12-Khao Sat Tin Hieu Dieu Che Dung MATLAB

Su tm: SGES Lab3i.
com
BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO
AI HOC QUOC GIA TP. HCM
TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT
KHOA IEN IEN T
BO MON IEN T

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

E TAI:

KHAO SAT TN HIEU IEU
CHE DUNG MATLAB

Giao vien hng dan: NGUYEN THANH
HAI
Sinh vien thc hien NGUYEN NH
CNG
Lp : 95 K

TP. HO CH MINH 3 - 2000
Su tm: SGES Lab3i.com

CHNG 1
IEU BIEN (AM: Amplitude modulation)
I. Pho cua tn hieu ieu bien:
ieu bien la qua trnh lam cho bien o tai tin bien oi theo tin tc.
Gia thiet tin tc la tn hieu am tan co pham vi bien oi tan so t
min
max
,
ta co:
V

= V
.cost (1.1)
Tai tin la dao ong cao tan:
V
o
= V
0
.cos
0
t (1.2)
T (1-1) va (1-2) ta c tn hieu ieu bien co dang:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 . 1 t cos t cos m 1 V
t cos t cos
V
V
1 V
t cos t cos V V t V
0 0
0
0
0
0 0 AM
+ =
+ =
+ =

Trong o:
0
V
V
m

= la he so ieu che hay con goi la o sau ieu che. He so
ieu che m phai thoa man ieu kien m 1. Neu m > 1 th mach co hien tng
ieu che va tn hieu meo tram trong (hnh 1-1).
Trong thc te m
max
= 0,7 0,8 e am bao thu tn hieu khong b meo. Ta
xac nh m trong thc te bang cach o cac gia tr V
max
, V
min
va ap dung cong
thc:
( ) 4 . 1
V V
V V
2
V V
2
V V
V
V
m
min max
min max
min max
min max
0
+
=
+
= =

Khi m = 1 ta co V
max
= 2V
0
va V
min
= 0.
Bien oi lng giac cong thc (1.3) ta co:
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 . 1 t cos
2
mV
t cos
2
mV
t cos V V
0
0
0
0
0 0 AM
+ + + =

V
0

t
0
t

V

0

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
1
2
3
t
V
AM
m < 1
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0
- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
0
1
2
3
4
t
V
AM
m = 1
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0
- 6
- 4
- 2
0
2
4
6
t
V
AM
m > 1
Hnh 1.1 Dang tn hieu V
, V
0
va tn hieu ieu bien V
AM
Nh vay khi ieu
che n am pho cua tn
hieu ieu bien AM co ba
thanh phan: Tai tin co tan
so
0
va co bien o V
0
;
hai dao ong bien co tan
so
0
va co bien o
2
mV
0
nh hnh 1-2,a. Khi
m=1 th
2
V
V
0
AM
=
Neu ta ieu che
mot dai am tan
(
min
max
) vao tai tin, ta
se co pho cua tn hieu AM
nh hnh 1-2,c.
Ta thay ngoai tai
tin
0
co bien o V
0
con
co hai bien tan: bien tan
tren co tan so t (
0
-
min
) en (
0
+
max
) va
bien tan di co tan so t
(
0
-
max
) en (
0
+
min
)
oi xng qua tai tin.
Thc chat pho cua cac dao ong hai bien khong ong ieu nhau ma cang
xa
0
th bien o cang giam do ac tuyen loc cua bo cong hng khong phai la
hnh ch nhat ly tng.
II. Quan he nang lng trong ieu bien:
Trong tn hieu a ieu bien, cac bien tan cha tin tc, con tai tin khong
mang tin tc. Nh vay cong suat tai tin la cong suat tieu hao vo ch, con cong suat
bien tan la cong suat hu ch.
Cong suat tai tin la cong suat bnh quan trong mot chu ky tai tin:

P
o
= (1.6)
V
2
0

2R
L

0
-
0
+
0

min
max

0
-
max
0
+
max
0
-
min
0
+
min
0
0
0
Hnh 1-2 Pho cua rn hieu AM
V
AM
V

2
mV
0

V
0
Cong suat bien tan:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 8 . 1
2
m
P P P P
7 . 1
2
m
P
R 2
1
2
mV
P P
2
bt bt bt
2
L
2
0
bt bt
0 0 0
0 0 0
+
+
= + =
=
= =

Khi ieu che sau (100%): m = 1 th
2
P
P
0
bt

= (1.9)
T (1.3) ta co: V
Ammax
= V
0
(1+m)
Do o:
( )
( )
2
L
2 2
0
max AM
m 1 P
R 2
m 1 V
P
0
+ =
+
=

(1.10)
Khi m = 1 th P
AMmax
= 4P
o
(1.11)
Vay cong suat trung bnh trong mot chu ky ieu che:
( ) 12 . 1
2
m
1 P
2
m
P P P P P
2
bt AM
0 0 0 0
+ = + = + =

Neu m = 1 th P
AM
= 3/2 P
o
(1.13)
P
bt
= 1/3 P
AM
(1.14)
He so li dung cong suat:
( ) 15 . 1
1 m
2
1
2
m
1 P
2
m P
P
P
k
2
2
2
AM
bt
0
0
+
=
+
= =

Khi ieu che sau nhat m = 1 th
3
1
k = co ngha la cong suat hu ch ch
bang mot phan ba tong cong suat phat i.
Trong thc te e tn hieu khong meo m = 0,7 0,8 th
3
1
k < . ay chnh la
nhc iem cua tn hieu AM so vi tn hieu ieu bien (SSB).
III. Cac ch tieu c ban cua dao ong a ieu bien:
1. He so meo phi tuyen:
Trong o:
( ) ( )
( )

+ +
=

0
0 0
I
.... I I
k
2
3
2
2

I
(t ns)
(n 2) la bien o cac thanh phan dong ien ng vi hai bac cao
cua tn hieu ieu che;
I
(t s)
la bien o cac thanh phan bien tan.
e ac trng cho meo phi tuyen
trong mach ieu khien, ngi ta dung
ac tuyen ieu che tnh (hnh 1.3). ac
tuyen ieu che tnh cho biet quan he
gia bien o tn hieu ra va gia tr tc
thi cua tn hieu ieu che au vao.
Dang tong quat cua ac tuyen
ieu che tnh c bieu dien tren hnh
1-3.
ng ac tuyen ieu che tnh ly tng la mot ng thang t C en A.
ac tuyen ieu che tnh khong thang se lam cho lng bien oi cua bien o dao
ong cao tan au ra so vi gia tr ban au (iem B) khong ty le ng thang vi
tr tc thi cua ien ap ieu che. Do o tren au ra thiet b ieu bien, ngoai cac
thanh phan hu ch (cac bien tan), con co cac thanh phan bac cao khong mong
muon khac. Trong o ang lu y nhat la thanh phan cua tan so
t
2
s
co the lot
vao cac bien tan ma khong the loc c.
e giam meo phi tuyen, can han che pham vi lam viec cua bo ieu che
trong oan ng thang cua ac tuyen ieu che tnh. Luc o buoc phai giam o
sau ieu che.
A
B
C
U

I
0
Hnh 1-3: ac tuyen ieu che tnh.
AGia tr cc ai; BTai tin cha ieu che
2. He so meo tan so:
e anh gia o meo tan so, ng ta can c vao ac tuyen bien o tan
so:
M = f(F
s
)
Us = const

He so meo tan so c xac nh theo bieu thc:

Trong o:
m
0
he so ieu che ln nhat;
m he so ieu che tai tan so ang xet;
Meo tan so xuat hien chu yeu trong cac tang khuyech ai am tan (khuyech
ai tn hieu ieu che), nhng cung co the xuat hien trong cac tang ieu che va sau
ieu che, khi mach loc au ra cua cac tang nay khong am bao bang thong cho
pho cua tn hieu a ieu bien(2F
max
)
IV. Phng phap tnh toan mach ieu bien:
Cac mach ieu bien c xay dng da vao hai nguyen tac sau ay:
- Dung phan t phi tuyen : cong tai tin va tn hieu ieu che tren ac tuyen cua
phan t phi tuyen o.
- Dung phan t phi tuyen co tham so ieu khien c: nhan tai tin va phi tn hieu
ieu che nh phan t phi tuyen o.
1. ieu bien dung phan t phi tuyen:
Cac phan t phi tuyen c dung e ieu bien co the la en ien t, ban
dan, cac en co kh, cuon cam co loi sat hoac ien tr co tr so bien oi theo ien
ap at vao.

M = Hoac M
dB
= 20logM (1.17)
m
0

m
Tuy thuoc vao iem lam viec c chon tren ac tuyen phi tuyen, ham so
ac trng cho phan t phi tuyen, co the bieu dien gan ung theo chuoi Taylor khi
che o lam viec cua mach la che o A( = 180
0
) hoac phan tch theo chuoi Fourier
khi mach lam viec che o ma goc cat < 180
0
(che o lp AB, B, C). phng
phap tnh toan cho hai trng hp o nh sau:
a). Trng hp 1: = 180
0
.
Gia thiet mach ieu bien dung Diode (hnh 1-5). Neu cac tn hieu vao
thoa man ieu kien V
0
+ V
< E (2.18)
th mach lam viec che o A ( = 180
0
) Ham so at trng cho phan t phi
tuyen (diode) xung quanh iem lam viec c bieu dien theo chuoi Taylor:
i
D
= a
1
u
D
+ a
2
u
D
2
+ a
3
u
D
3
+ (1.18)
vi u
D
= E
D
+ U
0
cos
0
t + U
cos
t
Thay u
D
vao bieu thc (1.18), nhan c:
I
D
= a
1
(E

+ U
0
cos
0
t + U
cos
t) + a
2
(E + U
0
cos
0
t + U
cos
t)
2
+ +
a
3
(E + U
0
cos
0
t + U
cos
t)
3
+ (1.19)
Khai trien (1.18) va bo qua cac so hang bac cao n 4 se co ket qua
ma pho cua no c bieu dien tren hnh 1.6. Pho cua tn hieu ra trong trng
hp nay gom thanh phan pho mong muon. Cac thanh phan phu bang khong
kh.
A
3
= a
4
= a
5
= = a
2n+1
= 0 (n = 1, 2, 3,)
Ngha la neu ng ac tnh cua phan t phi tuyen la mot ng cong bac
hai th tn hieu a ieu bien khong co meo phi tuyen. Phan t phi tuyen co ac tnh
gan vi dang ly tng (bac 2) la FET.
e thoa man ieu kien (1.18), tai tin va tn hieu ieu che phai co
bien o be, ngha la phai han che cong suat ra. V ly do o, rat t dung ieu
bien che o A.

0

Hnh 1.6 Pho cua tn hieu ieu bien khi mach lam viec che o A
0

+

0

+

2
0

+

3
0

-

0

-

2
0

-

3
0

2
0

+

0

+

2
0

-

0

-

2

t

i
i
U
D
0

E
0

t

U
D
0

Hnh 1.5 ieu bien che o A
a) Mach ien dung Diode; b) at tuyen cua Diode

D
1uF
1k
+
10V
b

a)

+ E
0
-
C
B
D

b) Trng hp 2: < 180
0

Khi < 180
0
, neu bien o ien ap at vao diode u ln th co the coi ac
tuyen cua no la mot ng gap khuc (hnh 1-7). Phng trnh bieu dien at tuyen
cua diode trong trng hp nay nh sau:

S: ho dan cua ac tuyen diode
Chon iem lam viec ban au trong khu tac cua diode (ng vi che o
C)
V dong qua diode la mot day xung hnh sin (hnh 1-7b), nen co the bieu
dien i
D
theo chuoi Fourier nh sau:
I
D
= I
0
+ i
1
+ i
2
++ i
n
+= I
o
+ I
1
cos
0
t + I
2
cos2
0
t +..+ I
n
cosn
0
t (1.21)
Trong o:
I
0
: thanh phan dong ien mot chieu;
I
1
: bien o thanh phan dong ien c ban oi vi tai tin;
I
2
, I
3
,,I
n
: bien o thanh phan dong ien bac cao (hai bac cao) oi vi tai
tin;
I
0
, I
1
, I
2
,, I
n
c tnh toan theo cac bieu thc xac nh he so cua chuoi
Furier:
( ) 22 . 1
t td n cos i
n
I
..... .......... .......... ..........
t td cos i
2
I
t d i
1
I
0
0 0 D n
0
0 0 D 1
0
D 0

Theo bieu thc (1.20):
i
D
= Su
D
= S(E + U
cos
t + U
0
cos
0
t) (1.23)
0 khi u
D
0
I
D
= (1.20)
Su
D
khi u
D
>0
Khi
0
t = th I
D
= 0 (hnh 2-6), do o ta co:
0 = S(E + U
cos
t + U
0
cos) (1.24)
Lay (2-22) tr (2-23) ta co :
i
D
= SU
0
(cos
0
t - cos) (1.25)
Bieu thc (1.25) la mot dang khac cua (1.23), no bieu dien s phu thuoc
cua i
D
vao che o cong tac (goc cat ).
Bien o thanh phan c ban I
1
(thanh phan hu ch):

Do o tr tc thi cua thanh phan c ban:

ay xac nh c t bieu hc (1-24)

( )
26 1 2 sin
2
1 SU
t td cos ) cos t (cos SU
2
I
t
0
0 0 0 t 1
.

=

=

U
t cos U E
cos
0
+
=

(1.28)
t cos 2 sin
2
1 SU
i
t
t
1

=
(1.27)

2. ieu bien dung phan t tuyen tnh co tham so Thay oi:
Thc chat qua trnh ieu bien nay la qua trnh nhan tn hieu. V du ve mach
ien loai nay la ieu bien dung bo nhan tng t (hnh 1-7). Trong mach ien nay,
quan he gia ien ap ra u
db
va ien ap vao u
0
la quan he tuyen tnh. Tuy nhien, khi
u
bien thien th iem lam viec chuyen t ac tuyen nay sang ac tuyen khac lam
cho bien o tn hieu ra thay oi e co ieu bien.
Can c vao tnh chat cua mach nhan, ta viet c bieu thc cua ien
ap ra sau ay:
U
b
= (E + U
cos
t)U
0
cos
0
t
Hoac

( ) ( ) ( )
29 1 t cos
2
U U
t cos
2
U U
t cos EU u
0
0
0
0
0 0
. + + + =

b
t

Hnh 1.6: ieu bien che o lp C (tn hieu vao ln)
a) ac tuyen cua Diode, o th thi gian cua tn hieu vao va tn hieu ra.
b) Mach ien.
i
D
i
D
0

0

U
D
U
D
0

U
(t)

a)

D
1uF
1
+
10V
U
U
0
b)

- E
0
+
D

C
B
Theo (1-28) pho cua tn hieu ra co tai tin va hai bien tan mong muon.

V. Cac mach ieu bien cu the:
e thc hien theo nguyen tac th nhat, co the dung moi phan t phi
tuyen, nhng neu dung ban dan, en ien t th ong thi vi ieu bien, con
co the khuyech ai tn hieu. Ve mach ien, ngi ta phan biet cac loai mach
ieu bien sau: mach ieu n bien, mach ieu bien can bang va mach ieu
bien vong.
1. Mach ieu bien n:
Mach ieu bien n la mach ch dung mot phan t tch cc e ieu
che. Cac mach ien tren hnh 1-5 va 1-6 la cac mach ieu bien n dung
diode. Nh a xet trong hai mach ieu bien, dong ien ra tai ngoai cac
thanh phan hu ch (cac bien tan) con co u moi thanh phan khong mong
muon khac (tai tan va cac hai bac cao). o la ac iem c ban cua cac
mach ieu bien n.
at tuyen Volt-ampe cua diode, Transistor hay en ien t ch c coi
la gan ung la thang khi tn hieu vao u ln. Chnh v vay oi vi may
phat AM qua trnh ieu che thng c tien hanh au cuoi, hay trc
cuoi. Neu ch dung Diode ta ch thc hien c ieu bien. Con neu dung
Transistor, FET hay en ien t ta thc hien c ieu bien, lai va
khuyech ai c tn hieu.

