wMÖ‡mi Ici cvi‡m¨i cÖfve

g~j: †Rwb evKKvi

f~wgKv I Abyev`: Ryev‡qi †nv‡mb

... It was the obvious thing to do. After all, it is sound policy to make use of knowledge
developed by others. Nineteenth-century European historians, however, have often
ignored the Persian contribution to Greek culture. They believed in a "Greek miracle"
and were unable to conceptualize oriental influences. (They had more or less the same
perspective on European history, which had developed -in their view- autonomously.)

...At least in theory, the subject towns could negotiate about the amount they owed to
their masters, and it is tempting to link this fact to the remark by Herodotus that the
Persians regarded king Darius as a merchant (kapelos) because he negotiated about
everything (Histories 3.89). This is really remarkable, because a king was not supposed to
make deals with his subjects about the prize of his reign.
Janine Bakker

f~wgKv

‡mB K‡e cwð‡gi †`eZv wRDm niY K‡iwQ‡jb cÖv‡P¨i GK ivRKb¨v BD‡ivcv‡K|
cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Z¨i ؇›`i †hb †mB ïi“|

wMÖK wg_ Abyhvqx; BD‡ivcv wQj cÖv‡P¨i wdwbkxq bMixi Uvqvi-Gi ivRv GwRb‡ii Kb¨v | GKw`b mKv‡j
f~ga¨mvM‡ii Zx‡i dzj Kzovw”Qj BD‡ivcv | †`eZv wRDm Av‡kcv‡kB wQ‡jb; GKv GKwU †g‡q‡K
†`LvgvÎ KvgvZ© n‡q DV‡jb, Kx g‡b K‡i ev`vg-i‡Oi luv‡oi QÙ‡ek aviY Ki‡jb †`eZv| (cyi“‡liv
Zv n‡j Gme wel‡q cyivKvj †_‡KB †ek wm×?) Zvici BD‡ivcvi mvg‡b G‡m Zvi wc‡V IVvi Rb¨
BD‡ivcv‡K cÖjyã Ki‡Z jvM‡jb wRDm| ‡g‡qwU †KŠZ~njx wQj e‡jB g‡b nq, nq‡Zv †f‡ewQj: Avwg
ivRKb¨v, Avi G †Zv wbQK GKwU luvo ... BD‡ivcv ev`vg-i‡Oi luvowUi wc†V P‡i em‡ZB luvoi“cx †`eZv
wRDm e‡Rªi MwZ‡Z AvKvkc‡_ wµU Øx‡ci w`‡K D‡o †M‡jb|

GmeB †mB cyivKv‡ji K_v| ‡cŠivwbK hy‡Mi Aemv‡bi ci HwZnvwmK Kv‡j †cuŠ‡Q GwRqvb
mvM‡ii ZxieZ©x A‡ji gvbyl GK Awe¯§ibxq hy‡×i gy‡LvgywL n‡jv | Uªqhy×| Uªqhy‡×i m~Pbv‡ZI
GK niY-ce© NU‡Z †`wL| Aek¨ Zv‡Z `yc‡¶iB m¤§wZ wQj e‡jB g‡b nq| Uªq †Zv hZUv bv wMÖK
ÑZvi‡P †ewk cÖvP¨| cÖv‡P¨i ivRKzgv‡ii nvZ a‡i cvwj‡q †Mj cwð‡gi GK kw³ai iv‡óªi AmyLx
GK ivwb| ZviB cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z D`¨Z n‡jv cwðg; Moj †RvU| wekvj GK ‡bŠevwnbx M‡o Zviv
AMÖmi n‡Z jvMj cy‡ei w`‡K| Zvic‡ii BwZnvm ‡Zv Avgv‡`i meviB Kg‡ewk Rvbv|

Aek¨ weÁR‡biv e‡jb, Avm‡j †m jovB wQj evwbR¨c_ wbqš¿‡bi j‡¶¨B, we‡kl K‡i je‡bi Rb¨;
‡n‡jb D×vi wQj DwQjv gvÎ| GB wbôzi c„w_ex‡Z †cÖg-fv‡jvevmv wb‡q gv_v Nvgvq ‡Kvb wb‡e©va, Kwoi
Rb¨ i³cvZB wK G MÖ‡ni wbqwZ bq?

‡m hvK| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Z¨i ؇›`i †il AvRI †hb i‡q †M‡Q| ‡hgb gvbwmKZvq; †Zgwb mvgwiK
fv‡e | cwðgv B½-gvwK©b †RvU eZ©gv‡b †Z‡ji wjávq cÖv‡P¨i †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv (BivK) ZQbQ
Ki‡Q| Bivb‡K wbwðý Kivi Rb¨ ûgKx w`‡”Q d«v‡Ýi †cÖwm‡W›U wb‡Kvjvm mvi‡KvwR| RvwZms‡Ni
mv¤cÖwZK GK wn‡m‡eB Biv‡K M‡o cÖwZw`b 100 †_‡K 150 Rb wbiciva gvbyl gviv hv‡”Q!

Avi ev`evwK c„w_ex wVKVvK Pj‡Q| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U RR© eyk †iveevi-†iveevi wM‡R©q hv‡”Qb (†Kvb&
wM‡R©?), cÖfy whïi Kv‡Q gv_v †bvqv‡”Qb (‡Kvb& whï?); Zvi GK Kb¨vi we‡q GeQiB; †g gv‡m (2008;
†mw`b A‡bK Lvbvwcbv n‡e; †mw`b A‡bK i³ Si‡e evM`v‡`, evKzevq, dvjyRvq ...`yc¶iB); ... †Mj
eQi BD‡iv‡c (2007) Mvwo wewµ g›` nqwb| Avi n‡e bv †Kb-†Z‡ji Afve †Zv †bB; B½-gvwK©b evwnbx
‡Zv Biv‡K i‡q‡Q, I‡`‡k GLbI A‡Xj †Zjm¤ú` i‡q‡Q, †mme BivwK‡`i i³m¤ú‡`i wewbg‡q AwR©Z
n‡”Q| Iw`‡K A‡÷ªwjqvq D`vicwš’iv ¶gZvq G‡jI d«v‡Ý i¶Ykxj‡`iB RqRqvKvi, cÖMwZkx‡jiv
nZvk ILv‡b| wnjvwi wK¬bUb wKsev evivK Ievgv-G‡`iB KviI nv‡Z P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i w` BDbvB‡UW
†÷Um Af Av‡gwiKvi ivóª¶gZv| wKš‘ Zv‡Z we›`ygvÎ mymsev` e‡q Avm‡e bv Biv‡Ki Rb¨ (†Kbbv
Giv †KD Mvwo †Q‡o bMœ ˆRb mvayi gZb nuvU‡eb bv Av‡gwiKvi iv¯—vq iv¯—vq, bvÑ Zviv Zv †k‡Lbwb;
KviY, G‡`i wk¶vÑ Ôwejv‡mi Rb¨ cÖv‡P¨ i³cvZ KiÕ; Avi ˆRb wbMÖ©š’ ea©gvb gnvexi mvgvb¨ Kx‡Ui g„Zz¨
†iva Ki‡Z kix‡ii †cvkvKB Ly‡j †d‡jwQ‡jb; ... msmvixiv e‡j cvMjvgx ...) ZvB ejwQjvg wnjvwi
wK¬bUb wKsev evivK Ievgvi nv‡Z w` BDbvB‡UW †÷Um Af Av‡gwiKvi ivóª¶gZv P‡j G‡jI Zv a¯—
Gwkqvi Rb¨, K¬vš— jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi Rb¨ Avi `wi`ª Avwd«Kvi Rb¨ †KvbI mymsev` e‡q Avb‡e bv| Zey,
gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Kb©avi wej †MUm evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ wPwKrmv Lv‡Z mnvqZv †`‡eb e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb-
GB g‡›`i fv‡jv|

wnjvwi wK¬bUb wKsev evivK Ievgv-G‡`iB KviI nv‡Z P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i w` BDbvB‡UW †÷Um Af
Av‡gwiKvi ivóª¶gZv| wKš‘ Zv‡Z we›`ygvÎ mymsev` e‡q Avm‡e bv Biv‡Ki Rb¨| Kv‡RB
AvMvgxw`b¸‡jv‡Z ga¨cÖv‡P¨ AviI i³cv‡Zi AvskKv i‡qB †Mj|
21 kZ‡K †cuŠ‡Q Bivb cvigvbweK A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z hv‡”QÑ GB ksKvq BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKv I
BR‡ij-Gi w`b KvU‡Q `vi“b Akvwš— g‡a¨ | Iw`‡K Biv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv` `vi“b
KÆicwš’ †jvK| wZwbI nvRvi eQ‡ii cÖv‡P¨i wei“‡× cvðv‡Z¨i †kvlbwbh©vZ‡b cÖwZ‡kva †b‡eb
e‡j A½xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Aš—Z Zuvi K_v ï‡b ZvB g‡b nq|

†gwm‡Wv‡bi mgªvU Av‡jKRv›`vi cvim¨ Avµgb K‡iwQ‡jb wLª÷c~e© 334 Gi emš—Kv‡j| cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i
†K›`ª cvwm©‡cvwjm †_‡K Acwi‡gq abiZœ wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb Av‡jKRv›`vi| BD‡iv‡ci RvMwZK DbœwZi †Zv
†mB ïi“| BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g AvaywbK kni n‡”Q Av‡_‡Ýi e›`i bMix wc‡iDm| (`ª. F. Haverfield;
Ancient Town-Planning.) BD‡iv‡ci DbœwZi wcQ‡b KZUv Zv‡`i Nvgkªg Avi KZUv jyÚb -‡m mg‡¯—i
wn‡me cÖv‡P¨i cÖvÁRb Rv‡b|

Gme wbg©g †kvlb jyÚ‡bi BwZnvm Biv‡bi ‡cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv` g‡b †i‡L‡Qb e‡jB nvRvi
eQ‡ii cÖv‡P¨i wei“‡× cvðv‡Z¨i †kvlb-wbh©vZ‡b cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z e× cwiKi wZwb |

ZeyI Zuv‡K mg_©b Kivi †KvbI KviY †bB| †Kbbv, wZwb kv‡¯¿i evB‡i †h‡Z †k‡Lbwb| gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK
cÖe„wË †h †cÖg- Bivwb cÖkvmb ‡mB †cÖg‡K †µ‡b Szwj‡q cÖKv‡k¨ nZ¨v K‡i| bvix‡K Kv‡jv Kvc‡o †X‡K
†`q| †mŠ›`h©i gv‡b †ev‡Sbv e‡jB c„w_exi me MvQ‡K GKUvB Mv‡Q KbfvU© Ki‡Z Pvq| GKzk kZ‡K
†cuŠ‡Q gvbeRvwZi cyi‡bv kv¯¿vw` ‡Zv Zvgvw` n‡q hvIqviB K_v| Zey wZwb I Zvi cÖkvmb †mme ‡Rvi
K‡i AvuK‡o i‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z `yM©Ü Qov‡”Q, Zviv †Ui cv‡”Qb bv; Avgiv cvB, eû`~i †_‡K |

Zvi Ici Avngvw`‡bRv` 2q gnvhy‡× Bûw` MbnZ¨vi (Holocaust, the almost complete
destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War
II (1939-1945).) welqwU cÖKv‡k¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| M¨vm †P¤^v‡i ‡h Bûw`‡`i g„Zz¨ nqwb-K_vUv
cÖgvb Kivi Rb¨ †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Qb| GZUv bv-Ki‡jI cvi‡Zb| †Kbbv,
2q wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q Rvg©vb bvrmxiv 60 j¶ Bûw`‡K AZ¨š— wbg©g fv‡e nZ¨v K‡iwQj| GwU
HwZnvwmK mZ¨; Gi Rb¨ †MvUv gvbeRvwZi jw¾¡Z nIqv DwPZ| Rvcvb, 2q wek¦hy‡× 60 j¶
wPbv‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj; Gi Rb¨I †MvUv gvbeRvwZi jw¾¡Z nIqv DwPZ| Avm‡j, Holocaust
¯^xKvi Kiv Avi AvwacZ¨ev`x BR‡ij ivóªwUi ¯^xK…wZ †Zv GK K_v bq| `y‡Uv m¤ú~b© wfbœ cÖm½|
m¤cÖwZ AvwacZ¨ev`x BR‡ij ivóªwU MvRvq nvgm-Gi †K›`ªxq Kvh©jqwU aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
BR‡ij-Gi GB aŸsmh‡Ái cÖwZev` KiwQ|

