +i (x 2) = l--iil- +- . ~ii =ni+i t
a(x 2)
2
+ b(x 2) + c = 0 ~ii - ax
2
(4a b)x + (4a 2b + c) = 0.
a<iri # 3 : =ni+i x
2
+ px + q = 0 n x + nii+ +i nn-i = 13 +i nt 17 lni- nn 2 ~i 15 i--
ti- t -i n n (=ti) =ni+i + nn ai- +il(
rn ti q = ( 2) ( 15) = 30, p +i =ti ni- = 13. ~- n n (=ti) =ni+i t
x
2
+ 13x + 30 = 0
(x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
n n 10, 3
4iu +i4 :
(1) l< o, | l,ii- =ni+i ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 + n n ti . -i t l,ii- =ni+i ai- +il( l=+ n n
t
(i) 2o, 2| (ii) o
2
, |
2
(iii) o + 1, | + 1
(iv)
o
o +
1
1
,
|
| +
1
1
(v)
|
o
,
o
|
(2) l< =ni+i ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 + n ni +i ~- i- r ti -i l=, +il( l+
r
) 1 r (
2
+
=
ac
b
2
.
a-i : (1) (i) ax
2
+ 2bx + 4c = 0 (ii) a
2
x
2
+ (2ac b
2
) x + c
2
= 0
(iii) ax
2
(2a b) x + a + c b = 0
(iv) (a + b + c)x
2
2(a c) x + a b + c = 0
(v) ac x
2
(b
2
2ac) x + ac = 0
MATHS
3
5. ni +t s + fa (Nature of Roots) :
ni-i ax
2
+ b x + c = 0 (+ l,ii- =ni+i t l=+ n n o
,
| t
D b
2
4 a c
D = 0 D = 0
n n =ni- t . ~ii - o = | = b/2a n n ~=ni- t
-ii l,ii- + +i (+ li+ t < +
i n + n +- l+i i =+-i t
a, b, c e R, ( D > 0 a, b, c e R, ( D < 0
n n i--l+ t n n +i-l-+ t . ~ii - o = p + i q, | = p i q
a, b, c e Q ( a, b, c e Q (
D (+ ln = i +i i n t D (+ ln = i +i i n -ti t
n n ln t n n ~ln t
+ ~ii - o = p +
q
, | = p
q
a = 1 ~i b, c e I ( D (+ ii + = i +i i n t
nn ii + t
a<iri # 4 : 'm' + l+- ni-i + ln =ni+i (1 + m) x
2
2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 + n n i t
rn : <i n: =ni+i (1 + m) x
2
2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 ........(i)
ni-i =ni+i (i) +i l -+ D t
=ni+i (i) + n n i ti n l< D = 0 ti
~ii - 4(1 + 3m)
2
4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0
~ii - 4(1 + 9m
2
+ 6m 1 9m 8m
2
) = 0
~ii - m
2
3m = 0 i m(m 3) = 0
m = 0, 3.
a<iri # 5 : 'a' + =ii ii + ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln =ni+i (x a) (x 10) + 1 = 0 + n n ii + ti
rn : <i n: =ni+i x
2
(a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0 t - l+ ii + n n =< ln ti - t ~ii - D i
n ti-i -ilt(
(i) = D = a
2
20a + 96.
D = (a 10)
2
4
4 = (a 10)
2
D
nl+- D (+ i n t ~ii- tn -it- t l+ <i i ni +i ~-- 4 ti i +n -ii =i t
(a 10)
2
= 4 ( D = 0 ti
(a 10) = 2
a = 12, 8
MATHS
4
a<iri # 6 : l< =ni+i (x a) (x b) k = 0 + n n 'c' ~i 'd' ti -i l=, +il( l+ =ni+i
(x c) (x d) + k = 0 + n n 'a' ~i 'b' t
rn : l<( n l--i =
(x a) (x b) k (x c) (x d)
i (x c) (x d) + k (x a) (x b)
~- :== l=z ti -i t l+ =ni+i (x c) (x d) + k = 0 + n n a ~i b t
a<iri # 7 : 'a' +i t ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln( x
2
11x + a ( x
2
14x + 2a +i (+ n i-i -il-a t
rn : ni-i x
2
11x + a ( x
2
14x + 2a +i (+ -il-a n i-i x o t
- x = o =ni+i x
2
11x + a = 0 ( x
2
14x + 2a = 0 +i =-- + ni
o
2
11o + a = 0 ( o
2
14o + 2a = 0
=ni+i (i) ( (ii) +i n i- lli = tn +- a = 0, 24.