U
b
U

E

U
0
K

U
b
U
3
U
2
U
1
U
0
b)

a)

Hnh 1-7: ieu bien dung mach nhan tng t
a) Mach ien; b) ac tuyen truyen at
Khi tn hieu vao nho, ac tuyen Volt-ampe cua diode, transistor, en
ien t c goi gan ung la mot ng cong:
i = f(V) = a
0
+ a
1
V + a
2
V
2
+ a
3
V
3
+ (1.30)
S bieu dien cang chnh xac neu ta lay luy tha cang cao. Thc te ta
ch xet ac tuyen en bac 3, v cac bac n > 3 co bien o rat nho.
Goi V
1
= V
o
va V
2
= V
, cho chung tac dung vao phan t phi tuyen ta

co:
i=f(V
1
+V
2
)=a
0
+a
1
V
1
+a
1
V
2
+a
2
V
1
2
+
a
2
V
2
2
+2a
2
V
1
V
2
+a
3
V
1
3
+3a
3
V
1
2
V
2
+3a
3
V
1
V
2
2
+a
3
V
2
3
+ (1.31)
e co tn hieu ieu bien ngo ra, chung ta can lay ra:
a
1
V
1
la thanh phan tan so song mang (tai tin):
0

2a
2
V
1
V
2
la thanh phan hai dai bien tren (
0
+ ) va bien di (
0
- )
Neu ta dung mach
loc co tan so cong
hng:
CH
=
0

nh hnh 1-9 va dai
thong co be rong D
= 2, ta se loc c
hai thanh phan tren
va co tn hieu ieu
bien thong thng.
Nhng cac so hang 3a
3
V
1
V
2
2
se gom hai thanh phan tan so
0
va
0

2 v cos
2
x = (1 + cos2x). Do <<
0
nen cac thanh phan nay cung i
qua mach cong hng va gay ra s meo ieu che khong tuyen tnh. Con
cac thanh phan khac khong i qua c mach loc v , 2 <<
0
, con
2
0
, 3
0
>>
0

e kh meo khong tuyen tnh ta co hai phng phap:
- ac tuyen volt-ampe cua phan t khong tuyen tnh phai co dang bac 2
e khong co cac so hang bac 3 (hoac a
3
rat nho). Muon vay ta phai dung
FET.

1uH
1
D
L R
V
o
V
o
Hnh 1-8 ieu bien mot ve
- Kh meo bang cach cai tien mach, thc hien ieu che can bang nh sau:
Trong hnh 1-9a, ien ap at tren D
1
va D
2
lan lc la:
u
1
= U
cos
t + U
0
cos
0
t
u
2
= - U
cos
t + U
0
cos
0
t
Dong ien qua cac diode c bieu dien thanh chuoi Taylor:
i
1
= a
0
+ a
1
u
1
+ a
2
u
1
2
+ a
3
u
1
3
+
i
2
= a
0
+ a
1
u
2
+ a
2
u
2
2
+ a
3
u
2
3
+
Dong ien ra: i = i
1
-i
2
(1.34)
Thay (2-32), (2-33) vao (2-34) ta co:
i = Acos
t+ Bcos3
t+ C[cos(
0
+
)t+ cos(
0
-
)t]+ D[cos(2
0
+
)+
cos(2
0
-
)t] (1.35)
Trong o:
A = U
2a
1
+3a
3
U
0
2
+(a
3
U
2
)
B = (a
3
U
3
)
C =2a
2
U
U
0

D=3/2(a
3
U
U
0
)

Tng t nh vay cung chng minh ket qua o tren mach ien hnh
1-9b, Trong trng hp can co tai tin au ra, sau khi ieu che co the a
them tai tin vao pho cua tn hieu ra cua mach ieu bien a can bang c
bieu dien tren hnh 1-9c.
(1.32)
(1.33)
1.36

Mot dang khac cua mach ieu che can bang la mach ieu che vong,
thc chat ay la hai mach ieu che can bang co chung tai. S o mach ieu
bien bieu dien tren hnh 1-10.
Goi phan ien ra cua mach ieu che can bang gom D
1
, D
2
la i
1
va
dong ien ra cua mach ieu che can bang gom D
3
, D
4
la i
II
. Theo 1.35:
I
I
= Acos
t+ Bcos3
t+ C[cos(
0
+
)t+ cos(
0
-
)t]+ D[cos(2
0
+
)+
cos(2
0
-
)t] (1.37a)
I
II
= i
D3
- i
D4
(1.37b)
Trong o:
i
D3
= a
0
+a
1
u
3
+a
2
u
3
2
+a
3
u
3
3
+
i
D4
= a
0
+a
1
u
4
+a
2
u
4
2
+a
3
u
4
3
+

Vi u
3
va u
4
la ien ap at len D
3
va D
4
, c xac nh nh sau:
1.38
C
C
D
1
D
2
i
1
i
2
U
b
U

U
0
U

U
0
- U
CC

+
U
b
a)
b)
0
t
+3

0 2
0
t
-3

Hnh 1.9: Mach ieu bien can bang.
a) Dung diode; b) Dung Transistor; pho tn hieu ra;
0

-

0

+

0

+

0

-

u
3
=-U
0
cos
0
t-U
cos
t
u
4
=-U
0
cos
0
t-U
cos
t

Thay (1.38), (1.39) vao (1-37b) ta c:
i
II
=- Acos
t - Bcos3
t+ C[cos(
0
+
)t+ cos(
0
-
)t]- D[cos(2
0
+
)+
cos(2
0
-
)t] (1.40)
A, B, C, D trong cac bieu thc (1.37a), (1.40) c xac nh theo bieu
thc (1.36). T (2.37a) va (1.40) xac nh c dong ien ra:
i
b
= i
I
+i
II
= 2 C[cos(
0
+
)t+ cos(
0
-
)t] (1.41)
Vay dung mach ieu che vong con co the kh c cac hai bac le cua

va cac bien tan cua 2
0
, do o meo phi tuyen rat nho. Pho tn hieu ra cua mach
ieu che vong c bieu dien tren hnh 1-10b.
1.39
D
D
D
D
U
b
U

C
B
C
B
U
0
0

-

0

+

0
Hnh 1.10: Mach ieu bien vong.
a) Mach ien; b) Pho tn hieu
0
Mach ieu che
vong cung co the coi la
mot mach nhan. Nguyen
tac nhan c minh hoa
tren hnh 1-11. Gia thiet
tai tin la day xung hnh
ch nhat. Tuy thuoc vao
s thay oi cua tai tin,
luc th D
1
, D
2
m , luc th
D
3
va D
4
m, cap diode
con lai ngat lam cho tn
hieu vao u
thay oi cc
tnh theo nhp cua u
0
.
Tac dung cua mach ieu
che vong ung nh mot
mach nhan.

3. Mach ieu che bang Transistor:
Ve nguyen ly ieu bien bang Transistor cung gom cac loai :
Trong trng hp Tranzistor lng cc, FET, en ien t e ieu
bien, ngi ta phan biet cac loai mach ieu bien sau ay: ieu bien base,
ieu bien collector, ieu bien ca, ieu bien mang, ieu bien anot, ieu
bien li, Cac loai mach ieu bien co ten goi tng ng vi cc ma ien
ap ieu che c at vao.
Cac Transistor cung hoat ong che o kem ap (= 0,85 0,95
th
) va
c chon sao cho co the duy tr o tuyen tnh cua ac tnh ieu che.
Ngi ta thng s dung viec tao thien ap hon hp cho base e duy
tr ieu che tuyen tnh va gia goc cat = 90
0
. Tren hnh 1-13 la mot mach
ieu bien collector bien oi theo ien ap am tan:
V
*
CC
=V
CC
+ V
cost (1.42)
V
CC
: ien ap nguon cung cap trong trng hp song mang khong ieu
che.
V
:Bien o ien ap am tan t bo khuech ai cong suat am tan.

U

U
0
U
b
t

t

t

Hnh 1-11: Minh hoa tac dung cua
mach ieu che vong nh mot mach
0

0

0


oi vi Transistor, ien ap cua Collector khong c tang qua gia tr
an toan cc ai du trong thi gian ngan. Bi vay can phai thoa man ieu
kien:
V
o
+ V
< V
Cemax
= BV
CEO
(1.43)
Trong o :
- V
o
: ien ap cao tan cc ai collector khi m=1;
- BV
CEO
: ien ap anh thung cho phep cc ai;
Khac vi en ien t, ieu bien Collector co cong suat anh gia bang
cong suat nh:
P
TB
= P
o
(1+m)
2
/
CH
(1.44)

CH
: hieu suat cua mach cong hng.
Trong trng hp tong quat, at tuyen ieu che I
C1
(V
CC
) la phi tuyen
nh hnh 2-14. Khi o:
I
C1
= I
C1max
(V
CC
/V
Ccmax
)
1-
(1.45)

: he so bien thien 0 0,25
V
o
V
CC
Ti tang trc

Ti bo KCS am tan

V

Ra

L

C

C
1
C
2
C

L
ch
Hnh 1-12: ieu bien Collector
ac tuyen ieu che Collector co the c tuyen tnh hoa nh ieu che phu
base.
Khi ien ap Collector thap moi noi Collector c phan cc thuan bi
ien ap au vao. Do vay dao ong cao tan trc tiep i qua moi noi
Collector phan cc thuan. S thay oi cua dong Collector trong vung 0-a
xuat hien bi ieu che qua mc khi tn hieu ln. e tranh meo phi tuyen
gay ra ngi ta ap dung ieu che Collector phu c thc hien Collector
cua tang trc o.

Ta co the thc hien ieu che can bang khong co mach loc au ra
dung Transistor (hnh 1-14). u iem cua no la meo phi tuyen nho, bien o
ieu bien au ra ln.
VI. V DU MINH HOA:
1. Cho tn hieu ieu bien vi he so ieu che m=2, tan so ieu che
=10Khz. Tn hieu tai tin co bien o V
0
=5mV va tan so
0
=1Mhz
a) Viet phng trnh tn hieu ieu che va tn hieu a ieu che.
b) Ve dang tn hieu a ieu che.
Giai:
a) Ta co: V
0
(t) = 0.005 cos (2*10
6
) t
Ta lai co:
0
V
V
m

= V
= mV
0
= 2*0.005 =0.01
0
I
C1
V
CC
V
V
AM

V
R
V
o
- V
AM
+
Hnh 1-13: ac tuyen
ieu che Collevtor
Hnh 1-14:BCB
Transistor
Tn hieu ieu che:
V
= 0.01 cos (2*10

4
) t
Tn hieu a ieu che:
V
AM
(t) = 0.005 [cos (2*10
6
) *t]*[ 1+ 2 cos(2*10
4
) *t].
b) Mo phong dang tn hieu a ieu che:

f c=10^6; f m=10^4;
T=1/ f c;
t =0: T/ 200: 100*T;
V
AM
( t ) =0. 005*cos( 2*pi *f c*t ) . *[ 1+2*cos( 2*pi *f m*t ) ] ;
pl ot ( t , V
AM
( t ) )
Ti t l e( ' DC- AM, m>1' )

2. Cho mach ieu bien collector nh hnh ve.

+V
+12v
100p
10K
TF
2
TF
1
T
1

2N39C
LF
HF
AM
Hnh 1-15: Bo ieu bien s dung Transistor
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 10
-4
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
DC-AM,m>1

Co tn hieu tai tin: V
0
(t) = 10 cos (2 *10
6
) t
Va tn hieu ieu che: V

(t) =7 cos (*10
4
) t
Hay tm gia tr cua he so ieu che m va bieu thc cua tn hieu a ieu che.Ve
dang tn hieu a ieu che.

Giai:
- He so ieu che m: m = 7 . 0
10
7
V
V
0
= =

- Bieu thc cua tn hieu a ieu che:
V
AM
(t) = 10 cos (2*10
6
) t *[ 1+ 0.7* cos (2*10
4
) t]
- Mo phong dang tn hieu a ieu che:

f c=10^6; f m=10^4;
T=2/ f c;
t =0: T/ 50: 100*T;
V
AM
( t ) =10*cos( pi *f c*t ) . *[ 1+. 7*cos( 2*pi *f m*t ) ] ;
pl ot ( t , V
AM
( t ) )
t i t l e( ' DC- AM, m<1' )

3. Hay tm bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu bien va ve dang tn hieu ieu bien o vi
tn hieu tai tin: V
0
(t) = 5 cos (2*1.7*10
6
) t.
Va tn hieu ieu che: V
(t) = 5 cos (2*5*10

4
) t.

Giai:

- Bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu che:
Ta co: m= 1
5
5
V
V
0
= =

Do o: V
AM
(t) = 5 cos(2*1.7*10
6
) t*[ 1+ 1cos(2*5*10
4
) t]
- Mo phong dang tn hieu ieu che:
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10
-4
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
DC-AM,m<1

f c=1. 7*10^6; f m=5*10^4;
T=1/ f c;
t =0: T/ 200: 100*T;
V
AM
( t ) =5*cos( 2*pi *f c*t ) . *[ 1+1*cos( 2*pi *f m*t ) ] ;
pl ot ( t , V
AM
( t ) )
t i t l e( ' DC- AM, m=1' )

0 2 4 6
x 10
-5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
DC-AM,m=1
CHNG 2
IEU CHE N BIEN (SSB: single sideband)
1. u khuyet iem cua ieu che n bien:
Ta biet tin tc ch cha trong
bien tan, nen ch can truyen i mot
bien tan la u thong tin ve tin tc.
Qua trnh ieu che nham tao ra mot
dai bien tan goi la ieu che n
bien. Tai tan ch can dung e tach
song do o co the nen toan bo hoac
mot phan tai tin trc khi truyen i.
Mot so u iem cua ieu che
n bien (SSB) so vi ieu bien
(1) o rong dai tan giam mot na :
D
SSB
<1/2D
AM

Bi vay trong cung mot dai
tan so th so ai co the bo tr tang
gap oi.
(2) Hieu suat rat cao oi vi ieu che AM:
P
hu ch
= P
bt
= 1/3P
AM
khi m=1
oi vi ieu che n bien P
hu ch
= P
bt
= P
SSB
.
Xet he so li dung cong suat :
k
AM
=1/3 va k
SSB
=1 khi m = 1
k
AM
= 1/9 va k
SSB
=1 klhi m = 0,5
Vay khi m cang nho th may phat n bien cang co cong suat hu ch ln
hn nhieu lan so vi P
hu ch
cua may phat ieu bien.

(3) Do D
SSB
2D
AM
nen oi vi cac loai nhieu noi chung (S/N)
SSB
> (S/N)
AM
va
rieng oi vi nhieu trang (nhieu co cng o nh nhau) th (S/N)
SSB

Nh vay e may phat AM va SSB co cung S/N, ta phai tang P
AM
len hai lan
( )
AM
N / S 2
>>
0 f
0
f

0
f

Hnh 2-1:Pho cua SSB
>>
(4) Do hien tng pha inh trong truyen song ma tan so song mang f
0
co the b suy
giam. oi vi may thu AM co luc m > 1 se gay meo do qua ieu che. Neu pha
inh rat ln lam mat han tan so song mang th may thu se khong thu c g.
Con oi vi may thu SSB pha inh lam suy giam hay triet tieu tan so song
mang khong gay anh hng g.
(5) oi vi tn hieu AM trong giai truyen song ngan, do s phan tan cua ac tuyen
pha ma xay ra s chia pha cac dao ong trong dai bien. ieu o lam meo tn
hieu truyen va lam giam bien o ien ap au vao bo tach song cua may thu
AM. Ton hao cong suat au ra, do o c anh gia la 50%. Con oi vi tn
hieu SSB th moi tin tc ieu c phat trong mot dai bien nen khong co hien
tng chia pha.
(6) Dung tn hieu SSB se thc hien c s bao mat tot, do neu khong biet tan so
song mang th se khong thu c tin tc. Do vay may phat va may thu SSB
c s dung rat nhieu trong lnh vc quan s.
Tuy co nhieu u iem nhng do yeu cau ky thuat kha cao nh mach loc dai
phai rat hep va doc ng; viec tao lai tan so song mang f
0
trong may thu phai rat
chnh xac mi khong meo tn hieu nen may phat va may thu hieu SSB cau tao
phc tap hn so vi may phat va may thu AM. Bi vay no ch c dung trong cac
may thu phat thong tin chuyen dung nh trong may phat thoai va phat tn hieu
nhieu kenh.
Ta co tn hieu ieu che n bien sau ay:

Trong o:
Trong bieu thc (2-1), m khong mang y ngha ve o sau ieu che na
va goi la he so nen tai tin.

o th vecto cua tn hieu n bien c bieu dien tren hnh 2-2. Ta thay,
vect ac trng cho dao ong ieu che n bien thay oi ca ve bien o lan goc
pha, ngha la ieu che n bien bao gi cung kem theo ieu che pha. Tai tin b
nen mot phan hoac b nen hoan toan, do o vect tai tin U
0
co the nho hn vect
bien tan U
. Trong ky thuat truyen hnh tn hieu ieu che video mot phan la tn
hieu ieu bien (khi f
s
0,75MHz), phan con lai (0,75 MHz f
S
5 MHz) la tn
hieu ieu che n bien (hnh2-3). Bang cach o giam c dai tan cua tn hieu
ieu che video. Neu cat bo hoan toan mot tn hieu bien tan th van e loc dai se
kho khan, hn na se xuat hien sai pha.
u
b
(t) = U
0
2
m
cos (
0
+
) (2-1)
0
U
U
= m

2 . Cac phng phap ieu che n bien:
Phng phap au tien e tao ra tn hieu n bien SSB la t tn hieu
ieu bien AM ngi ta dung bo loc dai e tach mot bien tan can thiet cua
tn hieu ra. Nhng do yeu cau chat lng cao nen bo loc dai rat phc tap.
Bi vay ngi ta tao hai phng phap tao tn hieu SSB khac nhau: phng
phap quay pha va phng phap loc-pha
Nhng do hai phng phap nay lai tao ra mot so san pham khong can thiet
nh tan so song mang f
0
, dai bien th hai..