‡cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv‡`i Holocaust A¯^xKv‡ii Ab¨ GKwU wec`RbK w`KI i‡q‡Q| Bivwb fvB‡`i
gš—‡e¨ D¾xweZ n‡q D‡V G‡`‡kI A‡bK fvB-‡eiv`vi ej‡Z cv‡ib, 71-G wgicy‡ii cwiZ¨³ cv¤ú
nvD‡R evOvwj‡`i a‡i G‡b RevB Kiv nqwb! ... Giv ¯^fveZB gyw³hy‡×i PP©v K‡ibv| G‡`i ÔgvwUi gqbvÕ
wK Ôgyw³i MvbÕ †`Lvi K_v bv| ‡cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv` wK †ivgvb cjbw¯‹i Ô`¨ wcqvwbóÕ QwewU
†`‡L‡Qb? Rvwb, ¶gZvwjáy gvby‡liv my¯’¨avivi Pjw”P‡Îi wcQ‡b g~j¨evb mgq AcPq Ki‡Z Pvb bv| wKš‘
Biv‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U wK cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨i BwZnvm Rv‡bb? hLb cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨i mü`q mgªvU Kzi“ Bûw`‡`i
cv‡k G‡m `uvwo‡qwQ‡jb| cvV Ki“bÑ Cyrus the Great ( 600?-530 bc), king of Persia (550-530 bc).
He was the son of Cambyses I, a descendant of Achaemenes (Hakhamanish) (flourished 7th
century bc), and a member of the Achaemenid dynasty. When Cyrus became (in about 558 bc)
ruler of the Persian district of Anshan, the district was subject to the Medes; five years later he
led a rebellion against the Medes that resulted in the capture of King Astyages (reigned about
584 to about 550 bc) and the overthrow (550 bc) of the Median Empire. Thereafter Cyrus called
himself king of Persia and ruled a territory extending from the Halys River in Asia Minor,
eastern border of Lydia, to the Babylonian Empire on the south and east. Babylon, Egypt, Lydia,
and the city-state of Sparta in Greece combined to curb the power of Cyrus, but in about 546 bc
the Persians added Lydia to their realm, and in 539 bc the kingdom of Babylon fell to Cyrus.The
Persian Empire was the most powerful state in the world until its conquest two centuries later by
Alexander the Great. Cyrus was an able and merciful ruler. Significant among his deeds was his
granting of permission to the Jews to return from their exile in Babylon to their native Israel to
rebuild the Temple of Solomon.

cwð‡g Holocaust GKwU ¯ú©kKvZi welq| Ges †miKg nIqviB K_v| GB Kvi‡Y cvðv†Z¨i
RbMb †cÖwm‡W›U Avngvw`‡bRv‡`i Ici ¶zã nIqvB ¯^vfvweK| Kv‡RB, AvMvgxw`b¸‡jv‡Z
ga¨cÖv‡P¨ AviI i³cv‡Zi AvskKv i‡qB †Mj| ‡h AvksKv BwZnv‡mi cÖwZwU hyM‡KB †hb ¯úk©
K‡i‡Q GK Zxeª wkni‡b| ‡mB 1934 mv‡jB †Zv cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq wj‡L †M‡Qb:

AvRKvj `yB GKRb HwZnvwmK cÖvP¨ †`k‡K ¯^xKvi Kwi‡Z‡Qb,wKš‘ meB MÖxm‡K ( cyi‡bv evbvb
AcwiewZ©Z) ‡dvUvBevi Rb¨| wKš‘ Avwg G‡Kev‡i Dëv K_v ewj‡Z PvB| MÖx‡mi BwZnvm †hLv‡b eoÑ †m
n‡”Q Zvnvi ¯’cwZ‡Z, Zvnvi `k©‡b I mvwn‡Z¨| wKš‘ Zvnvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm wbqv †h iKg evovevwo
Avgv‡`i QvÎ I Aa¨vc‡K K‡ibÑZvnv nvm¨Ki| MÖx‡mi c‡¶ cviwkK‡`i KvQ nB‡Z AvZ¡i¶v Kwievi
BwZnvmUv LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| wKš‘ Avwg GwkqvevmxÑ Avgvi `„wó †m w`K nB‡Z nB‡e †Kb? Avwg
†`wL‡ZwQÑweRqx GwkqvÑweRqx cviwkKivÑBD‡ivc‡K MÖvm Kwi‡Z QywU‡ZwQj| mvgªv‡R¨i cÖv‡š— wK mvgvb¨
hy‡× wK NwUqvwQj, ZvnviB MÖxK‡`i wjwLZ AwZiwÄZ BwZnvm wbf©yj wek¦v‡m cwo| ‡mLv‡b Mªxm eo nBqv
I‡VÑ mg¯— Zš¿ proportion Gi evB‡i;Avi †h cviwkKiv civR‡qi c‡iI `yBkZ ermi mvwK©‡m ewmqv
f~ga¨mvM‡ii ivRbxwZ †K wbqwš¿Z KwiqvwQj,†m K_vi Dci †Rvi Av‡`Š c‡o bv| ‡Rvi c‡o A¯’v‡b| MÖxK
biasG mg¯— BwZnvm wjwLZ| cÖkœ Kwi‡Z cv‡ibÑ Avcwb wK ZvÕn‡j Asiatic –bias nB‡Z cvjUv Reve
w`‡Z Pvb? Avwg ewje Gwkqvi unity I Gwkqvi †MŠie †`LvBqv ,c„w_exi BwZnvm‡K †mB point of view
nB‡Z hw` Avwg †`LvB‡Z cvwi ,Zv‡Z Avwg GZUzKz jw¾¡Z nÕe bv,BwZnv‡mi Muse Gi MÖxKMb jvj n‡q
DV‡e bv| mZ¨‡K weK…Z bv KÕ‡iI Zv‡K wVK proportion G †`Lv‡bv hvq| (Ô†`kÕ 1 el© 15 msL¨v | 3
gvP© 1934|)

mZ¨‡K weK…Z bv KÕ‡iI Zv‡K wVK proportion G †`Lv‡bv hvq, Zv ‡Rwb evKKvi (Janine Bakker)
bv‡g GKv‡ji GKRb M‡elK cÖgvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ARmª cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb K‡i ‡mm‡ei Pzj‡Piv
we‡k­lb K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb ‡h ZrKv‡j cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi A‡bK welqB cvi‡m¨i Ñ Z_v cÖv‡P¨i cÖfve
ej‡qi wfZ‡i wQj| GB bvixi mZZv, Av‡Z¥vcjwã mwZ¨B gy» K‡i|

‡mB m‡½ GI g‡b nq †h, gvbeRvwZi BwZnvm †Kgb nZÑ hw` †mB Zzlvihy‡Mi gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR weewZ©Z
bv nZ, bvixiv K…wlKv‡Ri Avwe¯‹vi bv KiZ, hw` bvixi ¶gZv cyi“‡li Kv‡Q n¯—vš—i bv nZ, hw` cyi“‡liv
bMi bv MoZ? wKsev weMZ AvovB nvRvi eQ‡ii cvðv†Z¨ wk¶v`x¶vi A½bwU bvix-D‡cw¶Z bv-n‡q eis
‡mB ÁvbØxß †¶ÎwU hw` bvixi Abvqvm Avq‡Ë _vKZ Zvn‡j c„w_exi BwZnvm †Kgb nZ? wKsev evsjvi
BwZnvm AvR ‡Kgb nZ hw` †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi nv‡Z ZrKvjxb evsjvi kvmb `ÛwU
_vKZ?
‡m hvK| eis eZ©gv‡b wdwi| G Kv‡ji Pjw”P‡Îi `k©Kiv nwjDwW Qwe `¨ nv‡ÛªW: wn‡ivm Af `¨
_v‡g©vdvBj †`‡L fvwi Drdzj­, we‡kl K‡i BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi `k©‡Kiv| nIqviI K_v| †h‡nZz,
cy‡iv QweUvRy‡o cwð‡gi exiZ¡ I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi RqRqvKvi| ¯úvZ©vi exi ‡jIwb`vm& Kx Amvavib
g‡bvej ‡`wL‡q cvim¨ivR Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi c_ AvM‡j ivL‡jb| †mme K_v ¯§iY K‡i wMÖ‡mi GK
Kwe wjL‡jb, Ô‡n cw_K, Avgv‡`i Awš—g m¤^‡Ü ¯úvZ©vb‡`i e‡jv: ¯^a‡g© w¯’Z †_‡K Avgiv
Avgv‡`i Aw¯’ GLv‡b †i‡L †Mjvg|Õ ZvB cwðg †Mvjv‡a©i `k©K‡`i Avb‡›` AvZ¥nviv nIqvUvB
¯^vfvweK| cÖvPxb wMÖm; ¯úvZ©vq Zv‡`i mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi wkKowU i‡q †M‡Q;- Kv‡RB, cÖv‡P¨i
cvi‡m¨i jvÇb Zv‡`i Avb›` nIqvB ¯^vfvweK|
wKš‘, cÖvP¨evmx hLb Ô`¨ nvb‡WªWÕ QwewU ‡`‡L D”Q¡wmZ n‡q I‡VbÑZLbB LUKv jv‡M| ¯^fveZB
ZLb KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi D`q nq g‡b| ‡hgb, QweUvq cÖvP¨‡K Lv‡Uv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †h‡nZz cvim¨‡K
Lv‡Uv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡j cÖvP¨evmxi c‡¶ QwewUi f~qmx cÖksmv Kiv wK wVK? Zvici, QweUvq
cvim¨ivR Rv‡iK‡mm (Xerxes) ‡K nZKzw”QZ Avi Ak­xj †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑAvm‡jB wK Rv‡iK‡mm
AZUv KzrwmZ wQ‡jb †`L‡Z? Avgiv wVK Rvwb bv| Z‡e g‡b nq, Rv‡iK‡mm -Gi wefrm cÖmvab
AwZiwÄZ| †Kewj `v‡mi Ici PveyK Pvjv‡Zb Rv‡iK‡mm ? Zuvi I Zuvi iv‡óªi bxwZ I Av`‡k©i
†KvbI evjvB wQj bv? †Kewj wQ‡jb †fvMx? ‡fvMx Avi wbôzi AvµgbKvix? Zv n‡j Rv‡iK‡mm Gi
wcZv `viq‡eŠl m¤^‡Ü †Kb ejv nqÑ ...At least in theory, the subject towns could negotiate
about the amount they owed to their masters, and it is tempting to link this fact to the
remark by Herodotus that the Persians regarded king Darius as a merchant (kapelos)
because he negotiated about everything (Histories 3.89). This is really remarkable,
because a king was not supposed to make deals with his subjects about the prize of his
reign. Avm‡j `xN©Kvj a‡iB cÖvP¨‡K wb‡q cwðgv cÖPvi Ô`¨ nvb‡WªWÕ Qwei g‡ZvB FbvZ¥K|
cÖvP¨‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i ivL‡j Zv‡K †kvlb Ki‡Z mywe‡a †h! gvwK©b cÖPviYv gva¨g wm Gb Gb MZ eQi
†_‡K DËi †KvwiAv m¤^‡Ü A™¢~Z- A™¢~Z me Z_¨wPÎ cÖPvi Ki‡Q| gvwK©bxiv nq‡Zv DËi †KvwiAv
Avµg‡bi Qy‡Zv LuyR‡Q| 2007-Gi A‡±ve‡i DËi †KvwiAv cvigvbweK we‡õviYwU bv-NUv‡j
GZw`‡b †mLv‡b nq‡Zv gvwK©b ˆmb¨iv AbycÖ‡ek K‡i Biv‡Ki g‡Zv aŸsmhÁ PvjvZ| Gwkqv aŸsm
n‡q †M‡j cwð‡gi Kx hvq Av‡m | cwð‡gi †Pv‡LÑcÖvP¨ eiveiB ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K; `vmZvwš¿K, I ¯’~j|
†hb cvi‡m¨i ivRavbx cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi cÖvmv`wU bv›`wbK I my›`i wQj bv| †hb Av‡jKRv›`vi IUv
cywo‡q †dj‡jb e‡j cvðv‡Z¨i †mŠ›`h©wcÖq gvbyl AvZ©bv` K‡i I‡Vwb| Avi, cwð‡gi
bMiivóª¸wj‡ZB †Kej wkí-ms¯‹…wZ Avi MbZ‡š¿i PP©v nZ| †hb wMÖK ivóªwU †KvbIKv‡jB `vmkª‡gi
Ici `uvwo‡q wQj bv| †hb Av‡jKRv›`vi I †cwiwK¬m †KvbIKv‡jB GwRqvb I f~ga¨mgy‡`ªi
PZzw`©‡K mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv|
cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ Zvn‡j bxwZ‡eva, ag©Ug© BZ¨vw` wQj bv?
Avgiv Rvwb, wQj| BwZnvm GB mv¶¨B †`q †hÑcÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ ag©cÖe³vi bvg wQj Ri_ykÎ| wZwb
R‡b¥wQ‡jb cÖvPxb evKwÎqv bMix‡Z | RvqMvwU GLb DËi AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi IqvwRivev`, Zvi Av‡M
RvqMvwUi bvg wQj ejL& cÖ‡`k| cwðgv †RvU Zv‡jevb `g‡bi DwQjvq (Avm‡j †Z‡ji †jv‡f)
ILv‡b GLb i‡³i Drm‡e †g‡Z‡Q| AvR †_‡K cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M R‡b¥wQ‡jb Ri_ykÎ;
Avm‡j wZwb wQ‡jb Kwe | wZwb RM‡Z we`¨gvb Aïf (Evil) m¤^‡Ü GK AvcvZ MÖnb‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v
w`‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e Zuvi g‡Z †kl Aewa m˜& ¸YB Rqhy³ n‡eÑ †mwUB eo K_v| Kwe evj¥xwK I ‰Rb
wbMÖ©š’ cvk¦©bv‡_i g‡ZvB Ri_ykÎ wQ‡jb cïcvwLi cÖwZ AZ¨š— m`q| wZwb Zuvi AbymvixMi‡K g„Zz¨i
ci g„Z‡`nwU †Lvjv RvqMvq †d‡j ivLvi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avgiv gnvb Ri_ykÎi D‡Ïk¨
Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡evwa jv‡fi ci Ri_ykÎ wkl¨‡`i ej‡Zb: kix‡ii wK `vg ej-De©vYB n‡”Q
Avmj| De©vY n‡jv AvZ¥v, hv Awebvwk, Agi; cweÎ AwMœI hv‡K bvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zzwg hw`
gvby‡li g‡a¨ De©vY †`L‡Z cvI, hw` †Zvgvi †PvL Ly‡j hvq ... Zvn‡j.. Zvn‡j. Zzwg Zv‡K wbg©g
fv‡e jvwÃZ Ki Kxfv‡e e‡jv ...Avi cïcvwLi g‡a¨I De©vY i‡q‡Q| ZvivI gvby‡li w`‡K ZvKvq
...gnvb Ri_yÎi evYx Av‡e¯—v bvgK GKwU cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’ wj‡L ivLv n‡qwQj| (‡h MÖš’wUi ARmª
cÖwZwjwc Av‡jKRv›`vi cvim¨ `Lj Kivi ci cywo‡q †djvi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb GB Kvi‡YB wK †h
gvby‡li wfZ‡i De©vY †`Lv Pj‡e bv? Zv n‡j ciivR¨ Avµgb KivI hv‡e bv!) Av‡e¯—vi GKwU
†k­vK GB iKg: Av‡mg †fvû fvwnm‡¯—g Avw¯—, Dlv Avw¯—/D¯—v Dn&igvB wcqvZ AvmvB fvwnmZvB
Av‡mg \ (Dr. Motilal Das, The Avesta From the Hindu point of view; The Indian Culture
(Mahendra Jayanti Volume) ‡_‡K DØ„Z) evsjvqÑc~b¨gq RxebB gvbe Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ j¶¨ nIqv
DwPZ/†h c~b¨gq Rxeb hvcb K‡i;†mBB Afx‡ó †cŠuQ‡e \ j¶¨ Ki“bÑwhïi R‡b¥i Q k eQi
Av‡MB cvi‡m¨i Kwe Ri_ykÎ whïi AvMg‡bi c_wUK Kxfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i w`‡”Qb| Avi IB gnvZ¥vi
Avqv‡Z m‡µwUm I †÷vwqK `k©‡bi cÖe³v †h‡bvi m Rxebmvabv g~Z© n‡q I‡Vwb wK? Av‡e¯—vi GB
cÖv_©bvq †ivgvb mgªvU, †÷vwqK `vk©wbK gviKvm A‡iwjqvm A¨v›Uwbqvm (121-180) ‡K I †hb
cvIqv hv‡”Q|
c~b¨gq RxebB gvbe Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ j¶¨ nIqv DwPZÑGB wQj gnvb Ri_ykÎi evYx; mgªvU
Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi a‡g©i g~j wfZ| Avi cvim¨ I cvi‡m¨i mgªvU‡K Kx iKg nxb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv IB nwjDwW b÷ QweUvq! Avi Zv‡Z Gwkqvevmx Drdzj­ n‡q DVj| A_P eiveiB cvi‡m¨i
wbR¯^ g~j¨‡eva wQj| hv gvbweK| Joseph Gaer Zuvi Amvavib MÖš’wU‡Z wj‡L‡Qb, Ò...soon after
Zoroaster returned home, Iran was invaded by the Turanians of the neigboring country.
Young Zoroaster immediately volunteered to go out into the battle fields and apply his
knowledge to the wounded soldiers. Ó(How the Great Religions Began. page, 125) Zv
n‡j?

