Prestack Migration

Migration
I ntuitive
Least Squares
Greens Theorem
3D Prestack Diffraction Stack Migration
g s
x
Motivation: ZO only good if no lateral vel change
Trial image pt x m(x) =
3D Prestack Diffraction Stack Migration
g s
x
= d(x, + )
sx
s,g
xg
Outline
Prestack DS Migration Theory
RTM
MATLAB Code
RTM vs Poststack vs Prestack
Prestack Migration
Question: Why Prestack when poststack
migration seems good enough?
Answer: Stacking to get stacked section assumes
layered medium assumption.
Solution: Migrate shot gathers so no layer
assumption needed. This is prestack
migration.
Narrow band case: direct wave correlated with data
Diffraction Stack Migration: Prestack

sx

xg
s
x
g
Where is scatterer?
T(s,g) =

sx

xg
+
d(s,g, )

sx xg
+

s,g
Down time Up time
W( )
~
A(s,x)

sx
i
e

x

xg
i
e
A(g,x)
d(s,g) =
m(x)
~
115.
Diffraction Stack Modeling: Prestack
~

2
d = L m m = L d
T

W( )
~
A(s,x)

sx
i
e

s,g

xg
i
e
A(g,x)
m(x) = d(s,g)
d


d


~
d(s,g, + )
sx xg
A(s,x)

s,g
A(x,g)
=
*
-
-
Broadband case
W( )=1
~
Narrow band case: direct wave correlated with data
..
115.
Diffraction Stack Migration: Prestack
~
m(x)

2
m = L d
T
Outline
Prestack DS Migration Theory
RTM
MATLAB Code
RTM vs Poststack vs Prestack
Prestack RTM vs One-way Wave Equation
Migration
Prestack RTM vs One-way Wave
Equation Migration
Trial image pt x

traces
ZO Diffraction Stack Migration
g
d (g, )
xg
m(x) =

g

x
Trial image pt x

traces
g
d (g, )
xg
m(x) =

g

x
Migration I mage
ZO Diffraction Stack Migration
2D dot product of migration
Operator and d(g,t)
Trial image pt x

traces
g
d (g, )
xg
m(x) =

g

x
ZO Reverse Time Migration
~Scattered RTM
Super-resolution
x
Trial image pt x

traces
g
d (g, )
xg
m(x) =

g

x
ZO Reverse Time Migration
~Scattered RTM
Super-resolution
x
Prestack RTM vs One-way Wave Equation
Migration
Outline
Prestack DS Migration Theory
RTM
MATLAB Code
RTM vs Poststack vs Prestack
Types of Traveltimes
Shortest Traveltime or Shortest Raypath
Maximum Energy Traveltimes
Shortest path ray
Shortest traveltime
ray
Maximum energy ray
Poststack vs Prestack Migration
Poststack vs Prestack Migration
RRTM vs KM Migration
RRTM vs KM Migration
Prestack RTM vs One-Way Mig.
Prestack RTM vs One-Way Mig.
Outline
Prestack DS Migration Theory
RTM
DS MATLAB Code
RTM vs Poststack vs Prestack
MATLAB Prestack Migration
MATLAB I nefficient Prestack
Migration
for isx=1:nx % Loop over shot
for igx=1:nx % Loop over receivers
for ix=1:nx % Loop over model x
for iz=1:nx % Loop over model z
t=timer(ix,iz,isx)+timer(ix,iz,igx)
sample=gather(isx,igx,t) % Shot gather has 2 time derivatives
mig(ix,iz)=mig(ix,iz)+sample
end
end
end
end

MATLAB Prestack Migration
Prestack Migration
1. No assumption about velocity model
2. More sensitive to velocity model errors
compared to poststack migration
3. More than 10 10 times slower than
poststack migration
4. More sensitive to velocity model than time
migration
2 6
Poststack vs Prestack Migration
Poststack vs Prestack Migration