Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
fid÷re
yqfol,dj
NslI a k
Q a jykafia,d w;r w. ;eka ,enQ kkaol ry;ka jykafia
úiska NslaIqKSka jykafia,d mkaish kula ud¾. M, j,
yslua jk whqre kkaofldajdo iQ;f
% hka bf.k.; yelsh' wdh;k
ms<sn| úo¾Ykdjg mdol jk lreKq ms<sn| w.kd úia;rhla
tys we;=<;a h'
ó<Õg Tng lshjkakg ,efnkafka l¾uh ms<n s |j wmQre
újrKhls' f;dafohah mq;% iqN udKjlhdg foaYkd l< fuu
foaYkh u.ska wm f.a Ôú;h ;=<g l¾uh fldhs;rï n,mEula
isÿ fldg we;a±hs Tng ±k.; yelsh' fuh uʯu ksldfha
Wmß mKaKdilhg wh;a pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;%h hs'
fid÷re yqfol,dfõ we¨Kq Ôú;h .ek Tng ±k.;
yels jkafka f,dauilx.sh Noafoalr;a; iQ;h
% u.sk's foúhkag;a
ñksiqkag;a Ydia;D jQ tA Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska
;õ;sidfõ § l< Noafoalr;a; .d:d úia;r jYfhka ±k.ekSfï
wjia:dj fuys§ Tng Wodfõ' we;af;kau yqfol,dj hkq
l=ula±hs wmg Nd.Hj;a nqÿrdcdKka jykafia fmkajd fok
wmQrej fuu foiqu lshùfuka ±l.; yelsh'
wjidk jYfhka Tng lshjkakg ,efnkafka wx.=;a;r
ksldfha wÜGl ksmd;hg wh;a wdÈn%yaupßh m[a[d iQ;%h hs'
Y%djlhd ksjka uÕ ;=< .uka lrkafka l=uk wdldrfhka o
hkak b;duka meyeÈ,sj úia;r jYfhka fuu iQ;% foaYkdfjka
Tng bf.k .; yelsh'
f;rejka flfrys wm%udK Y%oO
a dfjka f.!rjfhka hq;j
=
fï W;=ï .%ka:h Tn w;g m;a lrkafka f.!;u nqÿ iiqk ;=<
Ôú;hg ms<sirKla ,nd §u fjkqfjks' W;=ï iQ;% foaYkd
oyh ne.ska we;=<;a jk mßÈ ks¾udKh fldg we;s fuu fmd;a
fmf<ys ;=kajeks fldgi jYfhks fuh Tn w;g m;ajkafka'
fuys m<uq fldgi —ksjkakg Nj .suka - foiQ ioyï ksjka˜
kñka óg ál l,lg by;§ t<s±lajqk w;r" Bg ,enqKq
wiSñ; ie±yej;a Y%djl m%;spdr u; —tA Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia
f.a Y%djlhd fjñ˜ kñka w.kd nqoaO foaYkd oyhla we;=<;a
fldg ;j;a .%ka:hla t<s±laúKs'
fuys we;= < ;a b;du jákd nq o a O foa Y kd buy;a
f.!rjfhka hq;j= lshjd n,kak' kej; kej;;a lshjd fyd¢ka
Ôú;hg .,md .kakg W;aidy lrkak' Tng o fï f.!;u
nqÿ iiqk ;=< ikd;k /ljrKh ,nd .ekSfï ÿ¾,N Nd.Hh
Wodfõjdæ
01'
oka;N+ñ iQ;h
%
^uʯu ksldh 3 - iq[a[; j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
±ka wms fï bf.k.kak iQodkï fjkafk nqqÿrcdKka
jykafia jod< Y%S ioaO¾uhhs' fï O¾uhg ukqIHhdj by, u
;,hg f.kshkak mq¿jkalu ;sfhkjd' ukqIH f,dalfha
ukqIHfhl=g lsis f,dafll neß úÈyg iS,h ÈhqKq lrkak
mq¿jka ud¾.hla fï O¾uh fmkakkjd' iudêh ÈhqKq lrkak
mq¿jka ud¾.hla fmkajkjd' m%{dj ÈhqKq lrkak mq¿jka
ud¾.hla fmkakjd' f,dafl ;sfhk ish¿u nkaOkhkaf.ka
ksoyia fj,d wjfndaOfhka u úuqla;sh lrd hk ud¾.h
f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkak, fokjd'
b;ska fï ud¾.h f,daflg nqÿrcdKka jykafia fy<sorõ
lrk fldg Wkajykafia tAl fy<slrkafka úYd, n,hla
we;sj' wehs tA jf.a úYd, n,hla we;sj tAl lrkak fj,d
;sfhkafk@ tfyu ke;akï fï ud¾.h lvdlmam,a lrkjd'
fïlg fya;j = ;uhs YS," iudê" m%{d j,g úreoaO fï fmfkk
f,dalh ú;rla fkd fjhs" fkd fmfkk f,dalh;a úreoaOhs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a O¾uh nn,jkak .;a;= uE;
Nd.fha ish¨ W;aidyhka wid¾:l fj,d ;sfhkjd' tAlg
fya;=j flf,ia iys; fï ukqIH f,dafl ú;rla fkd fjhs¦
10 fid÷re yqfol,dj
02'
uyd,s iQ;h
%
^ixhq;a; ksldh 3 - Wmh j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
fï fj,dfõ Tn bf.k .kafka ixhq;;
a ksldfha ;=kj
a k
fldgig whs;s foaYkdjla' fï foaYkdfõ ku uyd,s iQ;%h'
uyd,s lsh,d lshkafka ,sÉPú l=udrfhla' uyd,s ,sÉPú
l=udrhdg foaYkd lrmq foaYkdj'