Joseph Gaer-Gi GB eBwU (How the Great Religions Began) 1929 mv‡ji w`‡K †jLv| wZwb, Joseph
Gaer, cÖv‡P¨i ag©gZ¸wj cwð‡g Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Rxebfi h‡_ô cwikªg K‡i‡Qb| GB †jLvi gva¨‡g
Zuv‡K kª×v Rvbvw”Q| ZvIev‡`i RbK jvIr-‡m †K DØ„Z K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e, ÒTo those who are good to
me I am good; and to those who are not to me I am good. And thus all get to be good. Ó hw`I
Avgiv Rvwb GB bxwZevK¨wU c„w_exi AmsL¨ †kvwlZ gvbyl‡`i Rb¨ †KvbI kvš—¡bv e‡q Avb‡e bv, Zey
...Zey ... ZvI¸i“i GB wPiKj¨vbKi K_v¸wj _vK, fwel¨‡Zi †kvlbk~b¨ ‡mB ¯^‡cœi mgvRwUi Rb¨ _vK|

Avgv‡`i mg‡q, A_v©r 21 kZ‡K cÖvP¨ev‡`i cÖe³v GWqvW© Wwe­D mvC‡`i wb‡`©wkZ c‡_ nuvU‡Qb
GK †gavex bvix| wZwb cÖvP¨‡K wb‡q cvðv‡Z¨i AccÖPv‡ii wei“‡× Zzgyj i“‡L `uvwo‡q‡Qb | GB
bvixi †gav, †jLvi aib, we‡k­lbx ¶gZv I mvnmx e³e¨ Avgv‡K wew¯§Z K‡i‡Q| HwZnvwmK
m‡Z¨i ‡h ¯^xK…wZ GKRb cyi“l cwÛ‡Zi Kv‡Q RMr cÖZ¨vkv K‡iwQjÑ GZw`‡b Zv GKRb bvix
M‡el‡Ki Kv‡Q cvIqv †Mj| cig we¯§q GBLv‡bB | wZwb gvbbxqv †Rwb evKKvi|
†h mg¯— evOvwj nwjDwW `¨ nvb‡WªW †`‡L D”Q¡wmZ, ¯ú©vZvi †MŠi‡e GKvZ¥ †eva Ki‡Qb- AvR
Zv‡`i †Rwb evKKv‡ii cÖvP¨fvebvi m‡½ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`Iqv Ri“wi| †Kbbv, GB bvix AKc‡U
wj‡L‡Qb- Moreover, in their historical writings, the Greek authors make it clear that the
Persians are a mere bunch of decadent, effeminate barbarians, natural slaves that could be
ignored in the history of mankind. (Kx Avðh©! BivK I AvdMvwš’vb m¤^‡Ü eZ©gvb Kv‡ji B½-gvwK©b
cÖkvmb I AwaKvsk weª‡Ubevmx I gvwKb©x‡`i †Zv GB aviYv!) The Greeks themselves had the best
culture and there was simply nothing that other civilizations could add. Western scholars
have long accepted this judgment. This almost hostile attitude has long existed in Europe,
together with a fascination for all that was strange and unknown, such as the mysterious
Orient. Because of this combination of fascination and suspicion, questions about the
exact interaction between the two cultures are not only interesting, but also necessary.
One must see further than the end of one's nose.

Gevi Zuvi g~j e³e¨ Zz‡j aiwQ|

cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi Ici cÖv‡P¨i cÖfve

cÖvPxb cvim¨ I wMÖ‡mi ms¯‹…wZ KL‡bvB G‡K Ac‡ii †P‡q wew”Qbœ wQj bv| `ywU ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨
Awbevh© mswgkªb N‡UwQj| Z‡e wMÖ‡mi Ici cvi‡m¨i cÖfve c‡owQj †ewk|

BwZnvm cv‡V KLbI KLbI gvbwP‡Îi cvV Ri“wi n‡q I‡V| Ic‡i cÖvPxb we‡k¦i gvbwPÎwU †`Lv hv‡”Q|
cy‡e wmÜz, cwð‡g f~ga¨mgy`ª Aewa we¯Z…Z cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq (Achaemenid) mvgªvR¨ (†Mvjvwc i‡O) ;
GwRqvb mgy‡`ªi †cwQ‡b, gvbwP‡Îi euv cÖv‡š— Øxc I bMiivóª wb‡q (meyR isKiv) GjvKv n‡jv wMÖm| ZLbI
wba©vwiZ nqwb GKwU †`kÑ bv wK c„_K c„_K bMiivóª|
GZKvj BD‡ivcxq cwÛ‡Ziv AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ DËicwðg mxgv‡š—i †Mvj‡hvM, A_v©r wMÖm I
cvi‡m¨i Ø›` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbvq GZ †ewk gMœ wQ‡jb †h IB cviwmK ivóªwUi wfZ‡ii kw³wU‡K
†evSevi †Zgb ‡PóvB K‡ibwb|

cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq K_v ¯§iY Kwi| MÖx‡mi c‡¶ cviwkK‡`i KvQ nB‡Z AvZ¡i¶v Kwievi BwZnvmUv
LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| wKš‘ Avwg GwkqvevmxÑ Avgvi `„wó †m w`K nB‡Z nB‡e †Kb? Avwg †`wL‡ZwQÑweRqx
GwkqvÑweRqx cviwkKivÑBD‡ivc‡K MÖvm Kwi‡Z QywU‡ZwQj| mvgªv‡R¨i cÖv‡š— wK mvgvb¨ hy‡× wK
NwUqvwQj, ZvnviB MÖxK‡`i wjwLZ AwZiwÄZ BwZnvm wbf©yj wek¦v‡m cwo| Abyev`K|

GZKvj BD‡ivcxq cwÛ‡Ziv AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ DËicwðg mxgv‡š—i †Mvj‡hvM, A_v©r wMÖm I
cvi‡m¨i Ø›` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbvq GZ †ewk gMœ wQ‡jb...Gi Aek¨ KviY wQj| wMÖm Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e
BD‡iv‡ci Kv‡Q| cÖL¨vZ wkívPvh© Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768)-Gi mgq
†_‡KB wMÖm‡K cwðgv mf¨Zvi wkKo wn‡m‡e AewnZ Kiv n‡”Q| Gi GK Ab¨Zg KviY, AvRI
Acwi‡gq wMÖK mvwnZ¨, †mB m‡½ ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvg~jK Av‡jvPbv-MÖš’¸‡jv meB cÖvq AweK…Zfv‡e
wU‡K i‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i, cvi‡m¨i †miKg mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi †Kv_vq? Aek¨ wLª÷c~e© ló kZvãxi
Av‡e¯—v i‡q‡Q| wKš‘, †m‡Zv Avi gnvKve¨ wKs¤^v weÁvbwfwËK MÖš’ bq| Dc‡ivš—, wMÖK †jLKiv cÖvq
mevB wj‡L ‡M‡Qb cviwmKiv ¶wqòz, nxb I ee©i RvwZ; Zviv RvZ `vm|

GK`v fviZxq Avh©ivI cÖvPxb e½‡K GgbZ‡iv K_vq †nq Avi wbæ cÖwZcbœ Kivi †P÷v K‡iwQj| e‡jwQj
e½Rb KvK I †PUK m`„k! Abyev`K|

wMÖK †jLKiv g‡b Ki‡Zi cvim¨ ev‡`B mf¨Zv wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i GB aviYvB e×g~j wQj
†hчn‡jbxq mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZ AZ¨š— D”P¯—‡ii; Zvi KviI ms¯úk© cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

Western scholars have long accepted this judgment!

