PHYSICS

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1
fua riii CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. fua riii
(a) l+=i ~-v-i +i -izi+n = ~izi vit +i < iii +tni-i t
l< Aq ~izi At =n n vilt- ti -i
~i=- iii I
av
=
t
q
A
A
-ii -i-ili+ iii i =.
dt
dq
t
q
Lim
0 t
=
A
A
A
(b) iii vit +i l<zii i- ~izi + vit +i l<zii n ti-i t ~ii +i ~izi + vit + li- l<zii n
ti-i t nl+- l- iii (+ ~l<zi ilzi t
i i
q n q n
iii +i SI nizi+ (-i t
1 (-i = 1 + nin/= c
1 + ni n/= c= 1 (-i
2. in+ :
+z <iii n . v+ nii ~ii ~i +i i-n +-ii +i :n+ i - + n -iii n = ii t ~i ti -i t
:n+i - <ii n nl- +- + ln( nnin ---zi ti- t. :-+i n+- :n+i - (conduction electrons) ii +t-
t := v+i + <iii +i l+=i l--izi n ii i-i t. -i n+- :n+i - l--izi +i l<zii + li-
l<zii n nl- +- t (= <ii -in+ +tni- t
3. +in+
l- <iii n =i :n+i- --+ =n- nii~i ~ii ~i~i + =ii <c-i + i t( ti- t. +-in+ +tni-
t viii = :-n +i: n+- :n+i - -ti ti- t := v+i + <ii +i l+=i l- -izi n i- t -i
:n+i- l- -izi +i l<zii + li- ii i=i l-iil- -i ti =+- t.l+-- ~- -+ nii i ~i +i
zi + ~nn -ti ti =+- t ~- n-i < i - -ti + i- t := v+i + <ii siua s<ii ii +tni-
t
4. & in+
~z-in+ l--- -i +-in+ +i iil- ti +- t. l+-- --- -i +z :n+i - ---zi ti i- t
~i ~iil- l--izi + li- l<zii n nl- +- t n+- :n+i-i +i =i -in+i +i -n-i n t- +n
ti - + +ii. :-+i ti -in+ ( + -in+ + i- ti -i t . ~- :-+i ~z -in+ +t- t
~z -in+ n n +- ti- ini :n +i - :=+i =ini- -i l-il- n (+ +i --- + < -i t t +i ii
-in- n =ti-i +-i t
riii, n i riii ia-
n (+i+ ~i-- n n+- ~izi +i
q + n+- +i +i ~izi
i (+i+ =n n ~izi it
i = nqvA
PHYSICS
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2
riii ia-
l+=i l-< (+i + ~- v-i +i -i zi+n = ~lin-- n - ini iii +i -= l-< iii i- +t- t . t (+
=l<zi ilzi t ~i :=+i l<zii -= l-< iii +i l<zii n ti -i t
n
ds
di
J

=
~- di = s d . J

iii i- +i +n+= ti iii ti -i t

~i zi =-ii + l-ni-=i :
-in+ + (+ l= = vl ti- ini ~i zi = < = l= = it l-+n- ini ~i zi ~- -in+ +i ~-v-i +i
ll- - ti - = iii ll- - -ti ti -i t . =ii ti -in+ = iii vilt- ti -i t -i t l - -<i=i- ti t-i t
Example 1. (+ iil+ -i + (+ i+ ~i-- n n +- :n + i -i +i = i ai- +il( -i + <ii +i i- 10
4
kg/m
3
, nii +ni + 100 t ~i v + nii + =n- (+ n +- :n + i- t
Solution : (+i+ ~i-- n n+- :n+i-i +i =i (n) =
ru vk; dqy
k dh la[; kWuksa V eqDr bysD dqy
+ nii (+ :n + i- n +- +-i t ~-
n+- :n+i-i +i =i = +n nii~i +i =i =
M
M
N
W
A

~- n =
V
M
M
N
W
A

=
d
M
N
W
A

=
3
4 23
10 100
10 10 023 . 6

n = 6.023 10
28
5. in+ rn a i ai +t nfa
-ni -i + +ii =ii n +- :n +i- i<-z nl- +- t
=--i
2
3
KT =
2
1
mv
2
nin ti-i t
+n + -i :-+i -in nnin 10
6
m/sec i 10
3
km/sec ti-i t
l+-- ~i =- n zi - ti -i t . l== l+=i ii l<zii n iii zi - ti ni
-in+ +i l - -i zi n ii i-i t -i ~- =n + ln( :n + i-
n ~i=- n ti -i t ~- =ni--in n :=+i ~i =- n zi - ti i-i t
-in+ l-- lii-- nnii i-i t -i :n + i - l- nl-
+- nn- t ~i ~- nii . :n + i- = +i- + +ii :=+i
~i=- n nnin l-- ti i-i t . l= ~t- n +t- t
PHYSICS
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3
-ni + n l - -i zi -i -i

v
E =
V
d
= ~t- n = -i + ~-l<zi ~i=- n
~- i = nAeV
d
V
d
= 10
3
m/s +il +i ti-i t
Example 2. (+ :n+ i- ,ii -= =n ~--in n -ni n: <i ai- +i. l=n :=+i l-ii- -i + ~-l<zi
1 ni. ti
Solution : =n =
d
V
S
=
osx viogu
foLFkkiu
V
d
= 1 lnni./=. = 10
3
ni.=. (=ini-- ~t- n +i ni- 1 mm/s ti-i t)
S = 1 m
=n =
3
10
1

= 10
3
s
- +i n: <i = -in =n
-in = 10
6
ni.=.
~- ~iz+ <i = 10
6
10
3
m = 10
9
m
6. in+ fua riii (I) fii-a (V) u-ri
-in+ lii-- +i ~- l-il- n . -in+ + ~- v-i +i = +i : liini iii vilt- -ti ti -i t -in+
lii-- ~ii l- l+i i-i t -i iii it+ (-in+i n :n + i-) l+=i l-lz-- l<zii n ~ilt- (drifting) ti - nn-
t ~ii - ~i =- ~it n + =ii l - -i zi + li- l<zii n l< :n + i -i +i ~it n v
d
, ~- v-i +i -i zi+n
A t . -ii (+i + ~i-- n n+- :n+i-i +i = i n t -i
I = nAev
d
.
t

=
d
v
,
-i + ~- l<zi <i +nin- ++i + i- :n + i - +i ~i =- l-ii- t ni n +- i ii +tni-i t
t t =n l=n +i < = +ii = -ti +i-i t t lil-- +in ii +tni-i t
=
2
m
eE
2
1
t |
.
|

\
|
= E .
m
e
2
1
2
t
=

V
m
e
2
1
2

t
i = nAe .
t

t 1 V
m
e
2
1
2

=
V
m 2
nAe
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
t

i =
V
m 2
nAe
2

t
tc rkieku (T) c<+rk gS rks foJkfUr dky t ?kVrk gSA
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
7. fua vfairi
l+=i <ii +i t ni l=+ +ii t :== vilt- iii +i lii +-i t. l- vl-ii +tni-i t l-
vl-i i -in+ + ~i+i . iln-i. -i -ii -in+ +i ~i--l+ = --i l-i +-i t
i =
V
m 2
nAe
2

t
i V (t ~i n +i l-n t )
i =
R
V
R =
t
2
nAe
m 2
V = IR ~- R =
t
2
ne
m 2
.
A

~- R =
A

V = I
A

V
=
A
I
E = J J =
A
I
= iii i-
vl-i i+-i +tni-i t (:=+i llzi vl-i i ii +t- t ),-ii =
t
2
ne
m 2
=
o
1
, o -in+-i +tni-i t ~- -in+i
n vilt- iii . :=+ l=i ~ii l- lii-- + =ni- i-i ti -i t t ~i n +i l-n (Ohm's Law) t
:+i: : ) m ( ), ( R O O ehVj vkse vkse ~ii uira ,
1 1
m

O o
.
Example 3. llzi vl-ii + (+ -in+ +i lni( -i- <ziii ni t AB, CD EF l=i -in+ +i
vl-i i ai- +il(
B
C
E
a
F
c
A
D
b
Answer : R
AB
=
ab
c
, R
CD
=
ac
b
, R
EF
=
bc
a
Solution : <i n: l-il- + ln(
R =
A

=
kQy {ks dkV vuqizLFk
yEckbZ rk izfrjks/kd
>

R
AB
=
ab
c
, R
CD
=
ac
b
, R
EF
=
bc
a
7.1 ffi-a ifzi4i s vfairi +t faiai
A
ne
m 2
A
R
2

t
= =
~- R +i l-i-i := v+i t (1) (2)
A
1
(3)
n
1

1
(4) ii- ~i n T c- + =ii t +n ti -i t R ii c-i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
sfii
(a) -i +i ii-- (~i-- l--)
l< -i +i n-i: n l-- +i n - t -i
2
2
2
1
2
1
R
R