ta Èkj, Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia jevisáfha úYd,d
uykqjr uyd jkfha l+gd.dr Yd,dfõ' fï uyd,s lshk ,sÉPú
l=udrhd nqqÿrcdKka jykafiaj neyeolskak úYd,d uykqjr
l+gd.dr Yd,djg .shd' úYd,d uykqjr lshkafka ,sÉPúka f.a
rdcOdksh' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaj neye±l,d" jkaokd lr,d
tl;amiaj jdäfj,d fukak fufyu ldrKdjla nqÿrcdKka
jykafiag lshd isáhd' —iajdókS" Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" mQ¾K
liaim lshk mqo.a ,hd fukak fufyu lshkjd' ^mQ¾K liaim
lshkafka ta ldf,a ysgmq wd.ñl u;hla lshdf.k .sh flfkla'
Ydia;Djrfhla yeáhg fmkS ysgmq flfkla& fï i;ajhka
ls,sá fjkak fya;=jla kE' fï i;ajhka ls,sá fjkafka
fya;=jla fkdue;sjhs' Wmldrl O¾uhla fkdue;sjhs' ta jf.a
u fï i;ajfhda fya;= m%;Hhlska f;drj msßisÿ fjkjd'˜ fï
thd lshd f.k .sh foa' mQ¾K liaim fïl lshd f.k hk
02' uyd,s iQ;%h 29
03'
pxlS iQ;h
%
^uʯu ksldh 2 - n%dyauK j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
oeka wms bf.k .kafka uʯu ksldfha fofjks
fldgig whs;s foaYkhla' fï foaYkdfõ ku pxlS iQ;%h' fï
pxlS lshkafka m%isoaO iïNdjkSh n%dyauK jxYsl mqoa.,fhla'
fï pxlS uq,a lr f.k ;uhs fï foaYkdj isoaO jqfka' ta
lshkafka pxlS fï isÿùug ueÈy;a jqKd' thd uq,ska u ueÈy;a
jqk ksid fï foaYkdjg pxlS iQ;%h lsh,d yÿkajkjd'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta ldf,a jev isáfha fldfid,a
rfÜ' ta ldf,a fldfid,a rfÜ n%dyauK jxYslhka f.a .ula
;snqKd' ta .fï ku ´mido' b;ska ta .fï ;snqKd i,a jkhla'
ta i,a jkfha ;uhs nqÿrcdKka jykafia jevisáfha' tafla
úYd, l=Uqre hdhla ;snqKd" fldfid,a rc;=ud pxlSg ;E.s §,d'
fï n%dyauK .ug nqÿrcdKka jykafia jev,d i,a jkfha
jev bkak fldg ta ñksiaiqkag wdrxÑ jqKd" Y%uK f.!;uhka
jykafia wfma .ug jevu lr,d ;sfhkjd'
^iufKda L¨ fNda f.da;fuda ilHmq;af;da ilHl=,d
mínðf;da fldaif,aiq pdßlx prudfkda uy;d NslaLq ixf>ak
ioaêx ´midox wkqmam;af;da ´midfoa úyr;s& úYd, NslaIqka
jykafia,d msßila iuÕska jevu lr,d ;sfhkjd' tA Y%uK
03' pxlS iQ;%h 53
^01&'ioaOd (
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod<d —mskja ;a Ndroajdc" Th lreKq
my m%;M
s , folla lrd hkjd' folla lrd hkafka fï úÈhghs'
mskaj;a Ndroajdc" flfkl=g ;sfhkak mq¿jka Y%oaOdjla"
woyd.ekSula' yenehs ta woyd .ekSu" ^ß;a;x ;=ÉPx uqid& ta
lshkafka woydf.k bkafka wi;H jQ ysia jQ fndrejla' kuq;a
flfkl=g Y%oaOdj kE' kuq;a tA foh ^N+;x ;ÉPx wk[a[:d&
ienE jQ" i;H jQ" fjkia fkd jk fohla úh yelshs'˜
^01&'reÑ (
—B<Õg flfkla fndfydu leu;s fjkak mq¿jka' kuq;a
leu;s fj,d ;sfhkafka fndrejlg" wi;Hhlg" ysia foalg'
wlue;s fj,d ;sfhkafka i;H jQ" h:d¾;jd§" fjkia fkd
jk foalg' wi;H jQ fndrejlg leu;s fjkak mq¿jka ta
ksid reÑ lshk foa fome;a;lg jefgkjd'˜
wms hï lsis m%udKhlg fï f,dalfha bf.kf.k ;sfhk
wh fka' ljqrej;a fï úÈhg W.kak,d ;sfhkj o@ wkak
n,kak nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a nqoaêh' fldhs;rï mD:q,
nqoaêhla o Wkajykafiag ;sfhkafka lsh,d' leue;af;ka
jrÈkak;a mq¿jka" yßhkak;a mq¿jka'
^03&'wkqii
a j (
—B<Õg Y%jKh' weiSu ;=<;a flfkla wykak mq¿jka
wi;H jQ ;a" ysia jQ ;a" ;=ÉP jQ fohla' thd fkd wid bkak
mq ¿ jka ls h kjd' i;H jQ h:d¾:jd§ foa t;fldg thd
h:d¾;jd§ foa wy,d kE'˜
wy, ;sfhkafka fudllao@ wi;H jQ ysia jQ fohla' ta
ksid fï Y%jKh lsßfï § we;a; ke;=j fndrejla jqk;a
wefykak mq¿jka' ta ksid nqoaêh mdúÉÑ lrkak lsh,hs fï
lshkafka'
^04&'wdldrmßú;lal (