`xN©w`b a‡i GBiKg ˆeix `„w÷fw½ wU‡K wQj| Avi Gi m‡½ †hvM n‡qwQj, inm¨gq cÖv‡P¨i
aviYv| GBiKg Mfxi Awek¦vm I AjxK †gvni Kvi‡YB `ywU ms¯‹…wZi h_©v_ mgš^q wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
m¤¢eci nqwb| Avgv‡`i AvR †mB KvRwUB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jvPbvwU ïay wPËvKl©KB bq,
AZxe Ri“wiI e‡U| †Kbbv, Avgv‡`i Kv‡j `yc¶i fv‡jv-g›` me w`KB Zwj‡q †`Lv DwPZ|
BwZnvm cv‡Vi mgq g‡b ivLv `iKviчKvbI NUbv, RvwZ wK ms¯‹…wZ KL‡bvB wew”Qbœ n‡q _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| mvgªvR¨, mgvR I aviYv Ñ cvk¦©eZ©x mvgªvR¨, mgvR I aviYv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| me mgqB
wewb‡qvM I wewbgq we`¨gvb wQj| hw`I Zvi ¯—i I gvÎvi †ni‡di _vK‡ZB cv‡i| Z‡e GK c‡¶i
Ici Ab¨ c‡¶i cÖfv‡ei Zxeª A¯^xKviI _vK‡Z cv‡i, hv c¶vš—‡i cÖfve‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡i|
Av‡jKRv›`v‡ii (336-323 wLª÷c~e©) cÖvP¨ weR‡qi ci BD‡iv‡ci †ewki fvM cwÛZB cÖv‡P¨i
Ici wMÖ‡mi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elbv K‡i‡Qb| wecixZwU K`vwc N‡Uwb, NU‡jI ‡mme Z_¨ cv`UxKvq
†jLv n‡q‡Q †Kej| wKš‘, AvR Avgiv Rvwb cviwmK hy‡×i ci (wLª÷c~e© 479) Av‡_Ýevmx Zv‡`i
¯’vcZ¨ixwZ I ivRbxwZ‡Z cviwmK a¨vb-aviYv MÖnb K‡iwQj| wKš‘, †m Av‡jvPbvq hvIqvi Av‡M
wLª÷c~e© cÂg kZvãxi BwZnvm Rvbv Ri“wi|

BwZnvm: cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq (Achaemenid) ivRes‡ki †kªó mgªvU wQ‡jb Kzi“ (Cyrus) |
wLª÷c~e© 547 wKsev 546-G wZwb †hme AÂj Rq K‡iwQ‡jb Zv eZ©gvbKv‡ji Zzi¯‹ | Zuvi
†Q‡ji bvg K¨vgevBwmm; wZwb AviI AMÖmi n‡q f~ga¨mvM‡ii c~e© Zxi Aewa Rq K‡iwQ‡jb: hv
GLb wmwiqv, †jevbb I BR‡ij| GBme RvqMv‡K Levant ejv nq| wLª÷c~e© 525|
K¨vgevBwmm, wgki Rq Ki‡jb| Zuvi, A_©vr K¨vgevB‡mm-Gi DËivaxKvix wQ‡jb mgªvU `viq‡eŠl
(Darius ) ;Zvi mgqKvj (522-486); `viq‡eŠl-Gi mgqB cviwmKiv cÖ_g BD‡ivc Avµgb
K‡i| _ªvm RvqMvwU wQj wMÖ‡mi Dˇi; Zv cviwmK‡`i AwaK…Z n‡q hvq|
mgªvU Kzi“i mgq †_‡KB Zzi‡¯‹i cwðg w`KKvi wMÖK bMi¸wj AvBIbxq (Ionia) bMi bv‡g
cwiwPZ wQj| GB AvBIbxq bMi¸wj AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb wQj| cviwmKiv ILv‡b 50 eQi
a‡i kvmb KiwQj| wKš‘, 499 mv‡j GB bMi¸wj cviwmK‡`i wei“‡× we‡`ªn †Nvlbv K‡i,
cvi‡m¨iv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa‡K wbe©vwmZ K‡i, wMÖ‡mi g~jL‡Ûi mvnvh¨ Pvq, we‡kl K‡i ¯ú©vZv I
Av‡_‡Ýi | Av‡_Ý mvnvh¨ Ki‡jI cviwmKiv AvBIbxq we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i|
wMÖK HwZnvwmK wn‡iv‡WvUvm wj‡L‡Qb, AvBIbxq we‡`ªvni Kvi‡Y mgªvU `viq‡eŠl wMÖK‡`i kvw¯—
w`‡Z PvB‡jb| GB gš—e¨ wKQy AwZiwÄZ e‡jB g‡b nq| 492 mv‡j cviwmK †mbvcwZ
gvi‡`vwbqvm ‡gwm‡`vwbqvq mvgwiK Awfhvb Pvwj‡q cviwmK wbqš¿b Av‡ivc Ki‡jb; Ges 490
mv‡j cviwmK †mbvcwZ `vwZm I AviZv‡di‡bm GwRAvb mgy‡`ªi A‡bK¸wj Øxc Rq K‡i wb‡jb|
IB eQiB MÖx‡¯§i †k‡l, Zviv Av‡_‡Ýi wei“‡× mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i e¨_© nb|
Gici g¨viv_‡bi hy‡× cviwmK‡`i Ici gnvwech©q †b‡g G‡mwQj|
c¶vš—‡i, g¨viv_‡bi hy×wU wR‡Z Av‡_Ýevmxi g‡bvej eûjvs‡k †e‡o hvq| Zv Qvov, IB mg‡q
jvIwiA‡b (Av‡_‡Ýi Kv‡Q GKwU ¯’vb) †iŠc¨Lwb Avwe¯‹…Z n‡qwQj| Kv‡RB Av‡_‡Ýi A_©‰bwZi
PvKv nVvr K‡iB †hb MwZkxj n‡q DVj| IB mgq †_‡KB cÖwZi¶vi Rb¨ M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K enr
GK †bŠevwnbx |
Iw`‡K 480-i w`‡K cvi‡m¨i mgªvU Rv‡iK‡mm (486-465) wMÖm Avµg‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK e„nr
mvgwiK I †bŠevwnbx MVb Ki‡jb| g¨viv_‡bi hy‡× Zvi wcZv `viq‡eŠl-Gi civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva
†bIqvi Rb¨ wZwb m‰mb¨ wMÖ‡mi g~jL‡Ûi w`‡K G¸‡Z _v‡Kb| cviwmK evwnbxi `yg©i AvMÖvm‡b
wMÖ‡mi Dˇii †_mvwj I we‡qvwkqv c`vbZ n‡jv| Rv‡iK‡mm -Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ _vg©dvB‡j ¯ú©vZvb
wMÖK‡`i ch©y`¯— (hv `¨ nvb‡WªW; Qwei welqe¯‘ ) K‡i `ª“Z Av‡_‡Ýi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq cviwmK
†hv×viv| Av‡_ÝI KivqË Kiv n‡jv| Aek¨ Av‡_bxq e›`‡ii Kv‡Q mvjvwgm cÖvbvjxi hy‡×
cviwmKiv ‡n‡i hvq| Gi cÖavb KviY, wMÖK‡`i †bŠhy‡×i mvdj¨| Aek¨ wVK IB mg‡q e¨vwej‡b
Šamaš-eriba Gi †bZ„‡Z¡ we‡`ªv‡ni Lei †c‡q Rv‡iK‡mm wMÖm †_‡K †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq wd‡i †h‡Z
eva¨ n‡jb| cvi‡m¨i c‡¶ ev`evwK hy× cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqvm | wZwb Av‡_‡Ý
Ae¨vnZ jyÚb Pvjv‡jI, 479-G Plataea-q civwRZ n‡jb|
cvi‡m¨i cieZ©x AvMÖvmb †gvKv‡ejv Kivi j‡¶¨ Gi `yeQi ci Av‡_bxq ivRbxwZwe`
AvwimZvB‡`m (Aristides) AvIbxqvi wMÖK bMi¸‡jvi m‡½ wMÖ‡mi g~jf~wgi bMiivóª¸wj mshy³
K‡i GKwU ‡RvU MVb Ki‡jb; †RvUwU †`wjq †RvU (Delian League) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Gfv‡e cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i msMÖvg GK bZzb ¯—‡i DcbxZ n‡jv|
Gi c‡ii `kK¸‡jv‡Z Aek¨ Av‡_Ý †`wjq †Rv‡Ui Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Ici Qwo †Nviv‡Z jvMj|
Gi Ab¨Zg KviY, Av‡_‡Ýi gReyZ mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK wfwË| e„nr GKwU mvgªvR¨ wbqš¿b Kivi
¶gZv Zvi i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB wMÖ‡mi Ab¨b¨ bMiivóª¸wj µ‡gB AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q DV‡Z jvMj| we‡kl
K‡i ¯ú©vZv|
¯ú©vZvi m‡½ Av‡_‡Ýi 461 †Z hy‡×i WsKv †e‡R DVj| IB mg‡q cvi‡m¨i m‡½I Av‡_‡Ýi hy×
PjwQj| KLbI Av‡_Ý wRZwQj, KLbI cvim¨; †hgb GDwi‡g`‡b; 465 mv‡j|
†ek K‡qK eQi a‡i Av‡_݇K GKB m‡½ `y‡Uv kΓ‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
449-G cvi‡m¨i m‡½ ˆeixZv †kl n‡jv|
Gi 3 eQi ci ¯ú©vZvi m‡½ Av‡_Ý GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶i Kij| g‡b n‡jv †`wjq †RvUwU wejyß n‡Z
P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ Av‡_Ý †`wjq †RvUwU †f‡½ w`‡Z mnmvB m¤§Z n‡jv bv| ‡`wjq †Rv‡Ui Ab¨vb¨
m`m¨iv mvgvb¨ we‡iva m‡Ë¡I ¯ú©vZvi wei“‡× 2q hy‡× Av‡_݇KB mg_©b Kij | hy‡×i mgqKvj:
431-421.
my`~i cwð‡gi wmwmwj ØxcwU wQj A¨v‡gvi‡Mm‡`i bMiivóª| Zviv wQj cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq kvm‡bi
Aaxb| Av‡_Ý AvwK‡gbxq kvm‡bi wei“‡× A¨v‡gvi‡Mm‡`i mg_©b w`j| 415-†Z Av‡_Ý GK
nVKvix wm×v‡š—i e‡k wmwmwj Øxc Avµgb K‡i emj| Av‡_‡Ýi wmwmwj Awfhvb ‡kl Aewa Aek¨
GK wb`vi“b e¨_©Zvq ch©‡ewkZ n‡qwQj | hv‡nvK, Av‡_Ý †KvbIµ‡g †eu‡P †Mj|
wVK GB mgqUvq †`wjq †Rv‡Ui K‡qKwU m`m¨I Av‡_bxq kvm‡bi wei“‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i emj|
cvi‡m¨i Af¨š—ixb wel‡q Av‡_Ý n¯—‡¶c Kivi Kvi‡Y ¯ú©vZv I cvi‡m¨i mgªvU 2q `viq‡eŠ‡li
g‡a¨ AuvZvZ M‡o DVj| ¯ú©vZv wVK IB mgqB wekvj GK †bŠevwnbx M‡o Zzjj|
404-G, ¯úvZ©vi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y Kij Av‡_Ý |
Gi ciciB AvBIbxq bMiiv󪸇jv cybivq AwaKvi K‡i wbj cvim¨| wKš‘ ¯ú©vZvi ivRv
Av‡RwmjvDm (Agesilaus)-Gi Gwkqv Awfhv‡bi Kvi‡Y ‡mLv‡b cvi‡m¨i wbqš¿b KL‡bvB
wbi“c`ªe nqwb| 394 Aewa ivRv Av‡RwmjvDm AvBIbxq bMi¸‡jv wb‡Ri `L‡j †i‡LwQ‡jb|
cvim¨ Avevi Av‡_݇K mg_©b Ki‡Z _vK‡j ivRv Av‡RwmjvDm ¯ú©vZvq wd‡i hvb|
GBfv‡e cÖvq Aa©kZvãx Kvj mgMÖ wMÖm‡K wef³ K‡i Gwkqvq wb‡Ri KZ…©Z¡ eRvq †i‡LwQj cvim¨|