a<iri # 8 : <lzi - +il( l+ + x
2
+ 2(a + b + c)x + 3(bc + ca + ab) (+ i n t l< a = b = c.
rn : l<i ni + i n ti ni l< :=+ =n- =ni+i +i l-+ zi- ti
~ii - 4(a + b + c)
2
4.3 (bc + ca + ab) = 0
i (a + b + c)
2
3(bc + ca + ab) = 0
i
2
1
((a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
) = 0
i +n -ii = i t a = b = c ti
4iu +i4 :
(3) 'k' + l+= ni- + ln( + (4 k)x
2
+ 2(k + 2)x + 8k + 1 (+ i n ti ni `
(4) l< + a
1
x
2
+ b
1
x +c -ii a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x + c +i -il-a ni-i (x o) ti . -i l=z +il( l+
o(a
1
a
2
) = b
2
b
1
.
(5) l< 3x
2
+ 2oxy + 2y
2
+ 2ax 4y + 1 +i <i ii n i-ii + n lnii i =+-i ti . -i l=z
+il( l+ =ni+i x
2
+ 4ax + 2a
2
+ 6 = 0 +i (+ n n 'o' t
(6) ni-il+ 4x
2
4(o 2)x + o 2 = 0 (o e R), (+ l,ii- =ni+i t 'o' + ni- ai- +il( l-+
ln
(i) <i-i nn i--l+ ~i li-- ti
(ii) <i -i n n =ni- ti
(iii) <i -i n n +i-l-+ ti
(iv) <i-i nni + l--t li- ti
(v) <i-i n ni +i lnii i ti ( l--t li- ti
(7) l< P(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c, -ii Q(x) = ax
2
+ dx + c, ac = 0 ti . -i l=, +il( l+
P(x) . Q(x) = 0 + +n = +n <i n n i--l+ t
Answers. (3) 0, 3
(6) (i) ( , 2) (3, ) (ii) o e {2, 3} (iii) (2, 3) (iv) ( , 2) (v) |
MATHS
5
6. ai4faa n (Common Roots) :
ni-il+ <i l,ii- =ni+i a
1
x
2
+ b
1
x + c
1
= 0 ( a
2
x
2
+ b
2
x + c
2
= 0 t
(i) l< <i -i l,ii- =ni+ii + <i -i n n -il-a ti . -i <i -i =ni+i = =n ti ni ( --+ n ii +
=ni- i-i ti n ~ii -
2
1
a
a
=
2
1
b
b
=
2
1
c
c
.
(ii) l< + n (+ n n -il-a ti . -i -il-a n n
o =
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
b a b a
a c a c
=
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
a c a c
c b c b
ti ni
~- (+ nn -il-a ti - + ln( ~iz+ l--i
( )
2
1 2 2 1
a c a c
=
( )
1 2 2 1
b a b a ( )
1 2 2 1
c b c b
tini
ai a : l< f(x) = 0 ( g(x) = 0 <i t <i =ni+i t l-+ + z n n -il-a t -i -il-a n n =ni+i
h(x) = a f(x) + b g(x) = 0 + ii n n ti - t
a<iri # 9 : l< x
2
ax + b = 0 -ii x
2
px + q = 0 <i -i +i (+ n n -il-a t -ii l,-i =ni+i n <i -i
n n =ni- t -i <lzi - +il( l+ b + q =
2
ap
ti ni
rn : l<( n( =ni+i x
2
ax + b = 0 ........ (i)
-ii x
2
px + q = 0 ........ (ii) t
ni-i 'o' :-+i (+ -il-a nn t - =ni+i (ii) + nn 'o' -ii 'o' tin ni-i =ni+i (i) +i <=i
n n '|' t := +i =ni+i (i) + nn o, | t -ii =ni+i (ii) + n n o, o t
~ o + | = a ........ (iii)
o| = b ........ (iv)
2o = p ........ (v)
o
2
= q ........ (vi)
i i ~i (L.H.S). = b + q = o| + o
2
= o(o + |) ........ (vii)
( <i i ~i (R.H.S.) =
2
ap
=
2
2 ) ( o | + o
= o (o + |) ........ (viii)
(vii) ( (viii) =. ii ~i = <ii ~i
a<iri # 10 : l< a, b, c e R -ii =ni+ii ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 -ii x
2
+ 2x + 9 = 0 n (+ n n -il-a t -i l=,
+il( l+ a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9.
