Development of a Public Education Website:

Building Bridges over Water

A Senior Project
Presented to
the Faculty of the Agricultural Education and Communication Department
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science
By
Angelina McKee
Spring 2014
2014 Angelina McKee


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Abstract

Website created by Angelina McKee to educate the public about water resource issues.
Water is the basic unit of life, water resources are the basis for what societies and ecosystems are
founded upon. Water shortages and droughts are more prevalent in our ever-changing world. It is
no shock that there are discrepancies between various stockholders on either sides of the dry
riverbed. This senior project resulted in the development of a website that addresses global water
resources, water use in California, water conservation, and water allocation. The website
informs the public on water resources and related issues and will hopefully change behavior and
attitudes toward the valuable resource. The information is located at:
http://buildingbridgesoverwater.weebly.com/.














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Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge my wonderful instructors at California Polytechnic State
University, San Luis Obispo for their insight, enthusiasm, and lasting contributions to my
education. In particular I would like to thank Dr. Robert Flores, my senior project advisor, Dr.
Sarah Bisbing for her appreciation for the natural world, Dr. Michael Jenks for his tutelage in
water law and issues with water quality and quantity, as well as the multitude professors within
the BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department who furthered my education in
agricultural water use.
Aside from my academic life, I would like to acknowledge my parents, Jeff and Kea
McKee, for teaching me the true meanings in life and showing me all that it has to offer. I would
especially like to thank my wonderful husband, Joseph Rice, for his continuing support. Lastly, I
would like to thank my son, Charlie, for giving me the strength and focus to try and make the
world a better place for our future generations. You all mean the world to me and I greatly
appreciate all of your advice, education, support, and love!










"""
Table of Contents

Chapter One Introduction ..... 1
Statement of the Problem .. 1
The Importance of the Project ... 2
Purpose of the Project 2
Objectives of the Project 3
Definition of Important Terms ...... 3
Summary 4

Chapter Two Review of Literature ... 5
Global Resources 5
Local Resources and Allocation..... 9
Water Use and Conservation.. 12
Summary. 14

Chapter Three Methods and Materials..... 15
Gathering Information ... 15
Website Development and Design 16
Consulting with Advisors (change title of this section) 17
Conclusion . 18

Chapter Four Results...... 19

Chapter Five Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusions .. 25
Summary 25
Recommendations . 25
Conclusion . 26

Bibliography 27

Chapter One
Introduction

Water is one of our most precious and valuable resources. Water resources are often only
appreciated when there isnt enough to go around. Droughts and water shortages are times of
high concern, interest, and misinformation. Not only mankind, but society as a whole depends
upon water for survival. Humans have tacitly assumed over the centuries that water is readily
available, inexpensive and plentiful, presently however, the abundance of clean, unlimited
supplies of inexpensive water is quickly becoming a myth. With costs rising, supplies drying
up, tensions growing and pressure mounting, it is important to not only understand where our
water comes from, how it is divided among users, how the users use, conserve and can improve
their water use. Policy makers, voters, and water users everyone needs to be better educated on
water, as their lives do in fact depend upon it. This chapter will cover the statement of the
problem, the importance, purpose, objective, benefits, and summary of the overall report on
Building Bridges over Water.

Statement of the Problem
Water resources are becoming increasingly important, as many sources are limited.
Without proper education, water resources can be mismanaged or misappropriated. An educated
public is more likely to value and respect their precious resources when they understand the
importance of the resources. In times of major ongoing drought, it is vital that the public has
access to information about how they can help conserve water and respect the way water is used.



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The Importance of the Project
In these times of serious drought, an educated public is vital to the survival of the society
as a whole. Water is often what societies are based around; water it is a vital part of every day
life. Water sources, water destinations and water uses need to be understood so that it is used
wisely and will be available in the near future and for future generations to come.
Besides educating on the level of the individual, the public is often an integral part of law
and policy making of society as a whole. Societys decision makers are not informed enough to
draft and implement appropriate regulation about water law, if they are not properly educated
about water resources. The coverage of water resources is vital to the public as a whole, as all
life depends upon it. There is also a lack of communication between different water users,
specifically between urban and agricultural water resource users. It is unfortunate that lawmakers
and the majority of voters often do not understand agricultural water users needs, however they
are the ones deciding restrictions for quantity and use for their operations. Proper knowledge,
education, and understanding of water resources are vital in an every expanding population with
pressures for food availability with limited water resource availability. The education of water
resources is vital to the successful continuation of society as a whole.