¯’vcZ¨: cviwmK hy‡×i wVK ciciB Av‡_‡Ý wKQy feb wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj| hy‡×i ci Av‡_Ýevmx
cÖPzi m¤ú` jvf K‡iwQj| Plataea hy‡×i ci †nv‡iv‡WvUvm wj‡L‡Qb:the Greeks dispersed
themselves about the Persian camp and found tents furnished with gold and silver, and
beds overlaid with gold and overlaid with silver, and mixing-bowls of gold, and cups and
drinking vessels [i.e., rhytons]. They found also sacks laid upon wagons, in which there
proved to be caldrons both of gold and of silver; and from the dead bodies which lay
there they stripped bracelets and collars, and also their swords if they were of gold, for as
to embroidered raiment, there was no account made of it.[Herodotus, Histories 9.80]
hy‡×i ci Plataea -Gi iY‡¶‡Î cviwmK‡`i g~j¨evb avZz, ˆZRlcÎ, A¯¿k¯¿, Zuvey me Qwo‡q-
wQwU‡q c‡o wQj| †mme ch©vqµ‡g Av‡_‡Ý Avbv n‡jv| we‡kl K‡i †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqv‡mi
ivRKxq wkweiwU (royal pavilion); †mLv‡b cÖPzi g~j¨evb mvgMÖx wQj| Av‡_Ýevmxi Kv‡Q ivRKxq
wkweiwU m‡›`n †bB AZ¨š— AvKl©bxq e¯‘ wQj |
cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i weR‡qi ci cviwmK‡`i cwiZ¨³ wRwbmcθwj, hy‡×i mgq hviv
Av‡_‡Ýi cv‡k wQj, †mBme bMiiv‡óªi g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`Iqv n‡qwQj | mevB h‡_ó m¤ú`
†c‡qwQj| Av‡_ÝI| Dc‡ivš—, hy‡× †bZ…Z`¡ v‡bi Kvi‡Y Av‡_ÝB mevi Av‡M I¸‡jv evQvB Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQj| Gfv‡e cvi‡m¨i cÖPzi m¤ú` Av‡_‡Ýi fv‡M coj| †hgb ; cviwmK cvbcvÎ
(rhytons). hy‡×i ci Av‡_‡Ý IB cvbcvθ‡jv cÖPzi ‡`Lv †h‡Z jvMj | †mme AZ¨š— my›`i
nIqvq wMÖK wkíxiv ‡mme cviwmK cvbcvÎ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Plataea hy‡×i ci †mbvcwZ gvi‡`vwbqv‡mi ivRKxq wkweiwU QvovI cvim¨iv‡Ri ivRKxq
wkweiwUI Av‡_‡Ý Avbv n‡qwQj| Zvici, 472 †Z IB wkwe‡ii GKvsk wMÖK Uª¨v‡RwWi RbK
Cw¯‹jvm-Gi ÔcviwmKÕ bvUKwU g¯’ Kivi mgq decor [skênê] wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡cwiwK¬‡mi wb‡`©‡k IB wkweiwUi Kv‡Vi Ask w`‡q GKwU m½xZ-feb ev A‡WAb (odeon) wbg©vb
Kiv n‡qwQj| c‡i Aek¨ IB A‡WAbwUB cv_i w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| cyΩvK wj‡L‡Qb: The Odeon,
or music room, which in its interior was full of seats and ranges of pillars, and outside
had its roof made to slope and descend from one single point at the top, was constructed,
we are told, in imitation of the king of Persia's pavilion [skênê]. This was done by
Pericles's order. [Plutarch, Life of Pericles 13.5-6]
hy‡×i Ae¨ewnZ c‡i Av‡_‡Ýi A‡bK ¯’vcbvB wQj A¯’vqx| cvim¨ mgªv‡Ui ivRKxq wkweiwU ‡h
m½xZ-fe‡bi `„k¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi KviY mgªvU Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi ivRKxq ZuveywU
wQj †QvULv‡Uv GK ivRcÖvmv`| ...hy×hvÎvi mg‡q cviwmK mgªvUiv ˆmb¨evwnbxi cvkvcvwk
ivR`ieviI wb‡q †h‡Zb; Gfv‡e iY‡¶‡ÎI wZwb ivRKxq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| hy×Kvjxb
mg‡q exi †hv×v‡`i cyi¯‹vi w`‡Zb ...
eûeQi ci hLb †cwiwK¬‡mi A‡WAbwU Lbb Kiv n‡jvÑZLb GwUi AvK…wZ wQj cvi‡m¨i
AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨ ivR `ievi cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi kZ ¯—‡¤¢i mfvK‡¶ (the Hall of the Hundred
Columns)-Gi mgvb| A‡WAbwUi cwigvc 68,50 x 62,40 Ges 9 x 10wU ¯—¤¢ i‡q‡Q|
cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi mfvK‡¶I, we¯§qKi n‡jI mZ¨ 10 x 10 ¯—¤¢ i‡q‡Q; Ges cwigvc 68,50 x
68,50 wgUvi| GB mv`„k¨ GZB ¯ú÷ †h GwU wKQy‡ZB KvKZvjxq n‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡mB ivRKxq
ZuveywU wQj kZ ¯—‡¤¢i mfvK‡¶i AbyKi‡b ˆZwi| Avi Av‡_‡Ýi A‡WAbwU wQj ZviB cÖwZi“c|
Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cviwmK ¯’vcZ¨ixwZ wMÖK wKsev †ivgvb wkíxiv KL‡bvB cy‡ivcywi AbymiY
K‡ibwb| †cwiwK¬‡mi A‡WAbwUi wfZ‡i kã-e¨e¯’v (acoustics) g‡b nq ‡Zgb mykªve¨ wQj bv|
Avi cieZ©xKv‡ji A‡WAb¸‡jvi Ñ †hgb AvMwiccv, †Wvwgwkqvb I †nv‡iv‡`m wQj ¶z`ªvKvi Avi
wVK PZz‡¯‹vbI bq|
Avgiv Rvwb ‡mB mg‡q Av‡_‡Ýi cÖvY‡K›`ª wQj Av‡Mviv| Avi Av‡Mvivq wQj prytaneum bv‡g
GKwU feb| 465 mv‡j febwU wbwg©Z n‡qwQj | e„ËvKvi, mv`vgvUv GKwU feb, †Zgb ‡RŠjyl †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| IB febwU‡Z Av‡_‡Ýi ivRbxwZKiv (prytaneis) ‰`bw›`b KvRKg© mvi‡Zb|
Av‡_Ýevmx G‡K ejZ tholos ev †Mvjevwo; wKsev, skias ev †iv` †VKv‡bv QvZv| †Kbbv, †KŠwbK
Qv`Ajv †mB †MvjevwowU ‡`L‡Z wQj A‡bKUv QvZvi gZb|
‡m mg‡qi A‡bK Qwe‡Z †`Lv †M‡QÑcvim¨ivR Ges Zuvi AbyMZ cÖv‡`wkK kvmK‡`i (satraps)
wb‡q QvZvi wb‡P e‡m Av‡Qb| Kv‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq hy‡×i ci Av‡_bxqiv iYv½‡b cviwmK‡`i
cwiZ¨³ wRwbmc‡Îi AbyKi‡b cieZ©xKv‡j AviI †UKmB gvjvgvj w`‡q cybwb©gvb K‡iwQj A‡bK
feb| †cwiwK¬‡mi A‡WAbwU wbg©v‡bi †¶‡ÎI ZvB n‡qwQj| GB Abygvb mv_©K nq, hLb Avgiv
Rvb‡Z cvwi Ñ prytaneum febwU wbg©v‡bi c~‡e© Av‡_‡Ý e„ËvKvi feb †Zgb wQjB bv | Av‡_‡Ý
Aek¨ †MvjvKvi ¯’vcbv wQj| Z‡e Zv‡K wN‡i wQj †÷vqv (stoas)| [stoa = ancient covered
walkway: in ancient Greece, a covered walkway, usually with a row of columns on one
side and a wall on the other.] _‡jvm-G †Zgb †÷vqv wQj bv|
Av‡_Ýevmx cviwmK‡`i cwiZ¨³ wRwbmcÎ e¨envi K‡iwQj| Aek¨ g~j Av`jwU c‡i Avi †ewk
w`b AweK…Z _v‡Kwb| †Kbbv, cieZ©xKv‡ji prytanea¸‡jv Ab¨fv‡e ˆZwi n‡qwQj|
Av‡_Ý bMixi g‡a¨B A¨v‡µvcwjm bv‡g Aby”P GKwU cvnvo i‡q‡Q| Zvi Ic‡iB Av‡_Ýevmxi
Dcvmbvjq cv‡_©bbwU i‡q‡Q| IB cÖv_©bvjqwU‡Z wQj G‡_‡Ýi i¶Kvix †`ex Av‡_bvi g~wZ© | †`ex
Av‡_bv A‡jŠwKK kw³i AwaKvix GKRb †`ex| GKRb A‡jŠwKK kw³i AwaKvix †`exi gw›`i
wbg©v‡bi wcQ‡b Av‡_Ýevmxi Mfxi AvMÖn _vKvB ¯^vfvweK| †Kbbv, †`ex Av‡_bvB †Zv †mB
cviwmK Avµg‡bi gnv`y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Av‡_Ý bMix‡K i¶v K‡iwQj | Kv‡RB, wek¦‡K †`Lv‡bv
`iKvi Av‡_ÝI cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cv‡i| GgbB nIqvi K_v| KviY, wMÖK‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡_ÝB †kªô| ïay
ZvB bqÑcv‡_©b‡bi wfZiKvi Aj¼ib Ges cu¨vPv GK`v wMÖK RM‡Zi mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZx‡K cwibZ
n‡qwQj; G‡_‡Ýi DbœwZ I †MŠiegq Aa¨v‡qi cÖZx‡K cwibZ n‡qwQj cu¨vPv I cv‡_©bb |
Z‡e IB cÖZxK¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvi ixwZwU g‡b nq A-wMÖK| gv‡b AjsKi‡Yi Ici AZ¨waK ¸i“Z¡
†`IqvÑ wVK wMÖmxq ixwZ bq|
cv‡_©bb wQj GK D”PvKv•Lx bM‡ii GK D”PvKv•Lx cwiKíbv| Gi wbg©v‡bi KvR Avi¤¢ n‡qwQj
Av‡_bxq kvmK †cwiwK¬‡mi mgq| 449-G| cv‡_©bb wb‡q Av‡_Ýevmx Me© KiZ; KiviB K_vÑ
cv‡_©b‡b Zv‡`i AvZ¥ AnsKv‡ii cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj| G‡`i c~e©cyi“l gnv cÖZvckvjx cvim¨‡K
civwRZ K‡iwQj (480-479); Av‡_Ý bMix †mB weR‡qi mv¶x| Dc‡ivš—, hy‡×i ci †_‡KB
Av‡_‡Ýi A_©bxwZ w`b w`b gReyZ n‡q DVwQj| †`wjq †RvU-Gi †bZv wn‡m‡e G‡_Ý wbqwgZ Ki
†cZ| GK`v G‡_bxq †bZv A¨vwimUvB‡`m ‡`wjq †RvU‡K mgvbvwaKv‡ii (isonomia) Ici wfwË