=
l< ~- v-i +i +i lzii n l- - +i n - t -i
4
1
4
2
2
1
r
r
R
R
=
, ti R
1
( R
2
vil-i+ ( ~l--n vl-i i t .
1
(
2
vil-i+ ( ~l--n n-i: -ii
1
r (
2
r +nzi vil-i+ ( ~l--n lzii( t (l< <ii +i i-ii
+i n - t ~- -i +i -i zi+n n l- - +i n i-ii n ii + i: =- l--i +i =ti-i = ni-i +
=+- t)
(b) -i +i n-i: n "vl-zi- l- -" +i vii
2
2
2
1
2
100
x
1
R
R

+
=
ti

- vil-i+ n-i: ~i x- % lz
l< x t- +i +n ti (l< < 5%) -i R n % l--
% x 2 100
1
1
100
x
1
100
R
R R
2
1
1 2
~
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

Example 4. (+ -i +i :=+i n n n-i: +i < n- -+ ii -i i-i t l< n n vl-i i R ii -i -i vl-i i ai- +il(
Solution : tn i-- t l+ R =
A

<i n: l-il- n R
1
=
' A
'
2 ' =
A ' ' A =
(-i +i ~i-- l-- t)
2
A
' A =
' R
=
2 / A
2
= 4
A

= 4R
Example 5. (+ -i +i ii -+ :=+i n-i: n 1% lz + l< i-i t vl-ii n vl-zi- l-- ai- +il(
Solution : =i tn i-- t l+
R =
A

R
R A
=

A
+

A
A A
~i

A
=
A
A A
R
R A
= O + 1 + 1 = 2
~- vl-i i n vl-zi- lz = 2%
aia 4r ffri ra s % sfaa + fny rt i-4 r +
PHYSICS
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6
vfairi+ai y vfairi +t ais s faiai
ii- -in+ +i vl-i i+-i -i ci- c-i t . - l+ -in+ + ~i- ~iini + =ii +--- +- nn- t ~i
:n + i-i ~i ~i-i + i- ++ ~li+ i-i-i = ti - nn-i t -i +i (+ zi i i= (100C -+ ), n l+=i
ii- +i vl-ii+-i l--- =ni+i ,ii <i i =+-i t ,
(T) =
0
[1 + o (T T
0
)] ...(i)
ti
0
ni-+ -i T
0
(vi 0C i 20C lni i-i t ) vl-i i+-i -ii (T), -i T i l+ T
0
= ~li+ i +n ti
=+-i t vl-i i+-i t o +i vl-ii+-i +i -i nii + +ti i-i t
l< n -in+ +i vl-i i. vl-ii+-i + ~l-l+- :=+i n-i: ~- v-i +i + -i zi+n l-i +-i t -i
ll- - ti - n-i: ~i -i zi+n n ii l- - ti -i t l+-- l- - t - ti +n ti - t :=ln( /A +i l--i +
lni i =+-i t
- R
~- R(T) = R
0
[1 + o(T T
0
)] ...(ii)
:= =ni+i n R(T), T -i vl-i i -ii R
0
, T
0
-i (vi 0C i 20C n - t ) vl-i i t vl-i i +i -i n ii +
o , l--i+ t
Note : - lnii -T =ni+i l--- =--i = -- +i i =+-i t
o = -ini- n :+i: l-- + =ii l-ii+-i n ~ilzi+ l--

o =

dT
d
i
o =

dT
d

dT
d
o =

(zi -i l-- + ln( o +i l-- n =+- t)

} }
o =

T
T
0 0
dT
d
....(iii)
In
|
|
.
|

\
|

0
= o (T T
0
)

) T T (
0
0
e
o
=
l< o (T T
0
) << 1 -
) T T (
0
e
o
+i nnin 1 + o(T T
0
) lnii i =+-i t
:=ln -i +- l -- n tn- ti o +i nnin l-- ni-i t l< t -i +i +n- t -i t =nic (iii) + =ni+n-
+ ~-< ~i ni
Example 6. -i <i + (+ -n -i +i 20 vl-i i 1.0 O t -i +i l+=i < n i- :=+i vl-i i 1.2 O -
c i-i t < +i -i +i t ? (o = 10
2
/C)
Solution : ti l-i i n l-- ~- t :=ln(
R = R
0
(1 + oAu)
1.2 = 1 (1 + 10
2
Au)
Au = 20C
u 20C = 20C
u = 40 C Ans.
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
Example 7. (+ -in+ -i +i 0C l-ii 10 ohm t ~i :=+i o =
273
1
/ C t. -i 273C :=+i
l-ii ai- +l (n-i: ~i ~- -i +ia +i l-- ni-)
Solution : := +i + z-i n < o A T +i ni- ~li+ t :=ln( t = zi R = R
0
(1 + o A T) =ii -i +-
-ti +- t tn il-i+ -- = := tn +-i -ilt(
ai- t l+ o =
RdT
dR

}
R
dR
=
}
odT

1
2
R
R
n
= o(T
2
T
1
)
R
2
=
) T T (
1
1 2
e R
o
= 10e
1
R
2
= 10 e O Ans.
vfairi riii
vl-i i n iii --- li = l--- li +i ~i vilt- ti -i t
--- li +i (+) l--t = ~i l--- li +i () l--t = <zii i i-i t
V
A
V
B
= iR
l< V
1
> V
2
-i iii A= B +i ~i vilt- ti ni
-ii i =
R
V V
2 1

l< V
1
< V
2
-i iii B = A+i ~i vilt- ti ni
-ii i =
R
V V
1 2

Example 8 : l-zi n <zii n li n iii (i) ai- +
Solution : V
A
V
B
= iR
i =
2
6
= 3A Ans.
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
8. fu a zifa
l+=i zi n vl- = + l=l - -i +i zil+- +t- t l+=i l - zi ,ii l- ~ii v<-i (delivered) zil+-
P t -i P = VI, ti V = zi + l=i lii-- ~i I = zi = vilt- iii t
l< iii l+=i zi + --- li in l-< = vl ti -i t -i :=+ ,ii zil+- +i i-i t (~ii - t ni i
ii +i ii l- ti +-i t ) l< iii l--- li in l-< = vl ti -i t -i zi zil+- v<i- +-i t (~ii - -zii -
+i ii l- ti +-i t )
zil+- =
dt
dq . V
= V I P = V I
l< zil+- l-- t -i -i = P t
l< zil+- l--ziin t -i -i =
}
pdt
vl-i i ,ii l- zil+-
P = I
2
R = VI =
R
V
2
.
-i = iii vilt- +i i-i t -i -i + vl-i i + lz -i l- ti -i t -i . -ni n i--l- ti i-i
t
W = VIt = I
2
Rt = t
R
V
2
vl-i i R = I (l- iii T = + + ln( vilt- ti -i t -i --- -ni H ( n n ) l--- = zi ,ii +- +i i-i
t :
H = I
2
RT n =
2 . 4
RT I
2
+nii
l- -i +i (+ :+i: (unit) = 1 l+nii ii = 1 KWh = 3.6 x 10
6
n
Example 9. 100 i ( 220 V - + ln( ai- +il(
(a) --- +i vl-i i
(b) --- n vilt- iii
(c) l< - +i 110 i - +i i =-ni: = i i i -i - ,ii l- zil+-
Solution : 100 W ( 220 i - +i ~livi t l+ :=+ --- + <i -i l=i + i- 220 V lii-- nnii i -i
t 100 W zil+- + ni
ti V = 220 Volt
P = 100 W
R
V
2
= 100
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
~- R = 484 O
vl-i i + n -i + <ii l-i +-i t ~- - + ln( vl-i i l-- t
I =
11
5
22 22
220
R
V
=

= Amp.
V = 110 V
l- zil+- =
484
110 110
= 25 W
9. at (=n)
i (+ ( =i l+- t i :=+ <i -i ln -ni A~i B (l-zi) + i- lii-- l-i
-i i-i t l - li n lii-- -i i- + ln( v +- +i i- ini
l+-i = ii = n.l,-i+ = n. l-zi ~i -i - n t l-zi n i i = n
+i =--i l<ii: n: t - ~i iii +i l----i -i i-i t
* := vi l+=i i=il-+ ln- n li-- ii- ~i +i zi i -ni +i i+ - i l+i i-i t +i : ~i--l+ l+i
lli ln- + ~i-i (i-in+ +iin+) n ) F (
n

nni-i t t n i-in+ ~i-i +i i- ln -n +i ~i

+iin+ ~i-i +i +i ln -n +i ~i n i-i t - l+ i-in+ ~i zi (-i -ii +iin+ ~i zi + ii
(+lzi- ti -i t . :=ln( (+ lii-- l - -i zi
E