Purpose of the Project
The purpose of the project is to inform the public about many facets of water resources so
that they may not only understand and make informed decisions involving water resources, but
they might also conserve and learn to respect the privileges that come along with having them.
By distributing a pamphlet to a sample group of water users, they will become better informed


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and thus make educated decisions on their water use and potential water policies as well as the
water that is allocated to other users.

Objectives of the Project
Objectives include researching and compiling water resource data, fact and pertinent
sources to form a bank of information. Draw from the bank of information to compile a website
that will educate the public about water resources. The website will be posted on the internet so
that water resources users may learn about daily measures they can partake in, as well as
information they can use to make educated decisions, and potentially policy decisions involving
water resources. The overall outcome is to design and construct a website with water resource
information for the public to be able to search and use.

Definition of Important Terms
Agriculture: the food and fiber industry that is responsible for feeding, clothing, and providing
materials including shelter, paper, and tree products to the worlds population.
Brackish: water that is a mixture of freshwater and salt water, usually in an estuary, delta, or bay,
which typically hosts a high diversity of life.
Desalination: typically referred to as ocean desalination, is the process that occurs when ocean
or briny water is processed to create purified water and a concentrated briny solution.
Desalination is very expensive to operate and results in a high water cost.
Desertification: the process where a landscape turns into a desert, usually due to mismanagement
of the landscape, a removal of a key species in the trophic cascade (also called the food
web or food chain), reduced rainfall, or a combination of the preceding.


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Environment: the natural world, which includes the land, air and water that all animal and plant
species, including mankind, live in. The environment also provides important ecosystem
services such as the water cycle, nutrient cycle, pollination, oxygen exchange, and many
other services that are taken for granted, but to which all of life depends upon.
Intrusion: referred to as salt water intrusion, occurs when ground water sources are drained or
diminished and oceanic water is drawn through the soil into the fresh water aquifers,
thereby contaminating the freshwater sources.
Tail-water return system: A system that can be used in surface irrigation (typically field or row-
crop irrigation) to collect the tail-water at the end of the field for storage or to be reused
in irrigation.
Precipitation: rainfall, snow, or sleet.
Urban: areas including and surrounding towns or cities, where concentrations of people reside.
Water wheeling: a figurative term used to describe water distribution and transport.

Summary
The quality and quantity of water resources are limited, in California especially. Mark
Twain once said, Whiskey is for drinking, water is for fighting, which still holds true today, as
ever. California has suffered through severe droughts and society across the globe depends on
water, public education of water resources is increasingly important. Additionally, the majority
of voters are not educated to make uninformed decisions that affect other water users. With the
publics strong dependence on clean and reliable sources of water, the objectives of this report
will hopefully bridge the gap in knowledge to grant better use, conservation, understanding and
policy making for water resources.


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Chapter Two
Review of Literature

Water is one of our most precious resources, and we must better understand the resource
to conserve and protect the resource. Water resources are not alike and require different
conservation and management plans. Water is collected, distributed, reallocated, and often times
stored for later use. The following information has been compiled to emphasize global water
resources, water allocation, and the conservation and use of water in agricultural and urban areas.

Global Resources








The natural water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, (The USGS Water Science
School, 2014) is a cylindrical process in which water changes between solid, liquid and gas,
which we refer to as ice, water, and water vapor (The USGS Water Science School, 2014). The
Hydrologic cycle, as seen below in Figure 1, helps depict the endless changes between physical
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states, above, below and within the Earths surface and illustrates the complex relationship that is
the water cycle. (The USGS Water Science School, 2014).
The distribution of the water on Earth is far more complex that it appears from the
surface. While water covers 71% of the planets surface (How much water is there on, in, and
above the Earth?, 2014), approximately 96.5% of that water is ocean water (The Worlds Water,
2014), which is undrinkable without costly desalination treatment. Of the remaining freshwater
most make up glaciers and ice caps underground reservoirs, with less than .7% of the total
Earths freshwater remaining surface water and groundwater, which are sources of water that we
are available for storage and potential use. (The Worlds Water, 2014) Please view Figure 2,
Distribution of Earths Water, for a better illustration of Earths water.













