ME 352 - Machine Design I Name of Student:____________________________

Summer Semester 2012 Lab Section Number:________________________

Homework No. 11 (30 points). Due at the beginning of lecture on Friday, July 27th.


Problem 1. Solve Problem 15.26, see page 746, using: (i) The Exact Solution; (ii) The Dunkerley
approximation; and (iii) The Rayleigh-Ritz approximation.


Problem 2. Solve Problem 17.7 on page 820, using the analytical procedure. Then check your answers
using the graphical procedure.


































2

Solution to Problem 1. A steel shaft is simply supported by two rolling element bearings at A and B as
shown in Figure 1. The length of the shaft is 1.45 m and two flywheels with weight
1 2
W W 300 N = =
are rigidly attached to the shaft at the locations shown. One flywheel is 0.35 m to the right of the left
bearing at A and the other flywheel is 0.35 m to the left of the right bearing at B. The weight of the shaft
can be neglected. The influence coefficients are
5
11
a 12.600 x10 cm/N

= and
5
21
a 9.250 x10 cm/N.

=
(i) Determine the first and second critical speeds of the shaft using the exact solution.
(ii) Determine the first critical speed using the Dunkerley approximation and Rayleigh-Ritz equation.



Figure 1. A Steel Shaft Simply Supported by Two Rolling Element Bearings.

The exact solutions for the first and second critical speeds of the shaft can be written as

2
11 1 22 2 11 1 22 2 11 22 12 21 1 2
2 2
1 2
( a m a m ) ( a m a m ) 4 ( a a a a ) m m 1 1
,
2
+ +
=
(1)

From the symmetry of the loading, the influence coefficients

5
11 22
a a 12.600 x10 cm/N

= = (2)

From Maxwell's reciprocity theorem, the influence coefficients

5
21 12
a a 9.250 x10 cm/N

= = (3)

The mass of the flywheels are
2
1 2
300
m m m 0.30612 N.s /cm
980
= = = = (4)

Substituting Equations (2), (3), and (4) into Equation (1), the exact solutions can be written as

11 21 2 2
1 2
1 1
, a m a m

=
(5)

Equation (5) can be written as

2 2
1 2
11 21
1
,
a m a m
=
(6)


3

Substituting the numerical values into Equation (6), the exact solutions can be written as

5
2 2 2
1 2
10
, (rad / sec)
0.3061 (12.600 9.250)
=

(7)

Using the positive sign in the denominator of Eq. (7), the first critical speed of the shaft can be obtained
from the relation
5 5
2 4 2
1
10 10
1.495 10 (rad / sec)
0.3061 21.850 6.689
= = =

(8)

Therefore, the first critical speed of the shaft is

1
122.3 rad / sec = (9)

Similarly, using the negative sign in the denominator of Eq. (7), the second critical speed of the shaft
can be obtained from the relation

5 5
2 4 2
2
10 10
9.751 10 (rad / sec)
0.3061 3.350 1.026
= = =

(10)

Therefore, the second critical speed of the shaft is

2
312.3 rad / sec = (11)

Note that the second critical speed is about three times the first critical speed.
(ii) Determine the first critical speed of the shaft using the Dunkerley approximation.
The Dunkerley approximation to the first critical speed of the shaft can be written as

11 22 11 2
1
1
a m a m 2 ma

= + =
(12)

Substituting the numerical values into Equation (12), the Dunkerley approximation to the first critical
speed of the shaft is

5 5 2
2
1
1
2 0.3061 12.6 10 7.7137 10 sec

= = (13)

Therefore, the Dunkerley approximation to the first critical speed of the shaft is

1
113.9 rad / sec = (14)

Note that the the Dunkerley approximation to the first critical speed of the shaft is less than the exact
answer, see Eq. (9); i.e., the Dunkerley approximation always gives a lower bound.
(iii) Determine the first critical speed of the shaft using the Rayleigh-Ritz equation.
The Rayleigh-Ritz equation can be written as

2 1 1 2 2
1 2 2
1 1 2 2
W x W x
g
W x W x
+
=

+

(15)
where the deflections are
4


5 5
1 11 1 12 2
x a W a W 300 ( 12.600 9.250) 10 6555 x 10 cm

= + = + = (16a)
and
5 5
2 21 1 22 2
x a W a W 300 ( 12.600 9.250) 10 6555x 10 cm

= + = + = (16b)

Substituting these values into Equation (15), the Rayleigh-Ritz equation can be written as

2 4
1 2 5
2 Wx 1 980
g g 1.495 10
2 Wx x 6555 10

= = = =





(17)

Therefore, the Rayleigh-Ritz equation to the first critical speed of the shaft is

1
122.3 rad / sec = (18)

Note that the Rayleigh-Ritz equation to the first critical speed of the shaft is the same as the exact
answer, see Eq. (9). In general, the Rayleigh-Ritz equation will give a slightly greater value than the
exact answer; i.e., the Rayleigh-Ritz equation will give an upper bound.
Solution to Problem 2. The rotating system shown in Figure P17.7, on page 820, is repeated here in the
figure below.