rn : <i ni =ni+i x
2
+ 2x + 9 = 0 ........ (i)
-ii ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 t ........ (ii)
-- =ni+i (i) + nn +i-l-+ t - l+ =ni+i (i) ( (ii) +i (+ n n -il-a t. ~- -il-a
nn +i-l-+ ti- -ilt( -ii := +i <i-i nn -il-a ti n :=ln( =ni+i (i) ( (ii) ==n t
1
a
=
2
b
=
9
c
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9
4iu +i4 :
(8) l< =ni+ii x
2
+ bx + ac = 0 -ii x
2
+ cx + ab = 0 n (+ nn -il-a ti. -i l=, +il( l+ <=
n n =ni+i x
2
+ ax + bc = 0 + n n t
(9) l< =ni+ii ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 -ii x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 2 = 0 + <i n n -il-a ti -i <lzi - +il(
l+ a = b = c.
MATHS
6
(10) l< =ni+ii ax
2
+ 2bx + c = 0 -ii a
1
x
2
+ 2b
1
x + c
1
= 0 n (+ n n -il-a ti ~i
1
a
a
,
1
b
b
,
1
c
c
=ni-- c i n ti . -i <lzi - l+l( l+ a
1
, b
1
, c
1
n ii -i c i n t
7. fziia -4 + +i in i (Graph of Quadratic Expression) :
y = f (x) = a x
2
+ b x + c
4i
|
.
|
\
|
+
a 4
D
y
= a
2
a 2
b
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
x, y n ~in i =< (+ n t
ziii + l-<zii+ |
|
.
|
\
|

a 4
D
,
a 2
b
t
l< a > 0 ti . -i n +i ~i+i - +i ~i ~-n t -ii l< a < 0 ti . -i n +i ~i+i -i-
+i ~i ~-n t
n y~-i +i l-< (0, c) l--z< +-i t
n ( x~-i + l--z< l-<~i + x-l-<zii+ l,ii- =ni+i f (x) = 0 + i--l+ nn ti- t
~- n x ~-i +i l--z< + =+-i t ~i -ti ii
8. fziia -4 + f(x) = a x
2
+ b x + c +i sfu
(Range of Quadratic Expression f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c)
(i) sfu
l < a > 0 f (x) e |
|
.
|
,
a 4
D
l< a < 0 f (x) e (
\
|

a 4
D
,
+ f (x) +i ~li+-n ( - --n ni- =n- l-il-i n
a 4
D
ti-i t ( t x =
a 2
b
(ziii )
i-- ti-i t
(ii) sfaf-ria si-a sfu
l<i ni t l+ x e [x
1
, x
2
],
(a) l<
a 2
b
e [x
1
, x
2
] ti . -i
f (x) e [min {f(x
1
), f(x
2
)}, max{f(x
1
), f(x
2
)}]
MATHS
7
(b) l<
a 2
b
e [x
1
, x
2
] ti . -i
f (x) e (
)
`
)
`
a 4
D
, x f , x f max ,
a 4
D
, x f , x f min ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
a<iri # 11 : l< c < 0 ( ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 +i +i : i--l+ n n -ti t - l=z +il( l+
(i) a b + c < 0 (ii) 9a + 3b + c < 0.
rn : c < 0 ( D < 0 f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c < 0 x e R
f( 1) = a b + c < 0
( f(3) = 9a + 3b + c < 0
a<iri # 12 : f(x) = x
2
5x + 6 +i ~li+-n -ii - --n ni- ai- +il(
rn : x =
a 2
b
f(x) +i - --n ni- =
a 4
D
x =
2
5
.