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The Earth is very large, and while over the surface is predominantly covered with water,
it is surprising how little water there is to go around. The Earths water, if compared in size to
the earth, would equate to a sphere approximately 860 miles in diameter, the liquid fresh water
including ground water, lakes, swamps, and rivers would comprise a sphere of 169.5 mile
diameter, and the fresh water contained in lakes and rivers would create a sphere with a 34.9
mile diameter (The Worlds Water, 2014). An illustrated version of these spheres can be seen in
Figure 3 below. The planet is surprisingly dry in comparison to the typical perception of the
blue planet. (Where is Earths Water Located?, 2013) There are a few accessible sources of
water including precipitation, surface water, and groundwater.














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Precipitation is the product of water vapor falling to the Earth in the form of rain, sleet,
snow, or hail. (Precipitation: The Water Cycle, 2014) Precipitation is one of the primary
connections in the water cycle that delivers atmospheric water to the earth, as seen previously in
Figure 1. (Precipitation: The Water Cycle, 2014) Precipitation in the form of snow can be very
important to ecosystems that experience dry summers. (Precipitation: The Water Cycle, 2014) In
areas with little precipitation during summer, snowmelt during the spring recharges depleted
groundwater and streams that are very important for water supply to the environment, the
agricultural industry, and for urban and industrial use. (Precipitation: The Water Cycle, 2014)
Surface water can be considered as any body of water, which includes fresh and saltwater
bodies, like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and streams. (The USGS Water Science School, 2014)
Dammed lakes and reservoirs allow for storage, timely water delivery, flood control, potential
hydroelectric generation, and fire suppression. (Why do people build dams?, 2014) Surface
water is often artificially created by the damming of rivers and streams, which alters the natural
ecosystem, segments the river, and often times inhibits native fish migration. (Perrine, 2013)
Surface water is prone to evaporation losses, sometimes exceeding 20 percent of the average
annual runoff evaporation losses can be even greater if the width of the impounded valley is
considerable, and induces a larger open water area. (Conjunctive use of surface and
groundwater, 1993) This form of water storage may not be suitable for all locations, especially
when compared to the potential for ground water storage.
Groundwater is one of our many precious resources, unfortunately, groundwater is not
only neglected, and it is also taken for granted. Groundwater is recharged by stream flow, rain,
and permeated surface water. (Groundwater, 2014) Pollutants can also contaminate
groundwater, which is a very serious issue for potable drinking water. (Groundwater, 2014) If


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groundwater is pumped more than it is replenished, it can lead to lower water tables and possibly
land subsidence depending on the aquifer system and rock structure below. (The Science of
Groundwater Studies, 2012)
Precipitation, surface water, and groundwater are the predominant sources of easily
accessible water, however, traditional sources are expanding to include alternative sources of
water. Storm water runoff and wastewater effluent can be collected and used for groundwater
recharge or for non-potable uses such as stream flow, wildlife habitat, landscaping, and
irrigation. (Wastewater Treatment Water Use, 2014) Other sources, such as salt or ocean water
can be processed through ocean desalination and used; however desalination plants are expensive
to operate and power. (Saline water: Desalination, 2014) Advancements in technology and
innovative methods are key in conserving and stretching out every drop of water, especially in
dry times and periods of drought. The year 2014 marks the end of the third year of ongoing
drought, with calendar year 2013 marking one of the driest years in recorded history for many
places throughout California. (One of Californias Driest Years, 2014)

Local Resources and Allocation
The most recent Californian state of emergency declared by Governor Jerry Brown was
on January 17, 2014 due to the sever drought. (Drought 2014: What You Need to Know, 2014)
In wet and dry years alike, it is important to know about your sources of water including but not
limited to: safety, sustainability, and management practices and development. According to the
Huston Museum of Natural Science, areas with very little rainfall usually turn into deserts and
some of these desert areas include North Africa, the Middle East, western North America, and
Central Asia. (World Rainfall Map, 2012). In California, there are many urban populations that