Mat kac hai phng phap nay khong the tao ra bo ieu che co ch
tieu ky thuat cao va on nh, bi vay no cung t c dung. Ngay nay
phng phap tao tn hieu SSB a c s dung rong rai nhat la phng phap
tong hp: tao tn hieu SSB bang cac tan so song mang khac nhau. ac biet
la khi bo loc thach anh ra i th phng phap nay c s dung rat rong rai.
F(MHz)
f
th
+5
F
th
+5,5 = f
tt
f
th

f
th
- 0,75
f
th
- 1,75
5,5 MHz
U
B

U
0
U

Hnh 2-2:o th vector cua dao
ong ieu che n bien
Hnh 2-3: ac tnh bien o cua tn hieu
hnh. (f
th
: tai tan tin; f
tt
: tai tan tieng)
( ) 2 _ 2 = = X
0
min
0

a) ieu che n bien theo phng phap loc:
Tn hieu
ieu che V
va tai
tin V
c a
vao bo ieu che
can bang. Sau bo
ieu che can bang
ta thu c hai dai
bien (DSB). Sau
o dung bo loc dai
ta se thu uc bien
tren hoac bien
di nh hnh 2-4.
Nhng do <<
0

nen
0
rat gan
0
, v vay viec loc
rat kho khan. Ta
co ty so loc:

0
:tan so song
mang.
: khoang cach
gia tan so can loc
va tan so cho qua.

Ta thay X cang ln, cang de loc co ngha la tan so song mang f
0
cang gan
tan so ieu che cang de loc. Trong thc te ta chon tan so trung gian nam trong
khoang (100 500MHz) v dai tan so o ta co bo loc thach anh va bo loc c ien
tot nhat. Sau o e chuyen f
TG
len tan so tai tin f
0
ta dung them mot vai bo ieu
che can bang va bo loc dai cac tan so khac nhau. Moi lan loc th ty so X ln hn
nen de thc hien loc hn. Phng phap o goi la phng phap tong hp.
ieu che can
bang
Bo loc dai
hep
min
max
0
-
max
0
+
min
0
-
max
0
+
min
0
-
max
0
-
min
4
3
1
2
0

f

f

f

4 3
2
1
V
0

V

V
SSB
V
,V
o

V
DSB
0

0

0

Hnh 2.4: S o khoi va pho tn hieu
cua phng phap loc
b) Phng phap tong hp:

Bo loc 1 thng la bo loc thach anh hay bo loc c ien chat lng cao v
rat nho. Tan so song mang th 2 co f
1
>>f
0
va =
1
+
min
kha ln nen de loc
hn. V vay bo loc 2 thng la bo loc L, C n gian. Neu f
2
cha trong dai tan so
lam viec th ta lai dung ti tan so th 2 : dung bo ieu che can bang 3. Bo loc 3
cung n gian nh bo loc 2 v ln:
=
1
+
2
+
min

C the cho en khi nao ta at c tan so lam viec f
0.
(tan so tai tin)
Dao ong
n
Dao ong
2
Dao ong
1
Hnh 2-5a: S o khoi cua phng phap tong hp
f
1
f
2
f
n
f
0
= f
1
+ f
2
++ f
n

C C C C C C
2 = 2
1
+ 2
min
2
+
1
+
min
2
+
1
+
max
2
-
1
-
max
2
-
1
-
min
1
+
min
1
+
ma
1
-
max
1
-
min
1
+
min
1
+
max
2
min

min

max
2
f

f

f

f

f

V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
Hnh 2.5b:Pho tn hieu theo phng phap tong hp
CCB
I
Loc
1
CCB
II
Loc
2
CCB
n
Loc
n
c) Phng phap quay pha:
Nguyen tac tao tn hieu n bien bang phng phap quay pha c
minh hoa tren o th vect hnh 2-6

Tn hieu am tan V
va dai tin V
o
trc khi a vao bo CCB II c di
pha mot goc 90
0
. Con tn hieu am tan V
va tai tin V
o
c a thang vao bo
CCB I. Tn hieu au ra cua hai bo CCB se qua bo tong (hoac hieu) va au
ra cua bo tong (hoac hieu) la tn hieu n bien SSB nh hnh 2-7

Phng phap quay pha c thc hien ngay dai tan so lam viec.

1
2
3
4
I
II
t =
0

3
4
1,2
I
II
t = 0
0

Hnh 2-6: o th vector cua dao ong ieu che n bien theo
phng phap quay pha
V
SSB
CCB I
CCB
II
Di Pha
90
0
Mach
tong
Dao ong
tai tin
Di Pha
90
0
V
I
V
II
V

Hnh 2-7: S o khoi mach ieu che SSB theo phng phap
quay pha
au ra bo CCB I ta nhan c:

au ra bo CCB II ta nhan c:

au ra bo tong ta nhan c:
V
SSB
= V
o
V
cos(
0
- )t (2.2)
ay chnh la bien tan di cua tn hieu SSB. Neu ta thay mach tong
bang mach hieu ta se nhan c bien tan tren.
Phng phap nay co the m rong cho trng hp he thong ieu che
co so lng bo ieu che n 3, luc o se co n mach quay pha /n.

Bieu thc 2.2 ch ung khi hai bo CCB hoan toan giong nhau e V
I
, V
II
co
bien o nh nhau va hai bo di pha phai tao ra di pha chnh xac (ung 90
0
). Neu
khong au ra ta se thu c ca hai bien tan. ay la kho khan ln v thc hien
quay pha chnh xac oi vi mot tn hieu co dai tan rong (
min
+
max
) khong phai
n gian. V vay phng phap nay ngay nay t c s dung.
c) Phng phap loc va quay pha ket hp:

( ) ( ) [ ] t _ o cos + t + o cos
2
V V
= V
o
I

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] { }
( ) ( ) { } _ o cos + t + o cos _
2
V V
=
0 + t _ o cos + 180 _ t + o cos
2
V V
= V
o
0 0 o
II

Di pha
90
0

Dao
ong
1
Loc thong
di 1
Dao
ong
2
Mach
tong
V

V
II
V'
II
V'
I
V
III
V
I
V
SSB
Hnh 2-8: S o khoi mach ieu che SSB theo
phng phap loc va quay pha ket hp
Di pha
90
0

CCB
IV
Loc thong
di 2
CCB
II
CCB
I
CCB
III

Ta chon tai tin th nhat co tan so dao ong : e de dang loc
lay thong di
au ra bo CCB I va II ta nhan c:

Qua bo loc thong di 1, 2 ta nhan c:

au ra bo CCB III va IV ta nhan c:

2
+
=
max min
1

( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] { }
0
1
0
1
II
1 1

1
90 + t _ cos + 90 _ t + cos
2
V V
= V
t _ cos + t + cos
2
V V
= V
1
1

( )
( ) [ ]
0
1

II
1

1
90 + t _ cos
2
V V
= ' V
t _ cos
2
V V
= ' V
1
1

( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] { }
( ) ( ) { } t cos t cos
4
V V V
90 90 t cos 90 90 t cos
4
V V V
V
t cos t cos
4
V V V
V
1 2 1 2

0 0
1 2
0 0
1 2

IV
1 2 1 2

III
2 1
2 1
2 1
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =


au ra bo tong ta nhan c:

ay la bien tan tren cua tn hieu SSB. Neu ta thay bo tong bang bo
hieu ta se thu c bien tan di. Phng phap khong can dung mach quay
pha oi vi tn hieu ieu che nen de thc hien hn.
Pho cua tn hieu n bien va o th vect cua no theo phng phap loc quay pha
ket hp c bieu dien tren hnh 2-9.
3. V du minh hoa:
Cho tn hieu tai tin: V
0
(t) = 10 cos (6*10
6
) t
Va tn hieu dieu che: V

(t) = 5 cos (3*10
4
) t.
Hay viet bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu che n bien au ra V
SSB
trong
trng hp dung phng phap quay pha va ve dang tn hieu V
SSB
o.
( ) ( ) 4 2 t cos
4
V V V
V
1 2

SSB
2 1
+ =
f
Smin
f
t1
f
t2
f
t1
+ f
t2
S(f)
S(f)
S(f)
S(f)
f
Smin
f
Smax
f
t1
f

f

f

f

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 2-9: Pho va o th vect cua dao ong ieu che n
bien theo phng phap loc quay pha ket hp.
a) Pho cua tn hieu ieu che;
b) Pho tn hieu ra tren bo CCB I;
c) Pho tn hieu ra bo loc;
d) Pho tn hieu ra mach hieu
Giai:
- Bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu che n bien:

[ ] ) cos( t ) cos(
2
V V
V
0 0
0
I
+ + =

( ) ( ) [ ] t 10 * 597 cos t 10 * 603 cos
2
50
V
4 4
I
+ =
[ ] ) cos( t ) cos(
2
V V
V
0 0
0
II
+ + =

( ) ( ) [ ] t 10 * 597 cos t 10 * 603 cos
2
50
V
4 4
II
+ =
V
SSB
(t) = V
I
+V
II
= 50 cos (597*10
4
) t

- Mo phong dang tn hieu ieu che n bien:

f =597*pi *10^4;
T=1/ f ;
t =0: T/ 50: 30*T;
V=50*cos( f *t ) ;
pl ot ( t , V)
t i t l e( ' DC- SSB' )

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
x 10
-6
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
DC-SSB
CHNG 2
IEU TAN & IEU PHA
(FM: Frequency Modulation - PM: Pules
Modulation)
I. Quan he gia ieu tan va ieu pha:
V gia tan so va goc pha cua mot dao ong co quan he vi nhau, nen
de dang chuyen oi s bien thien tan so thanh bien thien ve pha va ngc
lai:

ieu tan va ieu pha la qua trnh ghi tin tc vao tai tin, lam cho tan
so hoac pha tc thi cua tai tin bien thien theo dang tn hieu ieu che (tn
hieu am tan).
Tai tin la dao ong ieu hoa:
V
0
(t) = V
0
cos(
0
t +
0
) = V
0
cos(t) (3.2)
T 3.1 ta co :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 . 3 t dt t t
t
0
+ =

Thay (3.3) vao (3.2) ta nhan c bieu thc:
[ ] ) 4 . 3 ( ) t ( dt ) t ( cos V ) t ( V
0 0
+ =
Gia thiet tn hieu ieu che la tn hieu n am :
V
(t)= V
cost (3.5)
Khi ieu che tan so hoac ieu che pha th tan so hoac goc pha cua tai
tin bien thien ty le vi tn hieu ieu che va chung c xac nh theo cac
bieu thc sau:
(t) =
0
+ cost (3.6)
: lng di tan cc ai.

= (3.1)
d

dt
Khi o ta co ch so ieu tan:

k: he so ty le
(t) =
0
+ cost (3.8)
: lng di pha cc ai. Khi o ta co ch so ieu pha:
m
p
= kV

= (3.9)
T (3.6) ta co:
= kV
(3.10)
Nen khi V

= const th = const nhng khi thay oi th m
f
cung thay oi.
T (3-8) ta nhan thay khi V

= const th m
p
= const, nhng o di tan khi ieu
pha th tang ty le vi tan so ieu che theo bieu thc:
( )
( ) 11 . 3 t sin .
dt
d
=

=
Nh vay ieu khac nhau c ban gia ieu tan va ieu pha la lng di
tan khi ieu pha ty le vi bien o ien ap ieu che va tan so ieu che, con
lng di tan khi ieu che tan so ch ty le vi bien o ien ap ieu che ma
thoi.
Thay (3.6) va (3.8) vao (3.3) ta nhan c tn hieu a ieu tan va ieu pha
nh sau:

Ta nhan thay neu ta a tn hieu ieu che qua mot mach tch phan,
roi vao mach ieu che pha th au ra ta se nhan c tn hieu ieu che tan
so. Ngc lai, neu ta a tn hieu ieu che qua mot mach vi phan, roi vao
mach ieu che tan so th au ra ta nhan c tn hieu ieu che pha (hnh
3-1)

V
FM
(t) = V
0
cos(
0
t +

sint +
0
) (3.12)
V
PM
(t) = V
0
cos(
0
t + cost +
0
) (3.13)

m
f

= k = (3.7)
V


II. Pho cua dao ong ieu tan va ieu pha:
Cong thc (3.12) va (3.13) co the viet lai nh sau vi
0
= 0:
V
FM
(t) = V
0
cos(
0
t + m
f
sint) (3.14)
V
PM
(t) = V
0
cos(
0
t + m
p
sint) (3.15)
Khi ieu che n am, pho cua tn hieu ieu tan va ieu pha ch cha thanh
phan
0
va nhieu thanh phan tan so bien (
0
n) vi n = 1, 2, 3 (c cho trong
bang 2-1). Bien o cua cac thanh phan tan so bien ty le vi ham so Bessel loai 1
bac n nh hnh (3-2)
Loc thong
thap
Tach song
pha
Chia
n:1
Dao ong
thach anh

Chia n
2
Khuyech
ai
V
f
ra
f
TA
Hnh 3-1: ieu tan dung he thong AFC-P

Bo dao
ong f
0


m
f
J
0
Kch thc tan so
J
1
J
2
J
3
J
4
J
5
J
6
J
7
J
8
J
9
J
10
J
11
J
12

0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
7.0
8.0
8.65
0.98
0.94
0.77
0.51
0.22
0
-0.26
-0.40
-0.18
0
0.15
0.30
0.17
0
0.12
0.24
0.44
0.56
0.58
0.52
0.34
-0.07
-0.33
-0.34
-0.28
0
0.23
0.27
0.01
0.03
0.11
0.23
0.35
0.43
0.49
0.36
0.05
-0.12
-0.24
-0.30
-0.11
0.06

0.02
0.06
0.13
0.20
0.31
0.43
0.36
0.26
0.11
-0.17
-0.29
-0.24

0.01
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.28
0.39
0.40
0.36
0.16
-0.10
-0.23

0.01

0.04
0.13
0.26
0.32
0.36
0.35
0.19
0.03

0.01
0.05
0.13
0.19
0.25
0.34
0.34
0.26

0.02
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.23
0.32
0.34

0.02
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.22
0.28

0.01
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.13
0.10

0.01
0.02
0.06
0.10

0.01
0.03
0.05

0.01
0.02

Bang ham Bessel
J
1
J
2
J
0
Hnh 3-2:Gia tr he so Bessel oi vi J
0
, J
1
, J
2
phu
thuoc mf
mf
0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

T o th hnh 3.2 ta co nhan xet:

- Bien o ham Bessel thay oi trong khoang: (-1) (+1).
- Co mot so m
f
= 2,4; 5,5; 8,6; 75 co J
0
= 0. Nh vay ta khong c chon m
f
co
cac gia tr nay v no se lam mat thanh phan tai tin
0
.
- Vi mot so m nhat nh th J
1,2
= 0.
- n cang cao th J
n
cang giam va m cang ln th J
n
cung cang giam. Ve ly thuet
n = , nhng thc te ta ch chu y en cac thanh phan tan so co
J
n
(m
f
) > 0,01J
0
(m
f
) .
Pho cua cac ham Bessel bac le ngc pha nhau, con pho cua cac ham
bessel bac chan cung chieu vi nhau:
J
(2n + 1)
(m) = -J
-(2n + 1)
(m) (3.17)
J
2n(m)
= J
-2n
(m)
Khi ch tnh en cac thanh phan co J
n
(m
f
) 0,01 th be rong dai tan cua tn hieu
ieu tan chiem la:

Khi m
f
> 1 ta co bieu thc gan ung
D
FM
2m
f

max
= 2 (3.19)

Nh vay o rong dai tan cua tn hieu ieu tan khong phu thuoc tan so
ieu che . oi vi tn hieu ieu pha, o rong dai tan cua no c xac nh
gan ung :
D
PM
2m
p
max
= 2
max
. (3.20)
V
FM
= V
0
J
0
(m)cos
0
t + J
n
(m) cos(
0
+ n)t + (-1)
n
. cos(
0
- n)t (3.16)
D
FM
= 2(m
f
+
f
m +1)
max
(3.18)

J
2
J
3

J
1

J
0

J
1
J
2
J
3

J
n
(m)
0
Hnh 3-3: Pho cua ham Bessel
Vay o rong dai tan cua tn hieu ieu pha phu thuoc tan so ieu che .
Khi m
f
1th ch co mot cap bien tan co bien o ln hn 5% bien o dai
tan. Do o:
D
FM
2
max
(3.21)
Trong trng hp o rong dai tan cua tn hieu ieu tan bang o rong
dai tan cua tn hieu ieu bien, ta goi la ieu tan dai hep. Ngc lai khi m
f
,
p

>1ta goi la ieu tan dai rong.
- Thong thng tn hieu ieu che la tn hieu bat ky gom nhieu thanh phan
tan so. Luc o tn hieu ieu che tan so va ieu che pha co the bieu dien
tong quat theo bieu thc sau:
( ) ( ) 22 . 3 cos cos
1
0 0
+ + =

=
m
i
i i i FM
t m V V
Trong o:
i
goc pha au; v hieu pha khac nhau cua cac thanh phan
pho cua tn hieu ieu che co tnh chat quyet nh oi vi dang tn hieu tong
quat cua no.
Khai trien (3.22) theo chuoi Bessel ta co h ieu tan vi tat ca thanh
phan tan so tong hp:

Vi
i
: la so nguyen hu ty: -
Khi tan so ieu che thay oi ( bien thien) th be rong pho cua tn
hieu ieu tan khong thay oi nhng so vach pho thay oi theo . Ngc lai,
khi tan so ieu che thay oi th be rong pho cua tn hieu ieu pha thay oi,
nhng so vach pho khong thay oi.
Hnh 3-4 minh hoa s khac nhau ve be rong pho va so vach pho cua
tn hieu ieu tan va ieu pha.