K‡i GKwU ivóªms‡N cwibZ Ki‡jI, 479 Ges 449-Gi ga¨eZ©x `kK¸‡jv‡Z †mB D‡Ïk¨
aywjmvr K‡i w`‡q m`m¨ivóª‡K e‡k ivL‡Z PvBj Av‡_Ý | Ki bv-‡`Iqvi j‡¶¨ we‡`ªvn I Af¨š—
ixY wel‡q Av‡_‡Ýi n¯—‡¶‡ci wei“‡× Kiv n‡jv cÖwZev`| †mB cÖwZev`-we‡`ªvn wb`©qfv‡e `gb
Kij Av‡_Ý| we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi g‡Zv h‡_ó mvgwiK kw³ wQj Zvi Kv‡Q; wMÖKwe‡ki¦ me‡P eo
†bŠeniwUB wQj Av‡_‡Ýi|
A¨v‡µvcwj‡mi Ici cv‡_©bb wbg©v‡bi eQi¸‡jvq Av‡_‡Ýi gvbyl Av‡_bxq mvgªv‡R¨i K_v ejZ|
m¤¢eZ †mB mgqKvi Ab¨vb¨ mvgªv‡R¨i AZzj ¶gZv-‰efe Zv‡`i AbycÖvwbZ K‡i _vK‡e| Avi Zv
m‡›`nvZxZfv‡eB cvim¨|
70 eQi Av‡MÑcvi‡m¨i mgªvU `viq‡eŠl cvi‡m¨ Persepolis bv‡g GK AZzjbxq cÖvmv` wbg©vb
Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| †mB cÖvmv` wbg©v‡bi wcQ‡b wQj AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i ¯’cwZ‡`i Nvg-kªg-
Kíbv| fv¯‹h© Mo‡Zb cvi‡m¨i Yaunâ iv| wMÖKiv G‡`i ejZ Ionia | Giv fv¯‹h© wbg©v‡b
ZrKv‡j L¨wZgvb n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi fv¯‹h©¸‡jv AvBIbxq
wMÖK‡`i Mov| †ZgbwU bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ‡m hvK| cvwm©‡cvwjmB wQj mgªvU `viq‡eŠ‡li ivR`ievi
| mgªvU GLv‡b AwZw_eM© I cÖRv‡`i Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡Zb| mgªvU hLb cvi‡m¨ _vK‡Zb ZLb
cvwm©‡cvwj‡mB _vK‡Zb, cÖvmv`wUi wbivcËv e¨e¯’v wbw”Q`ª e‡jB abm¤ú` †mLv‡bB Rgv‡Zb|
cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi `ievi njwU‡K ejv nZ Avcv`vbv (Apadana)| Gi wmuwoi †`Iqv‡ji Ici †Lvw`Z
wPθwj we¯§qKi| cviwmK el©ei‡Yi mgq Kxfv‡e cÖRviv ivRcÖvmv‡` AvmZ, mgªvU‡K Ki w`Z Ñ
†mmeB †mB †`IqvjwP‡Î †Lvw`Z i‡q‡Q| AwZw_iv AvmZ euv w`K †_‡K, Ges Zv‡`i‡K m½
w`‡Zb GKRb D”Pc`¯’ ivRKxq cÖwZwbwa; m¤¢eZ ‡mbvcwZ Pharnaces; wZwbB AwZw_‡`i m‡½
mgªvU `viq‡eŠl I hyeivR Rv‡iK‡mm-Gi cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡Zb| mgªv‡Ui c‡i AwfRvZeM©,
†Nvov, i_, exicyi“l Ges i¶xi `j †Pv‡L c‡o| me Av‡qvRb ‡hb m¤úbœ| mgªv‡Ri wcQ‡b
AwZw_iv K_v ej‡Q, †cvkvK wVKVvK K‡i wb‡”Q, ‡mbvcwZ Pharnaces GLbB cÖ_g AwZw_i m‡½
cwiPq Kwi‡q †`‡eb ...
Gevi GB QwewUi m‡½ Av‡_‡Ýi cv‡_©b‡bi Af¨š—‡ii †`IqvjwP‡Îi Zzjbv Kiv hvK| Av‡_bxq
wkíxivI IB GKB ai‡bi wPÎ Gu‡K †i‡L‡Q cv_©b‡b| Av‡_bxq wkíxiv m¤¢eZ AwfÁ AvBIbxq
wkíx‡`i KvQ †_‡K wk‡LwQj Kxfv‡e mgªvU KZ„©K cÖRv‡`i Af©¨_bv Rvbv‡bvi `„k¨wU fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
cv_‡ii Ici †Lvw`Z K‡i ivLv hvq| †m hv‡nvK| Av‡_Ýevmxi evrmwiK Drm‡ei bvg wQj
cvbv‡_wbqv (Panathenaea)| †mmgq Zviv †`ex Av‡_bvi g~wZ©i Kv‡Q wgwQj K‡i G‡m mg‡eZ
nZ| Pvi ermi ci ci Zviv †`ex‡K bZzb †cvkvK (peplos) cwi‡q w`Z| cv‡_©b‡bi Af¨š—‡i
†`IqvjwP‡Î †`Lv hvq wgwQ‡ji †k‡l, A_v©r gw›`‡ii cwðg w`‡K exicyi“l, i_, bvMwiKe„›`, cyRvi
DcKib enbKvix, ewji cï, Avi Av‡_‡Ýi ivóªxq Kg©KZ©vMb `uvwo‡q| cye w`‡K,A_©vr gw›`‡ii
cÖ‡e‡ki wVK Kv‡QB †`ex G‡_bv f³‡`i Dc‡XŠKb MÖnb Kivi Rb¨ A‡c¶gvb | wPÎK‡g©i
gvSLv‡b †`Lv hvq ‡`exi cyi‡bv †ccjmwU fuvR Kiv i‡q‡Q; Avi i‡q‡Q ivRv-ivwbi Rb¨ eo wcuwo
- Abyôvb Avi‡¤¢i Rb¨ mevB A‡c¶v Ki‡Q; mvwie× gvby‡liv K_v ej‡Q| †Nvoviv wbðzc...
cvwm©‡cvwjm I cv‡_©b‡bi †`Iqvj Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z `y‡Uv wPÎB wZbwU Ask-m¤^wjZ| Ges Gi ga¨eZ©x
AskwUB me‡P ¸i“Z¡c~b© g‡b nq| Ab¨ `ywU Ask wPÎKg©wUi gvSLv‡bi RvqMvwU wN‡i i‡q‡Q; hv
cv‡_©bb I cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi Qwe `y‡Ui g‡a¨ GK Mfxi mv`„k¨ cÖKvk K‡i| †kl cÖv‡š— wgwQ‡ji †kl
w`KKvi AskMÖnbKvix‡`i †`Lv hvq, we‡kl K‡i †Nvov I Ab¨vb¨ cï ...I‡`i Rb¨I cÖPzi RvqMv
Qvov n‡q‡Q| gvSLv‡bi gvbylRb kvš—, KvQvKvwQ `uvwo‡q| GLv‡b, gv_v †Nviv‡bv wKsev nvZ
evov‡bvB GKgvÎ `„k¨gvb `„k¨| wP‡Îi ga¨eZ©x As‡k †hLv‡b `viq‡eŠl I hyeivR Rv‡iK‡mm
A_ev Av‡_bxq ivRv-ivwb i‡q‡Q; †mwU `„k¨gvb, eo I ¯’vbgq| wkíxi D‡Ïk¨ cwi¯‹vi †evSv hvq:
`k©Kiv †hb Qwei gvSLv‡b g‡bvms‡hvM K‡i|
wPÎwUi AviI wZbwU fvM K‡i we‡k­lb Kiv m¤¢e| `ywU wkíK‡g©B †K›`ªxq Pwi·K wN‡i i‡q‡Q
mnP‡iiv, Ges †jvKRb †mw`‡KB hv‡”Q| cv‡_©b‡bi Qwei ‡ejvq mnP‡iiv n‡jv †`eZviv I
†ccjm-Gi fuvR| G‡`i Ae¯’v‡b Qwe `ywUi mv`„k¨ AviI Mfxi n‡q‡Q| †hgb, `y`jB Abyôv‡bi
RvqMvq Dcw¯’ZÑ †h Kvi‡Y `„k¨wU we‡klfv‡e bRi Kv‡o| Av‡_bxq `k©Kiv †KejgvÎ GKwU my›`i
wPÎKg©B †`L‡Q bv, wb‡R‡`iB AwfÁZvjã GKwU `„k¨ †`L‡Q|
Avcv`vbvi †`IqvjwPÎwU †`‡L ILvbKvi `k©K‡`i g‡b IB GKBai‡bi m¤ú„³Zvi †eva ˆZwi
nIqvi K_v, hw`I AviI e„nr cwim‡i| †`IqvjwPÎwU †`‡L cwi¯‹vi †Ui cvIqv hvq wgwQ‡ji
gvbylRb mevB GK e„nr I msnZ mvgªv‡R¨iB Ask Ges Zviv GB mvgªvR¨‡K AviI msnZ Kivi
Rb¨ `„pcÖwZÁ| ejv evûj¨, GB msnwZ Avm‡j AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨iB msnwZ | A_ev Ggb †KvbI
iv‡óªi hviv mgmvgwqK we‡k¦ AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq‡kªôZ¡ |
Aek¨ msnwZi avibvwU cvi‡m¨i †¶‡Î mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK n‡jI Av‡_‡Ýi †¶‡Î Zv ag©xq |
Z‡e GI wVK †hÑcv‡_©bb G‡Kev‡iB weï× ag©xq ¯’vb wQj bv| cv‡_©b‡bi Kvi“Kvh©gq wPÎwUi
GKwU ivR‰bwZK fvl¨I Avwe¯‹vi Kiv hvq: bMiiv‡óªi bvMwiKiv hv‡Z HK¨e× _v‡K|
Z‡e GwUB GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ bq| KviY, wPÎKg©wUi PZz‡¯‹vb As‡k cviwmK †cvkvK civ AvgvRb
‡hv×v‡`i m‡½ wMÖK‡`i hy‡×i `„k¨ i‡q‡Q| Avm‡j GwU cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i msMÖv‡gi cÖZxK|
AvgvRb †hv×viv cviwkK †cvkvK civ `„k¨wUU cvi‡m¨i Rb¨ AcgvbRbK| ‡Kbbv, Zv‡Z cvim¨‡K
c¶vš—‡i ÔbvixÕ ejv n‡jv| wMÖK wg_ Abyhvqx, AvgvRb n‡jv hy×s‡`nx bvix†hv×v, hviv Zv‡`i ivR¨
‡_‡K cyi“l‡`i wbe©vwmZ K‡iwQj|
cv‡_©b‡bi ‡`Iqvj wP‡Î AviI †`Lv hvq †h †`eZvMb ˆ`Z¨‡`i wei“‡× hy× Ki‡Q, wMÖKiv jo‡Q
†_mvwji cve©Z¨ A‡ji centaurs ˆ`Z¨‡`i wei“‡×; GwKqiv jo‡Q †UªvRvb‡`i wei“‡×|
(cvwm©‡cvwj‡m †`wL luvo I wms‡ni g‡a¨ jovB| hv wKbv c¶vš—‡i ¶gZvi Rb¨ jovBI e‡U)
wMÖK‡`i mvnmx †hv×v wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Qwe¸‡jv AuvKv n‡q‡Q; hviv ˆ`Z¨, GgbKx
†`eZv‡`iI mgK¶|
cv‡_©bb wQj †`wjq †Rv‡Ui †KvlvMvi| ‡Rv‡Ui cÖwZwU m`m¨ivóª‡KB GKRb cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g
cv‡_©b‡b Mi“ I ‡jŠneg© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nZ| Avm‡j GwUI cviwmK ixwZ| KviY, cvwm©‡cvwjmI g~jZ
†KvlvMviB wQj| Avm‡j `ywU febB, Avcv`vbv I cv‡_©bb, wQj mvgªv‡R¨i ivR‰bwZK, ag©xq Ges
A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j‡K›`ª|
bvixm`„k ¯—¤¢‡K wMÖ‡m ejv nq KvwiqvwZ`m (caryatids)| Av‡_‡Ýi KvwiqvwZ`m ‡Pv‡L c‡o
A¨vwµcwj‡mi Ici B‡iKw_qv‡g (Erechtheum); bvixg~wZ©¸‡jv cv‡_©b‡bi GK w`‡K gv_vq Qv`
a‡i †i‡L‡Q| IB KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jv wMÖK fv¯‹h© wk‡íi Ac~e© wb`k©b| cv‡_©bb ˆZwii ci 425-409
Gi g‡a¨ KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj| ¯ú©vZvi wei“‡×ZLb hy× PjwQj ... †m hv †nvK|
wMÖ‡m GB ai‡bi fv¯‹h© wKš‘ bZzb bq| Siphnian -G †`jwdi (Delphi) †KvlvMv‡ii
KvwiqvwZ`mwU ¯’vcb Kiv n‡qwQj 479 G, A_v©r cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× wMÖK‡`i weR‡qi ci|
B‡iKw_qvg-Gi KvwiqvwZ`m