+,
are situated in desert areas, or areas that are experiencing increasingly less water. It is a major
challenge to make an oasis out of a desert landscape, creating a huge pressure on water from
other locations.
To wheel water means to distribute and transfer water to meet demands of urban,
industrial, and agricultural water users. Water sources and water requirements often dont match
up, which is why large networks of water delivery systems have been built across many parts of
the world, such as California and the Western United States. According to the Association of
California Water Agencies (ACWA), in California, approximately 75% of the precipitation
occurs in the North and 75% of the need is in the Southern part of the state. (Californias Water:
California Water Systems, 2014) With this large disparity, California has developed a large and
extensive network of water storage and delivery systems to bridge the ongoing gap between
water sources and water demands. It is widely assumed that a family of four will use 1 acre-foot
of water per year, which is equivalent to 325,851 gallons. Major projects in California include
the Central Valley Project with 7 million acre-feet (MAF) per year, the State Water Project with
2.3 million a (MAF) / year, the All-American Canal with 3 MAF/year, the Colorado River
Aqueduct with 1.2 MAF/year, the Los Angeles Aqueduct with 200,000 AF/year, the Mokelumne
Aqueduct with 364,000 AF/year, and the San Francisco Hetch Hetchy Project with 330,000
AF/year. (Californias Water: California Water Systems, 2014)
Water is a scarcity in California. With finite resources, the division of between water
users can be very controversial in dry years. Water in California can be divided into three main
groups: environmental requirements, urban uses, and agricultural demands. Urban water uses
include indoor and outdoor uses, as well as industrial and manufacturing water used. (Let's
Examine the Issues: Water Quantity and Quality, 2008) Agricultural water uses in California


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include uses such as irrigation of the variety of more than 250 crops, which leads the nation in
production of 75 commodities (Let's Examine the Issues: Water Quantity and Quality, 2008).
Environmental water uses include wild and scenic river flows, required Delta outflow, and
wetland water and is crucial for maintaining intact marine ecosystems (Let's Examine the
Issues: Water Quantity and Quality, 2008). The distribution of these three groups can be seen in
Figure 4 below, the distribution of water during an average year is approximately 11% urban,
42% agricultural, and 47% environmental. (Let's Examine the Issues: Water Quantity and
Quality, 2008)








Every continent across the globe is suffering from population increases that put demand
on all resources, however water resources can be the most difficult to quantify and indicate
issues with overuse. Groundwater tables lowering, land subsidence, desertification, and rivers
running dry are all indicators that freshwater resources are not being managed properly.
According to the National Geographic Society, there are eight major rivers across the world that
no longer reach the ocean and have run dry from overuse due to agriculture, industry, and
municipal uses. The rivers they list include the Colorado River in western North America, the
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Indus River in Pakistan, the Amu Darya River in Central Asia, the Syr Darya River in Central
Asia, the Rio Grande River in central North America, the Yellow River in China, the Teesta
River in India, and the Murray River in Australia. (8 Mighty Rivers Run Dry from Overuse,
2014). When rivers run dry it completely changes the ecosystem at the confluence of the oceans,
destroys brackish and estuarine ecosystems, and can greatly impact local fisheries. It is important
to use water resources responsibly so that all users, agricultural, environmental, and municipal
alike, may benefit. Limited water affects everyone, especially those downstream.

Water Use and Conservation
Water is one of the key elements that we all need in order to survive and often taken for
granted. There are many ways to conserve water in both urban and agricultural areas. In urban
and industrial areas, conservation can happen in several ways including, but not limited to: grey
water reuse for landscaping, high efficiency irrigation methods and upkeep of the equipment,
low flow fixtures at home, high efficiency appliances, smart water saving techniques and overall
water use consciousness, being aware of your water use and impacts, reducing losses through
evaporation, leaks, and contamination, planting native and low-water use landscapes, turf
replacement, low-water landscape transition, reuse of process water during production, and using
less water overall in processing. (Water Use Calculator, 2014) In agriculture, mainly
conservation through irrigation and a better understanding of the land can include, but is not
limited to: high efficiency irrigation methods, laser leveling for more level ground, dry land
farming, partial root drying, deficit irrigation, modifying irrigation schedule according to
weather, allowing for groundwater recharge, use of cover crops, tail water collection and reuse,
and planting crops better adapted to local climate. It should be noted that agricultural irrigation