0
+
i
i
(3.23)
m

i = 1


III. Mach ieu tan va ieu pha:
Ve nguyen tac co the phan biet mach ieu tan gian tiep ca mach ieu
tan trc tiep, cung nh mach ieu pha gian tiep va mach ieu pha trc tiep.
Trong o ieu tan gian tiep la ieu tan thong qua ieu pha (hnh 3-1a) va
ngc lai ieu pha gian tiep la ieu pha thong qua ieu tan (hnh 3-1b). Nh
vay ta ch can nghien cu cac mach ieu tan trc tiep va mach ieu pha trc
tiep, roi da vao s o khoi tren hnh 3-1 suy ra c ieu tan gian tiep va
ieu pha gian tiep.

Xet pho
am thanh cua
ngi, ta thay
thc te tan so
cao bien o am
b giam nho. Do
o tan so cao
o di tan nho v
= kV
ngha
la tn hieu ieu
tan b meo.
min
max

Hnh 3-5: Pho cua tn hieu ieu che am tan (V
)
0

Hnh 3-6:Mach nang cao tan(a) may phat va
mach giam tan cao (b) may thu.
V

KAT
ieu tan
R R
C
C
a) b)
f
f
f
mf = 5
mf = 1
= 1kHz
= 5kHz
= 5kHz

(a) (b)
Hnh 3-4: Be rong pho va so vach pho cua tn hieu
ieu tan (a); va cua tn hieu ieu pha (b)
e khac phuc pha may phat trc khi a tn hieu ieu che V
vao
bo ieu tan, ta phai a qua bo khuech ai nang tan so cao (emphasis) e
trong dai tan so ieu che ta co const.
Ngc lai trong may thu tan au cua bo khuech ai am tan ta phai
cho tn hieu a ieu che qua bo suy giam tan so (deemphasis) e nhan c
tn hieu trung thc loa. (hnh 3-6)
1. Mach ieu tan trc tiep:
Khi ieu tan trc tiep, tan so dao ong rieng cua mach tao dao ong
c ieu khien theo tn hieu ieu che.
Mach ieu tan trc tiep thng c thc hien bi cac mach tao dao
ong ma tan so dao ong rieng cua no c ieu khien bi dong ien hoac
ap (VCO: Voltage controlled oscillator va CCO: Circuit controlled oscillator)
hoac bi cac mach bien oi ien ap tan so. Cac mach tao dao ong bien
oi theo ien ap at vao co the la mach tao dao ong xung hoac cac mach
tao dao ong ieu hoa LC. Cac mach tao dao ong LC cho kha nang bien
oi tan so kha rong va co tan so trung tam cao. Nguyen tac thc hien ieu
tan trong cac bo tao dao ong theo ien ap at vao. Phng phap pho bien
nhat la dung diode bien dung (varicap) va transistor ien khang.
a) ieu tan dung trasistor ien khang:
Phan t ien khang: dung tnh hoac cam tnh co tr so bien thien theo
ien ap ieu che at tren no c mac song song vi he dao ong cua bo
tao dao ong lam cho tan so dao ong thay oi theo tn hieu ieu che. Phan
t ien khang c thc hien nh mot mach di pha mac trong mach hoi tiep
cua mot transistor. Co 4 cach mac mach phan t ien khang nh bieu dien
trong bang 3.1
Vi mach phan ap RC ta tnh c:
C j
1
S
C j
1
R
C j
1
R
C j
1
SU
U
SU
U
I
U
Z
BE
+
=
= =
S: ho dan
Neu chon cac linh kien sao cho R
C j
1
<<
th tr khang Z co the xac nh

theo bieu thc:

Cach
mac
S o nguyen ly o th vector Tr so ien
khang
Tham so
tng ng
Mach
phan
ap RC

S
RC j
Z

=

S
RC
L =
t

Mach
phan
ap RL

LS
jR
Z
=

R
LS
C =
t

Mach
phan
ap RC

RCS
j
Z
=

RCS C =
t
Mach
phan
ap LC

RS
j
Z =

RS
L
L =
t

Z = jX
L
= jL
t
(3.24)

jCR
S

Trong o: L
td
=
SC
S
I
V
V
R
V
L
I
V V
C
V
R
I
V
V
L

V
R
Bang 3-1
I
V
V
C
V
R
R

C

I

V

I

L

R

V

R

I

C

V

I

R

L

V

Tng t nh vay, co the chng minh cho cac s o phan ap con lai
trong bang 3-1. Cac tham so tng ng cua thanh phan ien khang ieu
phu thuoc vao ho dan S.
Ro rang, khi ien ap ieu che at vao base cua phan t ien khang
thay oi th S thay oi va do o cac tham so L
t
hoac C
t
thay oi lam cho tan
so dao ong thay oi theo V
.
ieu tan dung phan t ien khang co the at c lng di tan tng
oi f/f
t
khoang 2%.

Tren hnh 3.7 la s o bo dao ong ghep bien ap c ieu tan bang
phan t ien khang phan ap RC. Trong o T
1
la transistor ien khang, T
2
la
transistor tao dao ong. Transistor ien khang c mac mot phan (tren L
1
)
vi he dao ong.
Cung co the mac hai transistor ien khang thanh mot mach ay keo
e tang lng di tan tren hnh 3.8.
Tren s o nay (hnh 3-8), T
1
la phan t ien khang cam tnh, vi L
t
=
1 T
S
CR
va T
2
la phan t ien khang dung tnh vi C
t
= CRS
T2
.

Hnh3-7: S o bo tao dao ong ieu tan bang phan t ien khang phan ap RC.
C
B1
C
B4
: Tu ien ngan mach cao tan
L
C
: Cuon chan cao tan
L
K
C
B2

C
B3
C
B4
C
K
L
C
L
1
C
B1

VCC
Us
R1
R2
R3
R4
T1
T2

Theo s o, khi U
SSB
tang th S
T1
tang, con S
T2
giam, lam cho L
t
va C
t
eu
giam, do o tan so giam nhanh hn theo ien ap ieu che va lng di tan tang len
gap oi (neu T
1
, T
2
co tham so giong nhau). Mach con co u tien, tang c o on
nh tan so trung tam f
t
cua bo tao dao ong (T
3
). That vay, gia thiet ien ap
nguon cung cap tang th ho dan cua ca T
1
va T
2
eu tang mot lng S. Luc o L
t
giam, C
t
tang. Neu mach ien T
1,
T
2
hoan toan oi xng th lng tang cua C
t
se
bu c lng giam cua L
t
, do o co the coi tan so trung tam khong oi.
b) ieu tan dung diode Tunel:
Ngi ta co the a ien ap ngc vao hai au diode e thay oi ien
dung gian tiep cua diode theo tn hieu ieu che am tan. Khi o:

C
V
k
(3.25)
k = const
V
0,8 V
anh thung
Hnh 3-8: S o tao dao ong ieu tan bang mach ien khang ay keo.
C
B1
C
B4
: tu ien ngan mach cao tan:
C
B5
: tu ien ngan mach am tan (u
)
Vcc
U
S

U
B

R
R
1

R
2

R
3
R
4

C
B1
C
2
C
1
C
B5
C
B3
C
B2
C
E
C
B4
C
K
L
K
T
3
T
2
T
1
R
4

L
C
Nhng do C
bien oi
trong mot pham vi rat nho va
khong tuyen tnh, nen no ch
c s dung trong cac mach t
ong ieu chnh tan so, ma
khong dung e tao nen tn hieu
ieu tan. e tao tn hieu FM ta
co the dung diode tunel nh
hnh 3-9
+ R
1
, R
2
: tao phan cc cho
diode Tunel nam oan co
ien tr am.
+ C
1
: cho ien ap am tan i
qua, ngan ien ap mot
chieu.
+ C
2
:

ngan mach ien ap cao
tan khong cho vao nguon
cung cap V
CC
.

oi vi diode Tunel tan so dao ong cua mach bien thien theo ien
ap phan cc. T hnh 3-9b ta nhan thay ch can mot s thay oi nho cua ien
ap phan cc cung gay nen s bien thien ln cua ien tr am va lam cho tan
so dao ong thay oi theo bieu thc:

+ Khi V
tang th V
tang va I
giam nen R = V
/I
tang lam f
0
tang len.
+ Khi V
giam th V
giam va I
tang nen R = V
/I
giam lam f
0
giam xuong.
Mach ieu tan bang diode Tunel kha n gian va tuyen tnh hn dung
diode thng song o di tan kha hep ( nho).

f
0
= - (3.26)
1
2
1
L
K
(C
K
+ C
2
)
1
C
2
(C
K
+ C
1
)R
2

V

V
CC
R+

0

0

I

V

V

b)

a)

V

Hnh 3-9: ieu tan bang Diode Tunel.
a) S o ieu tan;
b) ac tuyen Volt-ampe va R
Vcc
R
2

C
1

C
1

C
K

L
K

Ta thay tao tn hieu ieu tan bang en ien khang, bang diode va diode
Tunel co o di tan hep do chung khong trc tiep tac ong len tan so dao ong f
0
.
T khi Varicap ra i ngi ta chu yeu s dung no lam phan t ieu tan v ien
dung cua no thay oi theo ien ap phan cc va trc tiep lam thay oi tan so dao
ong. pham vi tan so cao khi C
V
thay oi lam f
0
thay oi rat nhieu tao nen o di
tan ln va ac tuyen cua Varicap tuyen tnh, tnh chong nhieu cao, khong tieu thu
nang lng nen no dung e ieu tan rat tot.
c) ieu tan dung Varicap:

Diode bien dung (Varicap) co ien dung mat ghep bien oi theo ien ap
at vao. No co s o tng ng hnh 3-10a. Tr so R
V
va C
V
phu thuoc vao
ien ap at tren diode. Trng hp diode phan cc ngc R
V
= va con C
V
c
xac nh theo cong thc:

Trong o:
C
D
C
D
C
D
0

0

t

V

c)
Hnh 3-10: S o tng ng (a); S o mac mach cua
Varicap (b); va ac tuyen ieu che C
V
theo V
(c)
L
K
C
K
V
PC
V

R
PC
C
D
R
D
b)
a)

C
V
= (3.27)
(V
+
T
)

k

+ k: He so ty le; k = C
V0
.
T
; C
V0
:C
V
ban au khi V
= 0.
+ : hieu ien the tiep xuc cua mat ghep; vi diode Silic
T
0,7V.
+ : he so phu thuoc vat lieu; = 1/3 1/2
V

= V
PC
+ V
(3.28)
+ V
PC
: ien ap cung cap mot chieu nh iem lam viec ban au cho Varicap.
oi vi transistor Silic .
Neu R >>1/
CV
th ta co tan so dao ong cua hnh 3-10b gan ung nh sau:

Neu ta chon C
V
>> C
K
ta co bieu thc gan ung:

Ta thay tan so ty le vi ien ap ieu che V
qua can bac 4 nen V
phai u
ln e tan so dao ong thay oi theo V
.
Tren hnh 3-10b ta thay ien ap cao tan tren L
K
, C
K
se phan cc thuan Varicap
tang len. Dan ti lam he so pham chat cua mach cong hng giam va tao nen
song hai khi Varicap c phan cc lien tiep am, dng. e khac phuc hien
tng nay ta co mot so bien phap sau:
- Tnh toan e sao cho diode luon luon phan cc ngc khi tren no co ca ien ap
cao tan. ien ap at tren diode:
V
D
=V
0
cos
0
t + V
cost V
PC
(3.21)
V
Dmax
= V
0
+ V
- V
PC
0 (3.22)
Nhng ien ap ngc at len diode cung khong c vt qua tr so
cho phep, no ong thi thoa man cong thc:
V
Dmin
= - V
0
- V

- V
PC
V
ng cho phep
(3.23)

(3.29)
1
L
K
(C
K
+ C
V
)
1

K
V
PC
+ V
+0,7
L
K
C
K
+

K . L
7 , 0 + V + V
K
4
PC
(3.20)
Mac them tu ghep C
gh
no se ngan khong cho ien ap cao tan xuat hien
tren Varicap. Nhng nh vay khi V
thay oi C
V
thay oi nhng
gh V
gh V
C C
C . C
C
+
= se
thay oi rat t, nen o di tan se hep.
- e khac phuc ca hai nhc iem
tren, ngi ta khong mac C
gh
, ma
mac hai Varicap ngc nhau nh
hnh 3-11. Cach mac nay goi la mac
ay keo Varicap. Hai Varicap c
phan cc cung mot luc. Khi tn hieu
cao tan ap vao 2 varicap giong nhau,
no se lai chung en nhng gia tr
ien dung cao va thap luan phien
nhau: Do o ien dung ung trong
mach gan nh khong thay oi theo
ien ap cao tan, ma ch thay oi
ien ap am tan.

Khi o e Varicap phan cc ngc ta ch can thoa man eu kien:
V
Dmax
= V
- V
pc
0 va V
Dmin
= - V
-V
pc
V
ng cho phep

Nh vay pham vi thay oi cua ien ap ieu che V
se ln hn, dan ti
pham vi bien oi cua C
V
cung ln hn, ngha la o di tan se ln hn. Tuy nhien
mac 2 Varicap ay keo se lam giam ien dung tng ng C
t
= C
V
/2 (neu 2
Varicap giong nhau). e bu lai ngi ta chon nhng Varicap co gia tr bang 2 lan
C
tong
ma ta mong muon. (V du C
V
= 15pF th ta phai chon C
V1
= C
V2
=30pF).
V dong phan cc I
cp
=0 nen bien tr VR
1
va R co the co gia tr rat ln. Tuy
nhien e Varicap ap ng nhanh vi V
th R va V
R1
khong nen chon ln lam
v hang so thi gian = (R + VR
1
) C
V

Khi ieu tan dung Varicap can chu y nhng ac iem sau:
- Luon luon phan cc ngc cho Varicap e tranh anh hng cua RV en pham
chat cua he dao ong , ngha la en o on nh tan so cua mach.
Vcc
+Vpc
R
pc

C
gh
C
K
L
L
Vpc
V

V

C
K
L
ch R
VR
1
Hnh 3-11: Mac ay keo Varicap
- Phai han che khu vc lam viec trong oan tuyen tnh cua at tuyen C
V
= f(V
D
)
e giam meo phi tuyen. Lng di tan tng oi khi ieu tan dung Varicap at
khoang 1%.
- Dung Varicap e ieu tan th kch thc bo ieu tan nho va co the ieu tan
tan so sieu cao, khoang vai tram MHz.
Tuy nhien o tap tan cua ban dan ln hn nen kem on nh.
Ta co s o ieu tan dung Varicap ay keo (3-12)

- R
1
, R
2
, R
e
tao thien ap t cap e luc au mach dao ong che o lp A (de
dao ong) sau chuyen ve dao ong lp B,C (e co hieu suat cao). ay la
mach ba iem ien dung. Trong o L
K
cung Varicap tao thanh mach cong
hng song song, nhng tan so dao ong f
0
th no phai tng ng nh mot
ien cam
<
V 0
0
C
1
L . Cac tu thoat C ngan mach oi vi tn hieu cao
Hnh 3-12: ieu tan dung Varicap ay keo
Vcc
C
C
C
2
C
1
C
R
R
2

R
1
R
E

L
K
C

+V
CC
V
FM
V
R
E

B

L
chK
V

Phan t
dao ong
tan. L
ch
cho tn hieu am tan i qua, ngan tn hieu cao tan lai. R va VR ieu
chnh cho iem phan cc ban au cua Varicap iem gia cua oan thang ac
tuyen C
V
= f(V
) la phi tuyen nen thc chat tn hieu FM van b meo. e khac

phuc, oi vi nhng bo ieu che yeu cau o meo phi tuyen nho ngi ta mac
bo ieu tan theo s o ay keo (hnh 3-13)

S o hnh 3.13 gom hai bo oi tan ay keo lam viec hai tan so khac
nhau: f
01
va f
02
va au ra bo oi tan ta co tan so trung gian: f
0
= f
01
f
02
. ien ap
ieu che am tan V
c a ong pha ti hai bo ieu che, nhng do Varicap 2

(V
2
) mac ngc pha vi Varicap 1 (V
1
) nen khi f
01
tang th f
02
giam va ngc lai
nh hnh 3-14. o li cua hai bo ieu tan co the viet nh sau:

+ a
1
, a
2
, b
1
, so phu thuoc o doc va dang cua ac tuyen ieu che.
+ V
pc1
, V
pc2
: ien ap phan cc ngc nh iem lam viec ban au cho Varicap.

f
1
= f
01
a
1
+a
2
+ (3.24)

f
2
= f
02
b
1
- +b
2
+ (3.25)

V

V

V

V

V
pc1
V
pc1
V
pc2
V
pc2
2

2

Hnh 3-13: S o ieu che ay keo dung varicap n
Acc
Acc
oi
tan
L
3
L
2

L
1

L
4

L
5

L
5

L
4

L
3
L
2
L
1

R
1

R
2

Re
2

Re
1
R
2

R
1

C
1

C
2

C
3

C
4

C
6

C
5

C
5

C
6
C
4

C
3

C
2

C
1

f = f
01
f
02
V

-V
pc1
+V
pc2
-V
EE
+ V
: ien ap ieu che.