—B<Õg l,amkd lr lr lreKq f.dvk.kak mq¿jka'
talg lshkjd wdldrmßú;lal' iuyr flfkla l,amkd lr
lr lreKq f;areï.kak mq¿jka' kuq;a tAl wi;H jQ ;a" ysia jQ
64 fid÷re yqfol,dj
^05&' ÈÜÀksÊ®dklaLka;s (
—tA jf.a u flfkla oDIaÀhlg meñfKkak mq¿jka"
u;jdohl meñfKkak mq¿jka wi;Hla .ek" ysia fohla .ek"
fndrejla .ek' kuq;a thd u;jdohlg meñfKkafka kE i;H
jQ h:d¾;jd§ foa .ek'˜
ta ksid Th my me;s folla lrd hkjd' oeka yßu ják
Wmfoa Y hla .ek fï ls h ka f ka ' Y% o a O d" reÑ" wkq i a i j"
wdldrmßú;lal" ÈÜÀksÊCOdklaLka;s lshk fï lreKq my
Tiafia ;uhs f,dafla ´kEu flfkla oekqu ,nd.kak
m%fõYfjkak ´k' fï my ;uhs [dKh ,nd .ekSu msKsi
m%fõY jk lreKqmy' kuq;a wjfndaOh ta my blaujd .sh
tlla'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajd fokjd máÉpiuqmamdohg
tkak ´kE wjfndaOh lrd hkak' Y%oaOd" reÑ" wkqiaij
wdldrmßú;lal" ÈÜÀksÊCOdklaLka;s lshk my blaujd hkak
´kE' fï nj zúYañ; wjfndaOhZ fmdf;a meyeÈ,sj i|yka
lr,d ;sfhkjd' yßhg iu:h jevqjd kï" yßhg úo¾Ykdj
jevqjd kï ta my blaujd hkjd' yßhg Ndjkd l<d kï yß'
±ka n,kak nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a nqoaêh iq¿mgq tlla
o lsh,d' wms oeka fuÉpr l,a fmd;a m;a lshjkjd' fkdfhla
foaj,a .ek wy,d ;sfhkjd' TÉpr nqoaêu;a úÈhg we;a;
ke;a; f;dard.kak ms<fs j< fjk ljqo lsh,d §,d ;sfhkafka@
t;fldg fï hq.fh o ÈhqKq ñksiaiq b|,d ;sfhkafka ta
hq.fh o@ ta hq.fh fk b|,d ;sfhkafka'
wkak tfyu lsh,d nqÿrcdKka jykafia fyd| WmfoaYhla
fokjd wms ldg;a jeo.;a tlla' —^iÉpukqrlaÅ;d Ndroajdc"
ú[aûkd mqßfiak kd,fu;a: tAlxfiak ksÜGx .ka;x= zbofïj
iÉpx fuda>u[a[Zka;s& mskaj;a Ndroajdc" i;Hhla wdrlaId
03' pxlS iQ;%h 65
úuikjd'
kqjKska úuikjd wr iajdóka jykafia .djg .sys,a,d
wyk fldg f,daN" oafõY" fuday .ek fuhd fï ;rï okafka
ke;=j okakjd lsh,d lshk flfkla o@ B<Õg fuhd fï
bÈßm;a lrk ldrKh wys; msKsi mj;skjd o@ wks;a wh
wudrefõ jefgk tlla o fï lshdf.k hkafka lsh,d kqjKska
úuikjd' úuik fldg f;afrkjd fï iajdóka jykafia kï
lshkafka b;d hym;a O¾uhla' f,daNfha wd§kj lshkjd"
oafõYfha wd§kj lshkjd' fudayfha wd§kj lshkjd'
tfykï fï O¾uh we;af;ka u ^.ïNSfrda& .dïNSrhs'
^ÿoaofida& olskakg ÿIalr fohla' ^ÿrkqfndafOda& fï O¾uh
wjfndaO lrkak ÿIalrhs' ^ikaf;da mKSf;da& Ydka; m%KS; jQ
tlla' ^w;laldjpfrda& ;¾lhg f.dapr fjkafka ke;s tlla'
^ksmqfKda& ishqï fohla' ^mKaä;fõokSfhda& nqoaêu;=ka úiska
olsk tlla' ^k fida Oïfuda iqfoaisfhda ¨oafèkd;s& fïl
f,daN" oafõY" fuday ;sfhk tfklaf.ka wymq O¾uhla fkdfõ'
f,daN rys;" oafõY rys;" fuday rys; flfkla ;=< my< fjÉp
O¾uhla lsh,d'
wkak nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a O¾uh .ek myÈkjd'
^w: ;iañx ioaOx ksfõfia;s& Bgmiafia thd wykakd jQ O¾uh
flfrys Y%oaOdj we;sfjkjd' ta lshkakd jQ NslaIqj flfrys
Y%oO
a dj we;sfjkjd' wkak oelalo Y%djlhd hkak ´k wdldrh'
f,daN" oafõY" fuday m%ydKh lsÍu msKsi hï O¾uhla lshkjd
o wkak ta O¾uh lrd ;uhs hkak ´kE' fudlo thd taflka
f;areï .kakjd' nqÿrcdKka jykafia wjfndaOfhka u oel,d
;uhs m%ldY lf<a' wjfndaOfhka u oekf.k ;uhs m%ldY
lf<a' ta O¾uh wkq.ukh lrk ljqrej;a wys; msKsi" ÿla
msKi s " mSvd msKi
s m;a fjkafka kE' fudlo Wkajykafia meyeÈ<s
ksjka u.la fmkajkjd' b;ska thd Y%oaOdfõ msysg,d bkakjd'
² ioaOdcdf;da Wmixlu;s¦
Y%oaOdj yg.;a;d u wdfhu;a tf;kg hkjd' wehs wr
68 fid÷re yqfol,dj
04'
iS, iQ;h
%
^ixhq;a; ksldh 3 - OïulÓl j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
oeka wms bf.k .kak foaYkdfõ ku ;uhs iS, iQ;%h'