, (-i = + ii +i ~i --- ti -i t t l - -i zi ~i-i

(+ l-i - n E q F

= nni-i t t n
n
F

+ li- ti-i t =i-i-ii (-iii ~-ii) n

F
n
= F
e
~i :=+ i< ~i zi ~i (+lzi- -ti ti - t
i + ln -ni +i l+=i -in+ -i = i i i-i t -i -i n (+ l - -i zi --- ti i-i t -i + n +- :n + i -
li- l<zii n nl- +- t ~i i n i- ln-n = v zi +- t +z :n+i- +i ln-n = l-+n- t :=
v+i lii-- F
e
i i-i t l+ F
n
ti t-i t := v+i i-in+ ~i zi i- ln -n +i ~i - n
t-i t :=+ =ii i-in+ ~i zi, i- ln -n +i ~i -ii +iin+ ~i zi +i ln -n +i ~i <i - t := v+i
i- +i ln -ni + i- lii-- l-- -i t-i t
i-af+ vfairi (r)
l+=i li n (+ i--l+ = i - + ln -ni + i- lii-- -= = n + l.i.n + i -ti ti -i t :=+i +ii
t l+ - ~i n nl- +- in ~i zi vl-i i ~- i +- t tn := = i - +i ~i--l+ vl-i i +t- t
* l+=i = n +i ~i--l+ vl-i i :n + i -i + i- +i < i (r d), :n + i -i + -i zi+n (r
s
1
) v+ l-, - ~i
+i =i-<-i (r c) -i (r
rki
1
) l-i +-i t
Example 10. 10 (-i ii = +i -i t ?
Solution : :=+i -i t t l+ l< i = 10 Aiii ni i -i t 1 i -+ :--i ti iii v<i- +ni
10 (-i 1 ii
1 (-i 10 ii
(-i 20 ii
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
10. fua ir+ n : (E.M.F.)
sfiiii I : l-+i n ~i zi vilt- +- +i -in-i +i l - it+ n +t- t
sfiiii II : i + ~-< l--- li in ln -n = --- li in ln -n + i- 1 + nin ~i zi vilt- +-
n l+i ni +i i +i l - it+ n (l.i.n) +tni-i t
10. 1 at +i u+a
i<zi un : (=i =n l=+ ~-< +i: -ni --- -ti ti
A
+
B

( ) mPp foHko oky k VfeZuy

E
( ) fuEu foHko oky k VfeZuy
( ) v kn' kZl Sy
ai<zi un : t =n l=n iii it + +ii ~i--l+ = -ni --- ti -i t
fifa I : at, uia +t iifa -4ri +at r+ (ii at faifzia ri rt r)
V
A
V
B
= c ir
V
A
V
B
:=+i ln-n i--i ii +t- t
=n +i i=il-+ -i i- ti- +i < = ci
i ~ii =n + ~-< -ni --- ti- +i < = i
2
r
l-n - l- zil+- = ci i
2
r
= (c ir) i
fifa II : at ni +t iifa -4ri + (ii at +i ifzia f+4i i4)
V
A
V
B
= c + ir
=n n i=il-+ -i =- +i < = ci
=n + ~-< -ni zil+- = i
2
r
l-l l- zil+- = ci + i
2
r = (c+ir) i
= (V
A
V
B
) i
sfiiii III : f+ut un u sfsi +ir riii art nt i rt ri ai au+ afani + t fii-a +i un +i
fua ir+ n +ra r+
fifa III =n i n li n ti
i = 0 +i l+ in li +i l-i i ~--- ti -i t
~- V = c, ~ii- in li n ln-n i--i =n + l.i.n + i ti -i t
fifa IV nisia : l+=i l - li n l+=i (+ -in+ -i = =ii t <i l-< , ni li- +tni- t ( =i l-il-
n <i -i l-< =ni- li ti - t
= n ni li- ti
i =
r
c
( V = 0, nili- =n +i iii ~li+-n ti-i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
aia : zi - vl-i i in -i + =n-- l-< ~i li (+ =ni- ti ni
* iusf+a l< li +i +i : l-< i =-l+ - t -i :=+i li zi - lni i-i t
11. isf+i+ iaai
l+=i l - li +i tn +- + ln( t = lii-+ t-i t l+ (+ =-<i l-< +i -- ++ :=+i zi - i --i
ni- lni i ~i li + ~- l-< ~i li :=+ =i -i nii i t l-< -il-a l-< ii +tni-i t
Example 11. l-zi n v<lzi - li + ln( ai- +il(
(a) iii
(b) l-n - zil+-
(c) r -ii R n =--i l=+ ln( l-n - l - zil+- (~ii - R +i
v<-i zil+-) ~li+-n t
(d) ~li+-n l-n - zil+- +i ni-
(e) ni vl-i i ( l-n - zil+- + i- n i+ ii l-(
(f) n i+ +i < i- = t ai- ti -i t l+ l-n - zil+- + l+=i l-lz-- ni- + ln( i vl-i i + <i
ni- t . l=z +il( l+ :- vl-i ii +i n i-+n r
2
+ i ti -i t
(g) = n ~li+-n zil+- + ln( v +- l+i i ti ti -i = n +i <-i-i l+--i ti ni ?
Solution : (a) v<lzi- li n l< tn A li zi- ni- -i B li c ir ti ni -l+ =i- -ii +i
vl-i i zi - t
V
D
= V
A
= 0
V
C
= V
B
= c Ir
CD = vilt- iii I ii ti t ( t =n = ii+n n t)
I =
R
0 ) r (
R
V V
D C
I c
=

iii I =
R r +
c
aia : vl-i ii +i ii = i - =ii- + z-i- tn iii +i ni- =iii ai- + =+ n
(b) l-n - zil+-
P = I
2
R =
( )
2
2
R r +
c
. R
(c)
dR
dP
=
( ) ( )
3
2
2
2
R r
R 2

R r +
c
+
c
=
( )
| | R 2 r R
r R
3
2
+
+
c
~li+-n zil+- v<i- +- + ln(
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
dR
dP
= 0
r + R 2R = 0
r = R
~ii - ~li+-n zil+- + ln( ~i--l+ l-i i i vl-i i + i ti -i -ilt(
(d) P
max
=
r 4
2
c
(e) P ( R + i- n i+ l-zi n <zii i ni t . ~li+-n zil+- + ln( R = r
P
max
=
r 4
2
c
I =
R r +
c
(f) l-n - zil+-
P =
2
2
) R r (
R
+
c
P (r
2
+ 2rR + R
2
)= c
2
R
R
2
+ (2r
P
2
c
) R + r
2
= 0
c P ~i r + l< n ni-i + ln( -i+- l,ii- =ni+i n
R + <i nn R
1
( R
2
:= v+i t l+
R
1
R
2
=r
2
(nni +i ni-+n)
r
2
= R
1
R
2
(g) i = l- zil+-
=
( )
2
2
r r +
c
.2r =
r 2
2
c
l-n - zil+- = r
r r
2
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
=
r 4
2
c
<-i-i =
kfDr ' r dqy }kjk O;fr lsy
kfDr ' fuxZr
=
2
1
r 2
100
r 4
2
2
=
c

c
100 = 50%
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
Example 12. l-zi n l - li <zii i ni t
-i BD n iii ai- +il(
Solution : ni- nil( l+ D li = 0 t . ~ ~- l-< ~i li lnli(
-i AD =
2
10
= 5 A, A = D +i ~i
-i CB n iii =
5
20
= 4A C = B +i ~i
-i BD n iii = 1 A D = B +i ~i
Example 13. v+ -i n iii ai- +il(
Solution : ni-i l+ l-< A li = 0 i - t . ~- l-< ~i li l-zi n <zii n t
BG n iii = =

1
0 40
40 AA G = B +i ~i
FC n iii = =

2
) 30 ( 0
15 AA C = F +i ~i
DE n iii =
=

2
) 40 ( 0
20 AA D = E +i ~i
-i AH n iii = 40 35 = 5 A A = H +i ~i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
12. f+i+ + fa4
12.1 f+i+ +i riii fa4 (ufri fa4)
t l-n " ~i zi = -ii + l-n" ~iiil- t :=+ ~- =i "li + l+=i l-< lnn- ini =n--
iii~i +i ii i n zi - ti -i t " i l+=i =l-i n v zi +- ini + n iii = li = i- ini + n iii
+ i ti -i t
E I
in
= E I
out
:=+i KCL (l+-i+ +i iii l-n ii +t- t )
Example 14. iii i
1
, i
2
, i
3
, i
4
, i
5
~i i
6
+ i- =--i ai- +il(
Solution : i
1
+ i
2
i
3
i
4
+ i
5
+ i
6
= 0
Example 15. v + -i n vilt- iii ai- +il(
Solution : ni-i l+ l-< B li = 0 t ~- l-< ~i li l-zi n <zii i ni t
l-< E + li +i ~i l++ ni- ai- -ti t
ni-i l+ E li = x
~ =l-i E + ln( l+-i+ +i l-n nin +-
(t ~- = li + ln( ii v +- l+i i =+-i t )
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
0
2
14 x
2
30 x
1
10 x
=
+
+