Dau (-) trong bieu thc bieu hien s mac ngc pha cua Varicap.
e bu meo bac hai ta phai thc hien ieu kien:

Trong thc te ta thng thiet ke V
pc1
= V
pc2

Khi o (3.26) tr thanh: f
01
. a
2
= f
02
.b
2
(3.27)
Neu ta chon Varicap trc (biet trc a
2
, b
2
) th ta ch viec chon f
01
, f
02
thoa man
(3.27) ta se triet c meo bac 2.
Khi cha ieu che, sau bo oi tan ta
thu c: f
tg
= f
01
f
02
. f
tg
+ f =
(f
01
+f
1
) (f
02
+f
2
). Ngha la : f =
f
1
- f
2
ma f
1
, f
2
lai ngc dau
nen o di tan chung tang len (f
tang). Nh vay dung ieu che tan so
ay keo ngoai viec bu c meo hai
bac 2, con lam tang o di tan.
e bu meo bac 3 ngi ta dung
mang 4 cc hieu chnh C
4
, L
4
, R
2
,
C
5
, L
5
va C
4
, L
4
, R
2
, C
5
, L
5
.
Neu ta chon f
01
, f
02
cao th o di tan
tng oi se thap (f
1
/f
01
va f
2
/f
02
)
lam giam tat ca cac thanh phan hai.
Meo do hai bac 2 gay ra c bu
phan nh hoan toan.
e tang o di tan, tang o on nh tan so va giam meo phi tuyen, dai song
cc ngan ngi ta s dung s o ieu tan ay keo dung Varicap ay keo nh
hnh 3-15.

) 26 . 3 (
V
b
f
V
a
f
2 pc
2
0
1 pc
2
0
=
C
V2
C
V2
C
V20
C
V1
C
V10
C
V1
0

0

V

V

V
PC2
V
PC1
-
+
Hnh 3-14: ac tuyen C
V
= f(V
D
)

+ L
1
, L
2
, L
3
, L
7
, L
1
, L
2
, L
3
, L
7
la cac cuon chan cho ien ap ieu che V
qua,
khong cho ien ap cao tan V
o
qua.
+ Z
aa
va Z
bb
phai tng ng vi ien cam e tao thanh mach dao ong 3 iem
C (Clapp) co o on nh cao.
+ AFC: he so t ong ieu chnh tan so.

Nguyen ly hoat ong cua s o hnh 3-15 tng t s o hnh 3-13, ch khac la
cac Varicap c mac thanh tng cap ay keo.
Hnh 3-15: S o oi tan ay keo dung Varicap
oi
Tan
C
CE

C
4

C
1
C
2

C
6

C
5

C
5
C
6
C
4
C
2
C
3
C
1
L
3
L
2
R
1
+V
PC2
L
4
L
5
L
1 L
6
L
7
L
8
C
CE
V

Ti AFC

+V
CC
L
2
L
3
L
5
AFC

R
2
R
1
-V
PC1
L
7
R
2
L
4
L
6
L
8
L
1
+V
CC
Sau oi tan ta thu c tan so trung gian:
0
=
01
-
02

=
1
-
2
= 15%
0
va meo phi tuyen = 1%.
e tan so trung gian
0
kha cao th
01
va
02
phai rat cao, do o ta can co
he thong AFC e t ong ieu chnh tan
01
va
02
am bao yeu cau ve o on
nh a cho.
2 . Cac mach ieu pha:
a) ieu che pha theo Amstrong:
Tn hieu tai tin
c tao ra t bo dao
ong thach anh (e co o
on nh tan so cao), c
a ti hai bo ieu bien
(B
1
va B
2
) lech pha
nhau 90
0
. Con tn hieu
ieu che am tan V
c
a en hai mach ieu
bien ngc pha. ien ap
ra tren hai bo ieu bien
se la:

o th vector cua V
AM
va V
AM2
va Vector V
= V
PM
c bieu dien tren
hnh 3-17
V
AM1
= V
01
(1 + mcost) cos
0
t

= V
01
cos
0
t + V
01
cos(
0
t + ) + cos(
0
t - )t (3.28)

V
AM2
= V
02
(1 + mcost) cos
0
t

= V
02
cos
0
t + V
02
sin(
0
t + ) + sin(
0
t - )t (3.29)

m
2
m
2
Dao ong
thach anh

B
1
B
2
Di pha
90
0

Tong
Hnh 3-16: ieu che pha theo Amstrong
V
mV
01
V
01
V
AM1
V
AM2
mV
02
V
02
V

V

V

0

Hnh 3-17: o th vector cua tn
hieu ieu pha Amstrong
T o th ta thay rang tong cac
dao ong a ieu bien V
= V
AM1
+
V
AM2
la mot dao ong ieu che ve pha
va bien o. ieu bien ay la ieu
bien ky sinh. Mach co nhc iem la
o di pha nho. e han che mc ieu
bien ky sinh, chon nho. e co ieu
bien ky sinh nho hn 1% th 0,35.
Mac khac sau bo ieu pha ta co the at
bo han che bien o e loai bo ieu
bien ky sinh.

Do gay ra ieu bien ky sinh
va o di pha nho ( nho) nen
phng phap nay t c s dung.
b) Mach ieu che pha dung mach loc:
Trong hnh 3-18 bo ieu che pha c thc hien bi 3 mac loc la ba
mach cong hng dao ong giong nhau, c ieu chnh cong hng bi
Varicap.

Khi V
thay oi, C
V
thay oi, dan ti tan so cong hng f
0
thay oi
nen tr khang tng ng cua mach cong hng thay oi theo:

Z
K
= (3.30)

Trong o: R
K
= , Q = = ,
0
=
R
K

2

0
1+jQ
L
Cr
1
Cr
r
LC
V

1
Hnh 3-18: ieu che pha dung mach loc
V
PM
V

V
CC
L
ch
C

C

C

C

C

C

R
1

R
2

= -
0
va
0
+ 2
0

Goc pha cua tr khang tng ng c xac nh theo bieu thc:

Ro rang khi V

thay oi th thay oi, do goc pha bien thien mot lng
tng ng. Do Z
K
cung bien thien theo nen mach nay co ieu bien ky sinh.
Neu chon cac mach cong hng loc LC hp ly (moi mac loc di pha 60
0
), co the
lam cho at tuyen = f(V
) tuyen tnh hn, do o at c lng di pha tng oi

ln = va meo phi tuyen nho 1%.
Tren hnh 3-19. Cac tu ghep C e ngan ien ap mot chieu va cho ien ap
cao tan i qua; Cac tu thoat C e ngan ien ap mot chieu va ien ap cao tan, ch
cho ien ap am tan V
i qua. Do o C >> C. Mot dang ieu che pha khac:

Trong s o, R
1
lam giam bt bien o a cao tan V
o
. R
2
, R
3
, R
4
, R
5
, R
6
e
tao phan cc ngc cho Varicap V
1
, V
2
. e V
2
phan cc ngc th R
3
>> R
4
. Cac tu
C ngan ien ap mot chieu, cho tn hieu cao tan qua. C ngan ien ap mot chieu va
tn hieu cao tan, ch cho tn hieu am tan qua nen C >> C.
Cac phan t ien khang tao thanh mot mang 4 cc di pha nh hnh 3.19b.
Di tac dung cua ien ap ieu che V
th C
V1
va C
V2
se thay oi. Mac du s thay
oi cua ien dung la nho nhng do bien o cua he so truyen at thay oi khong
ang ke nen s thay oi pha co the at ti 7%.
Trong thc te, cac mach ieu pha thng c dung ket hp vi mach
tch phan e thc hien ieu tan gian tiep. Mach ieu tan gian tiep so vi
mach ieu tan trc tiep th lng di tan nho hn v nho, nhng co o on

= arctg (3.30)
- 2Q

0

Hnh 3-19: ieu pha bang mach di pha hai ca
V
PM
+V
pc
V

V
0
L
ch
C

C
2

C
C
R
3

R
4

R
5

R
2
V
1
(C
V1
)
V
1

V
2

V
2
L
2
L
1
C
2

V

V
PM
V
0
R
6

nh tan so trung tam cao, v co the dung thach anh trong tang dao ong. e
o di tan ln ta phai mac them mot so tang Naha nh hnh 3-34.
2. On nh tan so trung tam cua tn hieu ieu tan:

Trong may phat ieu tan, neu tan so trung tam khong on nh th no trc
tiep lam meo va lam sai lech tn hieu ieu che v tn hieu cha ng trong o di
tan. v vay chung ta phai a ra cac bien phap on nh tan so trung tam f
0.
a) ieu tan trc tiep bang thach anh:
Cho thach anh dao ong tan so cong hng rieng
q
= const. Thay oi C
p

theo ien ap ieu che V
, ta se tao ra o di tan: V
=
p
-
q
= C
p
/2C
p
.
Thay oi C
p
bang
cach thay oi ien dung
tiep giap cua en ien t,
Transistor hoac FET; mac
Varicap hay en ien
khang song song vi thach
anh. Nhng do o di tan
tng oi nho (/
0

0,01) nen ieu tan trc tiep
bang thach anh ch c s
dung trong cac may phat
thoai quoc te (f 6 KHz).
b) S dung thach anh dung bo tao dao ong e
0
= const. Sau o dung bo ieu
che pha e tao tn hieu ieu tan. Khi o ta at c o meo phi tuyen nho
(1%), nhng o di tan van con kha nho. V vay phng phap nay ch dung
trong cac may phat thoai quoc te co o di tan nho (f 6KHz) va o meo phi
tuyen nho ( 1%)
c) Trong bo ieu tan s dung cac nguon cung cap c on nh va c bu nhiet
bi cac ien tr hoac cac linh kien co he s61 nhiet am (khi nhiet o tang th C
Mach nhan
tan bac n
Mach
tron tan
Mach nhan
tan bac n
Mach
tron tan
Bo ieu tan
gian tiep
Mach nhan
tan bac n-1
Dao ong
thach anh
nf
0
n
2
f f
0
nf nf
0
nf f
0
f f
0

nf
0
n
2
f
Hnh 3-20: s o khoi dung mach nhan tan e nang
cao o di tan
1uF
1k
1uH
1uF
C
P
C
P
L
q
R
q
Hnh 3-21: S o tng ng
cua thach anh
giam, R giam). V khi ien ap nguon cung cap thay oi, lam ien dung ky sinh
cua Transistor thay oi, dan ti lam tan so cong hng trung tam thay oi theo.
Hoac khi ien ap phan cc cho Varicap thay oi , lam ien dung C
V
thay oi.
Nhng phng phap nay ch on nh c tan so trung tam f
0
khi nhiet o thay
oi, con khi nhiet o ghep hay ien tr tai thay oi th f
0
van thay oi.
d) Ha thap tan so
trung gian cua
bo ieu tan e
nang cao o on
nh tan so
(hnh 3-22). Khi
o o bat on
nh tan so cua
tn hieu se la:

+ f
0
,
0
la tan so cong hng rieng cua thach anh va o bat on nh cua no
(
0
10
-6
)
+ f
tg
,
tg
la tan so cong hng cua mach dao ong LC va o bat on nh cua no.
(
tg
10
-3
).
Neu ta chon f
tg
<< f
0
th (f
tg
/f
0
) << 1 nen
0
ngha la mach se co o on
nh tan so gan bang o on nh cua thach anh ma o di tan van ln.
e) S dung he thong t ong ieu chnh tan so (AFG)

e co o di tan ln ta phai dung bo tao dao ong bang LC. Nhng khi o
o mat on nh se ln (
LC
10
-3
). V vay ta phai dung he thong AFC e on nh
tan so trung tam.
Bo dao ong thach anh tao ra f
tg
co o on nh cao (

10
-6
)

=
0
+
tg
. (3.31)
f
tg

f
0

Khuech
ai
Loc thong
thap
Tach song
tan so
oi tan
Dao ong
thach anh
Dao ong
LC f
0

V
TS
f
tg
f
TA
f
ra
f
ra
V
C
V

Hnh 3-23: ieu tan co AFC
Nguyen ly hoat ong:
- Neu do V
CC
thay oi hay T
0
thay oi lam cho f
0
thay oi dan ti f
ra
thay oi
(f
ra
= f
0
f
SS
). Tan so ra f
ra
c a vao bo oi tan e so sanh vi tan so
chuan f
TA
.
- Bo oi tan dung e ha thap f
ra
e de tach song.
- au ra bo oi tan cung co mach loc e ch gi lai thanh phan tan so trung
gian.
f
tg
= f
a
- f
TA
= f
0
f
SS
- f
TA
.
- Bo tach song c ieu chnh cong hng tai:
f
tgo
= f
0
- f
TA

Do o:
+ Neu f
tg
= f
tgo
th V
TS
= 0, do o V
C
= 0, ngha la f
0
= const;
+ Neu f
tg
= f
tgo
f
SS
th au ra bo tach song co V
TS
= f(f
SS
).

- Mac khac khi ien ap ieu che V
thay oi th f
ra
cung thay oi: f
ra
= f
0
f
.
Neu ta thiet ke bo loc thong thap sao cho ch cho qua cac thanh phan tan so
bien thien cham: f = 0 20 Hz th V
C
ch thay oi ty le vi tan so trung tam
- V
C
sau bo loc thong thap tac ong Varicap lam cho f
ra
thay oi ve ung tan so
trung tam f
0
(f
ra
f
0
)
V
C
A

f
con
f
au
B

f

f
ss
V
S
0
0

V
TS
f
S
Hnh 3-24:
a) ac tuyen tach song V
TS
= f (f
ss
).
b) ac tuyen ieu chnh f
C
= f (V
C
);
c) ac tuyen tach song sau khi ieu chnh
Neu em xep chong ac tuyen (hnh 3-24a va b) ta thu c ac tuyen sau
ieu chnh f
con
= f(V
C
). Ngha la nh he thong AFC ma sai so ban au f
au

giam xuong con f
con
:
He so ieu chnh cua AFC:
K
AFC
= f
au
/ f
con
= 1+ S
TS .
S
C
(3.32)
S
TS
, S
C
la o doc cua ac tuyen tach song va ac tuyen ieu chnh.
o bat on nh cua s o nay la:

Trong o:
- f
TA
/ f
TA
: la o bat on nh tan so cua thach anh thng rat nho ( 10
-6
)
- f
TS /
f
tg
: la o bat on nh tng oi cua bo tach song. e giam nho no ta can
phai on nh cac tham so cua bo tach song. Mac khac ta chon f
tg
<< f
ra
e ty so
f
tg
/ f
ra
giam.
- f
au
/ f
ra
: o bat on nh tng oi ban au cua may phat. (

10
-3
)
Nh vay e f
con
/ f
ra
nho th k
AFC
phai rat ln. Trong thc te k
AFC
100 v
con phu thuoc hang so thi gian cua mach loc thong thap.
IV. V du minh hoa
1. Cho tn hieu tai tin co bien o 5V, tan so 90Mhz va mot tn hieu
ieu che co bien o 5V, tan so 15Khz. He so ty le k = 1Khz/V.
(a) Hay tm bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu che va tn hieu a ieu che
(b) Ve dang song cua tn hieu a ieu che.

Giai:
a) Ta co: m
f
=
kV
= 3 . 0
10 * 15
5 * 1000
3
=

= + f
TS
+f
TA

= . + . + . (3.33)

f
con

f
ra
1
f
ra
f
au

k
AFC
f
au

f
ra
1
f
ra
f
TS

f
ra
f
tg

f
ra
f
TA

f
TA
f
TA

f
ra
V
= 5 cos (2 15*10
3
) t
- Bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu tan:
V
FM
(t) = 5 cos [ (2*90*10
6
) t + 0.3 sin (2*15*10
3
) t]
b) Mo phong dang tn hieu ieu tan:
f c=90*10^6; f m=15*10^3;
T=1/ f c;
t =0: T/ 20: 10*T;
V
FM
( t ) =5*cos( 2*pi *f c*t +. 3*si n( 2*pi *f m*t ) ) ;
pl ot ( t , V
FM
( t ) )
t i t l e( ' DC- FM' )

2. Cho tn hieu tai tin co bien o 5V, tan so 25Khz va mot tn hieu
ieu che co bien o 5V, tan so 1000Hz. He so ty le k = 2.5Hz/V.
a. Hay tm bieu thc cua tn hieu ieu che va tn hieu a ieu che (PM)
b. Ve dang song cua tn hieu a ieu che (PM).