ixhq;;a ksldfha ;=ka jk fldgfia ;uhs fï iS, iQ;h
% we;=<;a
fj,d ;sfhkafk' fï iQ;%h Y%djl NdIs;hla' tA lshkafka
Y%djlhka jykafia kula jod< foiqula' m%{dfjka wf.%aIajr
jQ idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia úiska jod< foaYkdjla ;uhs
fï iS, iQ;%h'
tA ojia j, idßmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia jevisáfha
nrKei bism;k ñ.odfha' tod yjia jrefõ idßmq;a; uy
ry;ka jykafia <Õg uyd fldÜÀ; uy ry;ka jykafia
jevu l<d' jevu lr,d i;=gq idóÑfha fhÈ,d" uy fldÜÀ;
uy ry;ka jykafia idßmq;;
a uy ry;ka jykafia f.ka fukak
fï m%Yakh weiqjd'
05'
uyd modk iQ;h
%
^§> ksldh 2 - uyd j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
wo wyka k ,efnka f ka b;du;a u ÿ¾,N .Kfha
foaYkdjla' fï foAYkdfõ ku uyd modk iQ;%h' wmodk
lshkafka pß;hg' uyd modk lshkafka fY%aIaG pß;hlg' fï
foaYkdj lrk ojfia nqÿrcdKka jykafia jevisáfha ieje;a
kqjr fÊ;jkdrdufha lfkare l=áfha' lfkare l=áh lshkafka
¨KqjrK .yla ,Õ ;sìÉp l=áh'
NslaIqka jykafia,d tod msKavmd;h lr,d oka j<|,d
yjia jrefõ w;S;fha .;lrmq Ôú; .ek l;d lrñka jev
isáhd' Wkajykafia,d iudê jv,d" OHdk jv,d wdmiaig
kqjKska úui,d ±k.;a;= ^mqífí ksjdidkqiai;s [dKh& fmr
úiQ l| ms<sfj, .ek l;d lrñka isáhd'
Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiag tA iajdóka jykafia,d
lr lr ysáh l:dj ÈjH lKska weiqKd' Wkajykafiag ÿr
l:d lrmq foa weyqfka idudkH lKska fkd fjhs" Èín fida;
[dKfhka'
fï msßi ;a tlal O¾u idlÉPdjla lrkak ´fk lsh,d
nqÿrcdKka jykafia t;ekg jevu l<d' NslaIqka jykafia,d
05' uyd modk iQ;%h 99
whs;s hs'
02' Wkajykafiag jhi wjqreÿ 84"000 hs' ^wiq ydrodyla lSj
u wmg ys;d .kak nE' jhi wvqfj,d wvqfj,d wjqreÿ
úiailg ;sylg neiaiu ys;d.kak neßfõú wjqreÿ wiQjla
wkQjla ysáfha fldfyduo lsh,j;a'&
03' iïnqoaO;ajhg m;ajqfka mf,d,a .yla hg'
04' ix> iNd ;=kla ;snqKd' tl ix> iNdjla NslaIQka
jykafia,d tla ,laI yegody hs' ;j ix> iNdjla NslI
a k
Q a
jykafia,d ,laIh hs' wfkla ix> iNdj NslaIQka
jykafia,d wiQ ody hs'
05' Wmia:dk lf<a wfYdal lshk NslaIqj hs'
06' mshd nkaÿu rc;=ud' uõ ìij nkaÿu;S foaúh'
whs;h
s 's
02' wdhqI wjqreÿ 30"000 hs'
03' iïnqoaO;ajhg m;a jqfka ÈUq,a /la fijkl §'
04' NSfhdai - W;a;r lsh,d w.%Y%djl hqj,la ysáhd'
05' ix> iNdfõ NslaIQka jykafia,d 30"000 hs'
06' Wmia:dk lf<a fid;aÓc NslaIqjhs'
07' mshd h[a[o;a; n%dyauKhd' uõ W;a;rd neñKsh'
06'
lïu iQ;h
%
^ixhq;a; ksldh 4 - kjmqrdK j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
wm f.a Ydia ; Dka jyka f ia jk f.!;u iïud
iïnq q ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia ms ß ks j ka m d,d wjq r eÿ fooyia
mkaishhlg;a jeähs' Wkajykafia msßksjkamdkakg l,ska
wdkkao yduqÿrejkag fï jf.a m%ldYhla l<d' —mskj a ;a wkkao"
Tng ysf;aú z;:d.;hka jykafia msßksjkamEjg miaafia wmg
±ka ms<sirKla kEZ lsh,d' tfyu ys;kak tmdæ˜ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia foaYkd fldg jod< O¾u úkh Wkajykafia f.a
wejEfuka miafi nqÿrcdKka jykafia yeáhg ms<. s kak lsõjd'
Wkajykafia f. YÍrh msßksjkamEjg Wkajykafia f.a
O¾u ldh" O¾u YÍrh ;ju;a Ôjudk hs' tfyu kï wmg
Wkajykafiaj tA O¾uldh ;=<ska olskak mq¿jks' nqÿrcdKka
jykafiaj yÿk.kak ;sfhkafka Wkajykafia foaYkd fldg
jod< O¾uh ;=<ska ú;rhs' Wkajykafiaj weia foflka n,,d
wmg y÷k.kak nE' Wkajykafia f.a Y%jlhka jqk;a weia
foflka n,,d y÷k.kak nE' t;fldg wms fï f,dafla
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksid mqreÿ fjkjd fjk l%uhlska f,dafl