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uses include evaporation, transpiration, and return flows may be recoverable depending on local
conditions (Perry et al., 2009), but are nonetheless kept within the water cycle and may
contribute to environmental water available. Agriculture is crucial to our food and fiber
industries and urban water use is inevitable, but with proper upkeep of infrastructure and
education everyone can do their part to conserve water in a multitude of ways.
Aside from conservation of water resources, there are potential water issues that can
occur. Urban and industrial water use issues include, but are not limited to: pollutants being
introduced into groundwater, streams, and the ocean, chemical spills introduced during industrial
operations, pathogenic organism introduced via contaminated water, prescription drugs and
heavy metals introduced into wastewater and therefore wastewater effluent and reclaimed water,
fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides being applied improperly in the garden, potable water
quality issues, sewage spills, septic tank leaks, and leach lines and groundwater contamination.
(Groundwater Quality, 2014) Potential water issues involving agriculture include salt water
intrusion from pumping groundwater near the coast, reduced river flows affecting riparian and
aquatic life, pumping impacts on groundwater including compaction of aquifer systems and
subsidence, soil erosion from irrigation on bare soils, leeching of nutrients into ground water and
rivers or streams, salt accumulation in soil from deficit irrigation without periodic leaching,
fertilizers introduced to surrounding environment if applied incorrectly or carelessly, and runoff
from irrigation as a pesticide or fertilizer introduction. (Groundwater Quality, 2014) Education
can make a difference by reducing water consumption, educating voters, and making
conservation of resources a priority for future generations to come. (California Water: Is Your
City Planning for the Future?, 2014) Water awareness and education leads to wiser choices and
improved resource conservation.


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Summary
Accessible fresh water resources are very small in comparison to the total volume of
water on Earth. The water cycle connects all of the various states of water to the earth.
Accessible sources of water include precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and alternative
sources such as reclaimed water and water from ocean desalination. Local resource management
is vital to the future of a community in dry and wet years alike. The year 2013 marked the third
year of drought in California and in many places through California, the driest year in recorded
history. (One of Californias Driest Years, 2014) Wheeling water, or distributing water, is a way
to meet sources of water with its environmental, agricultural, and urban demands. California has
an extensive system of waterways to convey water to bridge the ongoing gap between water
sources and demands. There are potential water use issues in both agriculture and with urban
and industrial water uses; as well as conservation measurements and areas to improve upon.
Water awareness and water education lead to wiser conservation for future resources.












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Chapter Three
Methods and Materials

Creating a website for the public requires many considerations about the information
presented, the media it is presented with, the design and functionality of the site, the conveyance
of the material to the public, and the perception and communication of the information to the
public. Materials for this website included gathering information from various sources,
developing the website using a computer and a website builder, consideration of the site in
regards to design, navigation, and presentation, consulting with advisors to review website
information and possible perceptions of the public, and curtailing the finished product using
advisors comments.

Gathering Information
Information gathered for the website information and compilation included gathering
background information concerning water resources, learning principles of design, learning
website design and functionality as it applies to public use.
In order for the author to develop an understanding of the need for this public website
development concerning water resources, they took many classes at multiple institutions. Classes
in natural water resources included environmental management, dendrology, natural resource
ecology and habitat management, wildlife conservation biology, and water law and policy.
Classes in agricultural and landscape water applications and irrigation included principles of
irrigation, irrigation theory, drip/microirrigation, hydraulics, irrigation water management,
environmental horticulture, horticulture and crop science, and fruit growing. Urban and industrial


+'
water use classes water distribution systems and water law and policy. The author completed an
internship at county public works department in the water resources and hydraulic planning units
and attended meetings including, but not limited to Water Resources Advisory Committee
meetings, the California Irrigation Institute Annual 2010 Conference: California Water Supply:
Running on Empty, Thinking Outside the Tank, and has been members of the United States
Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, and an Honorary 2010 student member of the California
Agricultural Irrigation Association. Knowledge obtained during these classes, positions,
meetings, and memberships will be used in combination with other researched material for
population of the website content.