Giai:
a. Ta co: m
p
= k*V
= 2.5*5 = 12.5
V
(t) = 5 cos (2*10

3
) t
- Bieu thc cua tn hieu a ieu che:
V
PM
(t) = 5 cos [(2*25*10
3
) t+12.5 cos (2*10
3
) t]
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
x 10
-7
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
DC-FM
b. Mo phong dang tn hieu a ieu che (PM):
f c=25*10^3; f m=10^3;
T=1/ f c;
t =0: T/ 20: 10*T;
V=5*cos( 2*pi *f c*t +12. 5*si n( 2*pi *f m*t ) ) ;
pl ot ( t , V)
t i t l e( ' DC- PM' )

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
-4
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
DC-PM

CHNG 3
IEU CHE KHOA DCH PHA BIEN O (ASK)
I. ieu che khoa dch pha bien o (ask):
Hnh 1-1 minh hoa qua trnh ieu che bien o mot song mang vi tn
hieu nh phan 10101101. Neu nguon so co M trang thai hoac mc, va moi
mot mc ai dien cho mot chu k T, th dang song a ieu che tng ng vi
trang thai th I la Si(t) oi vi dieu bien xung (PAM) hoac theo kieu khoa
dch pha bien o (ASK) se la:

S
i
(t) = D
i
(t)A
o
cos
o
t (1.1)
D
i
(t) la mc th I cua dang song nhieu mc co o rong T. Gia s so mc
gii han la 2, nh la tn hieu so nh phan va nh vay tan so song mang tng quan
en o rong T cua dang song vuong nh phan sau:

g
= 2n/T (1.2)
Dan ti mat o pho cong suat (psd) co bieu thc:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 3 . 1
f f T
) f f ( T sin
f f T
) f f ( T sin
f f f f
16
A
psd
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
ASK

+
+
+

+ + +
=

Chu y rang neu s dung mot bo loc tng ng, trong o fo = 0, th noi
chung pho ra se khong co bat k mot s suy hao nao, se la:
1 0 1 1 0
Hnh 1-1: ieu che so ASK vi tn hieu nh phan 10110
( )
( )
( ) 4 . 1
f f T
) f f ( T sin
f f
16
A
psd
0
2
0
2
0
2
ASK

+
+
+ +
=
Pho oi vi bieu thc 1.3 va 1.4 co hai phan. Phan th nhat gom cac ham
delta Dirac bao ham cac thanh phan pho gian oan cach nhau nhng khoang tan so
1/T. Nhng thanh phan tan so gian oan nay bien mat neu nh chuoi nh phan co
gia tr trung bnh bang khong, hoac mot tn hieu M mc khi moi mc M hau nh
bang nhau. ieu o cho phep tn hieu pho cua tn hieu ieu che so c chon
trong khi thiet ke he thong bang cach chon thch hp chuoi tn hieu c truyen
i. Phan th hai la pho lien tuc ma dang cua no ch phu thuoc vao ac tnh pho cua
xung tn hieu. oi vi trng hp n gian digit nh phan c bieu th trong
phng trnh 1.3, xung cua thanh phan pho gian oan ch ton tai tan so song
mang do cac iem khong cua pho cach nhau nhng khoang tan so 1/T.

Pho ve tren hnh 1-2 cha 95% cong suat cua no trong o rong bang 3/T
hoac 3X (toc o bit). o rong bang co the giam bang cach dung xung cosin tang.
Ket qua la cac iem khong cua pho xuat hien nhng khoang fo n/T, ay n =
1, 2, Do o tat ca cac thanh phan pho gian oan b bien mat, tr khi f = fo va f
= f
o
1/T. Pho cua xung cosin tang co bup chnh rong hn lam cho o rong bang
ASK bang xap x 2/T. Viec thu tn hieu ASK a phat i co the at c bang hai
cach. Cach th nhat la dai ieu che ket hp dung cac mach phc hp e duy tr ket
hp pha gia song mang phat va song mang noi. Cach th hai la qua trnh dai ieu
che hnh bao khong ket hp. Trong khi ban ve nhng phng phap nay, xac suat
loi se neu cho trong tng trng hp.

II. Ask ket hp:
Vi tach song ket hp, may thu c ong bo vi may phat. ieu o co
ngha la o tre phai c may thu nhan biet. S ong bo lay t thi gian o c
thiet lap trong tn hieu thu va thng chnh xac en 5% cua chu k bit T. Them
vao thi gian tre , pha song mang =
o
t cung phai c xet en khi x l tn hieu
thu. V o tre bien thien theo tan so song mang cua may phat, c tnh 5% T va
A
2

16
P(t)
-
-2/T -1/T 0 1/T 2/T

f
0
-2r
b
f
0
r
b
r
b
f
0
+ r
b
f
0
+ 2r
b

Hnh 1-2: Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ASK nh phan
nhng bien oi trong thi gian truyen song oi vi song mang en may thu la gia
tr khong the xac nh c oi vi bat k trng hp nhat nh nao. oi vi nhng
he thong tach song ket hp thc te, pha song mang mot lng c tnh nhng ni
cac dang song tn hieu M kha nang co the phat i, th bo dai ieu che phai quyet
nh xem kha nang nao thc te c phat i. V tap am cong vao vi tn hieu, nen
co xac suat vo nh, co the trang thai tn hieu th i b nham sang cac trang thai ben
canh gan nhat. Xac suat cua loi c xac nh la cc tieu neu nh bo dai ieu che
la chon tn hieu thu c co xac suat ln nhat cua tn hieu S
i
va x l nh la tn
hieu a c phat i. Chien lc quyet nh nay goi la tieu chuan cc ai hoa
hau xac suat (MAP) va a chng to la toi u oi vi tap am Gaussian trung bnh
khong va cac trang thai co kha nang nh nhau. Co hai loai dai ieu che toi u.

Loai th nhat la loai tng quan cheo va loai th hai la loai loc phoi
hp. Hnh 1-3 minh hoa loai ieu che nay.
sign
sign
sign
sign
Abs
Abs
Abs
Abs
Chon
bien
o
tuyet
oi
cc
ai
va
ky
hieu
thch
ng
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
Tch phan
Tch phan
Tch phan
Tch phan
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
1
a)

Ma
tran
quyet
nh
S(t) Quyet nh
b)
Hnh 1.3 cac bo ieu che toi u. a) tng quan cheo, b) loc phoi hp
Vi mot tn hieu ASK nh phan, may thu tren hnh 1-4 co the dung e tach
song ket hp. Mach thch hp la bo dai ieu che loc co tn hieu au vao thu c
S
i
(t) cung vi tap am trang n(t) a them vao trong qua trnh truyen dan. May thu
sau khi loc bo tap am va han che gi lai tn hieu theo o rong tn hieu bang yeu
cau (2/T en 3/T), sau o nhan vi tn hieu noi A
c
cos
o
t. Bo dao ong noi co the
c bieu th bang hieu so cua trang thai dang song tn hieu S
1
(t) S
0
(t) c ong
bo mot cach can than vi tan so va pha cua song mang thu c. Tn hieu San
pham nay sau o c to hp nh mach to hp va gom lai. S dung mach nay v
mot bo tch phan hoan hao kho co the xay ra c. au ra cua mach to hp c
so vi ngng at gia tr so u
1
vao u
0
, la nhng mc i vao mach quyet nh vi
au vao 1 hoac 0. oi vi trng hp khi S
1
(t) thu c khong co tap am, bo
to hp tnh toan va a qua bo tach song quyet nh.

Tr so cua u
1
:

Va khi S
0
(t) a thu c:

Neu u
1
> u
0
tc la mc vao ln hn mc ngng th bo tach song se xac
nh la s
1
(t) la tn hieu c phat i. Tng t neu mc vao nho hn mc ngng,
quyet nh So(t) c phat i.
Hai dang song tn hieu nh phan ASK co the c bieu th:
S
1
(t) = A
1
cos
0
t
S
o
(t) = A
0
cos
0
t
Phan biet nhng song nay au ra cua bo tch phan, xac nh o
chenh lech ve mc cung nh xac nh o chenh lech cac mc lng t.
( ) a 5 . 1 dt ) t ( s ) t ( s dt ) t ( s u
T
0
T
0
1 0
2
1 1

=
( ) b 5 . 1 dt ) t ( s dt ) t ( s ) t ( s u
T
0
T
0
2
0 1 0 0

=
(1.6)

S(t)
n(t)
+
+
R
S(t) S
0
(t) = A
C
cos
0
t
Hnh 1-4: Bo dai ieu che ket hp nh phan ASK
1k
1uF
DI ODE

Nh vay:

Tr so u
1
vt qua ngng /2 va u
o
nam di ngng /2.Thay bieu
thc 1.6 vao bieu thc 1.7 co the tm c tr so oi bi tn hieu ASK:
= (A
1
A
o
)2 cos2
o
t = (A
1
Ao)2.(T/2)
= A
c
2
.T/2 trong trng hp khong co ton hao bien o (1.8)
Nh vay viec at ngng tach song toi u la:
(Ngng)
opt
= (u
1
+ u
0
) / 2 =
4
T A
2
C
= / 2 (1.9)
V tn hieu s
1
(t) co au vao may thu trung bnh, cong suat tn hieu thu
trung bnh:
S
av
= A
c
2
/4 (1.10)

+ xac suat loi P
e
:
Khi tap am gaussian cua phng sai
2
c a vao mach quyet nh ,
mot mc sai co the c tach ra .phng trnh 1.* cho ta xac suat nh sau:
) 11 . 1 (
0
1
P ). 0 ( P
1
0
P ). 1 ( P Pe
=
Nen: ( ) 12 . 1
2
n P ). 0 ( P
2
n P ). 1 ( P Pe

> +

< =
Trong o n la cong suat tap am.
Gia s cac digit co xac suat nh nhau ta co phng trnh:

Trong o
2
la phng sai cua phan bo cong suat tap am.
ieu nay phai lien he en ngng tach song toi u e bieu th xac
suat loi di dang t so cua song mang vao cha ieu che tren tap am C/N.
Cong suat tap am co mat au vao cua may thu cang bieu th thch hp hn
nh cong suat tren tan so n v se am bao du cho co bo loc ton tai mat o
pho tap am i qua chung cung khong tac dung. Tap am c xem nh nhau
( ) 7 . 1 dt ) t ( s ) t ( s u u
2
T
0
0 1 2 1

= =
( ) 13 . 1
2 2
ercf ) 2 / 1 ( dn ) 2 / n exp( ) 2 / 1 ( ) 2 / n ( P P
2
2 /
2
e
= = > =


trong toan dai pho, mat o pho song bien la gia tr khong oi trong toan bang
nh vay cong suat tap am i qua bo loc ly tng vi tang ch bang 1va o
rong song bien la 2B=W. ieu nay cung tng ng vi o rong bang n
bien B c nhan len vi mat o pho tap am
e thc hien so sanh vi cac ieu che khac cong suat nay c nhan
oi vi cac ng cong hnh 1.5 va phng trnh 1.17a
Tap am i vao mach quyet nh nh trong hnh 6.4, lay t:

v tap am nay co bnh quan khong, nen phng sai c lay ra t:
( ) 14 . 1 dt ] ) t ( s ) t ( s )[ t ( n ) t ( n
T
0
0 1 0

=
= = = =
T
0
2
0 1
2 2
0 0
) 4 / ( dt )] t ( s ) t ( s [ ) 2 / )( 2 / 1 ( )] t ( n [ E ) t ( N

) 14 . 1 ( ) 4 / (
2
=
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Tn hieu
vuong
2
10
-2
2
3
10
-3
3
2
4
10
-4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
5
6
6
5
5
X
a
c

s
u
a
t

l
o
i

k
y

h
i
e
u

Hnh 1-5: ng bieu dien Pe cua cac s o ieu che khac nhau
Nh vay:
T (1.12) va (1.14) ta co :
P
e
=1/2erfc[(/2)
1/2
(1.15)
Gia s cong suat song mang cha ieu che la A
c
2
/2 va nh phan tch ngan
gon tren, suy ra la tap am gaussian cong them vao tn hieu a ieu che se nam
trong mot o rong bang bang o rong bang Nyquist song bien, la:
( ) 16 . 1
2
W
r 2
r
W
.
N
C
b
b
=

T o viec bieu dien xac suat loi cua mot tn hieu ASK nham muc
ch so sanh:
P
eASK nh phan
=
2
1
2
1
b
N
C
r
W
2
1
erfc .
2
1

(1.17a)
Phng trnh nay c ve tren hnh 1.5, oi vi o rong bang tap am w, toc
o bit r
b
xac suat thc khi dung na cong suat song mang cho trong phng trnh
1.10 la:
P
eASK nh phan
=
2
1
2
1
b
N 2
C
r
W
2
1
erfc .
2
1
(1.17b)
III. ASK KHONG KET HP:
Xet s o khoi cua mot bo ieu che khong ket hp ASK hnh 1.6 he
thong tach song gom mot bo loc bang thong phoi hp vi dang song vao nh phan
ASK nh tren hnh 1-1 theo sau la mot bo tach song hnh bao va mot bo tach
ngng (chuyen oi A/D)..gia s bo loc bang bang 2 lan toc o bit ,la 2/T, va tan
so trung tam la
0
th dang song nh phan vao ASK khong b meo qua mc cong
suat tap am au ra cua bo loc la:
n(t)=
2
=B =2/T (1.18)
tnh xac suat loi gom 2pdfs. Khi mot zero ASK c phat i, hnh bao se
at c au ra cua bo tach song hnh bao co pdf (f
0
) Rayleigh cho trong phng
trnh la:
f
0
=(x/
2
)exp(-x
2
/2
2
), x>0 ( 1.19)
pdf th hai la Rice pdf(f
1
) khi co mot nh phan 1 ASK c phat i, va c
bieu th:
f
1
=(x/
2
)I
0
(xA
c
/
2
)exp[-(x
2
+A
c
2
)], x>0 (1.20)
trong o I
o
=I
o
(u) la ham bessel cai en cua loai th nhat va cap zero xac nh:

Hnh 1-7 minh hoa hai loai pdf va tr so cua x sinh ra tap am thap
nhat au ra tach song hnh bao va do o xac suat thap nhat cua loi xac
suat cc tieu cua loi xuat hien khi :
X
min
=(A
c
/2)[1+8
2
/A
c
2
]
1/2
(1.22)
Xac suat loi cho trong bieu
thc :
P
e(ASK khong ket hp)
>(1/2)[1+(1/A
c
)(2/)
1/2
]exp(-A
c
2
/8
2
)
>(1/2) exp(-A
c
2
/8
2
) neu A
c
>> (tap am song bien)

Cung co the tm c gii han ng bien thap hn, va do o P
e
oi vi
trng hp tap am song bien cho trong bieu thc
( ) 23 . 1
N
C
4
1
exp
2
1
Pe
N
C
rb
W
4
1
exp

>

neu Ac>>
Bieu thc 1-23 c bieu dien trong hnh 1.5 oi vi o rong bang tap am
dai ieu che w bang toc o bit r
b.
V

song mang m va ong theo dang song nh
( ) 21 1 du )] v cos( u exp[ 2 / 1 ) u ( I
2
0
0
=

Tach
Tach
song
Tach song hnh bao
n(t)
S(t) ra
Hnh 1-6: s o khoi cua bo dai ieu che khong ket hp
ASK
phan, nen loai ieu che nay c hieu la khoa tac m (OOK), hoac song , mang
c m, hoac ong hoan toan. Nh a mo ta trong muc 1.3, neu tn hieu nh phan
hai cc sinh ra mot s ao ve bien o song mang sao cho nh phan 1 tao ra c
mot song mang vi bien o + Ac va nh phan khong tao mot song mang vi bien
o Ac. Ket qua se co mot loai ieu che khac quan trong nh a biet la khoa dch
pha (PSK). (c mo phong trang mo phong ASK)

Ta co the thay tren hnh 1-5 la phng phap tach song ASK ket hp va
khong ket hp tao ra mot ket qua nh nhau s khac nhau ve hai tr so C/N nho
hn 1,5 dB khi Pe gan bang 10
-3
. Va se cai thien 0,5 dB nhng gia tr nho nhat
cua Pe.
Phng phap tach song khong ket hp hay tach song hnh bao yeu
cau mot ty so C/N cao hn oi vi cung ty le loi bit nh loai ASK ket hp,
khong phai la phng phap ieu che dung rong rai, v nh phng trnh 1-10
ch ra cong suat trung bnh cua tn hieu ieu che b giam. Khi ASK ket hp
so sanh vi khoa dch pha va tan so van e tr nen ro rang hn v nhng ky
thuat ieu che nay s dung hoan toan ay u song mang. Xet them ve
cong suat xac suat loi kem hn khoang 3 cap so vi mot he thong bang goc
c thiet ke can than. S loc khong hoan hao, ong bo kem va nhng chi
ph cong them, nhng kho khan ket hp cung vi viec tao nen bo loc bang
thong phoi hp, tat ca nhng cai o dan en san pham ra khong tot khi so
sanh vi nhng he thong ieu che khac.
IV. ASK M trang thai (M ary):
V nhng ly do noi tren, cac he thong ASK M trang thai ieu khong thong
dung va t khi tm thay trong danh muc cua cac hang che tao. Xac suat loi P cua
cac he nay da tren cac loi ky hieu va khong phai loi bit. V moi ky hieu gom co
log
2
M bit, ty so loi bit nam gia
M log
Pe
2
va Pe, moi tng quan tuy thuoc vao loai
ma a s dung. Cung vay, do toc o bit cao hn nhng he thong M trang thai, e
Rayleigh
Rice
A
C