Èyd n,kak' idudkHfhka wms fï f,dafl tl tlaflkd
yÿk.kafk weia foflka n,,d' kuq;a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaj
wms yÿkd.ka f ka O¾ufhka n,,d' O¾uh ±la l du wms
Wkajykafia ±lald fjkjd'
06' lïu iQ;%h 123
isyf
s hka bo,d tAl y÷kdf.k fïl wl=i,a lsh,d ±l,d
wl=i,a m%ydKh lsÍug ùßh lrkakg mq¿jka fjkak ´k'
wkak ta ùßh lsÍfï mq¿jkalu u; ;uhs thd f.a ÈhqKqj
;sfhkafka' fï ksid Ôú;djfndaOfha m<fjks iqÿiqlu p;=rd¾h
i;Hh .ek ±k.ekSu' ±ka nqoaO foaYkdfõ wei" lK" kdih"
Èj" lh" uki whs;s fudflag o@ ÿlg' ÿlaL wd¾hh i;Hhg
hs' t;fldg fï ÿl È.ska È.g mj;skafka ;DIaKdj ksid'
tfyu kï ÿl ke;sfjkafka ;DIaKdj ke;sfjk fldg'
;DIAKdj ke;sfjkafka wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.h ÈhqKq lrmq
ojig" m%.=K lrmq ojig' fjk l%uhla kE' b,a,,d" m;,d"
hd{d lr,d Ôú;h fjkia lrkak nE' fudlo ta Ôú;fha
isÿjk isÿùu wkd;au hs' wdkd;au hs lshkafka ;ud f.a jiÕfha
mj;ajkak nE'
±ka ta wdÉÑg tfykï wd;auhla ;snqKd kï ta wdÉÑg
fudlo lrkak ;snqfKa@ zudf.a is; fufia fõjdZ lsh,d
mq¿jka fjkak ´k fkao@ nE' wdkd;au hs' fï wjfndaOh
mskaj;=ks" wfma Ôú; j, we;s lr.kak ´k' fudlo fya;=j@
fï ÿ¾,N wjia:dfjka wms m%fhdack .;a;d lshkafka tAlg hs'
nqÿ flfkla my< fj,d foaYkd lrk O¾uhla wmg fï
wykak ,efnkjd lshk tl w;sYhska u ÿ¾,Nhs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia wmg Ôú;h .ek fldhs ;rï udj;a
újD; lr,d fokjd o@ wms fï ys;df.k bkafka wmg ´k
´k úÈyg wei mj;ajkak mq¿jka fjhs" lK mj;ajkak
mq¿jka fjhs tfyu kE' iuyr úg fïfl wdhqI wo bjr
fjkak neß o@ mq¿jka' fyg bjr fjkak neß o@ mq¿jka' yeu
;siafi u wmg ;sfhkafka iSudiys; meje;aula' fï l¾ufhka
Bg jvd fohla ,ndfokak nE'
±ka wms .;af;d;a tl hq.hla ;snqKd ñksiqka f.a wdhqI
wjqreÿ wiQodyhs' kuq;a ta wjqreÿ wiQ oyfia ñksii
a q oeka bkakjd
o@ wks;H úiska ta ish,a, u wks;H njg m;a lr,d' tfyu
kï fï ,eìÉp merKs l¾uh wks;H fkd ù ;sfhhs o@ wks;H
u hs' tA ksid wms wjfndaO lr.kak ´k tfykï fï wei"
06' lïu iQ;%h 137
07'
kkaofldajdo iQ;h
%
^uʯu ksldh 3 - i<dh;k j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
fï Ôú;fha § wms fldfydu yß fï O¾uh wjfndaO
lsÍug uykais .kakg ´k' fuÉpr fyd| wjia:djla wfma
Ôúf;ag wdfhu;a ,efnhs o lsh,d ljqo okafka@ ukqii
a Ôúf;a
ÿ¾,Nhs' ÿ¾,N ukqiai Ôúf;a oeka wmg ,enqKd' ioaO¾u
Y%jKh Bg;a jvd ÿ¾,Nhs' ÿ¾,N jQ YS% ioaO¾u Y%jKh;a wmg
,enqKd' O¾uh ,enqKq fj,dfõ kqjKska l,amkd lrkag wms
oCI fjkak ´k' tA oCI;djh wmg wysñ jqfkd;a" Tlafldu
,eì, w;yeßhd fjkj' wms okak yeáhg wfma w;S;fh"
fndfyda fofkla l¨jf¾ u bmÈ,d l¨jf¾ u Ôj;a fj,d
l¨jf¾ u ueß,d .sh Ôú;hla f.õfõ' wms ta jf.a brKulg
hkak ´k kE' wmg mq¿jks p;=rd¾h i;Hh olskak' wmsg
mq¿jks fï Ôúf;a ixidfrka tf;r jk YS% ioaO¾uh wfma ys;
we;=f<a rojd.kak' wkak tA O¾uh ;uhs wmsj .,j.kafka'
fï f,daflg my, fjÉp iqkaor fohla O¾uh lshkafka'
O¾uh my< jqfka nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a yojf;a' tA O¾uh
wms wfma yoj;a j,ska iam¾Y lf<d;a wms;a wurKSh fjkjd'
bm§ bm§ ueß ueÍ hk ixidfrka tf;r fjkak mq¿jka kï
fldhs;rï fohla o@ §¾> .ukla wmg hkak ;sfhkafka" ÿla
l÷`M y, y,d' tfyu È.ska È.g hkak ´k keye' l,d;=rlska
150 fid÷re yqfol,dj
wykak ´k' fjk fjk ;ekaj, .sys,a, l=gq l=gq .dkak nE'
tA lshkafka ;uka f.a u; lshkafk ke;=j uf.ka u wykak
´k ziajdókS" fïfl w¾:h fudllao@Z lsh,d'˜
Tkak n,kak O¾uh foaYkd lrkak biair fj,d lrmq