4x = 36 x = 9
EF n iii =
1
9 10
= 1 AA F = E +i ~i
BE n iii = A 5 . 10
2
9 30
=

B = E +i ~i
DE n iii = A 5 . 11
2
) 14 ( 9
=

E = D +i ~i
Example 16. l-< A li ai- +il(
Solution : ni-i l+ A li = x t, =l-i A= ln( l+-i+ +i iii l-n nin +-
0
1
30 x
2
45 x
2
20 15 x
1
10 20 x
=
+
+
+
+

+

0
2
60 x 2 45 x 35 x 60 x 2
=
+ + + + +
6x + 10 = 0 x = 5/3 A li =
3
5
V
12.2 f+i+ +i fi fa4 {sizi fa4)
-< i + ~- l<zi =ii lii--i +i ii i n zi - ti -i t ~ii - E IR + E EMF =0 -< i +i l+=i
ii l<zii n n =+- t -< i n -n- l< li c -i t -i + n i-in+ l--t n -ii l< li
i-i t -i +iin+ l--t n (t l--t l-n ni- )
V
1
V
2
+ V
3
V
4
= 0.
+=i n l-i i i i i ~- ~ ( li+ i ~ li+) ti =+- t :=+i kVL ii +t- t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
Example 17 : li n iii ai- +i
Solution : =ii ~ ii+n n t
=ii n iii =ni- ti ni
l< iii = i t
n ABCDAn l+-i+ i- l-n nni-
10 + 4i 20 + i + 15 + 2i 30 + 3i = 0
10 i = 25
i = 2.5 A
Example 18 : + n l+-i+ i - l-n +i i n +- t ( + -i n iii ai- +i
Solution : n ABEFA n l+-i+ i- l-n nni-
i + 30 + 2 (i
1
+ i
2
) 10 = 0
3l
1
+ 2l
2
+ 20 = 0 -------------- (i)
BCDEB n l+-i+ i- l-n nni-
+ 30 + 2(i
1
+ i
2
) + 50 + 2i
2
= 0
4i
2
+ 2i
1
+ 80 = 0
2i
2
+ i
1
+ 40 = 0 -------------- (ii)
(i) ~i (ii) +i tn +-
3| |
2
i 2 40 + 2i
2
+ 20 = 0
120 4i
2
+ 20 = 0
i
2
= 25 A -ii i
1
= 10 A
i
1
+ i
2
= 15 A
-i AF n iii = A = F +i ~i 10 A
-i EB n iii = B = E +i ~i 15 A
-i DE n iii = E = D +i ~i 25 A
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
13. vfairii +i u4ia
+: vl-i ii +i ~i= n i i i =+-i t ~i =i ln = i -i +i <i v+i = tn ++ - - vl-ii vi-- l+i
i =+-i t . = ii+n ( =ni-- +n =i- =i- +i -- vl-ii
R
eq
=
i
V
V
cDl sesai zfr j ks/kksa
d k l a; kst u gS
i
13.1 vfairii +i it u4ia
vl-i ii (~ii l+=i ii v+i + ~i ) +i l= = l= i i i -i --+i ii+n n +ti i-i t v +
~ n =ni- iii vilt- ti -i t
ii +n n = il- l-i ii = =ni- iii t-i t -- :=+i li- +i- = -ti ii ti =+-i t
Example 19. +i -= l - ~ ii+n n t `
Solution : S
1
, S
2
, R
1
, ( R
2
(+ ii+n n ~i R
4
( S
3
< = ii+n n t( t
a4 vfairi :
i + l=i viii - - vl-ii (~ii ln -ni A( B + i- )
R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+................ + R
n
(:=+i -i t l+ R
eq
l+=i ii ~- vl-i i = i t ) -ii
V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
+................ + V
n
.
l+=i ii vl-i i + l=i lii-- -= vl-i i + =ni- i-i t v + vl-i i zil+- ii -= vl-i i + =ni- i-i t
V = IR -ii P = I
2
R
iii I v+ vl-i i n (+ =ni- t
V
1
= V
R ......... R R
R
n 2 1
1
+ + +
; V
2
=
V
R ......... R R
R
n 2 1
2
+ + +
; :il<
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
Example 20. li n iii ai- +il(
Solution : R
eq
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 O (l< n li +i -- li)
iii i =
6
30
R
v
eq
=
= 5A Ans.
Example 21. l-zi n -i- - <zii n t i +nzi (200V, 50 W), (200V, 100W) ~i (200 V, 25W) + t v +
= vilt- iii ai- +il( ~i -i: l+ l+= - +i v+izi =i li+ ti ni `
Solution : R
1
=
( )
50
200
2
; R
2
=
( )
100
200
2
; R
3
=
( )
25
200
2
v+ - = vilt- iii =
3 2 1
R R R
200
+ +
=
( )
(

+ +
100
4 1 2
200
200
2
=
14
1
7 200
100
=

A
-l+ R
3
> R
1
> R
2
- ,ii l- zil+- = i
2
R
l= - +i vl-i i ~li+ t t ~li+ v+izi < ni
ti - B
3
=i li+ +izi <ni
13.2 vfairii +i ui-a u4ia
l< l+=i li n =n-- vl-iii R
1
, R
2
, R
3
,........, R
n
lii-- (+ =ni- ti -i =ni-- =il-
+tni- t
(a) (b)
l-zi (a) ~i (b) n =i vl-ii l-< ~i A~i B + i- =ni-- +n n t ( t
a4 vfairi
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
l-< P + ln( l+-i+ + =l-i l-n =
i
0
= i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
~-,
eq
R
V
=
3 2 1
R
V
R
V
R
V
+ +
i+ n .
fa+i : (=ni-- =i- + ln()
(a) v + vl-i i + l=i lii-- (+ =ni- t
(b) I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+.......... I
n
.
(c) viii vl-i i (R) t -i
n 3 2 1
R
1
........
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
+ + + + =
. (R +i ni- v + vl-i i = +n t )
(d) lli-- vl-i ii = vilt- iii --+ vl-i i + +ni-i-i t ti
I
1
: I
2
:........... I
n
=
n 3 2 1
R
1
: ........ :
R
1
:
R
1
:
R
1
.
I
1
=
+ + +
n 2 1
1
G ......... G G
G
l, I
2
=
+ + +
n 2 1
2
G ......... G G
G
l, etc.
ti G =
R
1
= vl-ii +i -in+-i [:=+i :+i:
1
O ~ii (-ti) t]
Example 22. <i vl-iii +i =ni-- =il- l+i ni t (l-zi), i
1
( i
2
ai- +il( l< =i- n i iii n -i t
Solution : i
1
R
1
= i
2
R
2
~ii
1
2
2
1
R
R
i
i
=
i
1
=
2 1
2
R R
i R
+
i
2
=
2 1
1
R R
i R
+
,
ai a vl-i ii + =ni-- = i - + l-n + ln(
R
1
i +i i< + nil( :=+i vi n. vz- tn +- n + =+- t
Example 23. v + vl-i i ( i = vilt- iii ai- +il(
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
20
Solution : ffri (I)
v + vl-i i + l=i li 30 V t
v+ vl-ii n iii +nzi
2
30
= 15 A,
A 10
3
30
=
-ii
A 5
6
30
=
i = ni ni iii = 15 + 10 + 5 =30 A.
ffri (II)
~in + l-n = i =
eq
R
V
eq
R
1
=
6
1
3
1
2
1
+ +
= 1
R
eq
=1 O
i =
1
30
= 30 AA
~ := iii +i vl-i ii n --+ +n ~- i- n liil- + +il(

3 O ( 6 O n +n iii 15 At. t :=+i lii- 10 A ~i 5 Ati ni

aia lli (I) ~li+ =n t l+-- vz-i n := v+i + =n li +n ti l< i- t
Example 24. i = vilt- iii ai- +il(
Solution : v + vl-i i + l=i lii-- 30 V -ti t
i +i ~i--l+ l-i i t . ~- l-i ii + = i - +i l=zi-- ti -i ni t
R
eq
= 1 + 1 = 2 O
i =
2
30
= 15 A.
Example 25. - - vl-ii ai- +il(
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
Solution :
ti - t l+ -i-i vl-ii ln-n A~i B + i- t ( t
= zii li- li
~- R
eq
=
3
R
Example 26. l< A~i B + i- v<-i i--i V i- t -i vl-ii P = vilt- iii ai- +il(
Solution : R
eq
=
5
R 3
I =
R 3
V 5
= zii li- li
P n iii =
R R 5 . 1
R 3
V 5
R
+

=
R 3
V 2
Example 27. 2O vl-i i = vilt- iii ai- +il(
Solution : 2O ( 1O ii+n n t = 3O
3O ( 6O =ni-- +n n t =
9
18
= 2O
2O ( 4O ii+n n t = 6O
6O ( 3O =ni-- +n n t = 2O
R
eq
= 4 + 4 + 2 = 10O
i =
10
120
= 12A
~- 2O vl-i i = vilt- iii =
3
8
A
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
14. -rtaaia ua
l-zi n <zii i ni li ti-i - = - +tni-i t :=n -i ln -n t l=n <i +i
zi + v+ <= <i vl-ii ,ii t( t
G
:= li n l< R
1
R
3
= R
2
R
4
-i V
C
= V
D
ti ni ~i R
5
n vilt- iii 0 ti ni.
t =-- n- l-< ~ii zi - l-i l-< +tni-i t
n- -i ni (iiinii) = vilt- iii zi - ti (=- n- l-< ~ii ~l-i l-< ) -i
Q
P
=
S
R
, -i PS = QR
ti li- i i~i + l-i ii + n i-+n i ti - t =-- n- l-< C ( D + i- lii-- zi - ti -i t zi -
l-i l-< R
5
, E R = viil- -ti ti -i t naita (G) at (E) +t fifa4i ss sffaa + <a s
it 4r viifa art riai r+
~- -+- li +i l--- v+i +- l+i i =+-i t (=-- n- l-< )
P
Q
R S
G i
P
Q
R S
Example 28. ln-n A~i B + i- li +i -- vl-ii ai- +il(
Solution : l<i ni li =--n- ~-ii n ti -i- =- t
103 = 30 = 65
~- - - l-i i t
R
eq
=
O =
+

3
16
8 16
8 16
Example 29.
ai- +i : (a) -- l-ii (b) + l-ii n iii
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
Solution : (a) R
eq
= O = + |
.
|

\
|
+ +

5 1
16
1
8
1
16
1
1
(b) I =
1 4
60
+
= 12 AA
~- = n = 12 A iii vilt- ti ni
iii l-i l-n +i vin +-
10O ( 6O vl-iii = iii = 3A
5O ~i 3O vl-iii = iii = 6A
20O vl-ii = iii = 0
16O vl-ii = iii = 3A
Example 30. A ~i B + i- -- vl-ii ai- +il(
Solution : :=+i - - li l-zi n <zii i ni t
t =-ln- ti -i- =- t
R
eq
=
R 2 R 2
R 2 R 2
+

= R
Example 31. -i- <zii n l-zi n R +i ni-i +il(. l+ ziiii CDn iii zi - t
Solution : ziiii CDn iii zi - t ~- CD+ l=i lii-- zi - ti ni
~- C+i li =D+i li
~- CDziiii i n li +i ii-i ti + ni ~ii - lii-- ACB~i ADB+ l=i ii ~i ni
V
10
= V
15
10
V
R
= V
R 20
R
+
V
10
= V
R
-ii V
15
10
= V
R 20
R
+
R = 40 O Ans.
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
24
15. ufa sfsi :
+z lii +i =nln--i l=zi-- + vin ,ii i-l- ++ =n = tn l+i i =+-i t l< :-+i
=iiii lli KVL ~i KCL ,ii tn l+i i -i ~li+ =n nn-i t
Example 32. A ~i B + i- -- vl-i i ai- +il(
Solution : si ffri :
:= li n +i : ii <i vl-i i ii ~ii =ni-- = i- n -ti l<i t t := li +i R
eq
=
I
V
+i
-in ++ tn l+i i =+-i t ziiii( AC -ii AD =nln- t
~- :-n iii =ni- tini
:= li + i iin ~i <i iin n B = v zi +- ini iii~i ~i A= l-n ln- iii~i +i l-i (+
=ni- t :- -i +i -i n +- t ( iii~i +i l-zi n v<lzi - l+i ni t t - t l+ C ~i E +
i- in vl-i i n iii zi - ti -i -ilt( =ii ti E ~i D + i- ini iii ii zi - ti -i -ilt( :=+i - -
li l-zi (b) n <zii i ni t
R
eq
=
3
R 2
fzat4 ffri
(B C) ( (B D) + n in vl-i i (R) lii-- (+ =ni- t ~- l-< C ~i l-< D =ni-
li t V
C
= V
D
~- C -ii D l-< (+ ti t ~- =ni|- li l--- ti =+-i t
:= ni-i +t- t
~ t =-ln- ti-i- =- t
R
eq
=
3
R 2
R R 2
R R 2
=
+

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
aia l,-i lli n CA ~i DA n iii( i--i ~iz+ -ti t
Example 33. A ~i B + i- -- vl-ii ai- +il(
Solution : := li n l- zii l-< <i ziiii~i AC ~i AD n =nln--i (symmetry) t
:-n iii( (+ =ni- ti ni l+-- li l- zi ~i l-n - -+ = (+ =ni- -ti t
( i i ~i R t <i i ~i 2R )
<i -i ~i iii~i +i l-i ii (+ =ni- -ti ti ni
ti V
c
= V
d
~- C ~i D (+ = l-< t
~ t =--ln- ti-i- =- t
R
eq
=
2
R 3
R 3
2
R 3
R 3
+

=
2
9
R
2
9
= R.
Example 34. A ~i B + i- -- vl-i i ai- +il(
Solution :
- t l+ V
A
= V
C
-ii V
B
= V
D
~- li +i =n +-
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
26
:= li +i ii - =n +-
R
eq
=
3
R 10
3
R 4
R 2
=
5
R 4
Ans.
Example 35. A ~i B + i- -- vl-i i ai- +il(
Solution : t ti-i - = - t l+-- = - ln- -ti t +i : ii ~i =ni-- = i - -ti t l+-- l- zii +i ~i ( l-n -
+i ~i (+ =ni- ni- t tn - <i t t l+ =nln--i +i -i n +- ii t lzn -<iti +i
iil- ii ~ii =ni-- =i - n i -l- -ti ti ti t
l+-i+ i- l-n nni-
v 10(i x) 5x = 0
v 10i + 5x = 0 .......(1)
10(i x) 5 (2x i) 5x = 0
10i 10x 10 x + 5i 5x = 0
15i 25 x = 0
x =
25
15
i
5x = 3i .......(2)
(2) -ii (1) +i in ++
v 10 i + 3i = 0
i
v
= 7O
R
eq
= 7O Ans.
16. uni +i u4ia
16.1 uni +i it u4ia

- - lcicn (EMF) E
eq
=
n
E .......
2
E
1
E + + +
[l.i.n +i i -i +i (polarity) ii lnli(]
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
27
- - ~i--l+ l-i i r
eq
=
n 4 3 2 1
r .... r r r r + + + + +
l< E lcicn ~i r ~i--l+ vl-ii in n =n ii +n n =il- l+ i -i +n lci.n
E
eq
= nE ( :=+i -- ~i--l+ vl-ii nr tini
~- li n iii I =
nE
R nr +
l< nr << R -i I =
nE
R
-i ii =i- nii<i+ tni
l< nr >> R -i I =
E
r
-i ii =i- nii<i+ -ti tni
aia - l< m = ni +i i -i (polarity) +ln- (reversed) + <i i -i - - l.i.n = (n-2m)E ti ni l+ li +i
- - vl-i i nr+R, ti t ni ~- R = vilt- iii ti ni
R nr
E ) m 2 n (
i
+

= .
Example 36. n n iii ai- +il(
Solution : l< n li +i =n +-
i =
5 10
35
+
=
15
35
=
3
7
AA
i =
3
7
AA
16.2 uni +i ui-a u4ia
n 2 1
n
n
2
2
1
1
eq
r
1
.....
r
1
r
1
r
....
r r
E
+ + +
c
+ +
c
+
c
=
[lcicn +i i-i =lt- in +]
n 2 1 eq
r
1
....
r
1
r
1
r
1
+ + + =
l< m = n l-zi n v + +i l.i.n E ~i ~i--l+ vl-i i r t . =ni-- +n n = i l- l+ i ~i
:= = i - + =ii (+ i vl-i i R i i i -i li +i l.i.n = E
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
28
li +i ~i--l+ vl-i i =
r
m
.
~i I =
E
R
r
m
+
=
mE
mR r +
.
l< mR << r ; I =
mE
r
-i =ni-- =i- nii<i+ t-i t
l< mR >> r ; I =
E
R
-i =ni-- nii<i+ -ti t-i t
16.3 uni +i u4a u4ia
mn = (+ = =ni +i =i
n = l+-i i lii +i =i
m = (+ l+- n =ni +i = i.
=ni + := =i- +i (+ =n + -- ni- i =+-i t l=+i lcicn = mE
-ii ~i--l+ vl-ii =
mr
n
iii I =
mE
R
mr
n
+
~li+-n iii + ln( nR = mr i
R =
mr
n
= -- =n +i ~i--l+ vl-ii
I
max
=
nE
r
mE
R 2 2
= .
Example 37. l-zi n l<iii n: -i- li + - - (+ i +i l.i.n -ii ~i--l+ l-i i ai- +i
6V 1O
2O
2O
10V
4V
Solution :
A
6V
10V
B
C
4V
2O
2O
1O
i (B) (C) =ni-- +n n ll- i i + =ii i t : t :=ln( - - l - it+ n
c
BC
=
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
10
+

+
=
1
2 5
= 3V r
BC
= 1O.
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
29
~,
1O 1O
6V
3V
c
ABC
= 6 3 = 3V
r
ABC
= 2O. Ans.
17. riiiist {naita)
iiinii +i li n l-i :
:=n -iii - -+ + (+ - -+i -i zi n ii (+ +inl+- + ni ti -i t + ni = (+ l-v n i ti -i t =i-i-ii
n + ni n +i : iii -ti ti -i t -i = + -+ zi - ti -i t ~i l-v n ~v=il- ti -i t + ni n iii ti -i
t -i - -+i -i zi + ni nii i ~ii l- +-i t i l+ iii + =ni- i-i ti -i t + ni i n-i t -i l-v n
(+ vi-- nii i ~ii l- +-i t i l+ +i ii l-ii- + =ni- i-i ti -i t := v+i + ni ~i = + -- +i
+i ii l-i + ni +i iii + =ni- i-i ti -i t ~i -+i +i iii ni- + ln( ~ ziil+- l+i i =+-i t
+ ni i n-i t -i l-v n n ( a- ~i-i t ~i t + ni vi-- n ~ii i nni-i t
nl- + lz nl- +i n l<- +- + ln( (+ l-i ii n ~ii i ti -i t ~-- n =i--ii n
t
- -+i
= t
+ni-i
BINA sin u = C|
--+i -i zi +i lzii (radial) -i- u = 90.
BINA = C |
I |
ti B = - -+i -i zi A = + ni +i -i zi+n
I = iii C = (a- nii+
N = +i +i =i | = + ni +i i i - +i i
riii unirtai
l-i +i i ilt- iii + ~- i- +i n - -i ni +i iii = n iti-i (CS) +t- t
CS =
I
|
=
C
BNA
aia :
iiinii +i zi l- +- = :=+i iii = n iti-i i i-i t
iiinii ni- +i =ni-i-i = ~l+- + (+ li+ ni-i -i- t
iiinii +i + ni +i ii vl-i i ti -i t l= R
g
= +- +- t :=+i +i l + z ~i n +i ti -i t iiinii n ~l
i+-n iii vit -in-i I
g
ti -i t I
g
iii + ln( =- i ni- l-i vi-- ti -i t := v+i +i iiinii -n + ni
iiinii +tni-i t
18. ta
iiinii +i ~ni n i--l- +- + ln( :=+ =ni-- +n n (+ zi (~- vl-ii) nnii i-i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
30
~ni + li +i l-i -
l< ~ni = nii i =+- ini ~li+-n iii I t -i
I
G
. R
G
= (I I
G
)S
S =
G
G G
R .
I I
I
S =
I
I
G G
R
I >> I
G
.
ti I = l< n ~ni = nii i- ini nt-n iii
~ni = iii ni- + ln( :=+i li n ii +n n ii i-i t
ni-i + ln( t (+ =n vl-i i ti ti-i t
~ni +i vl-ii t -i
R
A
=
S R
S . R
G
G
+
S << R
G
+ ln(
R
A
= S
Example 38. -= zi +i ni- +i ti ni l= 99 ~i n + iiinii = i - n iii +i 10% iin ilt- ti `
Solution :
G
( ) S I
g
I
I
g
R
g
I
l-zii-=i R
g
I
g
= (I I
g
)S
99
10
I
=
|
.
|

\
| I
I
10
S
S = 11 O.
Example 39. li (a) -ii (b) n iii ai- +i -ii ~ni = -i- l-zi- zil ii ai- +i
Solution : a n iii i =
2
10
= 5A
b n iii i =
5 . 2
10
= 4A
l-zi- zil = 100
i
i i

= 20% Ans.
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
31
t - t l+ ~ni + +ii li n iii +n ti ni t ~- ~ni +i vl-i i ~- vl-i ii (li + ) +i - n-i
n ~-- ~- ti -i -ilt(. l== ~ni +i li n = i l- +- ii li +i iii viil- -ti ti
Example 40. ~ni +i iai + ai- +il(. +i ti 6 O = vilt- iii t ?
Solution : R
eq
=
1
6 3
6 3
+
+

= 3 O
i = ni n: iii
I =
3
18
= 6 AA
~- ~ni = vilt- iii = 6
9
6
= 4 AA
-ti , t 6 O vl-ii = vilt- iii -ti t
aia ~i<zi ~ni +i - - vl-i i zi - ti -i t . ni-i + ln( :=+ l=i zi - lii-- ni-i i-i t
19. iata
iiinii + ii +n n (+ --- vl-i i i i i-i t i -ni ,ii l+=i li n l-i- vl-i i + l=i lii--
nii i-i t
~li+-n lii-- + ln(
V = I
G
. R + I
G
R
G
R =
G
V
I
R
G
l< R
G
<< R R
S
~
G
V
I
l - li + l+=i ~ (element) lii-- ni- + ln( i -ni +i :=+ l=i i i i-i t (~
+ =ni-- t ln-ni A ~i B + n lii-- +i ni- +-i t)
ni-i + ln( t --- vl-i i + -- ti-i t
i-ni +i vl-ii R
V
= R
G
+ R
S
~ R
S
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
32
I
g
=
R R
V
g
o
+
.
R ~i<zi i-ni
~-z i-ni +i vl-ii --- ti-i t
~i<zi i-ni l=+i vl-ii ~--- t
aia ni-i t- ~i<zi i -ni = vilt- iii zi - ni-i i-i t
i -ni + ,ii lii-- -i- l-zi- zil = 100
V
V V

Example 41. (+ i -ni +i l-i i G ~i n t i= V i - t ii+n n l+--i l-i i +- ti l+ :=+i

i= c+ nV i - ti i(
Solution : i l-i iii i
g
=
G
V
i= <n- + ln(
V
1
= (G + R
s
)i
g
nV = (G + R
s
)
G
V
R
s
= G(n 1) Ans.
Example 42. l-zi A~i B n 300 O vl-i i + l=i lii-- ai- +il(
V 600 O 300 O
100 V
200 O
(B)
Solution : l-zi (A) n lii-- =
300
300 200
100
=
+
= 60 volt
l-zi (B) n lii-- : =
600 300
600 300
600 300
600 300
200
100
+

+
= 50 volt
~- tn - = < i =+- t l+ i-ni +i li n nni- nii i- ini i --i ll- - ti
ti t := v+i + i-ni ~-z -ti ti- t l< :=+i vl-i i 300 O vl-i i +i - n-i n t- ~li+
ti -i -i t 300 O lii-- +i t - ~li+ viil- -ti +-i
riii unfrai
l-i iii +i ~- i- ~ii - vl- (+i + iii l-i +i iiinii (n - -i ni) +i iii = n lt-i (CS) +t- t
iii = nlt-i (CS) =
I
u
aia iiinii (n - -i ni) +i zi l- +- = :=+i iii = n lt-i n +ni ~i-i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
33
Example 43. 100 i iini n li+- ni- in (+ iiinii (n - -i ni) +i iii = n lt-i 10 iin vl- mA li
= n lt-i 2 iin vl- mV t := (a) 5A i= in ~ni (b) 1 iin vl- i - in i -ni n <n- +
ln +i +-i ni`
Solution : i ni-i l-i iii i
g
=
cs
u
=
10
100
mA
= 10 mA
i ni-i l-i lii-- V
g
=
vs
u
=
2
100
mv = 50 mv
~- iiinii vl-i i G =
g
g
i
V
=
mA 10
mV 50
= 5 O
(a) iiinii +i 5A i= in ~ni n <n- + ln SO +i (+ vl-ii =ni-- +n n i-i ni
(I i
g
) S= i
g
G
(5 0.01) S = 0.01 5
S =
499
5
~ 0.01 O Ans.
(b) iiinii +i 1 iin vl- i - c- in n - -i ni n <n- + ln ~ii - i=
V = i
g
(R + G)
100 = 10 10
3
(R + 5)
R = 10000 5
R = 9995 O ~ 9.995 kO Ans.
20. fiist
linii n (+ =ni- ~- v-i +i ini li+ -in+ ((+ =ni- ~- v-i +i ini -i) ti-i t l=n -iii ni-
+i iii vilt- t-i t := iii + +ii -i +i n-i: + ~- l<zi (+ =ni- livi-i (potential gradient)
--- ti -i t ( =i +i : ii lii-- l=+i ni- linii + =- i -i lii-- = +n ti . :=+i =ti-i = nii
i =+-i t
linii + -i +i vl-ii+-i ~li+ ( vl-i i -i n ii + +n ti -i -ilt(. -<iti + ln( n nl-- i +i - i:-
+i -i ~il<
I =
R r +
c
e, r
A B
L
foHkoeki hr kj
i zfr j ks/k = R
V
A
V
B
=
r R+
c
.R
li vi-i (x) -i +i (+i + n-i: lii--
x =
L
V V
B A

=
r R+
c
.
L
R
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
34
Example 44. linii +i iiln+ li l-zi n <zii i ni t ai- +l
(a) iiln+ li n iii
(b) linii -i AB li--
(c) li i- (~ii - linii -i l-
(+i + n-i: li --)
(d) - +- linii ,ii nil- ~li+-n li
c = 2V
r = 1O
R = 20
1
O
A B
R = 10 L = 10m O,
Solution : (a) i =
R R r
1
+ +
c
=
10 20 1
2
+ +
i =
31
2
A Ans.
(b) V
AB
= iR =
31
2
10 v
AB
=
31
20
volt Ans.
(c) x =
L
V
AB
=
31
2
volt/m Ans.
(d) ~li+-n li i tn ni =+- t = -i AB li --
=
31
20
volt Ans.
Example 45. linii +i =ti-i = ~ai- lii-- + = nii i-i t `
Solution : ~ai- lii-- V +i l-zi n <zii ~- =i linii = i i i-i t ~ai-
lii-- +i i- ln -n linii + -i + i- l= = (ti i +i i- ln -n
-i = i i ni t ) i i i-i t n - -i ni n iii zi - ti -i tn +t- t
l+ =-n- l-< vi-- t := l-il- n V = x .
20.1 fiist + as4in
(a) aia un +i f.i.n aia +ai i <i uni + f.i.n +t anai +ai
vi fifa
l,i +i + l-< (2) +i (1) = i- =-ln- n-i: =
1
c
1
= x
1
....(1)
fzat4 fifa
l,i +i + l-< (3) +i (2) = i- =-n- n-i: =
2
c
2
= x
2
....(2)
2
1
2
1

=
c
c
l< c
1
i c
2
n = +i : (+ ~ai- ti -i < =i ai- l+i i =+-i t l< x ai- ti -i c
1
~i c
2
<i -i ti ai-
l+ i =+- t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
35
Example 46. (+ i n n ~ai- = n +i lcicc ai- +- + ln( :=+i (+ ni-+ ai- = n
= - n-i +- t l=+i lcicc c
1
=1.12 Vt ni-+ = n + =ii =-- n- l-<
56cm -ii ~ai- = n + =ii 80cm i-- t ~i -i ~ai- = n +i lcicc
ai- +i
Solution ti, c
1
= 1.12 V;
1
= 56 cm;
2
= 80 cm
=ni+i + -in =
c
1
= x
1
....(1)
c
2
= x
2
....(2)
2
1
2
1

=
c
c
i-- ti-i t c
2
= c
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
2

i c
2
= 1.12
|
.
|

\
|
56
80
= 1.6 V Ans
(b) 4f< vfairi aia ri ai au vifra riii aia +ai
V
A
V
C
= x
1
IR
1
= x
1
I =
1
1
R
x
:=i v+i tn R
2
ii ai- + =+- t
linii (+ ~i<zi i -ni ti -i t +i l+ t = - n- +i l-il- n li = +i : iii -ti n -i t
Example 47. (+ ai- = n c
0
= 1.11 V+i 72 cm+i n-i: linii n = - ln-
l+i i-i t -=i linii +i i n ai- l-i i R= 120 O+ n
lii-- nii n l+i i-i t ~ni +i iai + 7.8 mAt -
linii 60 cm =-n- n-i: i-- ti-i t
(i) l-i i = ilt- iii +i ni- ai- +i
(ii) ~ni + iai + n zil +i ~i+n- +i
Solution : ti
0
= 72 cm ; = 60 cm; R = 120 O ~i c
0
= 1.11 V
(i) =ni+i +i in +- c
0
= x
0
.......(i)
V = IR = x .......(ii)
=ni+i (i) (ii) =
I =
|
|
.
|

\
| c
0
0
R

I =
|
.
|

\
|
72
60
120
11 . 1
= 7.7 mA
(ii) - l+ nii ni iai + 7.8 mA ( > 7.7 mA) ~- = zi n i-in+ zi l t
AI = 7.8 7.7 = 0.1 mA,
7 . 7
1 . 0
=
I
AI
100 = 1.3 %
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
36
(c) un +i i-af+ vfairi aia +ai
vin =--i l,-i =--i
vin =--i = c = x
1
........... (1)
l,-i =--i = IR = x
2
I =
R
x
2

, -ii I =
R ' r
'
+
c

R ' r
'
+
c
=
R
x
2

R ' r
x
1
+

=
R
x
2

r = (

2
2 1

Example 48. (+ = n +i ~i -l+ l-i i ai- +- + ln( linii +i -i n l+i
i-i t (+ in n. (+ 60O +i in l-ii l<( n =n + =ii
-i n l+i i-i t + i K
1
< +i i-i t -i = - n- n-i: 72
cm + i K
1
~i K
2
<i -i < +i i-i t -i = - n- n-i: 60 cm
ti i-i t = n + ~i -l+ l-i i +i ni-i +
Solution : =ni+i + ~-=i c = x
0
....(i)
V = IR = x ....(ii)
I =
r R +
c
.....(iii)
=ni+i (i), (ii) (iii) =
r = R
|
.
|

\
|
1
0

ti
0
= 72 cm; = 60 cm; R = 60 O
r = (60)
|
.
|

\
|
1
60
72
i r = 12 O.
21. ta ua {aia sfairi isa + fn4 as4in)
l< AB = cm, - BC = (100 ) cm
A B + n vl-ii R
[ llzi vl-i i -ii ~- v-i +i -i zi+n A=- i -i + ln( (+ =ni- t ]
i R = o ...(1)
ti o vl- = nic n-i: +i vl-ii t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
37
:=i -t =, l< B ~i C + n + -i +i vl-ii Qti -i
Q 100
Q = o(100 ) ....(2)
(1) = (2) +i iin < - ,
Q
P
=

100
=-ln- ti-i- (Wheatstone) =- +i zi- nni-
R Q = P X
x = R
P
Q
i X =

100
R
- l+ R ai- t ~- X + ni- +i ni-i +i i =+-i t
Note : ~li+ ziz-i + ln( R+i ni- := +i = - -- t l+ +i ni- 40 cm = 60 cm + i- ti
Example 49. ni = - i n n ~ai- l-ii +i ni- 2O t =ni- l= = =- n- l-< 40cm < i i-- +-
+ ln( l-i i i += n l-i i ti ni
(A) 0.5 O (B) 3 O (C) 20 O (D) 80 O
Solution : ti -i- =- + =-n- + ln(
Q
P
=

100
=
2
P
=
40
40 100
Ans. : P = 3O.
21. si aif+u iu
sf4: :=+i ~i+ l-i i += =i ti -i t ~i :=+i nin i+ + -i ( l - + n +i vl-i i ai- +- + ln( -ii
ni ii :=+i vin i- ~il+= n =-i ni:- +i vl-i i ai- +- + ln( l+i i-i ii
uai . i- ~il+= i+= ti-i - = - +i ni (compact) t . l=+i =ti-i = tn ~ai- vl-i i +i ni-
<i <zinn ~ +i +i zi z-i = ai- + =+- t ~ii - 1/100th ~i n +i zi z-i + =ii <i v+i + i - ~i l+= i +=
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
38
-ni t . -nn in ~i in in -nn ini -+i l-zi (a) n l<iii ni t . i i~i AB ~i BC <i -i n -i-
vl-i i 10, 100 ~i 1000 ohm ti - t :- i i~i +i ~- i- i i +t- t i i AB n vl-i i +i ni- P ~i
i i BC n vl-i i +i ni- Q t -i=i i i AD n vl-i ii+= t-i t l=n 1 O = n + 5,000 O -+ lli--
ni-i + vl-i i ti - t := i i n +z + li l-+in- vi-- vl-i i +i ni- R t ~ai- vl-i i X (l=+i ni-
ai- +-i t ) +i -i ii i i CD n nnii i-i t := v+i t i i( AB, BC, CD AD i-- n ti-i - = -
+i -i i i( ti t . (l-zi b) :=n <i <i + li (taping keys) K
1
( K
2
ii ti -i t ~i--l+ = + i K
1
A
= ~i K
2
ln -n B + =ii i ti -i t t ~i--l+ = i- l-zi n l-<l+- ii~i ,ii <zii n t
C ~i + i K
1
( i + i) + i- (+ i nni: i-i t D ( + i K
2
+ i- n - -i ni nnii i-i t ~-
t li l-zi (b) n <zii n li + - - ti -i t = vin i + i +i <i- t -ii i< n iiinii + i +i
:=+i +ii t t l+ ii i + i +i <ii ~i zi i i-i t . li n v i iii( --- ti -i t l< tn tn
iiinii + i +i <i n -i v i iii~i + +ii = -n- l-< viil- tini l< tn i + i +i <ii i-i t
i< n iiinii + i +i <ii i-i t -i iiinii + i +i <i- + ti v i iii( zi - ti i-i t ~i = - n- l-<
viil- -ti ti -i t
+i4viint
i- ~il+= +i +i viini n n- -i -i ti- t
I. R +i zi - i- t (. i i~i AB ~i BC v + n = -l-- + li l-+in + P ~i Q <i -i +i ni- 10 ~i n
ii i-i t == tn i + i +i <i+ l+ iiinii + i +i <ii i-i t ~i iiinii n l-i +i
l<zii < ii i-i t ~ R +i ~--- ++ - l-i +i l<zii < ii i-i t l< t l-i li- l<zii n t
-i l+ n =i- =ti t
II. P ~i Q <i-i +i (+ =ni- 10O, i- t( R + ni- +i 1O, = vi-i +- t( 1 O +i lz - -+ +i
i-i t -+ l+ l-i +i l<zii li- -ti ti i-i t - = ~ai- vl-i i +i ni- R + ~l--n
<i iini + i- n ti ti ni
(

= = = R
10
10
R
P
Q
R X
-<iti + ln( ni-il+ ii AD n 3O vl-ii t l-i ii ~i t ~i 4O + =ii <ii ~i ~ai-
vl-ii +i ni- 3O ~i 4O + i- ti ti ni
III. ~ P +i 100O ++ ( Q +i 10O ti i+ - R + t ni- ai- +- t l-+ ln( l-i +i l<zii
-+ln- ti i-i t - t l+ ~ i i AD n vl-ii +i ni- -i + vl-i i X +i 10 n -i tini
(

= = =
10
R
100
10
R
P
Q
R X
l,-i -i n ln n -<iti + ln( ~ i i AD +i vl-i i 30O ( 40O + i- ti ni ~- := -i
n tn R +i ni- 30O = =nii l- +-i vi-i +- t l< := v+i R + <i ni-i 32O ~i 33O + ln(
- li- l<zii n l-i vi-- ti - t -i ~ai- vl-i i +i ni- 3.2O ( 3.3O + i- t
IV. l< P +i ni- 1000 O ++ ~i Q +i ni- 10 O ii i-i t -i ~ ii AD n vl-ii +i ni-
"~ai- vl-ii " +i 100 n-i ti ini
PHYSICS
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39
(

= =
100
R
1000
10
R X
n ln n -<iti+ ln( ~ AD i i n vl-i i 320 O ~i 330O + i- vi-- ti -i -ilt( ni-i l+
326 ~i n + ln <i i ~i l-i vi-- ti -i t -ii 324 ~i n + ln( i i ~i ~i 325O + ln( zi - l-i
vi-- ti-i t l+ -i ~ai- vl-i i +i ni- 3.25 O t
~ai- vl-i i + ni- t - i - ~i l+= i += lli ni = - +i - n-i n +n =ti t :=+i +ii t t l+
:=n (post office box) -ii i i~i n vl-i ii + ni- =ni- +i l + i-i =-i -ti t ~- i- i i~i
n ~- i- ~li+ ti -i t -i i i R n t - ~li+ vl-i i i-i -i t
Example 50. i - ~il+= i+= l+= l=zi-- +i +-i t
(A) li nii (B) ti -i- =-
(C) < -n (D) (-i l-n Ans. : (B)
Example 51. i - ~il+= i+= +i i n +- =n + li +i l--- l+= +n n +- +-i -ilt(
(A) tn i + i ~i l+ n--ini + i
(B) tn n--ini + i ~i l+ i + i
(C) <i-i +ii (+ =ii
(D) +i : ii (+ + i tn ~- i< n Ans. : (A)
Example 52. i - ~il+= i+= n l< i n- -i ni +i l-il-i - <n <i i -i :
(A) zi - l-< ~ll- - tni (B) zi- l-< ll- - tini
(C) i - ~il+= i += +i -ti + ni (D) +z -ti +ti i =+-i Ans. : (A)
Problem 1. ~=ni- ~- v-i +i -i zi+n in n-i+i -in+
= iii vilt- ti ti t (l-zi) l< A
1
> A
2
t -i
l--- n =--i ai- +il(
(a) i
1
-ii i
2
(b) j
1
-ii j
2
(c) v
1
-ii v
2
(drift velocity)
ti i iii. j iii i- ~i V ~it n t
Answer : i
1
= i
2
, v
1
< v
2
, J
1
< J
2
Solution : (a) i = (+i + =n n +i -i zi = ilt- ~i zi
i
1
= i
2
(b) j =
A
i
-l+ A
1
> A
2
- j
1
< j
2
(c) j = nev
d
v
d
=
ne
j
j
1
< j
2
-, v
1
< v
2
Problem 2. l-zi n (+ -ii+i +i -i zi in n-i: + (+ -in+ +i <zii i ni t +i -i zi +i lzii a =
b -+ li+ = <n-i t <ii +i l-i i+-i t b a << l ni-- t (. -in+ +i l-i
i ai- +il(
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
40
Solution :
ti +i -i zi+n ll- - t :=ln(
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
R

=ii -i +- -ti ti ni
:=ln( ni ln+ l+i PQ l=+i nii: dx lzii r t. + ln(
l-ii dR =
2
r
dx
t

t
ilnl- = =
x
a r
=

a b
r =

a b
x + a
-in+ +i l-i i
R =
}
)
`

0
2
a x
a b
dx
R =
ab t

Ans.
Problem 3. n-i: +i (+ n-i+i -ni +i ~i--l+ lzii a l+ i lzii b t -ni +i (a) :=+
l=i (b) :=+ ~i--l+ i ai + i- vl-i i +i t ? ( <ii +i vl-i i+-i t )
Solution : (a) A = t(b
2
a
2
)
R =
) a b (
2 2
t

(b) d
R
=
x 2
dx
t

+-< = x <i ln( ~ + ln(

d
R
=
t

2
.
x
dx
R =
}
dR
=
t

2
}
b
a
x
dx
=
t

2
n
a
b
Problem 4. A B + i- - - vl-i i ai- +il(
Solution :
=n-n n l< A +i =--i = it i-
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
41
R
eq
=
R 2 R 2
R 2 R 2
+

= R Ans. : R
eq
= R
Problem 5. 1.0 mA, 20O + iiinii +i 0 = 50mA i= in ~ni n <n- + ln( l+--i zi vl-ii
~iz+ t ?
Answer : S =
49
20
= 0.408 O
Solution : i
g
R
g
= (i i
g
)S
i
g
= 1.0 10
3
A , G = 20O
i = 50 10
3
A
S =
g
g g
v i
R i
=
3
3
10 49
20 10 1

= 0.408 O
Problem 6. R
g
= 20 O -ii i
g
= 1.0 mA + (+ iiinii +i 10 V +i ~li+-n i= in i-ni n +=
<ni i =+-i t ?
Answer : 9980 O + (+ vl-i i +i iiinii + =ii ii+n n i -i ni
Solution : v = i
g
R
S
+ i
g
.R
g
10 = 1 10
3
R
s
+ 1 10
3
20
R
S
=
3
10 1
02 . 0 10

=
3
10
98 . 9

= 9980 O
Problem 7. (+ linii -i l=+i n-i: 10 m l-i i 10 ~i n t . 2 i - l - it+ n +i i iii
l- zi+ = i t l< li i-i 1 ni:+i i -ni.ni. t . -i iii l- zi+ n l-i i +i ni- ti ni
(A) 1.99 (B) 19.9 (C) 199 (D) 1990
Answer : (D)
Solution : d = 10 m , R = 10O ,
E = 2volts ,
d
dv
= 1 v/mm
d
dv
=
3
6
10 1
10 1

v/m = 1 10
3
v/m
-i lii- ,
d
dv
= 1 10
3
10 = 0.01 volts
i =
10
01 . 0
= 0.001 =
'
+ R R
E
(R' = iii l-zi+ +i l-ii)
R =
R
001 . 0
E

=
10
001 . 0
2

= 2000 10 = 1990 O
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
42
Problem 8. (+ r l-i i +i + ni in i = = l+ - + <i n n- n ii n: t n- n ii ilt- l--
nni t . l=+i < ni- m +i -i zi A t i-i n n- + ~-< (+ ni n ~i<zi n = He ii t
+ ni = iii I ilt- ti -i t l== n = +i -i T = T
0
+ at + bt
2
+ ~- =i ll- - ti -i t =n
t + =ii n = +i <i l-- ii i-i t l-- + - i nni <i P
0
t . -i ai- +l -
(a) =n (t) + +n- n + ni = ilt- iii I ~i
(b) =n (t) + +n- n l-- +i -in (v)
Solution : n- n l-i- +ni n dt =n n --- -ni
dQ = I
2
r dt .......... (i)
(a) =i tn i-- t
dQ = nC
p
dT ......... (ii)
I
2
r dt =
2
R 5
dT
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
R 5
C
p
ti T = T
0
+ at + bt
2
dt
dT
= (a + 2bt)
I = (

+ ) a bt 2 (
r 2
R 5
...(ii)
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
R 5
C
p
<i l-- t
PV = RT PdV = RdT
PA dx = RdT
n v =
dt
dx
=
PA
R
.
dt
dT
=
PA
R
(2bt + a) (P
0
A + mg = PA)
=
mg A P
R
0
+
(2bt + a) Ans.