Website Development and Design
The website was developed using Weebly, which is a web-hosting service that allows
users functionality to design, build, and maintain websites. This site assists the site owners create
a widget-based site that operates in a web browser. (Weebly, 2014) The process Weebly has set
up for the site owners involves planning, creating, publishing, and growing the site. (Weebly,
2014) The site builder also allows you to create your own domain name. (Weebly, 2014) The
author purchased the professional plan in order to utilize more multimedia functions to create a
more interactive website.
In addition to content, design, layout, and organization are very important considerations
for multimedia like websites. The communication medium is important for the audience, because
it is the channel that links the source to the receiver. (Bradley, 2014) The medium, which in this
case is a website, can either attract or distract the audience based on mental and physical
interferences individuals may have. (Bradley, 2014) The design and layout of a website can also


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capture the audiences attention or cause them to become easily disinterested in the message.
Graphic communication is very important in multimedia messages and interactive media
channels like websites. Organization of the information and ease of movement through the
website is very important and must be given great consideration during the design and layout of
the site.

Consulting with Advisors
When publishing a website that the public can access, it is important for the
communicator to provide information that is both fair and balanced. The author took great care
and consideration to consult with advisors from various backgrounds to provide insight into the
complicated issue that relates to water resources. Advisors include: Dr. Robert Flores (primary
advisor), who is a professor in the Agricultural Education and Communication Department,
Professor Ivan Bradley (graphic communications advisor), who is a professor in the Graphic
Communications Department, and Dr. Sarah Bisbing (natural resources advisor), who is a
professor in the Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences Department. Using
these advisors to accurately portray the information in a fair and balanced way is key to the goal
of accurately informing the public; water resources are the subject to a very complicated stigma
that must be overcome in order to be effective. Using these various advisors will help maintain
the importance of environmental, agricultural and urban water resources, utilization, and
conservation while attempting to remove any potential biases around the subjects that may create
mental interference for the audience. It is also important to receive feedback on a quality product
in terms for collaboration of ideas and balance of information.



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Conclusion
The creation and population of a website involves many integrated parts. Gathering
information is the basis for the start of the project. Creation and development of a website needs
to include design and organization considerations for navigation through the site and
understanding of the material. Feedback and recommendations from advisors and peers is also
important to ensure you have a quality product for public viewing. Website design and
publication is not a formidable task, however it does entail a great amount of time and energy.



+*
Chapter Four
Results

The purpose of this senior project was to develop a website to educate the public and
promote water conservation, a better understanding of resource allocation, and water resources
education. The following pages consist of screenshots of the website that was developed and is
located at http://buildingbridgesoverwater.weebly.com/. The figures included are the following
website pages in their respective order:





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Chapter Five
Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusions
Summary
Water is one of our most valuable resources. How water resources are managed, utilized,
conserved, and stored are crucial for all that use it. Everyone needs to be more educated and
aware about how their water use affects others and how it will affect future use. With limited
resources, bridging the gap between different water users will allow more effective management,
informed voter decisions, and a more sustainable use of resources. This website is for the
purpose of bridging the gap between water users, increasing water resource awareness, and
allowing the public as a whole to make more informed decisions on their water use and potential
water policies.

Recommendations
Compiling information for the public and building a website can be very time consuming
and involves a lot of care and consideration. Making information that can potentially reach
millions of viewers should be thorough, balanced, and factual. There are many ways to create
websites and that decision depends greatly on the amount of time and experience of the website
creators.
It is recommended that when starting a project, like a website, background information be
compiled beforehand, so that the design and population of the information on the website is a
more straightforward task. When creating and populating a website, it is recommended to have
several advisors to critique your design, functionality, and information presented to insure the
convenience for the public user, as well as potential reactions that the public site may receive.


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Based on personal website experiences, either writing code or using a website builder
with drag and drop functionality, for those inexperienced it would be recommend using a
builder that has drag and drop functionality. It reduces the amount of work, provides designs
and layouts that are simple to choose from, and takes the difficulty of writing code out of the
equation. For those that enjoy a challenge, or are very computer savvy, writing code would be
the other more complicated option.

Conclusions
Completion of the compilation of the website for water awareness and water resource
user education was a success because it met the objectives established in the beginning of the
project. The website is able to reach a wide array of viewers because it is available to everyone
with a computer and Internet across the world.











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Bibliography

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