gee lience fa bending af materials cin _oppto ximate measure js “the average. werk clane ta_stressing a Specimen in bending +o the proportianal liaiF Joad Tt is_only uted far Comparative Purposes ia “selectiag naaterials, Siace the type af loadiag and —SPecimen 9 dimensionSwill _geot\y ia uence the values abetained . eS a o Simply Supparted beam with o center loadiag : Ge ie TES Ho clulus-of rupture | fra fee Tk 1s dleten biied for lorittle materials Bad is -alSa_Cal:culated by the formule 7 Op mak max 35 the max. ben diag mament corres Perdling. CBS Hit sah applied loach peePee eels matecials hot fracture jia_bendliag., ductility iS Sometimes measured as the mak: deflection at Fracduce.Siace the value af this de Flectian depends Upon the Specimen dimensions _,SPan_length aad. re Hd—ef bacliag the ducttlily is measured by Hie deflection at fracture ts ef valse lo Comparison jPurpesesanly “Tough ne ss Pee For brittle enatectals toughness is Sometimes _ —menSured toy the qweragewotk dang Per unit — volume -to— Fracture the specimen. = : : oe) Efectal imPortart —yaciables in flexture tests G:,) L-Tio=Paoial leading placed at the third Points Gives results sémewhet less than cember leading Ges ete ji. he _sherter Ho span length af the beam the greater 13 +he meclulus_of rupture and the] tHe amputed Value of the madulas Of ela iby ergs aoe LiL “re shape ok _coss-section: ef a beam — tras a _consiclerable efRect on the[A etes ComparifanS are based an t _He seme _s€conel_momeat—_ =e! grea } — a _deflechia tv. size effect 2— ea hewer hs are obtained Lor beams of larger: ossVUUUUUUUUUUUU Bee vuvuueueUuUe oe eek CoplunesiasmetelS 4-Ductile metals 3 gOS She ee abeam racy Past -by Yielding of extreme Fibers sre_ may tale plac buckling ¢ to @ beam long Spar tbo _Conapression fibres ack waet aslo the mpressian Fibres of a-Golumn esting nie é- Failure may take Pac ty Yyieleliag of Hoe quer_ Stressed. jParts wear suppacts~ if Hye local Stress ex ceeds Hw 4ielol Strength of the material at te sunction_af web and Flange fa_cose of TF beam aad channel sections failure Occurs ices cae Foslure occurs by —Sudalen fracture aleny 2plane Pec Pladiculac to the specimen axis, fat lave begins at dbo _tenstle fibres. Cald bend tests for metals ots seal ie obtaining aon_indey ae ductility . “The_test consists io Sharply ss aban tlarouy a large angle _and noting whetherpee. bret Cracking oceurs on th EF gl the bend Diece. Ke _argle. of bent at - poichs Cracking starts ts determines! ___ zi ea. sl ise tes? 's Generni wared bey 7 Severity of the test | 24 uSina ce Sizes of Pins ae mhiols = dhe “bent is rade aS showy a Diameter or thickne Radius of beattB Test Piece os = uf2to 25 mm eine fenaes Dor ss ot ee we than 25mm a dellec. a Er