wkqYdikdj' Wkajykafia jodf<a fï O¾uh foaYkd lrkafka
idlÉPdfjka' okakjd kï okakjd lshkak ´k' okafk
ke;akï okafk kE lshkak ´k' hula .ek ielhla úu;shla
we;s jqfkd;a uf.ka u wykak ´k zfïfl w¾:h fudlla o@Z
lsh,d' wkak wmsg;a fyd| mdvula' wms O¾uh wy,d iel
ys;=k kï fudlo lrkafka@ wms neK neK hkjd' iel ys;=k
kï lshj lshjd hkjd' —´l Tfydu fjkak mq¿jka o@ ´l
fufyu fk˜ lsh lshd' t;fldg t;k O¾uh wjfndaO lrk
wjia:dj,a wysñ lr.kakjd'
±ka n,ka k ta ry;ka jyka f ia fldÉpr ,ia i k
wkqYdikdjla o lf<a wog;a wmg m%fhdack .kak mq¿jka' Bg
miafi NslaIqKSka tA wkqYdikdj wy,d f.dvdla i;=gg m;a
jqKd' mS%;shg m;a jqKd' tA NsCIqKSka jykafia,d lshkjd"
—wfka mskaj;a wd¾h jQ kkaol iajdóka jykai" wms fï weiQ
muKska u mS%;su;a jqkd' wd¾h jQ kkaol iajdóka jykafia
wmsg fuÉpr ksoyila fuÉpr mejÍula lrkjd fkao lsh,d'˜
Bgmiafi Tkak ±ka O¾u foaYkh mgka.;a;d' Tkak
n,kak wykj fufyu' —mskaj;a ke.Ksjreks" fï wei ks;H
o@ wks;H o@˜ lsh,d' b;ska tA NsCIqKSka ms<s;=re ÿkakd
—iajdókS" fï wei wks;Hhs' Bg miafi wykjd tfykï lshkak
—hula wks;H kï tAl ÿlla o@ iemla o@˜ lsh,d' —iajdókS"
hula wks;H kï tAl ÿlhs˜' Bg miafia kkaol iajdóka
jykafia wykjd —hula wks;H kï" ÿl kï" fjkiajk
iajNdjhg kï whs;s th uu" uf.a" uf.a wd;auh lsh,d
ie,l=fjd;a tAl yßo@˜ t;fldg W;a;r fokjd —iajdóks"
tAl jerÈhs'˜
B<.g wykjd —tfykï lshkak n,kak ke.Ksjreks"
154 fid÷re yqfol,dj
08'
pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;h
%
^uʯu ksldh 3 - úNx. j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
oeka wms bf.k .kafka pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;%h' yeu
fokdg u ;ukag ,efnk fj,djg hym;a foaj,a lrkak
bf.k.kak mq¿jka fï foaYkdfjka' Tn okakjd wfma Ôú;h
.;af;d;a wms tl tlaflkd ixidfrka f.kdmq foaj,a ;uhs
wmsg iem ÿla folg u n,mdkafka' wms iem ,efnk foaj,a
ixidfrka wrf.k weú,a,d ke;akï fï Ôú;fha wmg
;sfhkafka m; m; bkak tl ú;rhs' wmsg wkd.;hg wdj;a
,efnkafka keye fï Ôú;fha m; m; ysáh lsh,d' wms fï
Ôú;h ;=< yels;rï iem ,efnk foaj,a mqreÿ lf<d;a ;uhs
B<Õ Ôú;hg iem ,efnkafka' tfyu ke;=j wms m%d¾:kd
lr, ,efnk foaj,a fkfuhs' tAlg wfma Ôú;h fyd|g ie,iqï
lr.kak mq¿jka ,iaik foaYkdjla fï pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;%h'
±ka wms ljqre;a okakjd ^fÉ;kdZyx NslaLfõ" lïux
jodñ& fÉ;kdj l¾uh hs lsh,' kuq;a idudkHfhka msxlï
lrkakg fÉ;kdj yiqrk tl f,fyis kE' iuyrekag mq¿jka
hula ys;, ys; tAlg ndOdjla fjkafk ke;=j lrkak'
iuyrekag ysf;kjd zuu fïl fokjZ lsh,' kuq;a wdfha
ál fõ,djla hkfldg zkeye''' fjk tlla fokjZ lsh,' Bg
miafia ys;kj zkeye tAl ´fk;a keye'Z fï úÈhg yeu ;sif
a iau
08' pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;%h 177
lsh, wmsg tAl ys; jÜg.kak lreKla fkd fjhs' wms ±ka
jhihs" wmsg ±ka f;afrkafka keye wms ±ka miaig úis fjkafka
lsh, ys;kak fïl lreKla fkfï' thdg kqjKska úuiSfï§
tAl kqjKska úuikak tAl rel=,la ñila tAl ndOdjla fkfuhs'
tA ksid tA kqjKska úuik flkdg yßu jdishla ;sfhkj"
fyd|g isyh s hs" kqjKhs ;sfhkj kï tA ksid kqjKska úuikak
mqreÿ ùu ;=< ;uhs m%{dj jefvkafk' wfma Ôúf;a m%{dj
jefvkak ndOdjla ;uhs lïue,slu' mqreÿ fj,d bkakjfk
f.j,aj, Tkak bõjd" lEjd" j<x ms`.ka ál fyaÿjd" ydkais
jqkd" ke.sÜgd" àù tl ±ïud" Bg miafia Th wy, my, foaj,a
ál l;d lr lr bkakj m%{dj jefvhs o@ ljodj;a keye'
m%{dj jefvkak kï thd fï oyï fmd;a m;a lshj lshj
tAfla ys; msysgqjd .kak ´k' oyï fmd;a m;a lshj lshj tAfl
ys; msysgjd .kak fldg ,iaikg isysh fhfokjd tA O¾uhg'