GLb cÖkœ GB-Kx fv‡e wMÖK wk‡í bvixi Afy¨`q n‡jv? †ivgvb ¯’cwZ Vitruvius Gi e¨vL¨v Kivi
†P÷v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: Should any one wish for information on the origin of those
draped matronal figures [...] called caryatids, I will explain it by the following story.
Carya, a city of Peloponnese, joined the Persians in their war against the Greeks. These in
return for the treachery, after having freed themselves by a most glorious victory from the
intended Persian yoke, unanimously resolved to launch a war against the Caryans. Carya
was taken and destroyed, its male population extinguished, and its matrons carried into
slavery. To ensure that these circumstances might be better remembered, and the nature
of the triumph perpetuated, the victors represented the matrons draped, and apparently
suffering under the burden with which they were loaded, to expiate the crime of their
native city. Thus, in their edifices, did the ancient architects, by the use of these statues,
hand down to posterity a memorial of the crime of the Caryans. [Vitruvius, On
architecture 1.1.5] Ab¨ K_vq KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jv †Kej ¯—¤¢g~wZ© bqÑGKwU Av`‡k©iI Dc¯’cbv|
Zzwg kΓi m‡½ nvZ †gjv‡j Zzwg aŸsm n‡q hv‡e, Zzwg AcgvwbZ n‡e, Zzwg kvw¯— cv‡e!
cvi‡m¨I Kvi“KvRgq ¯—¤¢ wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj | wLª÷c~e© 6÷ kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS cvi‡m¨i mgªvU
A‡bK ivR¨ Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| GBme weRxZ iv‡R¨i RbM‡bi AvbyMZ¨ ZrKvjxb wkíK‡g©
cÖwZdwjZ nIqv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| AvbyM‡Z¨i GB †h cÖKvk, Zv dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z cviwmKiv gvbyl
e¨envi bv-K‡i e¨envi KiZ cï | cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi cÖvmv‡`i wLjv‡bi ¯—¤¢¸wji kxl© ‡hLv‡b Qv`
¯úk© K‡i‡Q †m RvqMvwU cÖvqk luv‡oi A_ev WvbvAjv †eov‡ji| ZzjbvwU cwi¯‹vi| luvo †hgb
†Rvqv‡ji wb‡P _v‡KÑ RbMbI †Zgwb mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvRxeb AbyMZ _vK‡e, fvi eB‡e| KLbI-
KLbI gvbyl †Lvw`Z Kiv nZ Ggbfv‡e: †h †m fvi enb Ki‡Q| cvi‡m¨i ivRKxq mgvwa‡¶‡Î
bKm-B-i“¯—g; †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq mgªvU `ywU e„nr g‡Âi Ici `uvwo‡q| g `ywU enb Ki‡Q gvbylÑ
m¤¢eZ Ki` iv‡R¨i gvbyl| cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi wfZ‡i GKwU wZbWvbvAjv `iIqvRv i‡q‡Q| Zvi Kv‡Q
GKwU wmsnvmb, hv wZb¯—‡ii gbyl¨g~wZ© †Vm w`‡q i‡q‡Q, mgªvU †mwUi Ici e‡m i‡q‡Qb|
Av‡_bxq GwiKw_qv‡gi KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jv Avm‡j Av‡_bxq bvix‡`i Zz‡j a‡iwb| GUv wbwðZ †h-
IB †g‡q‡`i Pz‡ji QuvU †c‡jvc‡bwkq bvix‡`i g‡Zv; wKš‘, Av‡_bxqiv cï †Lvw`Z bv K‡i bvix
†Lvw`Z Kij †Kb? hw` Abygvb KwiÑ Av‡_bxq cyi“‡liv bvix‡`i †`LZ cïi gZb | g‡b nq
ZvBB| Z‡e e¨vcviwU Aek¨B cÖZxwK| cvi‡m¨i cÖwZ‡cÖw¶‡Z ‡Rvqvje× cÖvwY wKsev fvievnx
gvbylÑ hv ek¨Zvi cÖZxK| wMÖKwe‡k¦I IB GKB e¨vcvi †`wL Ñ KvwiqvwZ`m¸wj fvi eB‡Q|
G‡¶‡Î cï bq-bvix| Gi KviY Av‡Q| †hgbwU Avgiv cv‡_©b‡bi †`IqvjwP‡Î †`‡LwQ| Av‡_bxqiv
GKwU we‡kl Ae¯’vi Av`©k MÖnb K‡iwQj| Zviv GKwU g~Z© `„óvš— MÖnb K‡iwQj: Carya i bvix‡`i
AcgvbRbK ek¨Zv| GwiKw_qv‡g KvwiqvwZ`¸‡jv ¯’vcb K‡i Av‡_Ý ej‡Z †P‡qwQj: cvim¨i gZ
Av‡_ÝI f~ga¨mvMixq wek¦‡K ekxf~Z Kivi Rb¨ ˆZwi| GwU †Kej K_vi K_v wQj bv; Av‡_bxqiv
ev¯—‡eI Zv Zv‡`i ciivóªbxwZ‡Z Av‡ivc K‡iwQj|
cviwmK hy‡×i ci Av‡_Ý e„nr †mbvevwnbxi Øviv wMÖKwek¦ kvmb K‡iwQj| G‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i mvgªvR¨
kvm‡bi †¶‡Î bvbvb mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡qwQj| wMÖKiv Aek¨ kvmbKv‡h© Avš—wiK wQj e‡jB
Zviv cvi‡m¨i AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i w`‡K †P‡qwQjÑ cvim¨ Kx fv‡e kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨vw`i
‡gvKv‡ejv K‡i| Aek¨ Av‡_‡Ýi A‡bK kvmKB m„Rbkxj wPš—vi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Z‡e ZvivI
A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB cvi‡m¨i ixwZbxwZ Abymib K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivRbxwZ: cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× meKUv hy‡×B Rqx n‡qwQj Av‡_Ý | Zvici †m n‡q D‡VwQj †`wjq
†Rv‡Ui m‡e©me©v | cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× hwÏb hy× PjwQj ZwÏb HK¨e× wQj wMÖKwek¦ | Ae¯’v hLb
e`‡j †Mj ÑZLb be¨mvgªvR¨wU‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ bZzb †KŠkj LuyR‡Z eva¨ n‡jv Av‡_Ý |
m`m¨ivóª¸wji g‡a¨ hviv †`wjq †RvU †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q †h‡Z PvBjÑZv‡`i AZ¨š— wbôzifv‡e
Avµgb Kiv n‡jv| †QvU †QvU bMiivóª¸wjÑ hv‡`i Av‡_‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb wQjÑ Zviv me
G‡_‡Ýi w`‡KB Suy‡K wQj| wKš‘, Ab¨iv Av‡_bxq †bŠevwnbxi Avµg‡b wkKvi n‡jv| †hgb, bv·m
470-G Ges _v‡mvm 465-G| Giv Ki w`‡Z Mwogwm KiZ, G‡`i Ici Av‡_‡Ýi bvK Mjv‡bv w`b
w`b evowQj| ejc~e©K GB bMi¸wj‡K †Rv‡U a‡i ivLv n‡jv| Av‡_‡Ýi AbyMZ bMi¸wji Zzjbvq
GBme we‡`ªvnx bMi¸wji gh©v`v wQj Ab¨iKg | (K) G‡`i †bŠeni †f‡½ †`Iqv n‡qwQj| (L)
G‡`i Ki w`‡Z nZ bM‡`| (M) Giv ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi AwaKvi nvivj| Ges (N) G‡`i msweavb
MbZvwš¿K bv-n‡j ejc~e©K msweav‡b cwieZ©b Avbv n‡jv|
cieZ©x‡Z Aek¨ †hme bMiiv󪸇jv bM‡` Ki †`Iqv ïi“ Kij Zv‡`i Ki` iv‡R¨i gh©v`v †`Iqv
n‡jv| Aek¨, bMiivóª¸wji ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi AwaKvi †K‡o †bIqv n‡jv| hLb 431-G †c‡jvcwbwkq
hy× Avi¤¢ n‡jv; ZLb †Kej wPqm Øxc Avi †jmem Øxc-GiB c~e©eZ©x ¯^vaxb Ae¯’v weivR KiwQj|
wKš‘, †Kej GKgvÎ mvgwiK kw³i ØvivB Av‡_Ý e„nr wMÖKwe‡k¦i Ici Zvi GKvwacZ¨ Kv‡qg
K‡iwb| Ab¨vb¨ Abyl½I we`¨gvb wQj, †hgb,A_©‰bwZK cÖvPzh©| Av‡_bxq e›`i (wc‡iDm) wQj Avš—
©ivwóªK evwbwR¨K †K›`ª; ‡mB m‡½ †Rv‡Ui wfZ‡i I evB‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv bMiiv‡óªi m‡½ evwbwR¨K
Pzw³‡Z Ave× wQj Av‡_Ý | gy`ªve¨e¯’vI wbqš¿b KiZ Av‡_Ý| Zvi wb‡`©‡k †KejgvÎ cu¨vPvi
wPnèAw¼Z Av‡_bxq gy`ªv e¨eüZ nZ evwbwR¨K †jb‡`‡b|
Dcwb‡ekI (cleruchies) ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Av‡_Ý | wMÖK bMiivóª †_‡K bvbv Kvi‡Y wbe©vwmZ
RbMb‡K Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvq emevm Kivi AbygwZ †`Iqv n‡qwQj| Dcwb‡e‡ki Awaevmx‡`i
‡KvbIi“c Ki w`‡Z nZ bv; Kv‡RB Zviv wQj Av‡_‡Ýi cÖwZ AbyMZ|
Avi Gfv‡eB wMÖKwe‡k¦i bvbv cÖZ¨š— cÖv‡š—I Av‡_Ý Zvi GKvwacZ¨ eRvq ivL‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj|
450-Gi ci Av‡_Ý Zvi mvgªv‡R¨i bvbv cÖv‡š— ˆmb¨evwnbx ¯’vcb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Av‡_bxq mvgªv‡R¨i
cÖwZwU bM‡iB, gh©v`v hvB †nvK bv †Kb, GKRb Av‡_bxq cwi`k©K ev Ae¯’vb KiZ| cwi`k©‡Ki
bvg wQj episcopus; ‡m bM‡ii Ici Zx¶ bRi ivLZ, K‡ii mxgvbv wbqš¿b KiZ, we‡`ªvn `gb
KiZ; Aïf Pµvš— bmvr K‡i †mm‡ei we¯—vwiZ cÖwZ‡e`b Av‡_‡Ý cvVvZ| mvavibZ Episcopus
wbe©vwPZ KiZ AvBbmfv|
AvwK‡gbxq mvgªvR¨I Ggb Kg©Pvix wQj; hv‡K mgªv‡Ui Ô†PvLÕ ejv nZ| ¯^qs mgªvU Ô‡PvLÕ wbe©vwPZ
Ki‡Zb| iv‡R¨ Kx n‡”Q bv n‡”Q me mgªvU‡K RvbvZ Ô†PvLÕ| Giv cÖv‡`wkK kvmK‡`i †P‡qI †ewk
¶gZv ivLZ; Zv Qvov iv‡R¨i fv‡jvg‡›`i R‡b¨I `vqx _vKZ| Ô‡PvLÕ cÖv‡`wkK kvmK‡`i bxwZ I
Ki cÖ`v‡bi c×wZ ch©‡e¶b KiZ; †`LZ Kx fv‡e we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv nZ Ges we‡`ªv‡ni Avfvm
†c‡j AwZ kxNÖ Zv mgªvU‡K RvbvZ|
cviwmK Ô†PvLÕ I Av‡_bxq episcopus †`i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨wU mwZ¨B we¯§qKi|
Ô†PvLÕ I episcopus †`i †KejgvÎ D”Pc`¯’ kvmK‡`i Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z nZ| Zviv ¯’vbxq