2
X
min
A
C

X

0

Hnh 1-7: Rayleigh va Rice pdfs oi vi tap am dai ieu che
ASK khong ket hp va hnh bao cong vi tap am
nham muc ch so sanh, o rong bang phai ha ty le xuong, va ca ty so song mang
tren tap am va Pe cung ieu ha ty le xuong vi cung mot lng.
- oi vi trng hp ket hp:
( ) 24 . 1
N
C
.
r
W
.
1 M 2
1
.
1 M
1
.
4
3
erfc .
M
1 M
Pe
2
1
S
ASK

=
kethp

Trong o M la he so meo cua bien o song mang ma tn hieu so a ma vao
o. Vi tn hieu nh phan M = 2 va phng trnh (1.24) rut ngan lai nh (1.17a).
Trong (1.24)
N
C
la ty so gia song mang cha ieu che vi tap am co o rong
bang Nyquyts song bien va khong phai la mot tr so logarit. Neu cho theo tr so
logarit can phai s dung bieu thc:
=
10
dB
.
N
C
log anti
N
C
e chuyen thanh mot ty so.
Nh a noi trc, trong hnh 1.5, cong suat tap am song bien c s
dung v k vong rang song mang se nam gia bang cua bo loc thong bang thu, va
co o rong bang bang hai lan bang tn hieu tin tc, o la:
M log
r
r W
2
s
s
= =
- oi vi trng hp khong ket hp:
( )

2
1
s
N
C
r
W
1 M
1
4
3
exp P
e ASK khong ket hp
P
e ASK khong ket hp
>
( )
2
1
s
N
C
r
W
1 M
1
4
3
exp
M
1

Vi A
c
>> (1.25)
Tr lai vi trng hp nh phan o M = 2, phng trnh 1.25 rut
ngan nh phng trnh 1.23.
V. V du minh hoa
1.Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 10010 ]. D lieu
bit nh phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh - nh cua dang song
ieu che la 1V.
a. Mo phong dang tn hieu ASK vi 500 mau au tien ai dien cho
chuoi nh phan b vi tan so song mang la 8Khz. Biet tn hieu phat
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: Unipolar_nrz
b. Mo phong mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ieu che ,biet pham
vi tan so ieu che la[ 0,20Khz].
Giai:
a. Mo phong dang tn hieu ASK:
st ar t
b=[ 1 0 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' uni pol ar _nr z' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 8000) ) ;

t =[ 1: 500] ;
subpl ot ( 211) , wavepl ot ( x( t ) )
subpl ot ( 212) , wavepl ot ( xa( t ) )

b. Mo phong mat o pho
cong suat cua tn hieu
st ar t
b=[ 1 0 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' uni pol ar _nr z' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 8000) ) ;
f =[ 0, 20000] ;
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 1 2 3 4 5
x 10
-3
-1
0
1
Time [sec]
V
subpl ot ( 211) , psd( x, f )
subpl ot ( 212) , psd( xa, f )

2. Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 11010 ]. D lieu bit nh
phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh - nh cua dang song ieu
che la 1V.
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: Manchester.
vi tan so ieu che la[ 0, 10Khz].
Giai:
st ar t
b=[ 1 1 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' manchest er ' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 5000) ) ;
t =[ 1: 300] ;
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]

b. Mo phong mat o pho cong
suat cua tn hieu

b=[ 1 1 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' manchest er ' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 5000) ) ;
f =[ 0, 10000] ;

3. Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 10111]. D lieu bit nh
phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh - nh cua dang song ieu
che la 1V.
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: Manchester.
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
Giai:
st ar t
b=[ 1 0 1 1 1 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' duobi nar y' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 7000) ) ;
t =[ 1: 200] ;

b. Mo phong mat o pho cong
suat cua tn hieu
st ar t
b=[ 1 0 1 1 1 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
x=wave_gen( b, ' duobi nar y' ) ;
xa=mi xer ( x, osc( 7000) ) ;
f =[ 0, 15000] ;

0 5 10 15 20
x 10
-4
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 5 10 15 20
x 10
-4
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
CHNG 4
IEU CHE KHOA DCH TAN FSK
I. ieu che khoa dch tan so (FSK).
Ta se thao luan hoan chnh cac dang ieu che c ban, trc khi xet to
hp ASK va PSK va nhng s o ieu che ac biet hien nay.
FSK co the xem nh tn hieu trc giao. Cac s o tn hieu chu yeu
eu c s dung cho truyen so lieu so toc o thap, ly do e dung rong rai
cac Modem so lieu la tng oi de dang tao tn hieu va dung giai ieu che
khong ket hp. Nhng cac s o FSK khong co hieu qua nh s o PSK ve
mat cong suat va o rong bang s dung. Nh ten goi, tin tc so c truyen
i mot cach n gian bang cach dch tan so song mang mot lng nhat nh
tng ng vi mc nh phan 1 va 0. Hnh 3-1. ve qua trnh ieu tan mot song
mang vi tn hieu nh phan 10101101. Trong FSK hai trang thai, hai dang tn
hieu co the c bieu th bi:
S
1
(t) = A cos(
0
+
d
)t
S
0
(t) = A cos(
0
-
d
)t (3.1)
Giong nh dang song PSK, bien o song mang A gi khong oi con
tan so b dch i gia cac gia tr
0
+
d
va
0
-
d
. Trong khi xet ac tnh
pho cua FSK, phan biet hai trng hp xuat phat t hanh vi cua goc pha
trong bieu thc cua tn hieu S
1
(t) vao may thu:
( ) ( )
+ + =

t
0
k d 0 1
2 . 3 dt kT t g a cos A ) t ( S
Trong o a
k
la he so oi trong so oi vi khoang th k va la cac bien
so ngau nhien gian oan. Neu gia s nh la ngau nhien va phan bo ong
eu trong 2, th khong co quan he vi ieu che va co the nhng chuyen
tiep th lay bat ky mot gia tr ngau nhien nao.

ieu o dan en kha nang pha khong lien tuc nh tren hnh 6.17b, va
ieu che c hieu la FSK-pha khong lien tuc. FSK-pha lien tuc co the at
c bang cach bat phai co mot tng quan nhat nh vi tn hieu ieu
che. Truyen dan so lieu nh phan co o on nh cao va nhieu gia cac ky
hieu khong ang ke la mot ieu kho at c trong he thong FM hai trang
thai pha lien tuc. Ly do la FSK hai trang thai yeu cau von co hai tan so phai
bieu th hai trang thai nh phan, va e xay dng mot he thong pha lien tuc
s dung hai bo dao ong rieng biet, yeu cau ve mach rat phc tap. Phng
an chon la FM khoa ch dung mot bo dao ong ieu khien bang ien ap.
Trong khi mot he thong vi pha lien tuc nhng iem chuyen tiep bit, o
chnh xac tan so tng oi thap va toc o bit se khong b khoa mot trong
hai tan so ai dien cho cac trang thai logit 1 va 0. Mot he thong FM hai
trang thai ly tng a c cong nhan, trong o s chenh lenh gia cac tang
so 1 va 0, tc la o di tan nh nh la 2f
d
, bang toc o bit r
b
, tc 2f
d
=r
b
.
Hn na cac tan so 1 va 0 a c khoa theo toc o bit. Mot he thong a
c cong nhan, trong o ch mot nguon tan so ieu khien he thong va cung
cap cho ra cac tn hieu 1 va 0 theo toc o bit. Bieu th pho FSK gom mot
chuoi (Serie) bang dang o th tot hn la toan hoc.
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0
Hnh3-1:
a) FSK pha lien tuc (CPFSK)
b) FSK pha khong lien tuc (NCFSK)
a)
b)
II. FSK ket hp (CFSK).
Tach song tng quan FSK at c bang cach dung bo giai
ma ieu che toi u co ham tng quan cheo, minh hoa cho hnh 1.3-loai
tach song nay t dung trong thc te, do kho khong ve lien ket vi cac tan so
re may thu giong nh may phat. Khoang cach biet tan so toi thieu hay
o di tan nh nh cc tieu: 2F
d
, khi trc giao (tng quan cheo = 0)
vi tach song ket hp la 2F
d
= r
b
/2.
+ Xac suat loi cua CFSK hai trang thai.
Bieu thc xac suat loi Pe:
Pe
FSK
= erfc [(1/2) (W/r
b
) (C/N)]
1/2
(3.3)
Hnh 3-12 la o th cua phng trnh vi o rong tap am song bien.
So sanh xac suat loi cua FSK theo phng trnh 3.3 vi PSK trong
phng trnh 2.7 ta thay xac suat loi bang nhau neu nh cong suat song
mang cua FSK tang them 3dB. Vi FSK ket hp, 99% o rong bang yeu cau
tuan theo quy luat Carlson, tc la bang hai lan o di tan nh nh cong
vi hai lan tan so ieu che cao nhat. Neu tan so ieu che cao nhat tnh t 0
(t DC), co the xem bang mot na o rong bang trung tan W. o di tan nh
nh chia het cho tan so ieu che cao nhat c nh ngha la ch so ieu
che m, va co the xem nh la o di tan nh nh chia het cho o rong bang
W; 99% o rong bang truyen dan la 2(1+m)W.
Bang 1-2 di ay neu len cac ch so ieu che m ng vi cac ch so
99% o rong bang truyen dan co toc o bit tieu chuan hoa r
b
, vi cac bo loc
co ac tuyen doc.
Bang 1-2: o rong bang FSK 99% ng vi cac ch so ieu che khac
nhau
Ch so ieu
che m
o rong
bang r
b
,2
,78
,3
,00
,4
,10
,5
,17
,6
,25
,7
,80
,8
,94
,9
2,05


) 14 . 1 ( ) 4 / (
2
=
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
10
-2
2
3
10
-3
3
2
4
10
-4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
2
4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
5
6
6
5
5
X
a
c

s
u
a
t

l
o
i

k
y

h
i
e
u

Hnh 3-2: o th xac suat loi
NC: khong ket hp
C: ket hp
Ket
hp
Tao tn hieu vuong
NC NC

T bang 1-2, ta co the chon c o di tan cang nho cang tot. Nhng
xac suat loi Pe cung la mot ham cua o di tan. Giam o di tan, Pe se tang
len. Gia tr toi u cua o di tan a c xac nh xap x 0,7 va giam o di
tan xuong 0,5 se dan en
C/N chu thiet i 1,6 dB khi Pe bang 10
-6
va W = r
b
. o rong bang W
= r
b
cung la toi u trong trng hp nay.
May
phat
Mach
quyet
nh

Mach
quyet
nh

ng
day tre
ieu
che

Bo chia
cat nh
Bo
loc
Giai ieu che ket hp tuyet oi
Giau ieu che khong ket hp
So lieu
ra
So lieu
ra
So lieu
ra
Hnh 3-3: Cac he thong tach song ket hp
vi sai khong ket hp va ket hp
Vao so
lieu
Moi
trng
Bo
loc
Bo loc
bang
Bo loc
bang
ieu
che

ieu
che

Bo
loc
AVG

AVG

Bo loc bang
thong f
C
-f
D
Tach song
hnh bao

Bo loc bang
thong f
C
+f
D
Tach song
hnh bao

Hnh 3-3 ve s o khoi he thong cua may thu FSK ket hp, nh
mo ta di ay, trong o au ra cua moi bo loc bang thong se cha mc am
co quan he ket hp vi cac tan so mang thong tin. Mc am nay se xuat hien
chnh xac cho nhng tan so 1 va 0. Hn na chung chiem na cong suat tong
va o chenh lech cua chung cung cap tan so nhp bit vi pha phu hp.
III. FSK khong ket hp (NCFSK)
Pho tan cua FSK khi o di tan nh nh 2f
d
= kr
b
, trong o k
la so nguyen xuat hien giong nh hai lan pho ASK, co cac tan so mang la f
0

f
d
va f
0
+ f
d
, moi pho tng t nh ve tren hnh 6.2. ieu o noi len rang
tn hieu mang tin di nhng ieu kien nh vay se co the tach ra nh hai bo
loc thong bang vi tan so trung tam la f
0
f
d
va f
0
+ f
d
. Mach tach song ien
hnh minh hoa trong hnh 6.19. Khi gia tan so mang va toc o bit co quan
he n tr, nh f
0
= nr
b
th co ngha la song mang co quan he ket hp (duy
nhat) vi toc o bit cua th mang tin. Co the co ba loai qua trnh tach song.
Loai th nhat a c mo ta chnh la tach song ket hp, loai th hai la tach
song khong ket hp, loai th ba la tach song ket hp vi sai dung e tre nh
trong hnh 6.19.
+ Xac suat loi Pe cua FSK khong ket hp hai trang thai.
Bieu thc cua xac suat loi Pe la:
Pe = exp [-(1/2) (W/r
b
) (C/N)] (6.57)
Bieu thc nay rut ra t tai lieu tham khao 2.4. va phng trnh
6.57 a c minh hoa tren hnh 6.18 vi o rong bang tap am song bien.
No co the co gia tr cho sau bo tach song hnh bao co cac bo
loc bang thong va mot thiet b quyet nh, khoang cach tan so 2f
d
phai bang
t nhat la 1/T (hay m1); e tranh bang thong cua hai bo loc chong lan len
nhau. Co the dung bo tach song tan so e chuyen oi nhng bien thien tan
so thanh nhng bien thien o sao cho tach song hnh bao ieu bien co the
thc hien c. Phng phap nay han che nhng nhc iem a noi tren
vi ch so ieu che m1.
IV. FSK M trang thai:
1. Tach song ket hp:
Xac suat loi trong cache thong ghep kenh FSK vi tach song ket hp
khong c bieu th bang ham hieu n gian.
Noi chung, bieu thc chap nhan c oi vi xac suat loi nh sau:
( ) 5 . 3 dx e
2
x
erfc
2
1
1 1
2
1
Pe
2
S
N
C 2
.
r
W
x
2
1
1 M
=
ry kethpMa

Trong o M la so lng tan so khoa va C/N la ty so tn hieu tren tap
am trong o rong bang tap am song bien. Nhng tr so Pe oi vi cac tr so
M khac nhau eu cho trong hnh 3-2. V M dang tn hieu bat ky. Moi cai co
tan so khac nhau, bieu thc 3.5 la xac suat trung bnh cualoi ky hieu. Nh
phng trnh 3.6 ch ro, chat lng cua cac s o ieu che khac nhau co the
so sanh theo E
b
/ hn la C/N, cho phep ta co mot anh gia cac s o ieu
che M trang thai khac nhau dung cac gia tr cua M.
( ) 6 . 3
1
M log E
N
C
2
2
b
+
=
: he so uon cua cosin-tang
Nh a noi tren, oi vi M dang song hoac trang thai, moi ky hieu
ma hoa can co log
2
M bit ma nh phan, do o t phng trnh (3.6) oi vi bo
loc cosin tang:
( ) 7 . 3
N
C
M log
1
E
2
b

+
=

e chuyen oi xac suat ky hieu a cho trong (3.5) thanh xac suat
tng ng cua mot bit loi nh phan, ta phai xet en bang cach cac loi xuat
hien trong he thong loi trc giao. So lng tong hp cua log
2
M C
n
la so kha
nang nbit nh phan ngoai log
2
M bit co the b loi.
oi vi cac tn hieu trc giao cung kha nang, tat ca cac loi bit tn hieu
cung eu cung kha nang:

Xac suat cua loi ky hieu xay ra = Pe/(M-1) (3.8)
Do o so loi bit tren log
2
M la:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 9 . 3 BER
1 M 2
M
Pe Pebit
! n
! n M log
! M log
n
1 M
Pe
1 M
Pe
. MC log n
FSK FSK
2
2
M log
1 n
n 2
2
=

= =
=

Khoang cach tan so can thiet oi vi giai ieu che ket hp c cho
bi
S
T 2
1
. Moi tn hieu chiem mot o rong bang xap x 2f
d
, nen o rong kenh
yeu cau e truyen dan cac dang song M c bieu th:
o rong bang FSK
ket hp
= 2Mf
d
=
S
T 2
M