t;fldg fudlo fjkafk@ tA lreKq w¾: jYfhka thdf.a
ys;g jÈkj' wkak tA ys;g jÈkfldg tA jeÈÉp oyï lreKq
wkqj ys;kjd' m%{dj we;sfjkjd' tfyuhs m%{dj we;sfjkafk'
t;fldg Tng tAl msysgg .kak neßo@ mq¿jka' uu
tfyuhs lrkafk' kqjKska l,amkd lsÍu lshk tl wudrehs
;uhs' kuq;a tAl Ôú;fha f.dvke.=kg miafia tAl Ôú;fha
fldgila" tAl O¾uh isys lr lr O¾ufhka u hs tAl lrkak
;sfhkafk' yeu ;eku nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lrkj
Wkajykafia f.a Y%djlhka .ek' Y%e;j;a Y%djlhd" m%{djka;
Y%djlhd" [dKjka; Y%djlhd" nqoaêu;a Y%djlhd lsh lshd
Wkajykafia yeu ;siafia u úfYaI mohla fhdokj biairyg'
tA nqoaêu;alu tlal ;uhs wfma Ôúfha wdkqNdjh" iqkaor;ajh
;sfhkafk' yenehs u;l ;shd.kak tA O¾uh yodrkafka wkqkg a
lshkak fkfuhs' ;uka tAflka wdYajdohla ú`Èkak ´k' ;uka
i;=gla ú`Èkak ´k' ;uka tA O¾ufha iqkaor njla w;aolskak
´k' ;uka tA O¾ufhka i;=gla ,n, ;j flfkl=g lsh,
fokak wjia:djla ,efnkjd' yenehs tA wjia:dfõ § wrhd
flfrys wkq l ïmdfjla ;s f hka k ´k' thd flfrys
wkqlïmdjla ke;sj zug wjfndaO jqKdZ fï udkisl;ajfhka
08' pQ, lïuúNx. iQ;%h 195
09'
f,dauilx.sh Noafoalr;a;
iQ;h
%
^uʯu ksldh 3 - úNx. j¾.h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
nqÿrcdKka jykafia f.a O¾uh u;l ;ndf.k ysáfh
ñksiqka muKla fkdfjhs' foújre;a tA O¾uh u;l ;ndf.k
ysáh' fï f,dalfha u;l ;ndf.k isák foaj,a w;r wmg
nqÿ flfkl= f.a O¾uhla u;l ;ndf.k bkag we;akï
fudk;rï jdikdjlao@ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fï f,dalfha
Ydia;Dka jykafia njg m;ajqfka ñksiqkag ú;rla fkfjhs'
Wkajykafia ñksiqkaf.a;a Ydia;Dka jykafia" foúhkaf.a;a
Ydia;Dka jykafia' b;ska foõ ñksiqkag foaYkd fldg jod<
tA O¾uh ;uhs wms Y%jKh lrkafk'
wms w;rux fjÉÑ ck;djla fkfjhs' wmsg mdrla ;shkj'
wms msysg ke;s msßila fkfjhs' wmsg msysgla ;shkj' wms irK
ke;s msßila fkfjhs' wmsg irKla ;shkj' tA wms w;rux
fkd jqfka f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod< wd¾h wIagdx.sl
ud¾.h wmg uqK.eyqkq ksid' wmsg msysg ,enqfka tA f.!;u
nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia f.a Ydikh ;= < l<HdK ñ;% h ka
jykafia,d weiqre lrkak ,enqK ksid' wmg irK ,enqfka
09' f,dauilx.sh Noafoalr;a; iQ;%h 201
tAl wr miafi lE,s lrkj jf.a lrkak neye' oeka wfma weia
fmks,a, Wm;ska f.kdmq tllafk ;sfhkak' lKa weys,a,"
kdifhka wd>%dKh lsÍu Wm;ska f.k,a, ;sfhkafk' kqjKska
úuiSula Wm;ska f.akak ´k' Wm;ska f.ak kqjKska úuiSu
fï ldgj;a jeysÉp tlla fkdfjhs' tal ;uka ;=< ;shk
fohla' t;fldg tfyu kqjKska úuioaÈ ;uhs thdf. ysf;a
Y%oaOdj we;sjkafk' Bg miafi Y%oaOdj weye jf.a tlla' oeka
wms weye tl ;eku ;shdf.ko bkafk@ fyd,a,ka ke;sj l¨
bx.sßhdj jf.a' tal jevlrkj' t;fldg ;uhs wmsg fï
fmakafk' nvqjla jqk;a tfyuhs fkao@ fï jf.a Y%oaOdj lshk
tl bkaøshla jqfkd;a" bkaøshla fjkafk wdldrj;S Y%oaOdj
;uhs' wfkla Y%oaOdj bkaøshla fjkafk keye' fïl bkaøshla
fjÉp .uka wNHka;rfh jevlrkj' ldgj;a tal kj;ajkak
neye' wehs kqjKska úuiSu thd ;=< ;shklï" isysh fmdâv
fmdâv thd ;=< ;shklï thdf. ta wNHka;r ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ke;slrkak neye'
nqÿ rcdKka jykafia fmkajd fokj Tkak Th úoshg
ilaldh ÈÜÁfhka ksoyia ùu u; ;uhs lshkj j¾;udkfh
ta ta foh kqjKska úo¾Ykd lrkak mq¿jka fjkafk' ta úia;rh
oeka Tkak úia;r lr, Wkajykafi fmkajd ÿkak' Bg miafi
;shk B <`. tl n,kak fldÉpr ,iaiko@ lsh,'
^wÊfÊj lsÉpx wd;mamx& ùßh lshk tl fï jefâ