kvmK‡`i KvRK‡g©i ZË¡veavb KiZ| Ki Av`v‡qi Rb¨ `vqx _vKZ, iv‡R¨i Af¨š—ixb wek„•Ljvi
Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kv‡Q `vqx _vKZ |
cviwmK I wMÖK cwi`k©K‡`i bv‡gi g‡a¨I wgj i‡q‡Q| mwZ¨Kv‡ii cviwmK †PvL-Gi bvg Rvbv
hvqwb| wKš‘, m¤¢eZ spasaka (`ªóv) wQj g‡b nq; hw` ZvB nq Zvn‡j episcopus k‡ãi g~j ‡h
kã †mB episkopos kãwUi Abyl‡½ Ò†`LvÓ wµqvwU we`¨gvb|
Z‡e GmeB DccÖ‡gqg~jK; A_v©r, hypothetical. g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, kvmKgv‡ÎB Zvi iv‡R¨i
cÖwZwU Kg©Pvix‡K Ô†PvLÕ wn‡m‡e †`‡L iv‡R¨i LuywUbvwU Lei Rvbvi Rb¨| GB ch©‡e¶K‡`i
bvg¸wj nqZ Avjv`v Z‡e wKQy Mreuvav KvR Giv KiZ, kvwj©‡gb †hgb missi dominici (ivRKxq
cÖwZwbwa) wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb, Z`ª“c | Ab¨me kvmK‡`i g‡ZvB Av‡_bxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wQj
`v‡ivMv wb‡qvM Kiv |
†m hvB ‡nvK bv †KbÑ Ô†PvLÕ I Episcopus -Gi Kv‡R mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| †mB Rb¨ Avgv‡`i fve‡Z
n‡eÑ Av‡_bxqiv mwZ¨ mwZ¨B cviwmK‡`i AbyKib K‡iwQj wK bv|
Gme wgwj‡q †`wjq †RvU wQj RwUj GK msMVb| Gi g~‡j wQj AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i Av`j|
†Kbbv, ‡`wjq †Rv‡Ui me‡P eo ˆewkó¨B n‡jv Ñ GwU wQj mgy‡`ªvcK~‡j Aew¯’Z (maritime)
mvgªvR¨| mßg kZvãxi Avw` wMÖK wgÎmsN¸wj (confederations) wQj g~j f~L‡Û, we‡kl K‡i
†c‡jvc‡bwkqvq| mgy‡`ªvcK~‡j Aew¯’Z †h †KvbI mvgªv‡R¨iB GK w`‡K we‡kl bRi w`‡Z nq-Zv
n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v | kxZKvjxb mg‡qB mvaviYZ †K‡›`ªi m‡½ m`m¨ivóª¸wji †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ
n‡q c‡o| A_P, m`m¨ivóª¸wji g‡a¨ Af¨š—ixb †hvMv‡hvM A¶zbœ _v‡K|
GB mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡iwQj cvim¨| Av‡_Ý †mB †KŠkj cvi‡m¨i KvQ †_‡K wk‡LwQj|
cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i cwðg w`KKvi Zrci †bŠevwnbx Ges ‡mB m‡½ Kvh©Ki †bŠ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vwU wQj
wMÖK‡`i Rb¨ Adziš— Aby‡cÖiYvi Drm|
cvi‡m¨i mgªvU K¨vgevBwm‡mi wgki Rq K‡iwQ‡jb (525) | AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i cwðg w`‡Ki
mgy‡`ªvcK~‡j Aew¯’Z ivR¨¸wj wQj †mB R‡qiB dmj| e„nr GKwU †bŠevwnbx MVb Kivi ciB
†Kej wgki Rq m¤¢eci n‡qwQj | †bŠ‡mbv‡`i cÖZ¨¶ mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZ wmbvB gi“f~wg AwZµg
Kiv wQj `ytmva¨ | ‡Kbbv, `w¶Y-cwð‡g AMÖmigvb cviwmK ‰mb¨‡`i Ici wgkixq †bŠevwnbxi
Avµg‡bi h‡_ó m¤¢vebv wQj|
‡m hvB †nvK| wgki R‡qi ci †`kwU kvmb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡q coj GKwU mymsMwVZ
†bŠevwnbx, †jvKej I gy`ªv| we‡kl K‡i †bŠevwnbx| AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i cwðgvÂjwU,A_v©r
f~ga¨mvM‡ii c~e© I DËi Zxi Kvh©Z †bŠevwnbxi IciB wQj wbf©ikxj |
Ges Av‡_bxqiv Zv‡`i `~ieZ©x bMiivóª¸wji kvm‡bi mgq †m mg¯— cviwmK c`‡¶c¸wj ûeû
AbyKib K‡iwQj| †hgb, cviwmK †bŠevwnbxi iYZix¸‡jv‡Z wQj wgkªRvwZi ‡jvKRb| AvwK‡gbxq
mvgªv‡R¨i bvbv ¯’vb †_‡K `uvwoiv AvmZ | weP¶Y mgªv‡Ui wb‡`©kB wQj †Zgb | cyi“l bvweKiv
Zv‡`i wbR wbR iv‡R¨i evB‡i `xN©w`b Ae¯’vb Ki‡j we‡`ªv‡ni Avk¼v K‡g hvq| Av‡_bxqivI ZvB
K‡iwQj| Av‡_bxq RvnvR¸wjI wKQy Av‡_bxq, wKQy bMiiv‡óªi bvweK Øviv cwiPvwjZ nZ!
wKš‘, AvwK‡gbxq mvgªv‡R¨i Ki cÖ`v‡bi c×wZB wQj Av‡_‡Ýi Mfxi AvMÖ‡ni welq| cviwmK‡`i
civwRZ Kivi ci wMÖKiv Gwkqvi wMÖK bMiivóª¸wji A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi `vq`vwqZ¡ ey‡S
wb‡qwQj| Gi Av‡M AvBIbxq we‡`ªv‡ni ci Ñwjw`qv Ges AvBIbxqvi cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v (satrap)
AvZ©vdv‡bm †mLvbKvi K‡ii mxgvbv wba©vib K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| Av‡_bxqiv c‡i GB c×wZ e`j
K‡iwb| cÖwZ Pvi eQ‡i Av‡_Ý I Zvi cÖRviv K‡ii mxgvbv I nvi cybwba©vwiZ KiZ|
Aš—Z ZvwË¡Kfv‡e n‡jI cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb bMiiv󪸇jv K‡ii mxgvbv I nvi-Gi wel‡q
†`b`ievi Ki‡Z cviZ| †nv‡iv‡WvUvm wj‡L‡Qb, the Persians regarded king Darius as a
merchant (kapelos) because he negotiated about everything (Histories 3.89). GB Z_¨wU
mwZ¨B we¯§qKi| KviY, ‡`v`Û cÖZvcvkvjx mgªv‡Ui †Zv Zvi cÖRv‡`i m‡½ Ki †`Iqv wb‡q
†`b`ievi KiviB ‡Zv K_v bv| cvim¨ wK Av‡_bxq mvgªv‡R¨ kvm‡Ki m‡½ kvwm‡Zi GB †h `i`¯—
iÑ Zv nq‡Zv GK ïf B‡”Qi cÖKvk gvÎ, ev¯—‡e †ZgbwU nq‡Zv wQj bv|
wKš‘, `ywU mvgªvR¨B ‡mB B‡”QwU a‡i ivLvi †Póv Aš—Z KiZ e‡j g‡b nq|
Dcmsnvi: wLª÷c~e© cÂg kZvãxi wMÖm ¯’vcZ¨Kjv I ivRbxwZi †¶‡Î cvi‡m¨i AbyKiY K‡iwQj|
¯’vcZ¨ixwZi †¶‡Î `yfv‡e †mB cÖfve c‡owQj| ev¯—‡e I Av`k©MZ fv‡e| Gi cÖ_gwU cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q cvbcvÎi (rhytons) wb©gv‡b I AjsKi‡b | Plataea -Gi iY‡¶Î †_‡K cÖvß cviwmK
ivRKxq ZuveywU wQj cviwmK ¯’vcZ¨‰kjxi wb`k©b; ‡mwUi AbyKi‡b Av‡_‡Ý KZ¸wj feb wbg©vb
Kiv n‡qwQj| iY‡¶Î †_‡K cvIqv GBme cviwmK mvgMÖx¸‡jv Av‡_bxqiv hy× R‡qi cÖgvY
wn‡m‡eI Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQj| cviwmK ˆkjx Av‡_‡Ýi mvs¯‹…wZK-ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡gi m‡½I wg‡k
wM‡qwQj|
cviwmK wk‡íi cÖfve Av‡_‡Ýi cv‡_©bb I GwiKw_qv‡gi KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jvi Ici c‡owQj| Aek¨
Ab¨fv‡e, A_v©r, weg~Z©fv‡e| A¨v‡µvcwj‡mi wkí †KejgvÎ `„k¨gvb i“c bq, eis GKwU Av`wk©K
aviYvI wQj, hv cvi‡m¨i wkíixwZ AbyKiY| Òmgªv‡Ui Aax‡b H‡K¨iÓ aviYvwU wQj cviwmK: Ges
†mwU MÖnb K‡iwQj wMÖm | wMÖK wkíxiv IB AvbyM‡Z¨i aviYvwU cv‡_©b‡bi †`IqvjwP‡Î PgrKvifv‡e
dzwU‡q Zz‡jwQj| Aek¨ h_v_© wPÎK‡íi gva¨‡g wMÖK i“wP Abyhvqx cÖKvk †c‡qwQj Ges wkíKg©
wn‡m‡eI †mwU mv_©K n‡qwQj | KvwiqvwZ`m¸‡jvi Avw`i“c wQj luvo wKsev WvbvAjv †eovj| Z‡e
†mmme D‡c¶v K‡i wMÖK g‡bve„ËwU bvixi gva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡qwQj| wMÖKiv ¯ú÷ZB cïi Zzjbvq
bvix‡KB AvbyM‡Z¨i cÖZxK wn‡m‡e h_v_© g‡b K‡iwQj|
GB welq¸‡jv cÖgvY K‡i †h wMÖ‡mi wkíixwZ‡Z cvi‡m¨i cÖfve wQj Awbevh©| ivRbxwZi †¶‡ÎI
IB GKB K_v ejv hvq| wMÖK I cviwmKiv `xN©Kvj AvBIbxq bMiivóª¸wj kvmb K‡iwQj| mvgªvR¨
cwiPvjbvi AwfÁZv †h‡nZz wMÖK‡`i wQj bv, cviwmK‡`i wQj, wMÖKiv cviwmK‡`i c`‡¶c¸‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z eva¨ wQj| wMÖKiv cviwmK‡`i c`‡¶c¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Ki cÖ`v‡bi bxwZgvjv
cÖbqb K‡iwQj, GKwU mymsMwVZ †bŠevwnbx M‡o Zz‡jwQj Ges Ki` ivR¨¸wj ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨
ch©‡e¶K wb‡qvM K‡iwQj|
Avm‡j †Zv GgbB nIqvi K_v wQj| KviY, Ab¨‡`i Øviv weKwkZ Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡iB †Zv
gvbemf¨Zv GwM‡q P‡j‡Q | A_P, Dwbk kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq HwZnvwmKMb wMÖK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cvi‡m¨i
Ae`vb m‡PZbfv‡e D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| Zviv AjxK GK ÔwMÖK ˆ`‡eÕ (Greek miracle) `„pfv‡e
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, hv ixwZg‡Zv nvm¨Ki| cÖv‡P¨i Aš—©wbwnZ kw³‡K †evSvi gZb cÖwZfv Dwbk
kZ‡KiÑ Ggb Kx wesk kZ‡Ki AwaKvsk BD‡ivcxq HwZnvwmKMb †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avm‡j
BD‡ivcxq BwZnvm PP©vi †SuvKUv eiveiB wQj GgbB; c¶cvZ`yó| ÁvbPP©vi †¶‡Î cÖvP¨ I
cvðv‡Z¨i mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯úk©‡K eiveiB AMÖvn¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘, AvR Avgiv Rvwb, `ywU
mvs¯‹…wZi Awbevh© cÖfve‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| Ggb Kx Ø›`‡KI|

Z_¨m~Î: Janine Bakker: Persian influence on Greece . wbeÜwU B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß|