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This document discusses several approximate methods for determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibrating systems, including Dunkerley's formula, Rayleigh's method, and Holzer's method. Dunkerley's formula provides approximate natural frequency values that are always smaller than the exact values based on considering an n-degree-of-freedom system. Rayleigh's method finds the natural frequency as the stationary value of the ratio of kinetic to potential energy in the system. Holzer's trial-and-error method can be used to determine the natural frequencies of undamped, damped, semi-definite, or branched translational and torsional systems.
This document discusses several approximate methods for determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibrating systems, including Dunkerley's formula, Rayleigh's method, and Holzer's method. Dunkerley's formula provides approximate natural frequency values that are always smaller than the exact values based on considering an n-degree-of-freedom system. Rayleigh's method finds the natural frequency as the stationary value of the ratio of kinetic to potential energy in the system. Holzer's trial-and-error method can be used to determine the natural frequencies of undamped, damped, semi-definite, or branched translational and torsional systems.
This document discusses several approximate methods for determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibrating systems, including Dunkerley's formula, Rayleigh's method, and Holzer's method. Dunkerley's formula provides approximate natural frequency values that are always smaller than the exact values based on considering an n-degree-of-freedom system. Rayleigh's method finds the natural frequency as the stationary value of the ratio of kinetic to potential energy in the system. Holzer's trial-and-error method can be used to determine the natural frequencies of undamped, damped, semi-definite, or branched translational and torsional systems.
FrequenciesandModeShape NaturalFrequencyandmodeShapes h d Approximatemethods Dunkerleys Formula DerivationofDunkerleys formulaisbasedonthefactthat highernaturalfrequenciesofmostsystemsarelargecompared totheirfundamentalfrequencies A i t l ll th th t l Approximatevalues smallerthantheexactvalues RayleighFormula Rayleigh Approximate LargerthanexactvaluesBasedupon St ti d fl ti Staticdeflectioncurve. Rayleighquotientislowerthanfirsteigenvalue andneverhigher thanhighesteigenvalue. H l Holzers basedonatrialanderrorscheme,ispresentedtofindthe naturalfrequenciesofundamped,damped,semidefinite,or branched translational and torsional systems branchedtranslationalandtorsional systems. Dunkerleys Formula Dunkerley s Formula Considerageneralndegreeoffreedomsystemwhoseeigenvalues canbe determinedbysolvingthefrequencyequation, Freevibration nodamping Ifgivensmallenergyintheformofdisplacementitvibratesindefinitely.Xiis constant. ConfigurationofSystem ModeShape Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation SincetheleftsideofEq.(6.59)isindependentoftheindexi,andtherightsideis independentoft,bothsidesmustbeequaltoaconstant.Byassumingthisconstantaswe it E (6 59) canwriteEq.(6.59)as Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation hi i i k k l ThisequationisknownasDunkerley s formula.Thefundamentalfrequencygivenby E (7 6) ill l b ll h h Eq.(7.6)willalwaysbesmallerthantheexact value. Example Example Rayleighs Method Rayleigh sMethod Thefrequencyofvibrationofaconservativesystemvibratingaboutanequilibriumpositionhasa stationary value in the neighborhood of a natural mode This stationary value in fact is a minimum value stationaryvalueintheneighborhoodofanaturalmode.Thisstationaryvalue,infact,isaminimumvalue intheneighborhoodofthefundamentalnaturalmode. KineticandPotentialenergy wheredenotesthevectorofamplitudes(modeshape)andrepresentsthenaturalfrequency ofvibration Ifthesystemisconservative,themaximumkineticenergyisequaltothemaximumpotential energy [ ] [ ]X X X k X T T r r r r 2 [ ] [ ]X m X X k X T T 2 = Beams and Shafts BeamsandShafts Holzers Method Holzer s Method Trial and Error TrialandError NaturalFrequenciesofUndamped,damped, Semi definite, Fixed or Branched Vibrating Semidefinite,FixedorBranchedVibrating Systemsinvolvinglinearandangular displacements. Programmedforcomputerapplications Fundamental as well as higher frequencies can Fundamentalaswellashigherfrequenciescan bedetermined Mode shapes can also be determined Modeshapescanalsobedetermined Torsional Systems (Undamped) Torsional Systems(Undamped) statesthatthesumoftheinertiatorquesofthesemidefinitesystem mustbezero.Thisequationcanbetreatedasanotherformofthe q f f frequencyequation,andthetrialfrequencymustsatisfythis requirement. Holzers Method Holzer s Method Computedfrom previous (Arrowed2eqs) Holzers Method Holzer s Method Holzers Method Holzer s Method Dunkerleys Formulations Dunkerley s Formulations