What is polymorphism in Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)

Languages?

In object-oriented programming, polymorphism is a generic term that

means 'many shapes'. (from the Greek meaning "having multiple forms").
Polymorphism is briefly described as "one interface, many implementations."
polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning
or usage to something in different contexts - specifically, to allow an entity
such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form.

• Compile time poly.

• Run time poly.

Function Overloading
Polymorphism means that functions assume different forms at different
times. In case of compile time it is called function overloading.Two or more
functions can have same name but their parameter list should be different
either in terms of parameters or their data types. The functions which differ
only in their return types cannot be overloaded. The compiler will select the
right function depending on the type of parameters passed.

Operator overloading
In polymorphism operators can also be overloaded (Compile time
polymorphism). Operators can be overloaded in order to perform special
functions with respect to the class. With the help of operator overloading
standard operations such as + , - , * , etc can be applied on the objects of
the class.
What is Encapsulation in Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)
Languages?

Encapsulation is the procedure of covering up of data and functions into a

single unit. Encapsulation (also information hiding) consists of separating the
external aspects of an object which are accessible to other objects, from the
internal implementation details of the object, which are hidden from other
objects.

A process, encapsulation means the act of enclosing one or more items

within a (physical or logical) container (Class).

Benefits of Encapsulation in oops:

Encapsulation makes it possible to separate an objects implementation from

its behavior to restrict access to its internal data. This restriction allows
certain details of an objects behavior to be hidden. It allows us to create a
"black box" and protects an objects internal state from corruption by its
clients.

It helps in minimizing interdependencies among modules by defining a strict

external interface. So encapsulation prevents a program from becoming so
interdependent that a small change has massive ripple effects.

What is inheritance?

Inheritance is the mechanism which allows a class A to inherit properties of a

class B. We say "A inherits from B''. Objects of class A thus have access to
attributes and methods of class B without the need to redefine them.

If class A inherits from class B, then B is called superclass of A. A is called

subclass of B. Objects of a subclass can be used where objects of the
corresponding superclass are expected. This is due to the fact that objects of
the subclass share the same behavior as objects of the superclass.

What is the difference between abstract class and interface?

We use abstract class and interface where two or more entities do same type
of work but in different ways. Means the way of functioning is not clear while
defining abstract class or interface. When functionality of each task is not
clear then we define interface. If functionality of some task is clear to us but
there exist some functions whose functionality differs object by object then
we declare abstract class.

What is a static class?

We can declare a static class. We use static class when there is no data or
behavior in the class that depends on object identity. A static class can have
only static members. We can not create instances of a static class using the
new keyword. .NET Framework common language runtime (CLR) loads Static
classes automatically when the program or namespace containing the class
is loaded.

• Static classes only contain static members.

• Static classes cannot be instantiated. They cannot contain Instance
Constructors
• Static classes are sealed.

What is the difference between value parameter and reference

parameter?
A value parameter is used for "in" parameter passing, in which the value of
an argument is passed into a method, and modifications of the parameter do
not impact the original argument. A value parameter refers to its own
variable, one that is distinct from the corresponding argument. This variable
is initialized by copying the value of the corresponding argument.

A reference parameter is used for "by reference" parameter passing, in

which the parameter acts as an alias for a caller-provided argument. A
reference parameter does not itself define a variable, but rather refers to the
variable of the corresponding argument. Modifications of a reference
parameter impact the corresponding argument.

What is the property of class?

A property is a member that provides access to an attribute of an object or a

class. Examples of properties include the length of a string, the size of a font,
the caption of a window, the name of a customer, and so on.

Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?

A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.

If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the

class be accessed?
A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package
access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and
interfaces that are defined within the same package.
What is difference between overloading and overriding?
a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the
same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass
method and subclass method.

b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas

overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass.

c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in

overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass.

d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding

must have same signature.

List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.

Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).
Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).
Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).
Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).
The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).

What do u meant by “SBI” of an object?

SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above
three.

State: It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time.

Behaviour:It describes the actions and their reactions of that object.Identity:
An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity
makes it possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and
independently from its state.

What do you meant by static and dynamic modeling?

Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the
problem domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE
diagrams. But Dynamic modeling refers representing the object interactions
during runtime. It is represented by sequence, activity, collaboration and
statechart diagrams