Figure 1. A rotating shaft with three mass particles.

(i) The Analytical Method. The inertial effects of the three rotating mass particles can be written as

1
1 1 2
(4 oz)(5 in) 20 oz-in = = =
F
m R

(1a)

2
2 2 2
(3 oz)(4 in) 12 oz-in = = =
F
m R

(1b)
and
3
3 3 2
(4 oz)(5 in) 20 oz-in = = =
F
m R

(1c)

5

Note that the units chosen here (ounce-inches) are not those of force since the angular speed has been
cancelled. Therefore, the inertial effects of the three rotating mass particles can be written as

1
1 1 2
20 oz-in 90 20 oz-in
F
m R j

= = =

(2a)

2
2 2 2
12 oz-in 210 10.39 6.00 oz-in
F
m R i j

= = =

(2b)
and
3
3 3 2
20 oz-in 300 10.00 17.32 oz-in
F
m R i j

= = =

(2c)

The sum of the inertial effects of the three rotating mass particles can be written as

1 1 2 2 3 3
0.39 3.32 oz-in 3.34 oz-in 263.30 mR m R m R m R i j = + + = =

(3)

Therefore, the inertial effects of the balancing masses can be written as

( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
0.39 3.32 oz-in
L L R R
m R m R m R m R m R i j + = + + = + +


(4)

The sum of the moments about the left correction plane L is

( )
0 =
L
M (5a)
which can be written as

1 1 2 2 3 3
17 8 27 35 0
R R
k m R k m R k m R k m R =

(5b)

Substituting Equations (3) into Equation (5b) gives

17 20 8 ( 10.39 6 ) 27 (10 17.32 ) 35 0
R R
k j k i j k i j k m R =

(5c)

Therefore, the balancing force in the right correction plane R can be written as

5.02 5.34
R RY R RX
m R i m R j i j = + +

(6a)
or as
5.34 5.02 7.33 oz-in 136.77
R R
m R i j = + =

(6b)

Substituting Equation (6b) into Equation (4) gives

5.34 5.02 oz-in 0.39 3.32 oz-in
L L
m R i j i j + = + +


(7)

Therefore, the balancing force (not units of force) in the left correction plane L can be written as

5.73 1.70 oz-in 5.98 oz-in 343.48
L L
m R i j = =

(8a)
or as
5.98 oz-in 16.52
L L
m R =

(8b)

6

(ii) The Graphical Method. The answers can be obtained from moment polygons. Note that force
polygons are also useful in solving the problem, as will be illustrated here.
Moment Polygons. The moments about the left correction plane L can be written as

2
1 1 1
( 17)(4 oz)(5 in) 340 oz-in 270
L
Z m R = = (9a)

2
2 2 2
( 8)(3 oz)(4 in) 96 oz-in 30
L
Z m R = = (9b)
and
2
3 3 3
( 27)(4 oz)(5 in) 540 oz-in 120
L
Z m R = = (9c)

Note that the units are not those of moments since the angular speed has been cancelled.
The moment polygon based on Equations (9) is shown in Figure 2.



Figure 2. The moment polygon for the moments about the left correction plane L.
Scale 1 in = 100 oz-in
2
.

From the moment polygon, the moment due to the correcting force in the right correction plane R is
measured as
2
257 oz-in 317
RL R R
Z m R =
(10)


7

Solving for the correcting force in the right correction plane R gives

257
7.34 oz-in 137
35
R R
m R = =

(11)

Note that this answer is in good agreement with the answer given by Equation (6b).
Force Polygons. The inertia forces created by the three mass particles, see Equations (2), can be written
as
1 1
(4 oz)(5 in) 20 oz-in 90 m R = = (12a)

2 2
(3 oz)(4 in) 12 oz-in 210 m R = = (12b)
and
3 3
(4 oz)(5 in) 20 oz-in 300 m R = = (12c)

Note that the units are not those of forces since the angular speed has been cancelled. Using the
correcting force in the right correction plane R given by Equation (11), that is

7.34 oz-in 137
R R
m R = (13)

The force polygon for the system can now be drawn to scale as shown in Figure 3.



Figure 3. The force polygon for the rotating mass system. Scale 1 in = 5 oz-in.

8

From the force polygon, see Figure 3, the correcting force in the left correction plane L is measured as

6.00 oz-in 343
L L
m R =
(14)

Note that this answer is in good agreement with the answer given by Equation (8b).