(3.10)
o rong bang hieu dung tnh theo toc o tin bit /s
M
M log
2
chia cho o
rong bang yeu cau:
o rong bang hieu dung FSK
ket hp
= 2
M
M log
2
(3.11)
2. Tach song khong ket hp:
Xac suat loi trong cac he thong FSK vi tach song khong ket hp
c bieu th:
Pe
FSK khong ket hp
=
( ) 12 . 3 dx . e * x e 1 1
N
C
.
r
W
. x 2 I
N
C
*
r
W
2
x
1 M
2
X
0
2
1
S
2
0
S
2 2

Trong o I
0
(u) la ham Bessel cai tien cua loai au tien th 0 trong
phng trnh 1.21. Hnh 3-2 cho cac tr so Pe tng ng vi cac tr so M khac
nhau va ty so
N
C
tap am son bien. So sanh xac suat loi gia cac he thong
FSK ket hp va khong ket hp ta thay ro rang la tach song ket hp luon
luon la he thong tach song troi hn cac tr so M nho. Hai he thong se khong
khac nhau may khi so lng tan so khoa M tang len. Tnh trc giao cua cac
daang song FSK tach song khong ket hp yeu cau khoang cach tan so la
S
d
T
1
f 2 = . Do o, ta co o rong kenh yeu cau e truyen dan la:
o rong bang FSK khong ket hp M trang thai
S
d
T
M
f 2 . M = = (3.13)
ieu nay chng to ka khi so lng cua mc M tang len, o rong bang
se tang len, the nhng t hnh 3-2 C/N tien ti mot gii han. V toc o
truyen dan la (log
2
M)/T
S
, ta co:
Hieu dung cua orong bang FSK khong ket hp = (log
2
M)/M
(3.14)
Bang mot na so vi trng hp tach song khong ket hp.
T hnh 3-2 ta thay rang, neu cong suat tap am gi nguyen, cong suat
phat khong tang theo M tang. T le loi bit t do cc ai r
b
vi so lieu co the
c truyen i theo s o tn hieu FSK trc giao M trang thai ccho bi
dung lng kenh C cua mot kenh Gaussian co o rong vo han:
r
b
= W. C/N. Log
2
e (3.15)
D(ieu nay co ngha la neu nh tac o bit r
b
nho hn dung lng kenh,
xac suat loi co the xem nh nho.
Bieu o hnh sao cua he thong FSK M trang thai co the c bieu th
bang M toa o vuong goc vi ai lng vector
2
A
. Vi M = 3, ta de dang
nhan thay he toa o ba chieu v cac truc dng x, y, z ai dien cho
1
,
2
,
3
.
V. MSK khoa di tan cc tieu:
MSK la mot trng hp ac biet cua FSK pha lien tuc (CP - FSK),
vi o do tan 2f
d
bang 0, 5 va s dung tach song ket hp. Ky thuat nay at
c chat lng cung nh PSK ket hp,va co ac tnh pho cao hn.CP
FSK. MSK co u iem la thc hien t ong bo tng oi n gian hn CP
FSK ket hp vi o di tan 0,7.
Neu cac xung i vao mach may phat eu c loc e tao cac xung
hnh sin o dai toan bo. Trc khi ieu che vi song mang, FSK co the coi
nh OQPSK cai bien. Ngi ta a chng minh rang co the cau tao mot bo
tach song n gian va toi u vi tnh chat xac suat loi bang bo thu PSK hai
trang thai. Do tnh chat xac suat loi Pe va hieu dung bang thong (2 bit/s Hz),
nen ky huat nay a c s dung trng thiet b co tren th trng nh vi ba so
Telenokia 0,7; 2 va 8M bit / s.
Tach song ket hp MSK cung nh tach song ket hp cua tn hieu
PSK, co s suy giam tnh chat xac suat loi Pe so vi ly tng v pha gia
song mang tn hieu mang tn hieu thu va song mang chuan noi khong ong
nhat. Trong cac he thong PSK truyen thong, Ca BPSK va QPSK hau nh
eu co chat lng Pe nh nhau vi cung (C/N) / bit, vi chuan pha hoan
chnh, vi mot chuan pha b tap am, chat lng cua nhng he thong nay b
xau i nhieu hn QPSK v s ghep gia cac thanh phan cau phng. Ngi
ta a chng ming rang OPQSK co xac suat loi trong tach song nam gia
chat lng tach song cua BPSK va QPSK. V tan so khong on nh trong he
thong thong tin va cac kho khan ket hp trong viec thu nhan ong bo song
mang co trc u thap e ngan nga cac ton that tach song, OPQSK co u
iem hn BPSK va QPSK la cho phep C/N thap hn 3 dB so vi mc chuan
pha ong bo e thoa man mot gia tr ton hao tach song cho phep a xac
nh. Bieu thc cua mat o pho cong suat cha loc cua MSK la:
P (f)
MSK
= [ 8CT(1+cos4fT)]/[ (1-16T
2
f
2
)]
2
(3.15)
Trong o f la tan so dch so vi song mang;
C la cong suat song mang;
T la thi gian bit n v trong may thu;
Pho c minh hoa tren hnh 3-4c.
So sanh pho cua MSK vi pho cua OQPSK trong hnh 3-4d, ta thay
rang do rong cua bup chnh pho MSK ln hn cua OQPSK la 1,5 lan. Ta co
the chng minh rang vi loc ung, hieu dung bang thong cc ai cua MSK
cung nh cua OQPSK la 2 bit/s/Hz. Hnh 3-4 cung minh hoa s o khoi cua
bo ieu che va giai ieu che, cung vi bieu o thi gian cua luong so lieu
mong muon.
Cac tn hieu FSK cung giong nh cac he thong FM khac eu la nhng
qua trnh phi tuyen tnh, nen mo ta hoan toan bang toan hoc rat kho khan.
Nhng cac tn hieu FSK a c tnh toan e co o di tan nh nh hay o
dch tan so h bang 2f
d
bang boi so tch phan toc o bit, co the xem nh
tong cua hai tn hieu AM.

Nh o, ta de dang mo ta ac tnh tan so thi gian. Mat o pho cua
nhng tn hieu nh vay gom hai thanh phan gian oan va lien tuc vi nang
lng chia eu gia chung. V thanh phan gian oan khong cha bat ky
thong tin nao, nen chung lang ph ve nang lng. Mot trong nhng u iem
Ra so
lieu
Bo tao
dang
xung sin
Bo tao
dang
xung sin
Bo loc
phat
Bo loc
phat
Bo tao
dch pha
khong
Bo chuyen oi
noi tiep song
song
Bu
tre

Bo tao
dch pha
khong
Bo loc
thu
Bo loc
thu
Ngng
quyet
nh
Ngng
quyet
nh
Bo chuyen oi
noi tiep song
song
Bu
tre

May phat
May thu
Kenh truyen
dan
WGN
Vao so
lieu
1 / T
b
Cos (2+f
C
t)

sin (2+f
C
t)

1 / 2T
b
T
b
Q

Q

a)
1 3
5
7
9
2
4 6
8
T 1 3
2
4
5
6 7
8 9
So lieu vao
/2
i
-/2
/2
Q
-/2
Ghi chu: n bit so lieu vao c
chuyen oi thanh n bit I/O
b)
T
1
T 2
1
fc
T 2
1
T
1

c): Mat o pho cong suat MSK
Hnh 3-4: He thong MSK
a) ieu che va giai ieu che cau phng;
b) nh thi so lieu cua bo ieu che; c) Mat o pho cong suat;
cua MSK la khi ch so ieu che cua tn hieu FSK bang mot na (tc la o di
tan nh nh h bang mot na toc o bit), Mat o pho ch cha cac thanh
phan lien tuc mang thong tin. Mot u iem khac cua MSK so vi FSK khi
o di tan bang mot n v, o rong bang se nho hn vi cung toc o bit, ac
biet vi FM toc o bit nh phan kep.
Hnh 3-4 cho ta thay: oi vi MSK, hau het nang lng tn hieu c
cha trong mien tan so hep bang 1,5 lan toc o bit va ng vien cua pho
co o doc trung bnh la 12 dB/octa. Trong trng hp FM nh phan kep, o
rong bang sau khi ieu che c bo loc cosin tang gii han en iem 0 cua
tn hieu nh phan FSK. Nhng, tap am xuyen ky hieu co the lay mot dang
nh the ma viec tach tn hieu co the c nh tn hieu ngau nhien bac 3.
Mot u iem khac cua MFK la song mang c tn hieu digital ngau
nhien ieu che, co hnh bao lien tuc, nen klhong phai tnh en viec chuyen
oi AM/PM lam bien dang pho. V nhng tnh chat o, MSK ng dung rat
ac lc oi vi he thong phi tuyen tnh va cong suat han che nh cac he
thong thong tin ve tinh.
Hai ky thuat chung e ieu che va giai ieu che MSK a c m ra.
Nhng phng phap nay eu da vao phng phap song song va noi tiep.
Cca hai tng ng hoan toan ve chiem o rong bang va ac tnh xac suat
loi.
Phng phap song song la thc chat la phng phap ghep cau phng
nhng luong so lieu dang xung na hnh sin sap xep trong mot chu ky na
ky hieu cua song mang nh hnh 3-4a. thc hien nhng modem dung phng
an nay trong thc te can phai can bang chat che va ong bo cac tn hieu so
lieu kenh ong pha va cau phng treb nhng song mang a t can bang va
pha cua chung eu cau phng. Tng t may thu duy tr va can bang chat
che cau phng pha, can thiet e cc tie u hoa o meo va xuyen am.
Vi phng an noi tiep, tn hieu c tao ra t tn hieu hai pha bang
cach loc qua mot bo loc chuyen oi a thiet ke phu hp. Nen van e can
bang va di truy song mang cau phng pha phng an song song c thay
the bang nhiem vu xay dng mot bo loc chuyen oi vi ac tuyen sin ket
hp. Bo giai ieu che gom mot bo loc phoi hp vi pho tn hieu phat, tiep
theo la giai ieu che ket hp va tach bit. Thc hien bo giai ieu che noi tiep
yeu cau s tong hp cua bo loc thong bang phoi hp chat che vi tn hieu
MSK e am bao chat lng gan en ly tng. Cac tn hieu MSK cung nh
PSK, co the c tach song ket hp hoac vi sai. Tach song vi sai la ky thuat
ieu che hap daan trong truyen dan phng thc burst nh cac he thong
ghep kenh chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v cau tao mach n gian va khong
can khoi phuc song mang. Phng thc nay s dung tach song khong ket
hp nh trong hnh 3-2. Cac tn hieu MSK co ac tnh khong ket hp, pha
tuyet oi hai thi iem bat ky eu le thuoc va la mot ham cua so lieu
c truyen gia hai thi iem o. Ky hieu c tach ra t s ket hp ve
pha cua hai khoang tn hieu ke nhau la so lieu c truyen i trong ieu
kien khong co tap am. Tng t, hai ky hieu c tach t s lech pha cua
hai khoang tn hieu thay oi dau co the xem nh kiem tra tong chan le cua
hai phan t so lieu c truyen ke tiep nhau. Tnh chat ty le loai co the
c the hien nh bo giai ma vi ma sa sai gom co so lieu va bit chan le.
Xac suat loi cua MSK ket hp.
Xac suat loi MSK ket hp cung giong nh ieu che khoa dch pha oi
vi cc ket hp PSK nh a cho trong phng trnh 2.9 nhng ni chuan
thu ong pha chnh xac vi phat, = 0 va Pe phong trnh 2.9 giam xuong
nh phng trnh 2.8. Hnh 1-5 la o th cua Pe
MSK ket hp
mang ky hieu
BPSK, va hnh 3-2 la oth minh hoa ng cong nh mang ky hieu MSK
ket hp.
Pe
MSK ket hp
=
2
1
2
b
cos .
N
C
.
r
W
erfc
2
1
(3.16)
Xac suat loi cua MSK tach sonh ket hp hoac vi sai
Cung giong nh khong ket hp hoac DPSK, va c minh hoa tren
hnh 1-5 theo C/N nh DPSK.
Pe
MSK vi sai
=

b
r
W
.
N
C
e
2
1
(3.17)
Dang pho cua he thong MSK
Yeu cau oi hoi tang len oi vi toc o bit cao hn, nen o rong bang
hieu dung cua he thong vi ba so van ang c ngien cu phat trien mot so
nghien cu nh the a thc hien la cac phng thc ieu che MSK khac
nhau nham e at c mot pho tn hieu day ac. Qua trnh lien quan chat
che en dang pho cua xung so lieu vao, ieu che tan so hnh sin digital
(SFSK) va ieu che dch cc tieu bien o nhieu mc (MAMSK). SFSK co
ac tnh cong suat ngoai bang cc ky nho. SFSk cung c nghien cc chu y
en tac ong cua xuyen am va cxem la phng thc ieu che kha tot vi
gon nhieu tn hieu rong mot giai bang han che khi cac tn hieu khong c
ong bo theo ng thi gian bit. Mot so ng dung yeu cau cac tn hieu c
goi gon st sao ve tan so khi khong co chuan pha tuyet oi co sang may
thu (thu khong ket hp). Nhng ng dung nh cay a nghien cc co ket qua
trong viec giai quyet xuyen am cua phng an so sanh pha cua FSFK, c
goi la FSFK so sanh pha (PC SFSK). Ket qua cho ta thay rang PCFSFK cho
phep goi st sao hn nhng tn hieu khong ong bo so vi DQPSK. Xac suat
loi cung c chng minh la tot hn mot t so vi DQPSK khi dB 5
N
C
> , va
se hi kem hn dB 5
N
C
< .
S cai bien khac oi vi ng bien pho s o MSK la pho cung
c tao ra do khoa dch tan hnh sin kep (DPFSK) vi uoi cua pho co o
doc trung bnh la 36dB/octa vt qua f = 4,75/T thay v 24dB/octa oi vi
SFSK.
VI. V du minh hoa:
1. Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 1 0 0 1 0 ]. D lieu bit
nh phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh-nh cua dang song ieu
che la 1V.
a. Mo phong dang tn hieu FSK vi 500 mau au tien ai dien cho
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: POLAR_NRZ
Giai:
a. Mo phong dang tn hieu ieu che:
t =[ 1: 500] ;
b=[ 1 0 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
xp=wave_gen( b, ' pol ar _nr z' ) ;
sf =vco( xp) ;
subpl ot ( 211) , wavepl ot ( xp( t ) )
subpl ot ( 212) , wavepl ot ( sf ( t ) )


b. Mo phong mat o pho cua tn hieu ieu che:
st ar t
t =[ 1: 500] ;
b=[ 1 0 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
xp=wave_gen( b, ' pol ar _nr z' ) ;
sf =vco( xp) ;
cl f
f =[ 0, 20000] ;
subpl ot ( 211) , psd( xp, f )
subpl ot ( 212) , psd( sf , f )

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 1 2 3 4 5
x 10
-3
-1
0
1
Time [sec]
V
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]

2. Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 0 1 0 1 0 ]. D
lieu bit nh phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh-nh cua dang
song ieu che la 1V.
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: BIPOLAR_NRZ
Giai:
st ar t
t =[ 1: 400] ;
b=[ 0 1 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
xp=wave_gen( b, ' bi pol ar _nr z' ) ;
sf =vco( xp) ;

b.Mo phong mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ieu che:
st ar t
t =[ 1: 400] ;
b=[ 0 1 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
sf =vco( xp) ;
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
-3
-1
0
1
Time [sec]
V
cl f
f =[ 0, 10000] ;

3. Cho mot chuoi bit nh phan vi 5 bit au tien b = [ 1 1 0 0 1 ]. D lieu bit
nh phan co toc o bit bang 1Kbps va bien o nh-nh cua dang song ieu
che la 1V.
sinh t chuoi nh phan b la: MANCHESTER
Giai:
st ar t
t =[ 1: 600] ;
b=[ 1 1 0 0 1 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
sf =vco( xp) ;
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]

b. Mo phong mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu:
st ar t
t =[ 1: 600] ;
b=[ 1 0 0 1 0 bi nar y( 5) ] ;
xp=wave_gen( b, ' manchest er ' ) ;
sf =vco( xp) ;
cl f
f =[ 0, 15000] ;

1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time [sec]
V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
-3
-1
0
1
Time [sec]
V
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-20
10
-10
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
PSD Function
Frequency [kHz]
P
o
w
e
r

[
W
]

12-Khao Sat Tin Hieu Dieu Che Dung MATLAB

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

12-Khao Sat Tin Hieu Dieu Che Dung MATLAB

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Su tm: SGES Lab3i.

, cho chung tac dung vao phan t phi tuyen ta

:Bien o ien ap am tan t bo khuech ai cong suat am tan.

= 0.01 cos (2*10

(t) = 5 cos (2510

th tr khang Z co the xac nh

qua can bac 4 nen V

) la phi tuyen nen thc chat tn hieu FM van b meo. e khac

c a ong pha ti hai bo ieu che, nhng do Varicap 2

: ien ap ieu che.

) tuyen tnh hn, do o at c lng di pha tng oi

i qua. Do o C >> C. Mot dang ieu che pha khac:

(t) = 5 cos (2*10

Su tm: SGES Lab3i.com

Potrebbero piacerti anche