a 4
D
=
|
.
|
\
|
4
24 25
=
4
1
f(x) +i ~li+-n ni-
~- l=
|
.
|
,
4
1
t
a<iri # 13 : li--in+ + y =
1 x x
1 x x
2
2
+ +
+
, x e R +i l= ai- +il(
rn : y =
1 x x
1 x x
2
2
+ +
+
(y 1)x
2
+ (y + 1) x + y 1 = 0 ........(i)
l-il--I : l< y = 1 ti . -i =ni+i (i), x n l,ii- t
x i--l+ t.
D > 0
(y + 1)
2
4(y 1)
2
> 0 (y 3) (3y 1) s 0
y e
(
3 ,
3
1
{1}
l-il--II : l< y = 1 ti . -i =ni+i (i) l--- +i ti i-i t
2x = 0 x = 0 i =i t (+i l+ x e R)
l=
(
3 ,
3
1
a<iri # 14 : y =
6 x 3 x 2
2 x
2
+ +
+
, x e R +i l= ai- +il(
rn : y =
6 x 3 x 2
2 x
2
+ +
+
2yx
2
+ 3yx + 6y = x + 2
2yx
2
+ (3y 1) x + 6y 2 = 0 .......(i)
MATHS
8
l-il--I : l< y = 0 ti . -i =ni+i (i), x n l,ii- t
x i--l+ t
D > 0
(3y 1)
2
8y (6y 2) > 0
(3y 1) (13y + 1) s 0
y e
(
3
1
,
13
1
{0}
l-il--II : l< y = 0 ti . -i =ni+i (i) l--- +i ti i-i t
x = 2 i = i t (+il+ x e R)
l= y e
(
3
1
,
13
1
4iu +i4 :
(11) l< c > 0 ti ( ax
2
+ 2bx + 3c = 0 +i +i : i--l+ n n -ti ti . -i l=z +il( l+
(i) a 2b + 3c > 0 (ii) a + 4b + 12c > 0
(12) l< f(x) = (x a) (x b) ti . -i <lzi - +il( l+ f(x) >
4
) b a (
2
.
(13) 'k' + l+= - --n ii + ni- + ln( l,ii- t < (k 2) x
2
+ 8x + k + 4 > 0 x e R ti ni `
(14) +
7 x 2 x
71 x 34 x
2
2
+
+
. x e R +i l= ai- +il(
(15) +
m x 3 x 4
4 x 3 mx
2
2
+ +
+
, x e R + =ii i--l+ ni- =-i ti- + ln( 'm' l+= ~--in n l-i-
tini. ai- +il(
Answers : (13) k = 5 (14) ( , 5] [9, ) (15) m e [1, 7]
9. fziia -4 + +i f-r (Sign of Quadratic Expressions) :
x = x
0
+ f (x) = a x
2
+ b x + c +i ni- n y = a x
2
+ b x + c l-i- l-< l=+i xl-< zii +
x
0
t, + yl-<zii+ + i ti-i t ~- l< l+=i x = x
0
+ ln( l-< x~-i = - l-i- ti. -i f (x
0
) > 0
( x ~-i = -i- l-i- ti. -i f(x
0
) < 0
x~-i + =i-i n +i l---i-=i z l-il-i =-i t
(i) fa+i
(a) a > 0
(b) D > 0
(c) nn i--l+ ( li--li-- t
(d) x e ( , o) (|, ) n f(x) > 0
(e) x e (o, |) n f(x) < 0
(ii) (a) a > 0
(b) D = 0
(c) n n i--l+ ( =ni- t
(d) x e R {o} n f(x) > 0
MATHS
9
(iii) (a) a > 0
(b) D < 0
(c) nn +i-l-+ t
(d) x e R + ln( f(x) > 0
(iv) (a) a < 0
(b) D > 0
(c) nn i--l+ ( li--li-- t
(d) x e ( , o) (|, ) n f(x) < 0
(e) x e (o, |) n f(x) > 0
(v) (a) a < 0
(b) D = 0
(c) nn i--l+ ( =ni- t
(d) x e R {o} n f(x) < 0
(vi) (a) a < 0
(b) D < 0
(c) nn +i-l-+ t
(d) x e R + ln( f(x) < 0
10. fziia uf+ii + rn (Solution of Quadratic Inequalities) :
~=ln+i ax
2
+ bx + c > 0 (a = 0) +i =-- +- in x + ni- t
(i) l< D > 0 ~ii - =ni+i ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 + 0 x e (, o) (|, )
a < 0 x e (o, |)
(ii) l< D = 0 ~ii - n n i t ~ii - o = |
- a > 0 x e (, o) (o, )
a < 0 x e |
(iii) l< D < 0 ~ii - =ni+i ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 +i +i : i--l+ n n -ti t
- a > 0 x e R
a < 0 x e |
(iv)
......... ) x ( C ) x ( B ) x ( A
......... ) x ( R ) x ( Q ) x ( P
=
>
<
0 + +i ~=ln+i~i +i ~--in lli +i -i n ++ ziii tn + =+-
t . ti A, B, C........, P, Q, R......... ' x ' + li+ +n- t
a<iri # 15 :
1 x
7 x 6 x
2
2
+
+
s 2 +i tn +il(
rn : x
2
+ 6x 7 s 2x
2
+ 2 x
2
6x + 9 > 0
(x 3)
2
> 0 x e R
a<iri # 16 :
| 1 x |
1 x x
2
+
+ +
> 0 +i tn +il(
MATHS
10
rn :
| 1 x |
1 x x
2
+
+ +
> 0 ........(i)
|x + 1| > 0, x e R {1}
(i) = x
2
+ x + 1 > 0, x = 1
x
2
+ x + 1 > 0, x e R (a > 0 -ii D < 0 ti - + ~- =i)
(i) +i tn x e R {1} ti ni
a<iri # 17 :
1 x x
1 x 3 x
2
2
+ +

< 3 +i tn +il(
rn :
1 x x
| 1 x 3 x |
2
2
+ +

< 3.
(x
2
+ x + 1) > 0, x e R
ni- ni- t
|x
2
3x 1| < 3(x
2
+ x + 1)
(x
2
3x 1)
2
{3(x
2
+ x + 1)}
2
< 0
(4x
2
+ 2) ( 2x
2
6x 4) < 0
(2x
2
+ 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) > 0 x e ( , 2) ( 1, )
4iu +i4 :
(16) l---lnli- ~=ln+i~i +i tn +il(
(i) |x
2
+ x | 5 < 0 (ii) x
2
7x + 12 < |x 4|
(17)
9 x
x 2
2
s
2 x
1
+
+i tn +il(
(18) ~=ln+i (x
2
+ 3x + 1) (x
2
+3x 3) > 5 +i tn +il(
(19) ~=ln+i
1 x x
1 x x
2
2
+ +
+ o +
< 3 , x e R +i =-- +- + ln( i-n 'o' + ni- ai- +il(
(20)
4 x
4 x 5 x
2
2
+
s 1 +i tn +il(
Answers : (16) (i)
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1 21
,
2
21 1
(ii) (2, 4)
(17) ( , 3) ( 2, 3) (18) ( , 4] [2, 1] [1, )
(19) (1, 5) (20) (
5
8
, 0

|
.
|
,
2
5
11. ni +t fifa (Location of Roots) :
f (x) = ax + bx + c, ti a > 0 ( a, b, c e R.
(i) (ii) (iii)
MATHS
11
(i) f (x) = 0 + 0 ( f (x
0
) > 0 ( ( b/2a) > x
0
(ii) f (x) = 0 + <i-i n n (+ lzi i = i x
0
= zi ti - + ln( l--- l--i t
b 4ac > 0 ( f (x
0
) > 0 ( ( b/2a) < x
0
.
(iii) = i x
0
=ni+i f (x) = 0 + n ni + n l-i- ti - + ln( l--i f (x
0
) < 0 t
(iv) (v)
(iv) =ni+i f (x) = 0 + 0 ( f (x
1
) > 0 ( f (x
2
) > 0 ( x
1
< ( b/2a) < x
2
(v) =ni+i f (x) = 0 +i ai+ (+ n n ~--in (x
1
, x
2
) n l-i- ~ii - x
1
< x < x
2
ti - + ln( l--i
f (x
1
). f (x
2
) < 0 t
a<iri # 18 : ni-i x
2
(m 3) x + m = 0 (m e R) (+ l,ii- =ni+i t . - m + ni- ai- +il( l+
(a) <i-i n n 2 = ti
(b) 0 (m 3)
2
4m > 0 m
2
10m + 9 > 0
(m 1) (m 9) > 0
m e ( , 1] [9, ) ......(i)
l--i - II : f(2) > 0 4 (m 3)2 + m > 0 m < 10 ......(ii)
l--i - III :
a 2
b
> 2 2
2
3 m
>
m > 7 .....(iii)
= l-a = m e [9, 10)
(b)
l--i - I D > 0 m e ( , 1] [9, )
l--i - II f(0) > 0 m > 0
l--i - III
a 2
b
> 0
2
3 m
> 0 m > 3
(i), (ii) ( (iii) + = l-a = m e [9, ) Ans.
MATHS
12
(c)
l--i - I f(0) < 0 m < 0 Ans.
(d)
l--i - I f(1) < 0 4 < 0 m e |
l--i - II f(2) < 0 m > 10
= l-a = m e | Ans.
(e) n ni +i i n = 0 m = 3
( f(0) < 0 m < 0
m e | Ans.
(f)
l--i - I D > 0 m e ( , 1] [9, )
l--i - II f(1) > 0 1 (m 3) + m > 0 4 > 0 i l+ 'm' + v+ i--l+ ni- +
ln( = t ~- m e R
l--i - III f(2) > 0 m < 10
l--i - IV 1 <
a 2
b
< 2 1 <
2
3 m
< 2 5 < m < 7
= l-a = m e | Ans.
a<iri # 19 : =ni+i (a 2)x
2
+ 2ax + (a + 3) = 0 + 0 a > 2
l--i-I : f(2) > 0 (a 2)4 4a + a + 3 > 0
a 5 > 0 a > 5
l--i-II : f(1)> 0 4a + 1 > 0 a >
4
1
l--i-III : D > 0 4a
2
4(a + 3) (a 2) > 0 a s 6
l--i-IV : 2 <
a 2
b
< 1 a e ( , 1) (4, )
= l-a = a e (5, 6]. Ans.
MATHS
13
l-il--II a 2 < 0
a < 2
l--i- I f(2) < 0 a < 5
l--i- II f(1) < 0, a <
4
1
l--i- III 2 <
a 2
b
< 1 a e ( , 1) (4, )
l--i- IV D > 0 a s 6
= l-a = a e |
.
|
\
|

4
1
,
=- i tn a e |
.
|
\
|

4
1
, (5, 6] ti ni
4iu +i4
(21) l< l,ii- =ni+i 4x
2
4(o 2)x + o 2 = 0 (o e R) ti . -i o +i ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln(
(a) <i -i n n i-in+ ti (b) <i -i n n +iin+ ti
(c) <i -i nn ll- l--t + ti (d) <i -i nn 1/2 = ti
(e) <i -i n n 1/2 = zi ti
(f) (+ n n 1/2 = zi i -ii < =i n n 1/2 = i ti
(22) i-in 'a' +i ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln( l,ii- =ni+i x
2
+ 2(a 1)x + a + 5 = 0 + n n
(i) i-in+ ti (ii) +iin+ ti (iii) li- l--t + ti
(23) =ni+i 4x
2
20px + (25p
2
+ 15p 66) = 0 + <i-i nn 2 = zi ti- + ln( 'p' + ni- ai- +il(
(24) o + ni- ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln( 6, =ni+i x
2
+ 2(o 3)x + 9 = 0 + n ni + n l-i-
ti ni
(25) l< 4x
2
4(o 2)x + o 2 = 0 (o e R) l,ii- =ni+i ti . -i 'o' +i ni- ai- +il( l=+ ln(
(i) ai+ (+ nn |
.
|
\
|
2
1
, 0 n ti (ii) <i -i n n |
.
|
\
|
2
1
, 0 n ti
(iii) +n = +n (+ n n |
.
|
\
|
2
1
, 0 n ti
(iv) (+ n n 1/2 = i -ii < =i 0 = zii ti
(26) l,ii- + ax
2
+ (a 2) x 2 +i ni- 'x' + ai+ <i ii + ni-i + ln( +iin+ ti- + ln( 'a'
+ ni- ai- +il(
Answers : (21) (a) [3, ) (b) | (c) ( , 2) (d) | (e) ( , 2] (f) (3, )
(22) (i) (5, 1] (ii) [4, ) (iii) ( , 5)
(23) ( , 1) (24)
|
.
|
\
|

4
3
,
(25) (i) ( , 2) (3, ) (ii) | (iii) ( , 2) (3, ) (iv) |
(26) [1, 2)
MATHS
14
12. ut+i fuzi-a (Theory of Equations) :
l< f(x) = a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ a
2
x
n-2
+.... + a
n-1
x + a
n
= 0, ti a
0,
a
1,
.... a
n
=ii i--l+ t -ii a
0
= 0, + n n
o
1,
o
2,
o
3,
......o
n
ti . -i o
1
=
0
1
a
a
, o
1
o
2
= +
0
2
a
a
, o
1
o
2
o
3
=
0
3
a
a
,....., o
1
o
2
o
3.
.......o
n
= (1)
n
0
n
a
a
ai a : (i) l< =ni+i f(x) = 0 +i (+ nn 'o' ti. -i t< f(x), (x o) = i- liil- ti-i t i f(x) +i (+
n i-i (x o) tini :=i v+i :=+i li- ii = t
(ii) n (n > 1) ii- +i + =ni+i + ai+ n nn ti- t -ii l< =ni+i + nn n = ~li+ t. - t
(+ = =ln+i +tni-i t
(iii) l< f(x) = 0 + =ii nii+ i--l+ ti ( :=+i (+ nn o + i| ti. -i o i| ii :=+i (+ nn tini
~ii - +i-l-+ n n = ni ni n ti - t
(iv) (+ lin ii- +i =ni+i + i--l+ nni +i = i lin ti ni -ii =n ii- +i =ni+i + i--l+
n ni +i =i =n tini
(v) l< =ni+i + =ii n ii+ ln t -ii :=+i (+ nn o + | ti . -i o | ii :=+i nn tini
ti o, | e Q -ii | ln = i +i n -ti t
(vi) l< +i : <i i--l+ = i( a ( b := +i ti l+ f(a) ( f(b) li- l--t + ti . -i a ( b +
n. f(x) = 0 + i--l+ nni +i =i lin (+n = +n (+ i--l+ nn) tini
(vii) lin ii- +i + =ni+i f(x) = 0 +i (+ i--l+ n n := =ni+i + ~l--n < + l--t + li-
l--t +i ti-i t (l< ~li+-n ii- + < +i nii+ i-in+ ti).
a<iri # 20 : l< 2x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 5x + 6 = 0 + n n o, |, ti . -i - o + | + , o| + | + o ( o| ai- +il(
rn : nni -ii nii+i n =--i + vin =
o + | + = =
2
3
, o| + | + o =
2
5
, o| =
2
6
= 3.
4iu +i4 :
(27) l< lziii- =ni+i x
3
px
2
+ qx r = 0 + nn =ni-- ci n ti . -i p, q ( r n = --i ai- +il(
(28) l< =ni+i x
3
+ qx + r = 0 + n n o, |, ti . -i - t =ni+i ai- +il( l=+ n n l---
ti
(a) o + |, | + , + o (b) o|, |, o
(c) o
2
, |
2
,
2
(d) o
3
, |
3
,
3
Answers : (27) 2p
3
9pq + 27r = 0
(28) (a) x
3
+ qx r = 0 (b) x
3
qx
2
r
2
= 0
(c) x
3
+ 2qx
2
+ q
2
x r
2
= 0 (d) x
3
+ 3x
2
r + (3r
2
+ q
3
) x + r
3
= 0

Quadratic Equation Theory - H

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