lrkak ^wÊfÊj& wou' ^flda c[a[d urKx iqfõ& n,kak
nqÿrcdKka jykafi fï §¾> wdhqI lshk foújrekag;a
W.kajkj wo wou lrkak lsh,' oeka n,kak ñksia f,dj
fkdfmkk f,dalhg l,a oeïufk' oeka f.!;u nqoO a Ydikfh
fïl wjfndaO lr.kak lsõjg miafi fïlg uy mqÿu iy.;
wlue;a;la ;shkj' oeka Tkak i;smÜGdk iQ;f % ha nqÿrcdKka
jykafi foaYkd l<dfk fïl yßhg mqreÿ lf<d;a fïl y;a
wjqreoafo bo, ojia y; olajd mq¿jka lsh,' b;sx ux uf.a
fmdf;a ,sõj zta wud ksjka iqj fndfyda ÿr fkdfõZ lsh,'
talg wlue;shs ta kug wlue;shs' ta fmd; lshj,;a fkdfjhs
226 fid÷re yqfol,dj
10'
wdÈ n%yu
a pßh m[a[d iQ;h
%
^wx.=;a;r ksldh 5 - wÜGl ksmd;h&
Y%oaOdjka; mskaj;=ks"
oeka wms bf.k .kak n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkafka wm
irK .sh tA f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;a kqjr §
NslaIqka jykafia,dg jod< foaYkdjla' fï foaYkdfõ ku
wdÈn%yaupßh m[a[d iQ;%h' zwdÈZ lsh, lshkafk uq,afjkjd
lshk tlhs' zn%yaupßhZ lsh, lshkafk ksjka u`.g lshk
kula' zm[a[dZ lsh, lshkafka ksjk wjfndaO lrkak
fya;=jk kqjKghs' tfykï ksjka wjfndaO lrkak kqjK
jqjukd lrkjd' tA kqjK we;s lr.kak uq,afjk tA lshkafk
fï ud¾.h ÈhqKq lr, m%{djka; flfkla fjkak uq,afjk
lreKq .ek jod, foiqula ;uhs wo wms bf.k .kafka'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod<d" ^wÜÀfï NslaLfõ" fya;=
wÜG mÉphd wdÈ n%yaupßhsldh mØaØdh wmamá,oaOdh
má,dNdh' má,oaOdh NsfhHdNdjdh fõmq,a,dh Ndjkdh
mdßmQßhd ixj;a;ka;'s & —mskj
a ;a uyfKks" ud¾. M, wjfndaOhg
jqjukd lrk fkd ,enQ m%{dj ,eîu msKsi;a" ,enQ m%{dj
Ndjkd jYfhka ÈhqKq muqKq lr.ekSu msKsi;a uQ,sl jkakd
jQ lreKq ldrKd wgla ;sfhkjd' fukak fï lreKq .ek
nqÿrcdKka jykafia oeka fmkaj,d fokjd'
228 fid÷re yqfol,dj
t;fldg fï nqoO
a Ydikfha § flfkl=g weiqre lrkak
,efnkjd Ydia;Dka jykafiaj' tfyu ke;akï ^.reÜGdkShx
in%yaupdÍx& fjk;a f.!rj oelaúh hq;= in%yaupdÍka jykafia
kula fyda l,HdK ñ;%hka jykafia kula weiqre lrkak
,efnkjd' ^h;a:iai ;sínx ysfrda;mamx mÉpqmÜÀ;x fyda;s&
t;fldg tA Ydia;Dka jykafia .ek fyda ;ukag ksjka uÕ
fmkajd fok l,HdK ñ;%hka jykafia .ek thdg n,j;a
f,i ysß T;a;mam msysgkak ´k' ta lshkafka ,eÊcd Nh
;sfhkak ´kE' ^fmau[ap .drfjdap& zfmau[apZ lshkafk
fifkyila ;sfhkak ´kE z.drfjdapZ lshkafk f.!rjhla
;sfhkak ´kE'
fï ;uhs Ydia;Dka jykafia tfyu ke;akï .reÜGdkSh
in%yaupdÍka jykafia kula weiqre lrk l%uh jkafka' .re
l< hq;= in%yaupdÍka jykafia kulf.ka ;uka O¾uh bf.k
.kakjd kï wkak tA iajdóka jykafia,d .ek" l,HdK
ñ;%hka jykafia,d .ek ;shqKq f.!rjhla" fm%auhla msysg,d
;sfhkak ´k' ksjka uÕg fkd ,enQ m%{dj Wmojd .ekSu
msKsi;a ,enqjd jQ ksjka ufÕa m%{dj Ndjkd jYfhka jeä
ÈhqKq lr.ekSug;a jqjukd lrk m<fjks ldrKh ;uhs
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ta lsh,d ÿkafka'
t;fldg wmg meyeÈ<s j u fma k jd ks j ka uÕg
biair,du ´k lrkjd ;ukag p;=rd¾h i;Hh O¾uh fmkajd
fok" mjik" lshd fok Ydia;Dka jykafiaj ke;akï .re
l< hq;= in%yaupdÍka jykafia kulaj weiqre lsÍu' wkak tA
Ydia;Dka jykafia .ek fyda in%yaupdÍka jykafia .ek ;shqKq
f.!rjhla" fm%auhla" ysff;IS njla ;sìh hq;=hs'
tA l,HdK ñ;%hka jykafiag f.!rjhla" Nla;shla
;snqfKd;a ú;rhs tA Y%jKh lrkakd jQ O¾uh isyslrkak
mq¿jka fjkafka' f.!rjhla" Nla;h
s la ke;akï Y%jKh lrkakd
jQ O¾uh thd isys lrkafk kE' thd thdg ´k foaj,a f;darf.k
isyslrkak mgka .kakjd' t;fldg thdg ud¾. n%yaupßhdj
ÈhqKq fjkafk kE' t;fldg n%yaupßh m[a[djg uQ,slu
10' wdÈn%yaupßh m[a[d iQ;%h 229